1
|
Zhang X, Li J, Li M, Zhang W, Wang Y, Xian Q. The effects of co-existing acridine on adsorption-desorption behavior of carbazole in soils: Co-sorption and mechanism insight. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 470:134205. [PMID: 38579583 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Carbazole (CBZ) and acridine (ACR) are polycyclic aromatic nitrogen heterocycles (PANHs) widely found in combined contaminated soils, while investigations on organic-organic interactions have been very limited. In this study, batch experiments were carried out on five soils with different properties, taking CBZ as a representative of PANHs and ACR as a co-existing contaminant. The adsorption isotherms of CBZ (50-1000 μg/L) were nonlinear. Soil organic matter (SOM) and cation exchange capacity (CEC) showed positive correlations with CBZ adsorption-desorption coefficients. The adsorption mechanisms of CBZ involved hydrogen bonding, π-π interaction, and cation-π bonding. Different concentrations of ACR had varying effects on CBZ. The adsorption of CBZ was inhibited with 250 μg/L ACR. The cooperative adsorption was observed on three soils with increasing ACR concentration (1000 μg/L) and led to more pronounced nonlinear isotherms. The S-shaped isotherms of ACR indicated that ACR was adsorbed to the soil surface in a perpendicular configuration. New adsorption sites were created allowing for increased CBZ adsorption through π-π interaction with ACR. Therefore, variations in soil properties and potential impacts of co-existing contaminants should be well considered when assessing the combined pollution of site soil. This will contribute to a more accurate estimation of environmental and health risks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xueqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jianwei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Mengting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yuting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Qiming Xian
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Krzyszczak-Turczyn A, Dybowski MP, Kończak M, Oleszczuk P, Czech B. Increased concentration of PAH derivatives in biochar-amended soil observed in a long-term experiment. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 465:133159. [PMID: 38061130 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.133159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
During biochar preparation or application some toxic substances may be formed. The established limitations of the content of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) aim to monitor the fate of PAHs in the life cycle of biochar. The latest studies have revealed that besides PAHs, some of their derivatives with confirmed toxicity are formed. There has been no policy regards PAH derivatives in biochar yet. The aim of the presented studies was the estimation the changes in the content of PAHs and their derivatives during the agricultural application of biochar. A pot experiment with grass revealed that in a short time, both the content of PAHs and their derivatives was reduced. Similarly, when biochar was added to soil in a long-term experiment, the content of determined derivatives was below the limit of detection, whereas interestingly, the content of pristine PAHs increased with time. Co-addition of biochar and sewage sludge increased the content of PAHs and their derivatives indicating potential environmental hazard due to their presence. However, the key point is the estimation of the bioavailability of PAHs and their derivatives as only the bioavailable fraction is revealing the environmental hazard.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Krzyszczak-Turczyn
- Department of Radiochemistry and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University in Lublin, Pl. M. Curie-Sklodowskiej 3, 20-031 Lublin, Poland
| | - Michał P Dybowski
- Department of Chromatography, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie Sklodowska University in Lublin, Pl. M. Curie-Sklodowskiej 3, 20-031 Lublin, Poland
| | - Magdalena Kończak
- Institute of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Earth Sciences and Spatial Management, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, ul. Kraśnicka 2cd, 20-718 Lublin, Poland
| | - Patryk Oleszczuk
- Department of Radiochemistry and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University in Lublin, Pl. M. Curie-Sklodowskiej 3, 20-031 Lublin, Poland
| | - Bożena Czech
- Department of Radiochemistry and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University in Lublin, Pl. M. Curie-Sklodowskiej 3, 20-031 Lublin, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wei L, Lv J, Zuo P, Li Y, Yang R, Zhang Q, Jiang G. The occurrence and sources of PAHs, oxygenated PAHs (OPAHs), and nitrated PAHs (NPAHs) in soil and vegetation from the Antarctic, Arctic, and Tibetan Plateau. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:169394. [PMID: 38135091 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Although the fate of PAHs in the three polar regions (Antarctic, Arctic, and Tibetan Plateau) has been investigated, the occurrence and contamination profiles of PAH derivatives such as oxygenated PAHs (OPAHs) and nitrated PAHs (NPAHs) remain unclear. Some of them are more toxic and can be transformed from PAHs in environment. This study explored and compared the concentrations composition profiles and potential sources of PAHs, OPAHs, and NPAHs in soil and vegetation samples from the three polar regions. The total PAH, OPAH, and NPAH concentrations were 3.55-519, n.d.-101, and n.d.-1.10 ng/g dry weight (dw), respectively. The compounds were dominated by three-ring PAHs, and the most abundant individual PAH and OPAH were phenanthrene (PHE) and 9-fluorenone (9-FO), respectively. The sources of PAHs and their derivatives were qualitatively analyzed by the diagnostic ratios and quantified using the positive matrix factorization (PMF) model. The ratios of PAH derivatives to parent PAHs (9-FO/fluorene and 9,10-anthraquinone/anthracene) were significantly higher in the Antarctic samples than in the Arctic and TP samples, implying a higher occurrence of secondary OPAH and NPAH formation in the Antarctic region. To our knowledge, this is the first comparative study that simultaneously investigated the contamination profiles of PAHs and their derivatives in the three polar regions. The findings of this study provide a scientific basis for the development of risk assessment and pollution control strategies in these fragile regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lijia Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100085, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Jingya Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Peijie Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yingming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ruiqiang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, China.
