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An J, Yi Y, Jiang J, Yao W, Ren G, Shang Y. Metabolic disturbance and transcriptomic changes induced by methyl triclosan in human hepatocyte L02 cells. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2023; 12:863-872. [PMID: 37915488 PMCID: PMC10615820 DOI: 10.1093/toxres/tfad077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Methyl triclosan (MTCS) is one of the biomethylated by-products of triclosan (TCS). With the increasing use of TCS, the adverse effects of MTCS have attracted extensive attention in recent years. The purpose of this study was to investigate the cytotoxicity of MTCS and to explore the underlining mechanism using human hepatocyte L02 cells as in vitro model. RESULTS The cytotoxicity results revealed that MTCS could inhibit cell viability, disturb the ratio of reduced glutathione (GSH) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG), and reduce the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, MTCS exposure significantly promoted the cellular metabolic process, including enhanced conversion of glucose to lactic acid, and elevated content of intracellular triglyceride (TG) and total cholesterol (TC). RNA-sequencing and bioinformatics analysis indicated disorder of glucose and lipid metabolism was significantly induced after MTCS exposure. Protein-protein interaction network analysis and node identification suggested that Serine hydroxy methyltransferase 2 (SHMT2), Methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase 2 (MTHFD2), Asparagine synthetase (ASNS) and Phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (PHGDH) are potential molecular markers of metabolism imbalance induced by MTCS. CONCLUSION These results demonstrated that oxidative stress and metabolism dysregulation might be involved in the cytotoxicity of MTCS in L02 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing An
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Nanchen Road 333, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Yuting Yi
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Nanchen Road 333, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Jingjing Jiang
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Nanchen Road 333, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Weiwei Yao
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Nanchen Road 333, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Guofa Ren
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Nanchen Road 333, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Yu Shang
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Nanchen Road 333, Shanghai 200444, PR China
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2
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Jabłońska-Trypuć A. A review on triclosan in wastewater: Mechanism of action, resistance phenomenon, environmental risks, and sustainable removal techniques. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2023; 95:e10920. [PMID: 37610032 DOI: 10.1002/wer.10920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Triclosan, belonging to the bisphenols, is a known antiseptic broad-spectrum biocide. It has a very wide range of applications, both in health care and in the household. Triclosan enters the environment, both water bodies and soil, because of its high prevalence and the ability to accumulation. Excessive use of antimicrobial formulations may cause the generation of resistance among microorganisms. Reduced susceptibility to triclosan is observed more frequently and in an expanded group of microorganisms and is conditioned by a number of different mechanisms occurring on the molecular level. Conventional wastewater treatment processes are not always able to provide a reliable barrier to triclosan. Therefore, additional advanced treatment technologies are being considered in areas, where a triclosan contamination problem has been identified. Removal of triclosan from wastewater is carried out using different biological and chemical techniques; however, it should be pointed out that physico-chemical methods often generate toxic by-products. Toxicity of triclosan and its degradation products, bacterial resistance to this compound, and evident problems with triclosan elimination from wastewater are currently the main problems faced by companies creating products containing triclosan. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Triclosan is an emerging pollutant in the environment because of its ability to accumulation and high prevalence. Reduced susceptibility to triclosan is being observed more frequently. Conventional wastewater treatment processes are not always able to provide a reliable barrier to triclosan. Additional advanced treatment technologies should be implemented to remove triclosan from wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Jabłońska-Trypuć
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences, Bialystok University of Technology, Białystok, Poland
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The Influence of the Chemical Composition of Natural Waters about the Triclocarban Sorption on Pristine and Irradiated MWCNTs. SEPARATIONS 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/separations10010046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The influence of the chemical composition of natural waters on triclocarban (TCC) sorption on pristine and irradiated multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) at different temperatures was studied. Natural waters have been characterized in terms of the concentrations of cations and anions, pH, and electric conductivity. The sorption process of TCC on MWCNTs is influenced by both the chemical composition of natural waters and the variation of the temperature. The adsorption capacity of TCC on pristine and irradiated MWCNTs in the studied natural waters increased by increasing the temperature. The increase of the concentration of monovalent cations (Na+ and K+) in natural waters determined a significant decrease of the adsorption capacity of TCC on both pristine and irradiated MWCNTs while the increase of the bivalent cations (Ca2+ and Mg2+) determined an easy increase adsorption capacity. Freundlich and Langmuir models were selected to describe the steady adsorption of the TCC on the pristine and irradiated MWCNTs.
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Sanidad KZ, Wang G, Panigrahy A, Zhang G. Triclosan and triclocarban as potential risk factors of colitis and colon cancer: Roles of gut microbiota involved. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 842:156776. [PMID: 35724794 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In recent decades there has been a dramatic increase in the incidence and prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), a chronic inflammatory disease of the intestinal tissues and a major risk factor of developing colon cancer. While accumulating evidence supports that the rapid increase of IBD is mainly caused by exposure to environmental risk factors, the identities of the risk factors, as well as the mechanisms connecting environmental exposure with IBD, remain largely unknown. Triclosan (TCS) and triclocarban (TCC) are high-volume chemicals that are used as antimicrobial ingredients in consumer and industrial products. They are ubiquitous contaminants in the environment and are frequently detected in human populations. Recent studies showed that exposure to TCS/TCC, at human exposure-relevant doses, increases the severity of colitis and exacerbates colon tumorigenesis in mice, suggesting that they could be risk factors of IBD and associated diseases. The gut toxicities of these compounds require the presence of gut microbiota, since they fail to induce colonic inflammation in mice lacking the microbiota. Regarding the functional roles of the microbiota involved, gut commensal microbes and specific microbial β-glucuronidase (GUS) enzymes mediate colonic metabolism of TCS, leading to metabolic reactivation of TCS in the colon and contributing to its subsequent gut toxicity. Overall, these results support that these commonly used compounds could be environmental risk factors of IBD and associated diseases through gut microbiota-dependent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Z Sanidad
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA; Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Guangqiang Wang
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA; School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Anand Panigrahy
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Guodong Zhang
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA; Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA; Department of Food Science and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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5
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Cheng Z, Zhang C, Jiang W, Zhai W, Gao J, Wang P. Effects of the presence of triclocarban on the degradation and migration of co-occurring pesticides in soil. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 310:119840. [PMID: 35963390 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Triclocarban (TCC), a bactericide widely used in personal care products, is frequently detected in soil and surface water, which may affect the environmental behavior of other environmental pollutants by changing the community structure of environmental microorganisms. This work evaluated the effects of TCC on the degradation and migration of seven herbicides and five fungicides in soil under co-occurrence conditions. TCC significantly increased the persistence of the pesticides in soil, and this effect increased with TCC concentration. For example, the half-life of metolachlor, atrazine, metribuzin, and metamitron increased 44%, 38%, 153%, and 33%, respectively, with 10 mg/kg TCC and increased 60%-640% with 100 mg/kg TCC. After 90 days, the residue of the pesticides in soil treated with TCC was significantly elevated relative to the control. TCC treatment could also increase the potential leaching risk of the herbicides in the soil, as indicated by an increased Groundwater Ubiquity Score (GUS) index. The reduced abundance of soil bacteria by TCC might be an essential reason for the impacts on the environmental behavior of the pesticides. This study confirmed that TCC could slow down the degradation of pesticides in soil, increase their persistence and even affect the leaching behavior, thus influencing the risks of the pesticides to the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Cheng
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Chuntao Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Wenqi Jiang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Wangjing Zhai
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Jing Gao
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China.
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Chen X, Liang J, Bao L, Gu X, Zha S, Chen X. Competitive and cooperative sorption between triclosan and methyl triclosan on microplastics and soil. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 212:113548. [PMID: 35613630 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The sorption behavior of single contaminant on microplastics (MPs) has been extensively studied; however, little is known about that in the more actual scenario containing multiple contaminants. In this study, the interaction between triclosan (TCS) and its primary metabolite, methyl triclosan (MTCS) on polyethylene (PE), polystyrene (PS), and soil was investigated. Results indicate that the more hydrophobic MTCS had much higher sorption capacity and affinity than TCS. Competitive sorption between them occurred in most cases and appeared to be concentration-dependent (in the range of 0.1-5 mg TCS/L and 0.01-≤0.05 mg MTCS/L of primary solutes, respectively): more pronounced at low concentrations of primary solute, while progressively weaker with the increase of concentrations. Among the sorbents, MTCS exhibited strong antagonistic effect on TCS sorption for MPs, especially PS, while significant suppression of MTCS sorption by TCS took place for soil and PS rather than PE. Additionally, it is interesting to observe that the presence of TCS substantially facilitated the sorption of MTCS exclusively at high concentrations on both PS and soil, presumably attributed to the solute-multilayer formation. Furthermore, the magnitude of the two effects varied with solution pH: TCS sorption at alkaline pH was the most suppressed by MTCS because the less hydrophobic dissociated TCS tended to be displaced, and the highest cooperative sorption of MTCS with TCS occurred at acidic pH because neutral TCS preferentially adsorbed on sorbent surface could provide additional sorption sites for MTCS. Both competitive and cooperative effects between multiple contaminants may affect their fate and transport, thereby these findings are helpful for assessing the environmental risk of MPs and TCS in soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Chen
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, 1801 Zhongwu Avenue, Changzhou, 213001, China.
| | - Jingcheng Liang
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, 1801 Zhongwu Avenue, Changzhou, 213001, China.
| | - Lijing Bao
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, 1801 Zhongwu Avenue, Changzhou, 213001, China.
| | - Xuanning Gu
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, 1801 Zhongwu Avenue, Changzhou, 213001, China.
| | - Simin Zha
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, 1801 Zhongwu Avenue, Changzhou, 213001, China.
| | - Xingming Chen
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, 1801 Zhongwu Avenue, Changzhou, 213001, China.
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Aguilar-Romero I, van Dillewijn P, Nesme J, Sørensen SJ, Nogales R, Delgado-Moreno L, Romero E. A novel and affordable bioaugmentation strategy with microbial extracts to accelerate the biodegradation of emerging contaminants in different media. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 834:155234. [PMID: 35427621 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This study describes a new bioaugmentation alternative based on the application of aqueous aerated extracts from a biomixture acclimated with ibuprofen, diclofenac and triclosan. This bioaugmentation strategy was assayed in biopurification systems (BPS) and in contaminated aqueous solutions to accelerate the removal of these emerging contaminants. Sterilized extracts or extracts from the initial uncontaminated biomixture were used as controls. In BPS, the dissipation of 90% of diclofenac and triclosan required, respectively, 60 and 108 days less than in the controls. The metabolite methyl-triclosan was determined at levels 12 times lower than in controls. In the bioaugmented solutions, ibuprofen was almost completely eliminated (99%) in 21 days and its hydroxylated metabolites were also determined to be at lower levels than in the controls. The plasmidome of acclimated biomixtures and its extract appeared to maintain certain types of plasmids but degradation related genes became less evident. Several dominant OTUs found in the extract identified as Flavobacterium and Fluviicola of the phylum Bacteroidetes, Thermomicrobia (phylum Chloroflexi) and Nonomuraea (phylum Actinobacteria), may be responsible for the enhanced dissipation of these contaminants. This bioaugmentation strategy represents an advantageous tool to facilitate in situ bioaugmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inés Aguilar-Romero
- Department of Environmental Protection, Estación Experimental del Zaidín-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (EEZ-CSIC), C/ Profesor Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain
| | - Pieter van Dillewijn
- Department of Environmental Protection, Estación Experimental del Zaidín-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (EEZ-CSIC), C/ Profesor Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain
| | - Joseph Nesme
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Søren J Sørensen
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rogelio Nogales
- Department of Environmental Protection, Estación Experimental del Zaidín-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (EEZ-CSIC), C/ Profesor Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain
| | - Laura Delgado-Moreno
- Department of Environmental Protection, Estación Experimental del Zaidín-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (EEZ-CSIC), C/ Profesor Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain
| | - Esperanza Romero
- Department of Environmental Protection, Estación Experimental del Zaidín-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (EEZ-CSIC), C/ Profesor Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain.
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8
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Yan Z, Du J, Zhang T, Sun Q, Sun B, Zhang Y, Li S. Impairment of the gut health in Danio rerio exposed to triclocarban. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 832:155025. [PMID: 35390376 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Triclocarban (TCC) is the principal component in personal and health care products because it is a highly effective, broad-spectrum, and safe antibacterial agent. TCC has recently been discovered in aquatic creatures and has been shown to constitute a health danger to aquatic animals. Although several studies have looked into the toxicological effects of TCC on a variety of aquatic animals from algae to fish, the possible gut-toxicity molecular pathway in zebrafish has never been thoroughly explored. We investigated the gut-toxic effects of TCC on zebrafish by exposing them to different TCC concentrations (100 and 1000 μg/L) for 21 days. We discovered for the first time that the MAPK and TLR signaling pathways related to gut diseases were significantly altered, and inflammation (up-regulation of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β) caused by TCC was confirmed to be largely mediated by the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) and its related cytokines. This was found using the results of qPCR, a transcriptome analysis, and molecular docking (AHR, AHRR, CYP1A1 and CYP1B1). Furthermore, high-throughput 16S rDNA sequencing demonstrated that TCC exposure reduced the bacterial diversity and changed the gut microbial composition, with the primary phyla Fusobacteria and Proteobacteria, as well as the genera Cetobacterium and Rhodobacteraceae, being the most affected. TCC exposure also caused damage to the gut tissue, including an increase in the number of goblet cells and a reduction in the height of the columnar epithelium and the thickness of the muscular layer, as shown by hematoxylin and eosin staining. Our findings will aid in understanding of the mechanism TCC-induced aquatic toxicity in aquatic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenguang Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, PR China.
| | - Jinzhe Du
- Marine Science and Technology College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, PR China.
| | - Tianxu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, PR China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, PR China.
| | - Qianhang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, PR China.
| | - Binbin Sun
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, PR China.
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010070, PR China.
| | - Shuo Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, PR China.
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9
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Guedes P, Martins C, Couto N, Silva J, Mateus EP, Ribeiro AB, Pereira CS. Irrigation of soil with reclaimed wastewater acts as a buffer of microbial taxonomic and functional biodiversity. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 802:149671. [PMID: 34454147 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The usage of reclaimed wastewater (RWW) for irrigation of agricultural soils is increasingly being acknowledged for reducing water consumption by promoting reuse of treated wastewater, and for the delivery of extant nutrients in the soil. The downside is that RWW may be a vector for contamination of soils with contaminants of emerging concern (CECs), if left uncontrolled. Its usage is anticipated to alter the soil properties, consequently also the soil microbial community. In the present study, soil microcosms were set to monitor how short periods (up to fourteen days) of RWW irrigation influence the soil ecosystem, namely its physicochemical properties, functioning, and colonising microbiota (differentiating fungi from bacteria). Two scenarios were studied: clean soil and soil contaminated (spiked) with 9 CECs, at conditions that limit any abiotic decay processes, monitoring along time fluctuations in the taxonomic and functional microbiota diversity. As shortly as fourteen days, the irrigation of either soil with RWW did not significantly (p > 0.05) alter its physicochemical properties and scarcely impacted the bioremediation processes of the CECs that showed decay levels ranging from 24% to 100%. Bacillus spp. dominance was enhanced along time in all the soil microcosms (reaching over 70% of the total abundance on the 7th day) but the RWW help to preserve, to some extent, high bacterial diversity. Besides, irrigation with RWW acted as a buffer of the soil mycobiota, limiting alterations in its composition caused either along time (to a minor degree) or due to contamination with CECs (to a great degree). This includes limiting the rise of Rhizopus sp. relative abundance. Collectively, our data support the utility of short-term periods of RWW irrigation for preserving the soil microbial diversity and functioning, especially when fungi are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Guedes
- CENSE - Center for Environmental and Sustainability Research, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal; Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal.
| | - Celso Martins
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Nazaré Couto
- CENSE - Center for Environmental and Sustainability Research, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Joana Silva
- CENSE - Center for Environmental and Sustainability Research, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Eduardo P Mateus
- CENSE - Center for Environmental and Sustainability Research, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Alexandra B Ribeiro
- CENSE - Center for Environmental and Sustainability Research, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Cristina Silva Pereira
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal.
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10
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The Different Facets of Triclocarban: A Review. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26092811. [PMID: 34068616 PMCID: PMC8126057 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the late 1930s and early 1940s, it was discovered that the substitution on aromatic rings of hydrogen atoms with chlorine yielded a novel chemistry of antimicrobials. However, within a few years, many of these compounds and formulations showed adverse effects, including human toxicity, ecotoxicity, and unwanted environmental persistence and bioaccumulation, quickly leading to regulatory bans and phase-outs. Among these, the triclocarban, a polychlorinated aromatic antimicrobial agent, was employed as a major ingredient of toys, clothing, food packaging materials, food industry floors, medical supplies, and especially of personal care products, such as soaps, toothpaste, and shampoo. Triclocarban has been widely used for over 50 years, but only recently some concerns were raised about its endocrine disruptive properties. In September 2016, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration banned its use in over-the-counter hand and body washes because of its toxicity. The withdrawal of triclocarban has prompted the efforts to search for new antimicrobial compounds and several analogues of triclocarban have also been studied. In this review, an examination of different facets of triclocarban and its analogues will be analyzed.
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11
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Guedes P, Dionísio J, Couto N, Mateus EP, Pereira CS, Ribeiro AB. Electro-bioremediation of a mixture of structurally different contaminants of emerging concern: Uncovering electrokinetic contribution. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 406:124304. [PMID: 33153782 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study analyses the electrokinetic (EK) contribution to the removal from a clay soil of a mixture of 10 different contaminants of emerging concern (CECs; 17β-estradiol, E2; sulfamethoxazole, SMX; bisphenol A, BPA; ibuprofen, IBU; 17α-ethinylestradiol, EE2; oxybenzone, OXY; diclofenac, DCF; triclosan, TCS; caffeine, CAF; carbamazepine, CBZ). After 4 days, the CECs natural attenuation was between 0% (CBZ) and 90% (E2) yet increasing with the application of EK (20 mA, 12 h ON/OFF) to 14% (CBZ) and 100% (E2). When EK was applied, the CECs more recalcitrant to biodegradation (i.e. ≤ 13% biotic decay) mostly underwent electro-chemical induced degradation (OXY, DCF, TCS, CAF, CBZ). Daily irrigation enhanced the rates of the electro-oxidation -osmosis and -migration, increasing the CECs decay. After 8 days of EK treatment, the CECs decay increased, surpassing the decay lag phase of some compounds (OXY, TCS, and CBZ). Yet after 16 days, most CECs showed similar removals with and without EK, with EK only acting positively on SMX, OXY, TCS and CBZ (ca. +10%). Our results support that EK application can improve the removal of CECs from soil, however, under the conditions tested, 16-day treatment lead to pH alterations that decreased the bioremediation efficiency and inhibited electro-degradation near the cathode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Guedes
- CENSE - Center for Environmental and Sustainability Research, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal; Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal.
| | - Joana Dionísio
- CENSE - Center for Environmental and Sustainability Research, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Nazaré Couto
- CENSE - Center for Environmental and Sustainability Research, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Eduardo P Mateus
- CENSE - Center for Environmental and Sustainability Research, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Cristina Silva Pereira
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Alexandra B Ribeiro
- CENSE - Center for Environmental and Sustainability Research, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal.