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhang M, Chen W, Chuan X, Guo X, Shen X, Zhang H, Wu F, Hu J, Wu Z, Wang X. Remediation of heavily PAHs-contaminated soil with high mineral content from a coking plant using surfactant-enhanced soil washing. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 909:168499. [PMID: 37977369 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effectiveness of various surfactants at different concentrations in removing high concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from soil with high mineral content, focusing on the impact of surfactant treatment on the mobility of the residual PAHs in soil. The results revealed that the cationic surfactant (CTMAB) inhibited removal of PAHs in the whole tested concentration range of 0.1-8 g/L. In contrast, the non-ionic and anionic surfactants (Triton X-100 and SDBS) significantly enhanced removal of PAHs as their amendment concentrations reached 2 g/L and above. Triton X-100 exhibited steadily increased efficacy with increasing amendment concentrations and maintained favorable solubilization capability when continuously amended, making it the preferable choice for remediating PAHs-contaminated soil. Surfactant and water washing processes altered soil physicochemical properties by removing some clay minerals (e.g., faujasite) and organic matter that can bind or sequester PAHs, potentially increasing their extractability and bioavailability in the washed soil, thereby posing higher ecological risks compared to the original one. Although soil washing decreased retention of the remaining PAHs in soil, it did not significantly impact PAHs release from soil by flowing water. These findings provide insights into the long-term effectiveness and ecological impacts of surfactant-enhanced washing as a potential remediation technique for PAHs-contaminated soil.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meng Zhang
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Weixiao Chen
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiuyun Chuan
- School of Earth and Space Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiaoying Guo
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiaofang Shen
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Haiyun Zhang
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Fan Wu
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jing Hu
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhipeng Wu
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xilong Wang
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Chen XX, Li C, Cao XY, Selvaraj KK, Li HM, Zhu FX, Yang SG, Li SY, Zhang LM, He H. Bioaccessibility and bioavailability of NPAHs in soils using in vitro-in vivo assays: Comparison of laboratory and outdoor environmental aging effect. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 868:161619. [PMID: 36649777 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Aging process is one of the most important factors that markedly reduces bioaccessibility and bioavailability (bioac-bioav) of organic contaminants. However, only few data on comparison of the effects of laboratory artificial aging (LAA) and outdoor environmental aging (OEA) processes on nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NPAHs) bioac-bioav are available. In the current study, oral bioac-bioav of NPAHs in LAA and OEA soils (aging time intervals: 0, 45, 90, 120 and 150 d) were measured by in vitro traditional Fed ORganic Estimation human Simulation Test (FOREhST) and Tenax improved FOREhST (TI-FOREhST) methods, and in vivo mouse model. Tenax significantly increased the bioaccessibility of NPAHs in freshly spiked and aging soils from 0.3-40.9 % to 15.6-95.3 %, and 0.3-40.9 % to 1.0-84.5 %, respectively. Aging significantly reduced the NPAHs bioaccessibility (from 36.5 % to 10.7 %, and 12.1 % to 5.1 % as measured by FOREhST and TI-FOREhST, respectively) and bioavailability (from 27.7 % to 9.9 %, as measured by mouse model). The changes in bioac-bioav were mainly observed within the first 120 d of aging. The statistical analyses of NPAHs bioac-bioav showed no significant difference (p > 0.05) among the aging time intervals in LAA and OEA soils, which demonstrated that the LAA can relatively represent the OEA. Determination of TOC content in LAA and OEA soil can intuitively reflect whether the difference of NPAHs bioac-bioav between two aging treatment groups is significant. The mean bioaccessibility of NPAHs in soil measured by TI-FOREhST (mean 20.6 %) is closer to the bioavailability measured by mouse model (mean 19.4 %), indicating that Tenax improved in vitro method is more reliable than traditional methods, to predict the bioavailability of NPAHs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Xian Chen