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12
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Montemurro N, Joedicke J, Pérez S. Development and application of a QuEChERS method with liquid chromatography-quadrupole time of flight-mass spectrometry for the determination of 50 wastewater-borne pollutants in earthworms exposed through treated wastewater. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 263:128222. [PMID: 33297178 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Soil-dwelling earthworms are valuable sentinels in soil pollution monitoring and, in case of wastewater reuse for agricultural irrigation, they are continuously exposed to a multitude of organic micro-pollutants. In the present work, an analytical methodology for the determination of 50 wastewater-borne pollutants in earthworms (Lumbricus terrestris) using a fast extraction and sensitive detection method was developed. In total, 17 protocols based on QuEChERS extraction methods were evaluated including the choice of extraction salt (EN vs Original) and the solvent pH as well as the cleanup type. EN with cleanup on Oasis PRiME HLB (P-16) provided the best overall performance. Compound quantification was accomplished by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry on a QToF-MS system using the ultra-fast high-resolution multiple reaction monitoring (MRMHR) mode. The method quantification limits ranged from 0.002 to 1.6 ng g-1. In comparison to previously reported methods the present protocol afforded improved accuracy with recovery rates exceeding 80%. The validated method was applied to the analysis of 36 earthworm samples originating from laboratory experiments and fields that had been irrigated with treated wastewater. Among the eight analytes detected in field samples, the highest concentration levels were measured for gemfibrozil (13 ng g-1) and caffeine (12 ng g-1). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of the transfer of wastewater-borne contaminants to earthworms following irrigation under natural farming practices.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joel Joedicke
- ENFOCHEM, IDAEA-CSIC, C/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain; University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 2, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Sandra Pérez
- ENFOCHEM, IDAEA-CSIC, C/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain.
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Abbott T, Kor-Bicakci G, Islam MS, Eskicioglu C. A Review on the Fate of Legacy and Alternative Antimicrobials and Their Metabolites during Wastewater and Sludge Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21239241. [PMID: 33287448 PMCID: PMC7729486 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial compounds are used in a broad range of personal care, consumer and healthcare products and are frequently encountered in modern life. The use of these compounds is being reexamined as their safety, effectiveness and necessity are increasingly being questioned by regulators and consumers alike. Wastewater often contains significant amounts of these chemicals, much of which ends up being released into the environment as existing wastewater and sludge treatment processes are simply not designed to treat many of these contaminants. Furthermore, many biotic and abiotic processes during wastewater treatment can generate significant quantities of potentially toxic and persistent antimicrobial metabolites and byproducts, many of which may be even more concerning than their parent antimicrobials. This review article explores the occurrence and fate of two of the most common legacy antimicrobials, triclosan and triclocarban, their metabolites/byproducts during wastewater and sludge treatment and their potential impacts on the environment. This article also explores the fate and transformation of emerging alternative antimicrobials and addresses some of the growing concerns regarding these compounds. This is becoming increasingly important as consumers and regulators alike shift away from legacy antimicrobials to alternative chemicals which may have similar environmental and human health concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Abbott
- UBC Bioreactor Technology Group, School of Engineering, University of British Columbia Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada; (T.A.); (G.K.-B.); (M.S.I.)
| | - Gokce Kor-Bicakci
- UBC Bioreactor Technology Group, School of Engineering, University of British Columbia Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada; (T.A.); (G.K.-B.); (M.S.I.)
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Bogazici University, Bebek, 34342 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mohammad S. Islam
- UBC Bioreactor Technology Group, School of Engineering, University of British Columbia Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada; (T.A.); (G.K.-B.); (M.S.I.)
| | - Cigdem Eskicioglu
- UBC Bioreactor Technology Group, School of Engineering, University of British Columbia Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada; (T.A.); (G.K.-B.); (M.S.I.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-250-807-8544 (C.E)
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Sales Junior SF, Vallerie Q, de Farias Araujo G, Soares LOS, Oliveira da Silva E, Correia FV, Saggioro EM. Triclocarban affects earthworms during long-term exposure: Behavior, cytotoxicity, oxidative stress and genotoxicity assessments. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 267:115570. [PMID: 32916435 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Triclocarban (TCC) is a contaminant of emerging concern widely applied as an antimicrobial in personal care products and introduced into the terrestrial environment through the application of biosolids (i.e., treated sewage sludge) in agriculture. Displaying the potential to bioaccumulate in the food chain and a high half-life in the soil, the presence of this compound in the environment may lead to potential ecological risks. In this context, TCC toxicity assessments in Eisenia andrei earthworms were carried out through acute, avoidance and chronic tests following cytotoxicity, antioxidant system, i.e. acatalase (CAT), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), glutathione (GSH), lipid peroxidation (LPO), and DNA damage (comet assay) evaluations. An LC50 of 3.3 ± 1.6 mg cm-2 in the acute contact test and an EC50 of 1.92 ± 0.31 mg kg-1 in the avoidance test during 72 h and 48 h, respectively, were obtained. The behavioral test indicates earthworm avoidance from 15.0 mg kg-1 of TCC. During chronic soil exposure, a 44% reduction in earthworm cell viability was observed after 14 days of exposure to 10 mg kg-1 TCC, while an increase in the percentage of amoebocyte cells also ocurred. Chronic exposure to TCC led to reduced CAT and GST activities, decreased GSH levels and increased LPO in exposed organisms. DNA damage was observed after 45 days from a 1 mg kg-1 dose of TCC. Therefore, TCC exhibits toxicological potential to Eisenia andrei earthworms, mainly during long-term exposures. This study provides mechanistic earthworm information towards understanding the environmental and human health implications of TCC exposure and draws attention to correct biosolid management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidney Fernandes Sales Junior
- Center of Studies on Worker's Health and Human Ecology, Sergio Arouca National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Av. Leopoldo Bulhões 1480, 21041-210, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Quentin Vallerie
- Institut Nacional Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de L'Alimentation et de L'Environmental (AgroSup Dijon), 26 Boulevard Dr Petitjean, 21079, Dijon, France
| | - Gabriel de Farias Araujo
- Center of Studies on Worker's Health and Human Ecology, Sergio Arouca National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Av. Leopoldo Bulhões 1480, 21041-210, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Lorena Oliveira Souza Soares
- Center of Studies on Worker's Health and Human Ecology, Sergio Arouca National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Av. Leopoldo Bulhões 1480, 21041-210, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; UNIRIO, Departamento de Ciências Naturais, Av. Pasteur, 458, Urca, 22290-20, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Evelyn Oliveira da Silva
- Center of Studies on Worker's Health and Human Ecology, Sergio Arouca National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Av. Leopoldo Bulhões 1480, 21041-210, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Fábio Veríssimo Correia
- Center of Studies on Worker's Health and Human Ecology, Sergio Arouca National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Av. Leopoldo Bulhões 1480, 21041-210, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; UNIRIO, Departamento de Ciências Naturais, Av. Pasteur, 458, Urca, 22290-20, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Enrico Mendes Saggioro
- Center of Studies on Worker's Health and Human Ecology, Sergio Arouca National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Av. Leopoldo Bulhões 1480, 21041-210, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Sanitation and Environment Health Department, Sergio Arouca National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Av. Leopoldo Bulhões 1480, 21041-210, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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Abbott T, Eskicioglu C. Comparison of anaerobic, cycling aerobic/anoxic, and sequential anaerobic/aerobic/anoxic digestion to remove triclosan and triclosan metabolites from municipal biosolids. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 745:140953. [PMID: 32758753 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The antimicrobial triclosan (TCS) is a pervasive and persistent environmental micropollutant which can contaminate land, biota, and water through the land application of biosolids. Many existing sludge management techniques have limited effectiveness against TCS and TCS metabolites including triclosan-sulfate (TCS-SO4). The objective of this study was to evaluate the impacts of different digestion types (anaerobic, aerobic/anoxic, and sequential anaerobic + aerobic/anoxic), temperatures, and digester sludge retention times (SRTs) on the destruction of organic matter, and on TCS/TCS metabolites. Conventional mesophilic anaerobic digesters (AD), room temperature cycling aerobic/anoxic digesters (AERO/ANOX), and sequential AD + AERO/ANOX digesters were all effective in removing organic matter. The optimum single-stage AD, and AERO/ANOX scenarios were both 20-day SRTs which had 52.3 ± 1.4 and 47.1 ± 3.7% chemical oxygen demand (COD) removals, respectively. Sequential AD + AERO/ANOX digesters improved organic matter destruction, removing up to 68.2 ± 2.1% of COD at an 8-day AD + 12-day AERO/ANOX second-stage (mesophilic) SRTs. While AD showed modest levels of TCS removals (all <40%), TCS was substantially more degradable aerobically with AERO/ANOX removing up to 80.3 ± 2.5% of TCS and nearly all TCS-SO4 entering the digester at a 20-day SRT. Sequential AD + AERO/ANOX removed virtually all TCS-SO4 entering the system and improved TCS removals from first stage ADs. However, they were less effective than a single-stage AERO/ANOX digester operating at the same overall SRT. These results demonstrate that AERO/ANOX and sequential AD + AERO/ANOX processes could be used to reduce the amount of TCS, TCS-SO4 and TCS-related compounds in digested sludge, minimizing the environmental burden of the land application of biosolids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Abbott
- UBC Bioreactor Technology Group, School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, 1137 Alumni Avenue, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Cigdem Eskicioglu
- UBC Bioreactor Technology Group, School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, 1137 Alumni Avenue, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada.
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Nicosia A, Vento F, Pellegrino AL, Ranc V, Piperno A, Mazzaglia A, Mineo P. Polymer-Based Graphene Derivatives and Microwave-Assisted Silver Nanoparticles Decoration as a Potential Antibacterial Agent. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:E2269. [PMID: 33207792 PMCID: PMC7697993 DOI: 10.3390/nano10112269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Nanocomposites obtained by the decoration of graphene-based materials with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have received increasing attention owing to their antimicrobial activity. However, the complex synthetic methods for their preparation have limited practical applications. This study aims to synthesize novel NanoHybrid Systems based on graphene, polymer, and AgNPs (namely, NanoHy-GPS) through an easy microwave irradiation approach free of reductants and surfactants. The polymer plays a crucial role, as it assures the coating layer/substrate compatibility making the platform easily adaptable for a specific substrate. AgNPs' loading (from 5% to 87%) can be tuned by the amount of Silver salt used during the microwave-assisted reaction, obtaining spherical AgNPs with average sizes of 5-12 nm homogeneously distributed on a polymer-graphene nanosystem. Interestingly, microwave irradiation partially restored the graphene sp2 network without damage of ester bonds. The structure, morphology, and chemical composition of NanoHy-GPS and its subunits were characterized by means of UV-vis spectroscopy, thermal analysis, differential light scattering (DLS), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), and High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM) techniques. A preliminary qualitative empirical assay against the typical bacterial load on common hand-contacted surfaces has been performed to assess the antibacterial properties of NanoHy-GPS, evidencing a significative reduction of bacterial colonies spreading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Nicosia
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, V.le A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy; (F.V.); (A.L.P.)
| | - Fabiana Vento
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, V.le A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy; (F.V.); (A.L.P.)
| | - Anna Lucia Pellegrino
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, V.le A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy; (F.V.); (A.L.P.)
| | - Vaclav Ranc
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 11, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic;
| | - Anna Piperno
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, V.le F. Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy;
| | - Antonino Mazzaglia
- CNR-ISMN, Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati, V. le F. Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy;
| | - Placido Mineo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, V.le A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy; (F.V.); (A.L.P.)
- Institute for Chemical and Physical Processes CNR-IPCF, Viale F. Stagno d’Alcontres 37, 98158 Messina, Italy
- Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials CNR-IPCB, Via P. Gaifami 18, 95126 Catania, Italy
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Martín J, Hidalgo F, Alonso E, García-Corcoles MT, Vílchez JL, Zafra-Gómez A. Assessing bioaccumulation potential of personal care, household and industrial products in a marine echinoderm (Holothuria tubulosa). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 720:137668. [PMID: 32325598 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A bioaccumulation study of 16 emerging contaminants including preservatives, UV-filters, biocides, alkylphenols, anionic surfactants and plasticizers, in Holothuria tubulosa Gmelin, 1791 specimens was developed. Water and sediments from their coastal habitat were also analyzed. Sediment-water distribution coefficients (log Kd) were in the range 0.78 to 2.95. A rapid uptake and bioaccumulation of pollutants was found. Compounds were detected in intestine and gonads of H. tubulosa after only eight days of exposure. Field-based bioconcentration (BCF) and biota-sediment accumulation factors (BSAF) were calculated. Log BCF > 1 were obtained for most of the compounds studied, indicating their tendency to accumulate in tissue of H. Tubulosa. BCF values decrease as follow: Triclocarban > anionic surfactants > benzophenone 3 > non-ionic surfactants > bisphenol A > parabens. These data provide a detailed accounting of the distribution patterns of some emerging contaminants in organisms at the lower trophic level, representing a potential source of contaminants for organisms in higher levels of the food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Martín
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Escuela Politécnica Superior, University of Seville, C/ Virgen de África 7, E-41011 Seville, Spain.
| | - Felix Hidalgo
- Department of Zoology, University of Granada, Campus of Fuentenueva, E-18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Esteban Alonso
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Escuela Politécnica Superior, University of Seville, C/ Virgen de África 7, E-41011 Seville, Spain
| | - María Teresa García-Corcoles
- Research Group of Analytical Chemistry and Life Sciences, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Granada, Campus of Fuentenueva, E-18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Jose Luis Vílchez
- Research Group of Analytical Chemistry and Life Sciences, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Granada, Campus of Fuentenueva, E-18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Alberto Zafra-Gómez
- Research Group of Analytical Chemistry and Life Sciences, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Granada, Campus of Fuentenueva, E-18071 Granada, Spain
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Chen X, Ma X, Pan Y, Ji R, Gu X, Luo S, Bao L, Gu X. Dissipation, transformation and accumulation of triclosan in soil-earthworm system and effects of biosolids application. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 712:136563. [PMID: 31945521 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS), widely used as an antimicrobial ingredient, is usually introduced into soil by biosolids application, and has presented potential risk in agro-ecosystem. The dissipation pathways of TCS in soil were analyzed in the presence and absence of earthworms (including Metaphire guillelmi and Eisenia fetida). Meanwhile the accumulation and transformation potentials of TCS in the two earthworms were evaluated. Results indicated that about 44% of initial TCS amount dissipated in sterile soil after 56-day incubation, which may mainly result from the bound-residues formation. In contrast, TCS in non-sterile soil dissipated more quickly with a t1/2 of 12 days, suggesting that microbial degradation was responsible for TCS dissipation. Triclosan was methylated to methyl triclosan (MTCS) in soil, which however contributed little for TCS dissipation. The presence of M. guillelmi accelerated TCS dissipation with the reduced t1/2 to 8 days, and inhibited MTCS formation in soil, while E. fetida had no significant (P > 0.05) effects on the fate of TCS. E. fetida accumulated more TCS than M. guillelmi, with bioaccumulation factors up to 11 vs. 0.6. It was also proved that methylation metabolism occurred in earthworms (including gut microorganisms), and M. guillelmi had higher metabolic efficiency compared to E. fetida. Even though eliminations of TCS and MTCS were rapid (except for TCS in M. guillelmi), the residues of the two compounds in both earthworms remained at high levels, having the potential to transfer in the terrestrial food web. In addition, results showed that biosolids application changed TCS persistence, as well as bioavailability dependent on earthworm species. When biosolids at 1% added, more residual TCS and MTCS in soil were observed, while TCS accumulation in E. fetida decreased, however, methylation metabolism in both earthworm species was not affected. The findings provide important information for a more precise risk assessment of biosolids land-application. CAPSULE: Triclosan dissipation, methylation and bioavailability in soils were affected by biosolids amendment and dependent on earthworm species with different accumulation and metabolic potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Chen
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, 1801 Zhongwu Avenue, Changzhou 213001, China; Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States.
| | - Xuan Ma
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, 1801 Zhongwu Avenue, Changzhou 213001, China
| | - Yanan Pan
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, 1801 Zhongwu Avenue, Changzhou 213001, China
| | - Rong Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Xueyuan Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Shipeng Luo
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, 1801 Zhongwu Avenue, Changzhou 213001, China.
| | - Lijing Bao
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, 1801 Zhongwu Avenue, Changzhou 213001, China
| | - Xuanning Gu
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, 1801 Zhongwu Avenue, Changzhou 213001, China
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Yun H, Liang B, Kong D, Li X, Wang A. Fate, risk and removal of triclocarban: A critical review. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 387:121944. [PMID: 31901847 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The halogenated antimicrobial triclocarban (TCC) has large production and consumption over last decades. Its extensive utilization in personal care products and insufficient treatment in conventional wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) has led to its listing as one of emerging organic contaminants (EOCs). Due to the hydrophobicity and chemical stability of TCC, it has been omnipresent detected in terrestrial and aquatic environments, and its prolonged exposure has thrown potential pernicious threat to ecosystem and human health. Considering its recalcitrance, especially under anoxic conditions, both biological and non-biological methods have been exploited for its removal. The efficiency of advanced oxidation processes was optimistic, but complete removal can rarely be realized through a single method. The biodegradation of TCC either with microbial community or pure culture is feasible but efficient bacterial degraders and the molecular mechanism of degradation need to be further explored. This review provides comprehensive information of the occurrence, potential ecological and health effects, and biological and non-biological removal of TCC, and outlines future prospects for the risk evaluation and enhanced bioremediation of TCC in various environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yun
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environment Pollution, School of Life Science, Lanzhou University, Tianshui South Road #222, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Science, Lanzhou University, Tianshui South Road #222, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Bin Liang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China.
| | - Deyong Kong
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; Shenyang Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shenyang, 110167, China
| | - Xiangkai Li
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environment Pollution, School of Life Science, Lanzhou University, Tianshui South Road #222, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Science, Lanzhou University, Tianshui South Road #222, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Aijie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
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Lam KY, Nélieu S, Benoit P, Passeport E. Optimizing Constructed Wetlands for Safe Removal of Triclosan: A Box-Behnken Approach. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:225-234. [PMID: 31760744 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b05325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Traditional constructed wetland designs typically result in variable efficiencies for trace organic contaminant removal. In this work, we used a Box-Behnken experimental design for optimizing the conditions of pH, nitrate concentration, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration that would maximize the rate of triclosan phototransformation while minimizing the accumulation of toxic byproducts. Triclosan is a frequently detected and toxic antimicrobial agent present in many consumer and industrial products. The results showed that high pH values (9.9) and low DOC concentration (11 mg/L-) would maximize triclosan phototransformation rate while minimizing the accumulation of toxic byproducts. As long as DOC concentrations were larger than 33 mg/L, nitrate concentration did not show a significant effect on triclosan phototransformation rate. The major transformation products detected were 2,4-dichlorophenol and compounds with chemical formulas C12H8Cl2O2 and C12H9ClO3, resulting from a chlorine loss or replacement by a OH group. In addition, 4-chlorocatechol was mainly detected during direct photolysis and 2,8-dichlorodibenzo-p-dioxin was only found during direct photolysis at pH 8. This study showed that wetland efficiency at removing triclosan can theoretically be increased by limiting DOC-contributing factors, e.g., emergent vegetation, and supporting pH-increase processes, e.g., via algae growth or by incorporating alkaline geomedia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ka Yee Lam
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Sylvie Nélieu
- UMR ECOSYS, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78850 Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Pierre Benoit
- UMR ECOSYS, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78850 Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Elodie Passeport
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
- Department of Civil and Mineral Engineering, University of Toronto, 35 St George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A4, Canada
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22
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Montemurro N, Peña-Herrera JM, Ginebreda A, Eichhorn P, Pérez S. The Journey of Human Drugs from Their Design at the Bench to Their Fate in Crops. THE HANDBOOK OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/698_2020_643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Li X, An J, Li H, Qiu X, Wei Y, Shang Y. The methyl-triclosan induced caspase-dependent mitochondrial apoptosis in HepG2 cells mediated through oxidative stress. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 182:109391. [PMID: 31272020 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Methyl-triclosan (MTCS) is a dominant transformation product of triclosan (TCS), which has been widely used as an effective antimicrobial ingredient with increasing concentrations in the environment. MTCS shows higher persistence in environment than its parent chemical TCS. The toxic effects of MTCS and toxicological mechanism are not well understood up to now. This study investigated the cytotoxic effects of MTCS in HepG2 cells in terms of cell viability, apoptosis induction, ROS production, GSH/GSSG levels, Mitochondrial Membrane Potential (MMP) reduction, LDH release, glucose uptake and ATP production. Moreover, the related gene transcripts were measured with RT-qPCR assay. Cytotoxic experiments in HepG2 cells revealed that MTCS exposure at micromol per liter levels had toxic effects as evidenced by decreased cell survival, elevated cell apoptosis, reduced MMP and increased LDH release. These toxic effects were associated with increased ROS production and reduced GSH/GSSG ratio. Meanwhile, elevated glucose uptake and ATP production indicated that MTCS induced membrane damages resulted not from a typical mitochondrial uncoupler, but from oxidative stress. Analysis of gene transcripts showed that MTCS exposure induced mRNA expressions alterations associated with oxidative stress response, energy production, cell cycle regulation and cell apoptosis. In general, the caspase-dependent mitochondrial apoptosis pathway might play a role in MTCS induced cytotoxicity in HepG2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Jing An
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Hui Li
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Xinghua Qiu
- BIC-ESAT and SKL-ESPC, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yongjie Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
| | - Yu Shang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China.