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Engineering Lab of Water and Soil Eco-Remediation, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Chao Li
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Engineering Lab of Water and Soil Eco-Remediation, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Cao
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Engineering Lab of Water and Soil Eco-Remediation, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Krishna Kumar Selvaraj
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Engineering Lab of Water and Soil Eco-Remediation, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hui-Ming Li
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Engineering Lab of Water and Soil Eco-Remediation, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Feng-Xiao Zhu
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Engineering Lab of Water and Soil Eco-Remediation, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Shao-Gui Yang
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Engineering Lab of Water and Soil Eco-Remediation, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Shi-Yin Li
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Engineering Lab of Water and Soil Eco-Remediation, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Li-Min Zhang
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Engineering Lab of Water and Soil Eco-Remediation, Nanjing 210023, China; Green Economy Development Institute, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Huan He
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Engineering Lab of Water and Soil Eco-Remediation, Nanjing 210023, China; College of Ecological and Resource Engineering, Fujian Provincial Key laboratory of Eco-Industrial Green Technology, Wuyi University, Wuyishan 354300, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wei L, Yu Z, Zhu C, Chen Y, Pei Z, Li Y, Yang R, Zhang Q, Jiang G. An evaluation of the impact of traffic on the distribution of PAHs and oxygenated PAHs in the soils and moss of the southeast Tibetan Plateau. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 862:160938. [PMID: 36526168 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Contaminants in high-altitude mountains such as the Tibetan Plateau (TP) have attracted extensive attention due to their potential impact on fragile ecosystems. Rapid development of the economy and society has promoted pollution caused by local traffic emissions in the TP. Among the pollutants emitted by traffic, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and oxygenated PAHs (OPAHs) are of particular concern due to their high toxicity. The TP provides an environment to explore the degree and range of contribution for traffic-induced PAHs and OPAHs. In this study, soils and moss were collected at different altitudes and distances from the G318 highway in the southeast TP. The total concentrations of PAHs (∑16PAHs) and OPAHs (∑6OPAHs) in soils were in the range of 3.29-119 ng/g dry weight (dw) and 0.54-9.65 ng/g dw, respectively. ∑16PAH and ∑6OPAH concentrations decreased logarithmically with increasing distance from traffic. A significantly positive correlation between ∑16PAHs and altitude was found at sampling points closest to traffic. Dominant PAHs constituents in soil and moss included chrysene (CHR), benzo[g,h,i]perylene (BghiP), and benzo[b]fluoranthene (BbF); prevalent OPAH compounds were 9-fluorenone (9-FO) and 9,10-anthraquinone (ATQ). These compounds were related to characteristics of traffic emissions. The multiple diagnosis ratio and correlation analysis showed that exhaust emissions were the main source of the PAHs and OPAHs in the studied environment. PMF modeling quantification of the relative contribution of traffic emissions to PAHs in roadside soils was 45 % on average. The present study characterized the extent and range of traffic-induced PAH and OPAH emissions, providing valuable information for understanding the environmental behaviors and potential risks of traffic-related contaminants in high-altitude areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lijia Wei
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Zhigang Yu
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Chengcheng Zhu
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Yu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Zhiguo Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yingming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Ruiqiang Yang
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Almouallem W, Michel J, Dorge S, Joyeux C, Trouvé G, Le Nouen D. A comparative study of the sorption of O-PAHs and PAHs onto soils to understand their transport in soils and groundwater. J Environ Sci (China) 2023; 124:61-75. [PMID: 36182167 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2021.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their oxygenated derivates (O-PAHs) are identified in soils and groundwater of industrialized sites and contribute to the risk for Humans and the Environment. Nevertheless, data are scarce in literature concerning their retention and transfer in soils and no soil - water partition coefficients are available for these compounds. Sorption of two PAHs, fluorene and acenaphthene and two O-PAHs, 9H-fluorenone and dibenzofuran onto two soils with different organic carbon contents was evaluated and compared by determining their sorption isotherms. Effect of ionic strength and liquid to solid ratio, on fluorene and fluorenone sorption was also evaluated. Sorption equilibrium is achieved within less than 24 hr of mixing and linear sorption models best fit the isotherm data. Acenaphthene and dibenzofuran are similarly sorbed onto the soil. KD of fluorene is higher than the one of fluorenone, showing a smaller affinity of fluorenone towards the solid phase. This means that O-PAH could form larger contamination plumes in groundwater than PAHs. Decreasing the L/S ratio from 100 to 50 and 30, increases the sorption of fluorenone onto the soil by 56% and 67% respectively, while the sorption of fluorene is slightly increased. Increasing the ionic strength of the aqueous phase also modifies the sorption of fluorenone, contrary to the sorption of fluorene which is slightly affected.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W Almouallem
- French National Institute for Industrial and Environment and Risks, Direction Sites & Territoires, Verneuil en Halatte, F-60550, France; University of Haute-Alsace, Laboratoire Gestion des Risques et Environnement (LGRE) UR2334, Mulhouse, France; University of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France; University of Haute-Alsace, Laboratoire d'Innovation Moléculaire et Applications (LIMA) UMR 7042 CNRS, Mulhouse, France
| | - J Michel
- French National Institute for Industrial and Environment and Risks, Direction Sites & Territoires, Verneuil en Halatte, F-60550, France
| | - S Dorge
- University of Haute-Alsace, Laboratoire Gestion des Risques et Environnement (LGRE) UR2334, Mulhouse, France; University of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - C Joyeux
- University of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France; University of Haute-Alsace, Laboratoire d'Innovation Moléculaire et Applications (LIMA) UMR 7042 CNRS, Mulhouse, France
| | - G Trouvé
- University of Haute-Alsace, Laboratoire Gestion des Risques et Environnement (LGRE) UR2334, Mulhouse, France; University of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
| | - D Le Nouen
- University of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France; University of Haute-Alsace, Laboratoire d'Innovation Moléculaire et Applications (LIMA) UMR 7042 CNRS, Mulhouse, France
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Jin R, Liu G, Zhou X, Zhang Z, Lin B, Liu Y, Qi Z, Zheng M. Analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon derivatives in environment. Trends Analyt Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2023.116942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
|
9
|
Oxygenated and Nitrated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Sources, Quantification, Incidence, Toxicity, and Fate in Soil—A Review Study. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr11010052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The genotoxicity, mutagenesis, and carcinogenic effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) derivatives may exceed the parent PAHs. However, their influence on the soil environment has not been explored to a large extent. Oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (OPAHs) and nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NPAHs) are typical polar substituted compounds. We offer a review of the literature on the sources, quantification, incidence, toxicity, and transport of these compounds in soil. Although their environmental concentrations are lower than those of their parent compounds, they exert higher toxicity. Both types of substances are basically related to carcinogenesis. OPAHs are not enzymatically activated and can generate reactive oxygen species in biological cells, while NPAHs have been shown to be mutagenic, genotoxic, and cytotoxic. These compounds are largely derived from the transformation of PAHs, but they behave differently in soil because of their higher molecular weight and dissimilar adsorption mechanisms. Therefore, specialized knowledge of model derivatives is required. We also made recommendations for future directions based on existing research. It is expected that the review will trigger scientific discussions and provide a research basis for further study on PAH derivatives in the soil environment.