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Peng FJ, Diepens NJ, Pan CG, Bracewell SA, Ying GG, Salvito D, Selck H, Van den Brink PJ. Fate and effects of sediment-associated triclosan in subtropical freshwater microcosms. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2018; 202:117-125. [PMID: 30025380 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2018.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS) is an antibacterial agent that is commonly used in personal care products. Because of its sediment-binding properties, TCS exposure presents a potential threat to sediment-dwelling aquatic organisms. Currently our knowledge of the fate and effects of sediment-associated TCS in aquatic systems is limited. To understand the impact of sediment-associated TCS, we used microcosms to assess effects of TCS exposure on a diverse range of organisms selected to mimic a subtropical community, with an exposure period of 28 days. We included the oligochaete freshwater worm Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri to evaluate the interaction between sediment-associated TCS and sediment-dwelling organisms, including potential loss of TCS from the sediment due to biological activity and bioaccumulation. Benthic macroinvertebrate presence significantly increased the TCS levels from 0.013 ± 0.007 μg/L to 0.613 ± 0.030 μg/L in the overlying water through biological activity, posing a potential additional risk to pelagic species, but it did not result in a significant reduction of the sediment concentration. Furthermore, worms accumulated TCS with estimated Biota-Sediment-Accumulation-Factors (BSAFs) ranging between 0.38-3.55. Other than for algae, TCS at environmental concentrations did not affect the survival of the introduced organisms, including the L. hoffmeisteri. Our results demonstrate that, although TCS at currently detected maximum concentration may not have observable toxic effects on the benthic macroinvertebrates in the short term, it can lead to bioaccumulation in worms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Jiao Peng
- Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Noël J Diepens
- Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Chang-Gui Pan
- School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Sally A Bracewell
- Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Guang-Guo Ying
- The Environmental Research Institute, MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Daniel Salvito
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA
| | - Henriette Selck
- Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Universitetsvej 1, Denmark
| | - Paul J Van den Brink
- Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands; Wageningen Environmental Research, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
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25
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Peng FJ, Ying GG, Pan CG, Selck H, Salvito D, Van den Brink PJ. Bioaccumulation and Biotransformation of Triclosan and Galaxolide in the Freshwater Oligochaete Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri in a Water/Sediment Microcosm. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:8390-8398. [PMID: 30010330 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b02637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Personal care products are widely used in our daily life in considerable quantities and discharged via the down-the-drain route to aquatic environments, resulting in potential risks to aquatic organisms. We investigated bioaccumulation and biotransformation of two widely used personal care products, triclosan (TCS) and galaxolide (HHCB) spiked to sediment, in the oligochaete worm Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri in water/sediment microcosms. After 7 days of sediment exposure to 3.1 μg of TCS or HHCB/g of dry weight sediment, the accumulation of TCS and HHCB in L. hoffmeisteri reached equilibrium, at which point the biota-sediment accumulation factors (BSAFs) were 2.07 and 2.50 for TCS and HHCB, respectively. The presence of L. hoffmeisteri significantly accelerated the dissipation of the levels of TCS and HHCB in the microcosms, with approximately 9.03 and 2.90% of TCS and HHCB, respectively, eliminated from the water/sediment systems after exposure for 14 days in the presence of worms. Two biotransformation products, methyl triclosan and triclosan O-sulfate, were identified for TCS in worm tissue, whereas only methyl triclosan was identified in the sediment. Unlike TCS, no evidence of biotransformation products was found for HHCB in either worm tissue or sediment. These experiments demonstrate that L. hoffmeisteri biotransformed TCS through methylation and sulfation, whereas HHCB biotransformation was undetectable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Jiao Peng
- Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management Group , Wageningen University , P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen , The Netherlands
| | - Guang-Guo Ying
- The Environmental Research Institute, MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry , South China Normal University , Guangzhou 510006 , China
| | - Chang-Gui Pan
- School of Marine Sciences , Guangxi University , Nanning 530004 , China
| | - Henriette Selck
- Department of Science and Environment , Roskilde University , Universitetsvej 1 , 4000 Roskilde , Denmark
| | - Daniel Salvito
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials , 50 Tice Boulevard , Woodcliff Lake , New Jersey 07677 , United States
| | - Paul J Van den Brink
- Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management Group , Wageningen University , P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen , The Netherlands
- Wageningen Environmental Research , P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen , The Netherlands
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26
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Zaltauskaite J, Miskelyte D. Biochemical and life cycle effects of triclosan chronic toxicity to earthworm Eisenia fetida. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:18938-18946. [PMID: 29717430 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2065-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The study aimed at determining the response of adult Eisenia fetida earthworms to chronic exposure to triclosan (TCS) (10-750 mg kg-1) in soil. TCS life cycle toxicity was evaluated by the means of survival, growth rate, and reproduction assessment. Biochemical responses including changes in the activity of antioxidative enzymes (catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione reductase) and concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) were determined. Significant reduction in the earthworm survival was observed only if the exposure to TCS was longer than 4 weeks. TCS reduced the growth rate of E. fetida; the weight of the fastest growing control individuals exceeded that for the slowest growing by factor of 2.56. Reproduction was the most sensitive life cycle parameter and was affected at the very low levels of TCS in the soil. The results showed that chronic exposure to TCS levels in the soil induced a significant increase in the activity of antioxidative enzymes and MDA concentration. Present study revealed that an integrated approach combining biochemical and life cycle endpoints would provide a more comprehensive assessment of the ecological effects of chronic TCS exposure on earthworms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jurate Zaltauskaite
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Vytautas Magnus University, Vileikos st. 8-223, LT-44404, Kaunas, Lithuania.