Collapse
|
10
|
Wietzoreck M, Bandowe BAM, Hofman J, Martiník J, Nežiková B, Kukučka P, Přibylová P, Lammel G. Nitro- and oxy-PAHs in grassland soils from decade-long sampling in central Europe. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2022; 44:2743-2765. [PMID: 34415461 PMCID: PMC9213387 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-021-01066-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Long-term exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their nitrated (NPAHs) and oxygenated (OPAHs) derivatives can cause adverse health effects due to their carcinogenicity, mutagenicity and oxidative potential. The distribution of PAH derivatives in the terrestrial environment has hardly been studied, although several PAH derivatives are ubiquitous in air and long-lived in soil and water. We report the multi-annual variations in the concentrations of NPAHs, OPAHs and PAHs in soils sampled at a semi-urban (Mokrá, Czech Republic) and a regional background site (Košetice, Czech Republic) in central Europe. The concentrations of the Σ18NPAHs and the Σ11+2OPAHs and O-heterocycles were 0.31 ± 0.23 ng g-1 and 4.03 ± 3.03 ng g-1, respectively, in Košetice, while slightly higher concentrations of 0.54 ± 0.45 ng g-1 and 5.91 ± 0.45 ng g-1, respectively, were found in soil from Mokrá. Among the 5 NPAHs found in the soils, 1-nitropyrene and less so 6-nitrobenzo(a)pyrene were most abundant. The OPAHs were more evenly distributed. The ratios of the PAH derivatives to their parent PAHs in Košetice indicate that they were long-range transported to the background site. Our results show that several NPAHs and OPAHs are abundant in soil and that gas-particle partitioning is a major factor influencing the concentration of several semi-volatile NPAHs and OPAHs in the soils. Complete understanding of the long-term variations of NPAH and OPAH concentrations in soil is limited by the lack of kinetic data describing their formation and degradation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Wietzoreck
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Multiphase Chemistry Dept, Mainz, Germany
| | - B A M Bandowe
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Multiphase Chemistry Dept, Mainz, Germany
| | - J Hofman
- Masaryk University, Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - J Martiník
- Masaryk University, Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - B Nežiková
- Masaryk University, Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - P Kukučka
- Masaryk University, Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - P Přibylová
- Masaryk University, Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - G Lammel
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Multiphase Chemistry Dept, Mainz, Germany.
- Masaryk University, Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Brno, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Xia W, Liang B, Chen L, Zhu Y, Gao M, Chen J, Wang F, Chen Y, Tian M. Atmospheric wet and dry depositions of polycyclic aromatic compounds in a megacity of Southwest China. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 204:112151. [PMID: 34634311 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The dry and wet depositions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and related derivatives have rarely been characterized separately. Parent, oxygenated and nitrated PAHs (PAHs, OPAHs and NPAHs) have been measured in monthly-averaged wet and dry deposition samples collected from January to December 2019 in urban Chongqing. The annual average concentrations of Ʃ17PAHs, Ʃ9OPAHs and Ʃ9NPAHs in wet deposition samples were 457 ± 375, 1311 ± 1416 and 8.25 ± 10.2 ng/L, respectively, with significant monthly variations introduced by rainfall and air-borne particle deposition. Most PAHs species were associated with the particulate phase in wet deposition, while OPAHs and NPAHs were mainly distributed in the dissolved phase, probably due to the lower octanol-water partitioning coefficient of N/OPAHs than that of PAHs. Annual deposition fluxes of PAHs, OPAHs and NPAHs in dry deposition were 25264, 25310 and 388 ng/m2/yr, respectively, higher than those in wet deposition (9869, 24083 and 207 ng/m2/yr). This indicates that PACs, especially PAHs, were removed from the atmosphere mainly via dry deposition. The contributions of wet deposition to total deposited PACs were larger for months with higher precipitation and for PACs with higher molecular weight. Composition pattern and temporal variation results indicated that wet deposition fluxes were mainly affected by precipitation-related particle deposition and chemical properties (e.g., water solubility), while dry deposition fluxes were affected more by factors such as gas/particle partitioning, particle size distribution and physicochemical properties of PACs. Principle component analysis combined with diagnostic ratios revealed that PACs in atmospheric deposition samples were from vehicle emission (48.6%), coal combustion (13.4%), petrogenic source (5.9%) and secondary formation (32.1%).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Xia
- College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
| | - Bo Liang
- Materials Quality Supervision & Inspection Research Center, Chongqing Academy of Metrology and Quality Inspection, Chongqing, 401123, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The first Hospital Affiliated to Army Medical University (Southwest Hospital), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Yunxi Zhu
- College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
| | - Min Gao
- Research Center for Atmospheric Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China