| | - Diana Miskelyte
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Vytautas Magnus University, Vileikos st. 8-223, LT-44404, Kaunas, Lithuania
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27
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Chevillot F, Guyot M, Desrosiers M, Cadoret N, Veilleux É, Cabana H, Bellenger JP. Accumulation and sublethal effects of triclosan and its transformation product methyl-triclosan in the earthworm Eisenia andrei exposed to environmental concentrations in an artificial soil. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2018; 37:1940-1948. [PMID: 29667748 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Municipal biosolids are increasingly used as a low-cost fertilizer in agricultural soil. Biosolids are contaminated by low concentrations (nanograms per gram dry wt range) of a large variety of organic contaminants, such as triclosan. The effect of exposure to low concentrations of organic contaminants on soil biota remains largely undocumented. We evaluated the sublethal effects of triclosan on the earthworm Eisenia andrei using an artificial soil amended with a nominal concentration of triclosan of 50 ng g-1 dry weight soil. Using a 56-d reproduction test, we monitored the effect of triclosan exposure on adult earthworm survival, growth, and reproduction. The bioaccumulation of triclosan in earthworm tissue (adults and juveniles) and degradation of triclosan were monitored. The genotoxicity of triclosan was evaluated using a comet assay (DNA damage) on adult earthworm coelomocytes. Exposure to a low concentration of triclosan had no significant effects on adult earthworm survival and DNA damage but significantly stimulated growth (p < 0.05) by 2-fold compared with controls. It also significantly affected E. andrei reproduction parameters (p < 0.05), as evidenced by an increase in the number of cocoons and juveniles and a decrease in the mean dry weight of juveniles. The bioaccumulation of triclosan in earthworms was moderate (bioaccumulation factor ∼2). In biosolid-borne trials, the bioaccumulation of methyl-triclosan in earthworm tissues was higher than that of the parent compound triclosan. We conclude that exposure to low concentrations of triclosan in artificial soil can significantly affect the growth and reproductive performance of earthworms (i.e., E. andrei). More research is required with natural soils to assess triclosan bioavailability for earthworms. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:1940-1948. © 2018 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Chevillot
- Centre Sève, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mélanie Guyot
- Centre Sève, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mélanie Desrosiers
- Centre d'expertise en analyse environnementale du Québec, Ministère du Développement durable de l'environnement et de la lutte contre les changements climatiques, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nicole Cadoret
- Centre d'expertise en analyse environnementale du Québec, Ministère du Développement durable de l'environnement et de la lutte contre les changements climatiques, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Éloïse Veilleux
- Centre d'expertise en analyse environnementale du Québec, Ministère du Développement durable de l'environnement et de la lutte contre les changements climatiques, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Hubert Cabana
- Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jean-Philippe Bellenger
- Centre Sève, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
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28
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Zhang H, Kelly BC. Sorption and bioaccumulation behavior of multi-class hydrophobic organic contaminants in a tropical marine food web. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 199:44-53. [PMID: 29428515 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.01.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
While numerous studies have demonstrated the environmental behavior of legacy persistent organic pollutants (POPs), such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), information regarding sorption and bioaccumulation potential of other widely used organic chemicals such as halogenated flame retardants (HFRs) is limited. This study involved a comprehensive field investigation of multi-class hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOCs) in environmental media and fish in Singapore Strait, an important tropical maritime strait in Southeast Asia. In total, 90 HOCs were analyzed, including HFRs, synthetic musks, PCBs, OCPs, as well as triclosan and methyl triclosan. The results show that the organic carbon normalized sediment-seawater distribution ratios (CSED/CWD) of the studied compounds are comparable to the organic carbon-water partition coefficients (KOC), over a log KOC range of approximately 4-11. The observed species-specific bioaccumulation factors (BAFs), biota-sediment accumulation factors (BSAFs), organism-environment media fugacity ratios (fFISH/fWD and fFISH/fSED) and trophic magnification factors (TMFs) indicate that legacy POPs and PBDE 47 show bioaccumulation behavior in this tropical marine ecosystem, while triclosan, tonalide, dodecachlorodimethanodibenzocyclooctane stereoisomers (DDC-COs), and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDDs) do not. Methyl triclosan and galaxolide exhibit moderate biomagnification. Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and 1,2-bis (2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE) were detected in environmental media but not in any of the organisms, suggesting low bioaccumulation potential of these flame retardants. The apparently low bioaccumulation potential of the studied HFRs and synthetic musks is likely because of metabolic transformation and/or reduced bioavailability due to the hydrophobic nature of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Barry C Kelly
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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29
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Armstrong DL, Lozano N, Rice CP, Ramirez M, Torrents A. Degradation of triclosan and triclocarban and formation of transformation products in activated sludge using benchtop bioreactors. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2018; 161:17-25. [PMID: 29096316 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.10.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Benchtop bioreactors were run aerobically with activated sludge samples collected from a large municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) to understand how increased hydraulic retention time (HRT), sludge retention time (SRT), and varying treatment temperatures (21°C and 30°C) impact concentrations of the endocrine disrupting antimicrobials triclosan (TCS), triclocarban (TCC), and their transformation products. Samples from the reactors were collected periodically over a 122-196h period and the solid and liquid fraction were separately quantitated for TCS, TCC, and methyltriclosan (MeTCS) and scanned qualitatively for six other transformation products. Results indicated that TCS, TCC and MeTCS were predominately associated with the solids fraction of the activated sludge with only nominal concentrations in the liquids fraction. TCS was degraded in the solids fraction, with increased rates at 30°C (-0.0224 ± 0.007h-1) when compared to reactors run at 21°C (- 0.0170 ± 0.003h-1). Conversely, TCC concentrations did not significantly change in solids samples from reactors run at 21°C, while an increase in reactor temperature to 30°C resulted in TCC degradation at an average rate of - 0.0158 ± 0.012h-1. Additionally, MeTCS formation in the solids fraction was observed in three out of four reactors run - indicating a notable transformation of TCS. Qualitative appearance of 2,4-dichlorophenol and 4-chloroanaline was observed in the liquids fraction of all reactor samples. The remaining four qualitatively scanned compounds were not detected. These experiments demonstrate that increased HRT, SRT, and temperature result in enhanced removal of TCS and TCC from wastewater during the activated sludge process. Furthermore, a substantial formation of TCS into MeTCS was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana L Armstrong
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, 1173 Glenn L Martin Hall, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Nuria Lozano
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, 1173 Glenn L Martin Hall, College Park, MD, USA; Department of Water and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Cantabria, Avda de Los Castros s/n, Santander, Spain
| | - Clifford P Rice
- Sustainable Agricultural Systems Laboratory, ARS-USDA, 10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Mark Ramirez
- DC Water, District of Columbia Water and Sewer Authority, 5000 Overlook Ave SW, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Alba Torrents
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, 1173 Glenn L Martin Hall, College Park, MD, USA.
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30
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Lozano N, Rice CP, Ramirez M, Torrents A. Fate of triclocarban in agricultural soils after biosolid applications. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:222-232. [PMID: 29027081 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0433-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Triclocarban [N-(4-chlorophenyl)-N-(3,4-dichlorophenyl) urea] (TCC) is an antimicrobial agent utilized in a variety of consumer products. It is commonly released into domestic wastewaters and upon treatment, it is known to accumulate in biosolids. This study examines the occurrence of TCC in biosolids and its long-term fate in biosolid-treated soils. TCC levels in the biosolids from a large waste water treatment plant (WWTP) over 2 years showed little variability at 18,800 ± 700 ng g-1 dry wt. (mean ± SEM). Surface soil samples (top 10 cm) were collected from 26 commercial farms located in northern VA, US that had received biosolid applications from the WWTP. Samples were grouped as farms receiving no biosolids, farms with a single biosolid application, and those receiving multiple biosolid applications from 1992 to 2006. Our results illustrate that TCC soil residues remained years after biosolid application. The two most important parameters controlling TCC topsoil concentrations were the biosolid application rate and the period since the last application. No TCC removal was observed in farms where the time since biosolid application was between 7 and 9 months. TCC concentration analyzed 7 and 8 years after biosolid applications were 45.8 ± 6.1 and 72.4 ± 15.3 ng g-1 dry wt., respectively, showing its persistence in soils and build-up upon multiple biosolid applications. A soil TCC half-life of 287.5 ± 45.5 days was estimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Lozano
- Department of Water and Environmental Science and Technology, University of Cantabria, 39005, Santander, Cantabria, Spain
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
- Sustainable Agricultural Systems Laboratory, SASL, ARS/USDA, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Clifford P Rice
- Sustainable Agricultural Systems Laboratory, SASL, ARS/USDA, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Mark Ramirez
- DCWater, District of Columbia Water and Sewer Authority, 5000 Overlook Avenue, S.W., Washington, DC, 20032, USA
| | - Alba Torrents
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA.
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31
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Havranek I, Coutris C, Norli HR, Rivier PA, Joner EJ. Uptake and elimination kinetics of the biocide triclosan and the synthetic musks galaxolide and tonalide in the earthworm Dendrobaena veneta when exposed to sewage sludge. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2017; 36:2068-2073. [PMID: 28079271 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Sewage sludge is an important amendment that enriches soils with organic matter and provides plants with nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus. However, knowledge on the fate and effects of organic pollutants present in the sludge on soil organisms is limited. In the present study, the uptake of triclosan, galaxolide, and tonalide in the earthworm Dendrobaena veneta was measured 1 wk after amendment of agricultural soil with sewage sludge, while elimination kinetics were assessed over a 21-d period after transferring worms to clean soil. After 1-wk exposure, earthworms had accumulated 2.6 ± 0.6 μg g-1 galaxolide, 0.04 ± 0.02 μg g-1 tonalide, and 0.6 ± 0.2 μg g-1 triclosan. Both synthetic musks were efficiently excreted and below the limit of quantification after 3 and 14 d of depuration for tonalide and galaxolide, respectively. Triclosan concentrations, on the other hand, did not decrease significantly over the depuration period, which may lead to the transfer of triclosan in the food web. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:2068-2073. © 2017 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivo Havranek
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
- Division of Environment and Natural Resources, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Ås, Norway
| | - Claire Coutris
- Division of Environment and Natural Resources, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Ås, Norway
| | - Hans Ragnar Norli
- Division of Environment and Natural Resources, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Ås, Norway
| | - Pierre-Adrien Rivier
- Division of Environment and Natural Resources, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Ås, Norway
| | - Erik J Joner
- Division of Environment and Natural Resources, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Ås, Norway
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32
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Satyro S, Saggioro EM, Veríssimo F, Buss DF, de Paiva Magalhães D, Oliveira A. Triclocarban: UV photolysis, wastewater disinfection, and ecotoxicity assessment using molecular biomarkers. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:16077-16085. [PMID: 28537026 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9165-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Triclocarban (TCC) is an antibacterial agent found in pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCP). It is potentially bioaccumulative and an endocrine disruptor, being classified as a contaminant of emerging concern (CEC). In normal uses, approximately 96% of the used TCC can be washed down the drain going into the sewer system and eventually enter in the aquatic environment. UV photolysis can be used to photodegrade TCC and ecotoxicity assays could indicate the photodegradation efficiency, since the enormous structural diversity of photoproducts and their low concentrations do not always allow to identify and quantify them. In this work, the TCC was efficiently degraded by UVC direct photolysis and the ecotoxicity of the UV-treated mixtures was investigated. Bioassays indicates that Daphnia similis (48 h EC50 = 0.044 μM) was more sensitive to TCC than Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata (72 h IC50 = 1.01 μM). TCC and its photoproducts caused significant effects on Eisenia andrei biochemical responses (catalase and glutathione-S-transferase); 48 h was a critical exposure time, since GST reached the highest activity values. UVC reduced the TCC toxic effect after 120 min. Furthermore, TCC was photodegraded in domestic wastewater which was simultaneously disinfected for total coliform bacterial (TCB) (360 min) and Escherichia coli (60 min). Graphical abstract TCC degradation and ecotoxicological assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suéllen Satyro
- Center for the Study of Worker's Health and Human Ecology, Sergio Arouca National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Av. Leopoldo Bulhões, 1480, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, COPPE - Chemical Engineering Program, Centro de Tecnologia, Cidade Universitária, Bloco G, sala, 115, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Enrico Mendes Saggioro
- Sanitation and Environment Health Department, Sergio Arouca National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Av. Leopoldo Bulhões 1480, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Fábio Veríssimo