| | - Jing Chen
- College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
| | - Fengwen Wang
- College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
| | - Yang Chen
- Research Center for Atmospheric Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China
| | - Mi Tian
- College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China; Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zhu Y, Liang B, Xia W, Gao M, Zheng H, Chen J, Chen Y, Tian M. Assessing potential risks of aquatic polycyclic aromatic compounds via multiple approaches: A case study in Jialing and Yangtze Rivers in downtown Chongqing, China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 294:118620. [PMID: 34864101 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
To better evaluate the potential risks of aquatic polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs), multiple approaches have been implemented in this study to assess the human health and ecological risks of parent, nitrated and oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs, NPAHs and OPAHs) in the surface water of Jialing and Yangtze Rivers in downtown Chongqing in southwestern China. The concentrations of ∑PAHs (334 ± 125 ng L-1) were much higher than those of ∑OPAHs (20.2 ± 7.49 ng L-1) in the two rivers, while NPAHs were barely detected. Concentrations of detected PACs were higher in wet season than dry season, probably resulted from the elevated particle input due to heavy rainfall in wet season. Concentrations of PAHs were higher in the particulate phase than dissolved phase, while OPAHs levels showed a reverse pattern. The partition coefficients (Kp) of PACs in the water-SPM (suspended particulate matter) system were mainly affected by SPM concentrations and octanol/water partition coefficients of specific PACs. Human health risks calculated from non-probabilistic risk assessment model and probabilistic risk assessment model based on Monte Carlo simulation showed similar data pattern with slight difference in absolute values. Both models revealed potential or even severe human health risks contributed mainly by dermal exposure to aquatic PACs in this study. Furthermore, these models also manifested that infant stage was highly sensitive for PAC exposure. Sensitivity analysis indicated that health risk results was most sensitive to Benzo[a]pyrene equivalent toxic concentration (BaPeq), followed by showering time and daily water intake volume. Levels of ecological risks and contributions of individual PACs differed from models based on different quality values. The adequacy of toxicity data was crucial for the reliability of ecological risk assessment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunxi Zhu
- College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
| | - Bo Liang
- Materials Quality Supervision & Inspection Research Center, Chongqing Academy of Metrology and Quality Inspection, Chongqing, 401123, China
| | - Weiwei Xia
- College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
| | - Min Gao
- Research Center for Atmospheric Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China
| | - Haojun Zheng
- College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
| | - Jing Chen
- College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
| | - Yang Chen
- Research Center for Atmospheric Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China
| | - Mi Tian
- College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China; Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Bandowe BAM, Shukurov N, Leimer S, Kersten M, Steinberger Y, Wilcke W. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soils of an industrial area in semi-arid Uzbekistan: spatial distribution, relationship with trace metals and risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2021; 43:4847-4861. [PMID: 34041653 PMCID: PMC8528758 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-021-00974-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations, composition patterns, transport and fate of PAHs in semi-arid and arid soils such as in Central Asia are not well known. Such knowledge is required to manage the risk posed by these toxic chemicals to humans and ecosystems in these regions. To fill this knowledge gap, we determined the concentrations of 21 parent PAHs, 4,5-methylenephenanthrene, 6 alkylated PAHs, and biphenyl in soils from 11 sampling locations (0-10, 10-20 cm soil depths) along a 20-km transect downwind from the Almalyk metal mining and metallurgical industrial complex (Almalyk MMC), Uzbekistan. The concentrations of Σ29 PAHs and Σ16 US-EPA PAHs were 41-2670 ng g-1 and 29-1940 ng g-1, respectively. The highest concentration of Σ29 PAHs occurred in the immediate vicinity of the copper smelting factory of the Almalyk MMC. The concentrations in topsoil decreased substantially to a value of ≤ 200 ng g-1 (considered as background concentration) at ≥ 2 km away from the factory. Low molecular weight PAHs dominated the PAH mixtures at less contaminated sites and high molecular weight PAHs at the most contaminated site. The concentration of Σ16 US-EPA PAHs did not exceed the precautionary values set by the soil quality guidelines of, e.g., Switzerland and Germany. Similarly, the benzo[a]pyrene equivalent concentration in soils near the Almalyk MMC did not exceed the value set by the Canadian guidelines for the protection of humans from carcinogenic PAHs in soils. Consequently, the cancer risk due to exposure to PAHs in these soils can be considered as low.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A Musa Bandowe