- Center for the Study of Worker's Health and Human Ecology, Sergio Arouca National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Av. Leopoldo Bulhões, 1480, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Av. Pasteur, 296, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Daniel Forsin Buss
- Laboratory of Environmental Health Promoting and Evaluation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Av. Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Danielly de Paiva Magalhães
- Laboratory of Applied Ecotoxicology to Mining-Metallurgical Industry, Mineral Technology Center, Av. Pedro Calmon, 900, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Anabela Oliveira
- Research and Innovation Interdisciplinary Center, Technology and Management Faculty, Polytechnic Institute of Portalegre, Lugar da Abadessa, Apartado, 148, Portalegre, Portugal
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33
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Halden RU, Lindeman AE, Aiello AE, Andrews D, Arnold WA, Fair P, Fuoco RE, Geer LA, Johnson PI, Lohmann R, McNeill K, Sacks VP, Schettler T, Weber R, Zoeller RT, Blum A. The Florence Statement on Triclosan and Triclocarban. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2017; 125:064501. [PMID: 28632490 PMCID: PMC5644973 DOI: 10.1289/ehp1788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The Florence Statement on Triclosan and Triclocarban documents a consensus of more than 200 scientists and medical professionals on the hazards of and lack of demonstrated benefit from common uses of triclosan and triclocarban. These chemicals may be used in thousands of personal care and consumer products as well as in building materials. Based on extensive peer-reviewed research, this statement concludes that triclosan and triclocarban are environmentally persistent endocrine disruptors that bioaccumulate in and are toxic to aquatic and other organisms. Evidence of other hazards to humans and ecosystems from triclosan and triclocarban is presented along with recommendations intended to prevent future harm from triclosan, triclocarban, and antimicrobial substances with similar properties and effects. Because antimicrobials can have unintended adverse health and environmental impacts, they should only be used when they provide an evidence-based health benefit. Greater transparency is needed in product formulations, and before an antimicrobial is incorporated into a product, the long-term health and ecological impacts should be evaluated. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP1788.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolf U Halden
- Biodesign Center for Environmental Security, Arizona State University , Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | | | - Allison E Aiello
- Department of Epidemiology, UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - David Andrews
- Environmental Working Group, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - William A Arnold
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geo-Engineering, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Patricia Fair
- Medical University of South Carolina , Department of Public Health Sciences, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Rebecca E Fuoco
- Health Research Communication Strategies , Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Laura A Geer
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, State University of New York, Downstate School of Public Health , Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Paula I Johnson
- California Safe Cosmetics Program, California Department of Public Health , Richmond, California, USA
| | - Rainer Lohmann
- University of Rhode Island Graduate School of Oceanography , Narragansett, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Kristopher McNeill
- Institute for Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics , ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Ted Schettler
- Science and Environmental Health Network, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Roland Weber
- POPs Environmental Consulting, Schwäbisch Gmünd, Germany
| | - R Thomas Zoeller
- University of Massachusetts Amherst , Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Arlene Blum
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley , Berkeley, California, USA
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Armstrong DL, Rice CP, Ramirez M, Torrents A. Influence of thermal hydrolysis-anaerobic digestion treatment of wastewater solids on concentrations of triclosan, triclocarban, and their transformation products in biosolids. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 171:609-616. [PMID: 28056447 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.12.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The growing concern worldwide regarding the presence of emerging contaminants in biosolids calls for a better understanding of how different treatment technologies at water resource recovery facilities (WRRFs) can influence concentrations prior to biosolids land application. This study focuses on the influence of solids treatment via the Cambi Thermal Hydrolysis Process™ in conjunction with anaerobic digestion (TH-AD) on concentrations of triclosan (TCS), triclocarban (TCC), and their transformation products in biosolids and sludges. Concentrations of the target analytes in biosolids from the TH-AD process (Class A), sludges from the individual TH-AD treatment steps, and limed biosolids (Class B) from the same WRRF were compared. TCC concentrations were significantly lower in Class A biosolids than those in the Class B product - a removal that occurred during thermal hydrolysis. Concentrations of TCS, methyl triclosan, and 2,4-dichlorophenol, conversely, increased during anaerobic digestion, leading to significantly higher concentrations of these compounds in Class A biosolids when compared to Class B biosolids. Implementation of the TH-AD process had mixed effect on contaminant concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana L Armstrong
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Clifford P Rice
- Sustainable Agricultural Systems Laboratory, ARS-USDA, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Mark Ramirez
- DCWater, District of Columbia Water and Sewer Authority, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Alba Torrents
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
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Gillis JD, Price GW, Prasher S. Lethal and sub-lethal effects of triclosan toxicity to the earthworm Eisenia fetida assessed through GC-MS metabolomics. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2017; 323:203-211. [PMID: 27468629 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS) is a ubiquitous contaminant in municipal biosolids, which has also been detected in soils and earthworms sampled from agricultural fields amended with biosolids. The goal of this study was to evaluate the toxicity of TCS to earthworms using a metabolomics-based approach for an improved interpretation of toxicity. Toxicity of TCS was assessed using the OECD Method 207 filter paper contact test measuring the endpoints of weight loss, mortality, and ten metabolites determined by GC-MS. Eight earthworms were exposed as individual replicates to six concentrations of triclosan (0, 0.0001, 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, and 1mg TCS cm-2) on filter paper, with mortality assessed after 6, 24 and 48h. Mortalities were first observed at 24h, with 100% mortality in the 1 and 0.1mgcm-2 treatments. Worms at 1mgcm-2 lost most of their coelomic fluid before they could be sampled. The 48h LC50 for triclosan was estimated to be 0.006 and 0.008mgcm-2 by a linear and logistic model, respectively. Based on the LC50, triclosan is relatively more toxic to earthworms than a number of other emerging contaminants, but is less toxic than other chlorophenols and many pesticides. Alanine, valine, leucine, serine, phenylalanine, putrescine, spermidine, mannitol, and inositol were significantly different between treatments, although changes were most often associated with mortality rather than triclosan exposure. An increase in putrescine and decrease in amino acids, polyols, and spermidine were associated with mortality, suggesting decomposition had begun. Principal components analysis did not reveal evidence of metabolic impacts at sub-lethal concentrations. However, there were changes in the pattern of correlations between metabolite pairs in surviving worms at both 0.0001 and 0.001mgcm-2 exposure compared to the control.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Daniel Gillis
- Department of Bioresource Engineering, McGill University, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Macdonald-Stewart Building MS1-027, 21111 Lakeshore Road, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, H9X 3V9, Canada.
| | - Gordon W Price
- Department of Engineering, Dalhousie University, Faculty of Agriculture, 39 Cox Road, PO Box 550, Truro, Nova Scotia, B2N 5E3, Canada
| | - Shiv Prasher
- Department of Bioresource Engineering, McGill University, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Macdonald-Stewart Building MS1-027, 21111 Lakeshore Road, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, H9X 3V9, Canada
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Weatherly LM, Gosse JA. Triclosan exposure, transformation, and human health effects. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2017; 20:447-469. [PMID: 29182464 PMCID: PMC6126357 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2017.1399306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 294] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS) is an antimicrobial used so ubiquitously that 75% of the US population is likely exposed to this compound via consumer goods and personal care products. In September 2016, TCS was banned from soap products following the risk assessment by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). However, TCS still remains, at high concentrations, in other personal care products such as toothpaste, mouthwash, hand sanitizer, and surgical soaps. TCS is readily absorbed into human skin and oral mucosa and found in various human tissues and fluids. The aim of this review was to describe TCS exposure routes and levels as well as metabolism and transformation processes. The burgeoning literature on human health effects associated with TCS exposure, such as reproductive problems, was also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M. Weatherly
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
| | - Julie A. Gosse
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
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Huang CL, Abass OK, Yu CP. Triclosan: A review on systematic risk assessment and control from the perspective of substance flow analysis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 566-567:771-785. [PMID: 27239720 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Revised: 05/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS) is a broad spectrum antibacterial agent mainly used in Pharmaceutical and Personal Care Products. Its increasing use over recent decades have raised its concentration in the environment, with commonly detectable levels found along the food web-from aquatic organisms to humans in the ecosystem. To date, there is shortage of information on how to investigate TCS's systematic risk on exposed organisms including humans, due to the paucity of systematic information on TCS flows in the anthroposphere. Therefore, a more holistic approach to mass flow balancing is required, such that the systematic risk of TCS in all environmental matrices are evaluated. From the perspective of Substance Flow Analysis (SFA), this review critically summarizes the current state of knowledge on TCS production, consumption, discharge, occurrence in built and natural environments, its exposure and metabolism in humans, and also the negative effects of TCS on biota and humans. Recent risk concerns have mainly focused on TCS removal efficiencies and metabolism, but less attention is given to the effect of mass flows from source to fate during risk exposure. However, available data for TCS SFA is limited but SFA can derive logical systematic information from limited data currently available for systematic risk assessment and reduction, based on mass flow analysis. In other words, SFA tool can be used to develop a comprehensive flow chart and indicator system for the risk assessment and reduction of TCS flows in the anthroposphere, thereby bridging knowledge gaps to streamline uncertainties related to policy-making on exposure pathways within TCS flow-lines. In the final analysis, specifics on systematic TCS risk assessment via SFA, and areas of improvement on human adaptation to risks posed by emerging contaminants are identified and directions for future research are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chu-Long Huang
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1799, Jimei Road, Xiamen 361021, China; Department of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Quanzhou Normal University, 398, Donghai Street, Quanzhou 362000, China; Xiamen Key Lab of Urban Metabolism, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Olusegun K Abass
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1799, Jimei Road, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Chang-Ping Yu
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1799, Jimei Road, Xiamen 361021, China; Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71, Chou-Shan Road, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
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Coors A, Edwards M, Lorenz P, Römbke J, Schmelz RM, Topp E, Waszak K, Wilkes G, Lapen DR. Biosolids applied to agricultural land: Influence on structural and functional endpoints of soil fauna on a short- and long-term scale. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 562:312-326. [PMID: 27100012 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.03.226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Biosolids have well-documented crop and soil benefits similar to other sources of organic amendment, but there is environmental concern due to biosolids-associated pollutants. The present study investigated two field sites that had received biosolids at commercial-scale rates in parallel to associated field sections which were managed similarly but without receiving biosolids (controls). The investigated endpoints were abundance and diversity of soil organisms (nematodes, enchytraeids and earthworms) and soil fauna feeding activity as measured by the bait lamina assay. Repeated sampling of one of the field sites following the only biosolids application demonstrated an enrichment effect typical for organic amendments, which was mostly exhausted after 44months. After an initial suppression, the proportion of free-living plant-parasitic nematodes tended to increase in the biosolids-amended soil over time. Yet, none of the endpoints at this site indicated significant negative effects resulting from the biosolids until 44months post application. In contrast to the repeatedly tilled first field site, the second one was left fallow after three biosolids applications, and was sampled 96months post last application. It was only at this field site that potential evidence for a long-term impact of biosolids was detected with regard to two endpoints: earthworm abundance and structure of the nematode assemblage. Agricultural management and correlation with abiotic soil parameters explained the observed difference in earthworm abundance. Yet, the development of a highly structured and mature nematode assemblage at the control but not at the biosolids-amended section of this fallow field could not be explained by such correlations nor by soil metal concentrations. Overall, the present study found only weak evidence for negative long-term impacts of biosolids applied at commercial rates on soil fauna. High-level community parameters such as the nematode structure index (SI) appeared more suitable to detect deleterious effects on soil fauna than simple abundance measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Coors
- ECT Oekotoxikologie GmbH, Boettgerstr. 2-14, 65439 Flörsheim/Main, Germany.