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max-Planck Institute for Chemistry, Hahn-Meitner-Weg 1, 55128, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Nosir Shukurov
- Institute of Geology and Geophysics, State Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan for Geology and Mineral Resources, Olimlar street 64, Tashkent, Uzbekistan, 100041
- Geosciences Institute, Johannes Gutenberg-University, 55099, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sophia Leimer
- Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Reinhard-Baumeister-Platz 1, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Michael Kersten
- Geosciences Institute, Johannes Gutenberg-University, 55099, Mainz, Germany
| | - Yosef Steinberger
- The Mina and Everard Goodman, Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, 52900, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Wolfgang Wilcke
- Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Reinhard-Baumeister-Platz 1, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Krzyszczak A, Czech B. Occurrence and toxicity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons derivatives in environmental matrices. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 788:147738. [PMID: 34023603 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In the last years, there is great attention paid to the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in different environmental matrices. Extensive reviews on PAHs presence and toxicity were published recently. However, PAHs formation and transformation in the environment lead to the production of PAHs derivatives containing oxygen (O-PAHs), nitrogen (N-PAHs and aazarenes AZA) or sulfur (PASHs) in the aromatic ring. The development of new analytical methods enabled the determination of these novel contaminants. The presence of oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur in PAHs aromatic rings increased their toxicity. The most common primary sources of PAHs derivatives are biological processes such as microbial activity (in soil, water, and wastewater treatment plants (O-PAHs)) and all processes involving combustion of fuel, coal, and biomass (O-PAHs, N-PAHs, AZA, PASHs). The secondary resources involved i) photochemical (UV light), ii) radical-mediated (OH, NO3), and iii) reactions with oxidants (O3, NOx) (O-PAHs, N-PAHs, AZA). Furthermore, N-PAHs were able to transform to their corresponding O-PAHs, while other derivatives were not. It indicated that N-PAHs are more vulnerable to photooxidation in the environment. 85% of O- and N-PAHs were detected with particle matter below 2.5 μm suggesting their easier bioaccessibility. More than 90% of compounds with four and more aromatic cycles were present in the particle phase in the air. Although the concentrations of N-PAHs or O-PAHs may be similar to PAHs concentration or even 1000 times lower than parent PAHs, PAHs derivatives accounted for a significant portion of the total mutagenicity. The present review is describing the results of the studies on the determination of PAHs derivatives in different environmental matrices including airborne particles, sediments, soil, and organisms. The mechanisms of their formation and toxicity were assessed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Krzyszczak
- Department of Radiochemistry and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Maria Curie-Sklodowska, Pl. M. Curie-Sklodowskiej 3, 20-031 Lublin, Poland
| | - Bożena Czech
- Department of Radiochemistry and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Maria Curie-Sklodowska, Pl. M. Curie-Sklodowskiej 3, 20-031 Lublin, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Luo R, Schrader W. Getting a better overview of a highly PAH contaminated soil: A non-targeted approach assessing the real environmental contamination. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 418:126352. [PMID: 34329030 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Over the last 40 years, soils contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) were monitored according to a list of 16 PAH, established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). This, however, is underestimating the danger to the environment and humanity because other high molecular weight PAHs, heterocycles (PAXH, X = N, O, S) and alkylated derivatives can also occur at the contaminated site. Here, a new non-targeted approach of highly contaminated soil (64.5 ± 9.5 g kg-1 solvent extractable organics from the German Ruhrgebiet) is introduced, where ultrahigh resolution mass spectrometry is combined with multiple ionization methods to get a better overview of anthropogenic contamination at a former industrial site. In total, 21,958 elemental compositions were assigned for positive and negative mode measurements. The approach is strongly increasing the amount of data that can be obtained from a single contaminated soil, making an assessment of the real environmental risk possible. In addition to highly aromatized and (alkylated) high molecular weight PAH, other PAXH especially basic and neutral PANH with very high aromaticity were also detected. This shows that while regulations and routine analysis are still stuck in the 1960 s, modern analytical methods are present in the 21st century.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruoji Luo
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, D-45470 Mülheim/Ruhr, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schrader