| | - Mark Edwards
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Ave., Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - Pascale Lorenz
- ECT Oekotoxikologie GmbH, Boettgerstr. 2-14, 65439 Flörsheim/Main, Germany
| | - Jörg Römbke
- ECT Oekotoxikologie GmbH, Boettgerstr. 2-14, 65439 Flörsheim/Main, Germany
| | - Rüdiger M Schmelz
- ECT Oekotoxikologie GmbH, Boettgerstr. 2-14, 65439 Flörsheim/Main, Germany; University of A Coruña, Science Faculty, Department of Animal Biology, Plant Biology, and Ecology, Rua da Fraga 10, 15002 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Edward Topp
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1391 Sandford Street, London, ON N5V 4T3, Canada
| | - Karolina Waszak
- ECT Oekotoxikologie GmbH, Boettgerstr. 2-14, 65439 Flörsheim/Main, Germany
| | - Graham Wilkes
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Ave., Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - David R Lapen
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Ave., Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada
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Dang VD, Kroll KJ, Supowit SD, Halden RU, Denslow ND. Bioaccumulation of Legacy and Emerging Organochlorine Contaminants in Lumbriculus variegatus. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2016; 71:60-9. [PMID: 26833202 PMCID: PMC6993841 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-016-0264-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Freshwater sediment-dwelling Lumbriculus variegatus is known to serve as a vector for the transfer of contaminants from sediments to higher trophic level organisms, but limited data exist on the bioaccumulation of chemicals associated with sediments containing high total organic carbon (TOC). In the current study, sediments from the north shore area of Lake Apopka (Florida, USA), containing very high TOC [39 % (w/w)], were spiked with four chemicals-p,p'-dichlorordiphenyldichloroethylene (p,p'-DDE), dieldrin, fipronil, and triclosan-individually or in a mixture of the four and then used for bioaccumulation studies. Tissue concentrations of chemicals in L. variegatus were measured at 2, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days of exposure, and the bioaccumulation potential was evaluated using biosediment accumulation factors [BSAF (goc/glipid)]. Increase in total body burdens of all four chemicals in L. variegatus was rapid at day 2 and reached a steady-state level after 7 days in both single and mixture experiments. Tissue concentrations of fipronil peaked after 2 days and then decreased by 70 % in sediment experiments suggesting that in addition to the degradation of fipronil that occurred in the sediment, L. variegatus may also be able to metabolize fipronil. The calculated 28-day BSAF values varied among the chemicals and increased in the order fipronil (1.1) < triclosan (1.4) < dieldrin (21.8) < p,p'-DDE (49.8) in correspondence with the increasing degree of their hydrophobicity. The relatively high BSAF values for p,p'-DDE and dieldrin probably resulted from lower-than-expected sorption of chemicals to sediment organic matter either due to the nature of the plant-derived organic matter, as a result of the relatively short equilibration time among the various compartments, or due to ingestion of sediment particles by the worms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viet D Dang
- Department of Physiological Sciences and Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Kevin J Kroll
- Department of Physiological Sciences and Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Samuel D Supowit
- The Biodesign Institute, Center for Environmental Security, Global Security Initiative, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Rolf U Halden
- The Biodesign Institute, Center for Environmental Security, Global Security Initiative, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Nancy D Denslow
- Department of Physiological Sciences and Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
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40
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Karlsson MV, Marshall S, Gouin T, Boxall ABA. Routes of uptake of diclofenac, fluoxetine, and triclosan into sediment-dwelling worms. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2016; 35:836-42. [PMID: 25892588 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2015] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated the route and degree of uptake of 2 ionizable pharmaceuticals (diclofenac and fluoxetine) and 1 ionizable compound used in personal care products (triclosan) into the sediment-dwelling worm Lumbriculus variegatus. Studies were done on complete worms ("feeding") and worms where the head was absent ("nonfeeding") using (14) C-labeled ingredients. Biota sediment accumulation factors (BSAF), based on uptake of (14) C, for feeding worms increased in the order fluoxetine (0.3) < diclofenac (0.5) < triclosan (9), which is correlated with a corresponding increase in log octanol-water partition coefficient. Biota sediment accumulation factor estimates are representative of maximum values because the degree of biotransformation in the worms was not quantified. Although no significant differences were seen between the uptake of diclofenac and that of fluoxetine in feeding and nonfeeding worms, uptake of the more hydrophobic antimicrobial, triclosan, into the feeding worms was significantly greater than that in the nonfeeding worms, with the 48-h BSAF for feeding worms being 36% higher than that for the nonfeeding worms. The results imply that dietary uptake contributes to the uptake of triclosan, which may be a result of the high hydrophobicity of the compound. Models that estimate exposure of ionizable substances may need to consider uptake from both the water column and food, particularly when assessing risks from dynamic exposures to organic contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja V Karlsson
- Environment Department, University of York, Heslington, York, United Kingdom
| | | | - Todd Gouin
- Unilever Research, Colworth, Bedfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Alistair B A Boxall
- Environment Department, University of York, Heslington, York, United Kingdom
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41
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Butkovskyi A, Ni G, Hernandez Leal L, Rijnaarts HHM, Zeeman G. Mitigation of micropollutants for black water application in agriculture via composting of anaerobic sludge. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2016; 303:41-47. [PMID: 26513562 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Revised: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The excess sludge from Up-flow anaerobic sludge bed (UASB) reactor operated on source separated toilet wastewater is a potential source of nutrients and organic matter. It can be further stabilized and dried by composting and applied as a soil amendment. Presence of pathogens, heavy metals and micropollutants in the compost derived from anaerobic sludge is thus undesirable. This paper focuses on removal of micropollutants, typically present in domestic wastewater, via composting of UASB sludge with waste wood. Estrone, diclofenac, ibuprofen, metoprolol, carbamazepine, galaxolide and triclosan were spiked to a mixture of UASB sludge and waste wood. Their concentrations were monitored during 92 days of composting at controlled temperature conditions. All studied micropollutants were removed at various rates with overall removal ranging from 99.9% for ibuprofen, diclofenac and estrone to 87.8% for carbamazepine. Accumulation of methyltriclosan as by-product of triclosan degradation was observed. The prospects and limitations of the integration of a composting process into Source Separated Sanitation concepts are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Butkovskyi
- Sub-Department of Environmental Technology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands; Wetsus, Center of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, P.O. Box 1113, 8900CC Leeuwarden, The Netherlands.
| | - G Ni
- Sub-Department of Environmental Technology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - L Hernandez Leal
- Wetsus, Center of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, P.O. Box 1113, 8900CC Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
| | - H H M Rijnaarts
- Sub-Department of Environmental Technology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - G Zeeman
- Sub-Department of Environmental Technology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Wang X, Zhang C, Liu Z, Wang W, Chen L. Development of predicted no effect concentration (PNEC) for TCS to terrestrial species. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 139:428-433. [PMID: 26233766 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.07.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS) is an important broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent widely utilized in a range of personal care products, and is therefore commonly found in the environment. A few studies have been conducted to investigate predicted no effect concentration (PNEC) for TCS on terrestrial organisms. This could be due to lack of toxicity data especially chronic toxicity data for species on various taxonomic levels. In the present study, chronic toxicity of TCS on 6 terrestrial species (3 dicotyledonous plants, 2 monocotyledonous plants and 1 terrestrial invertebrate) were tested. PNEC values of TCS based on toxicity data of 14 terrestrial species (5 dicotyledonous plants, 4 monocotyledonous plants and 5 terrestrial invertebrates) from 4 Phyla and 11 Families were calculated using the log-logistic species sensitivity distribution (SSD) method. The result of our toxicity tests showed that the dicotyledonous plant Lactuca sativa was the most sensitive species to TCS exposure. The PNEC value for TCS was derived to be 0.04-0.21mgkg(-1) when using the log-logistic SSD method. The use of toxicity data from various taxonomic levels is recommended in deriving the PNEC value in the terrestrial environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaonan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Cong Zhang
- China Offshore Environmental Services Co. Ltd., Tianjin 300452, China
| | - Zhengtao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Wanhua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Lihong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
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Development of a method for the analysis of hormones and pharmaceuticals in earthworms by quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe (QuEChERS) extraction followed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:7995-8008. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8972-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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44
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Pharmaceuticals in the environment: Biodegradation and effects on natural microbial communities. A review. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015; 106:25-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2014.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Revised: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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