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, D-45470 Mülheim/Ruhr, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Wang Y, Nie M, Diwu Z, Chang F, Nie H, Zhang B, Bai X, Yin Q. Toxicity evaluation of the metabolites derived from the degradation of phenanthrene by one of a soil ubiquitous PAHs-degrading strain Rhodococcus qingshengii FF. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 415:125657. [PMID: 34088178 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Rhodococcus qingshengii strain FF is a soil ubiquitous strain that has a high polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) biodegradation capability. In this work, phenanthrene was used as a PAH model compound. The accumulated pattern of the metabolites of phenanthrene by strain FF was investigated, and their toxicity to Vibrio fischeri, effect on microbiota diversity of farmland soil and influence on seed of wheat were evaluated. Total of 29 main intermediates were observed for the phenanthrene degradation process. Pyrogallol was the predominant accumulated metabolite, and 59% of the accumulated metabolites were oxygen-containing PAHs that have only one benzene ring. The acute toxicity assessment showed the accumulated metabolites in later phase were more toxic to Vibrio fischeri. Microbe and wheat seed response to the different stages of phenanthrene metabolites indicated pollution significantly decreased microbial richness and evenness of farmland soil and lower germinal length, root length or root number of wheat seed. These results indicated that not only the elimination of PAHs, but also the easily accumulated metabolites produced during the PAHs degradation process should be paid enough attention. The comprehensive evaluation of toxicity during the degradation process would provide useful information for the use of microbe-orientated strategies in PAHs bioremediation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No. 13 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710055, China; Microbiology Institute of Shaanxi, No. 76 Xiying Road, Xi'an 710043, China.
| | - Maiqian Nie
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No. 13 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710055, China; Research Institute of Membrane Separation Technology of Shaanxi Province, No. 13 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710055, China.
| | - Zhenjun Diwu
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No. 13 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710055, China; Research Institute of Membrane Separation Technology of Shaanxi Province, No. 13 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710055, China.
| | - Fan Chang
- Microbiology Institute of Shaanxi, No. 76 Xiying Road, Xi'an 710043, China.
| | - Hongyun Nie
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No. 13 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710055, China; Research Institute of Membrane Separation Technology of Shaanxi Province, No. 13 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710055, China.
| | - Bo Zhang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No. 13 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710055, China; Research Institute of Membrane Separation Technology of Shaanxi Province, No. 13 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710055, China.
| | - Xuerui Bai
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No. 13 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710055, China; Research Institute of Membrane Separation Technology of Shaanxi Province, No. 13 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710055, China.
| | - Qiuyue Yin
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No. 13 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710055, China; Research Institute of Membrane Separation Technology of Shaanxi Province, No. 13 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710055, China.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Wilcke W, Bigalke M, Wei C, Han Y, Musa Bandowe BA. Global distribution of oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in mineral topsoils. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2021; 50:717-729. [PMID: 33825209 DOI: 10.1002/jeq2.20224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Hazardous oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (OPAHs) originate from combustion (primary sources) or postemission conversion of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) (secondary sources). We evaluated the global distribution of up to 15 OPAHs in 195 mineral topsoils from 33 study sites (covering 52° N-47° S, 71° W-118 °E) to identify indications of primary or secondary sources of OPAHs. The sums of the (frequently measured 7 and 15) OPAH concentrations correlated with those of the Σ16EPA-PAHs. The relationship of the Σ16EPA-PAH concentrations with the Σ7OPAH/Σ16EPA-PAH concentration ratios (a measure of the variable OPAH sources) could be described by a power function with a negative exponent <1, leveling off at a Σ16EPA-PAH concentration of approximately 400 ng g-1 . We suggest that below this value, secondary sources contributed more to the OPAH burden in soil than above this value, where primary sources dominated the OPAH mixture. This was supported by a negative correlation of the Σ16EPA-PAH concentrations with the contribution of the more readily biologically produced highly polar OPAHs (log octanol-water partition coefficient <3) to the Σ7OPAH concentrations. We identified mean annual precipitation (Spearman ρ = .33, p < .001, n = 143) and clay concentrations (ρ = .55, p < .001, n = 33) as important drivers of the Σ7OPAH/Σ16EPA-PAH concentration ratios. Our results indicate that at low PAH contamination levels, secondary sources contribute considerably and to a variable extent to total OPAH concentrations, whereas at Σ16EPA-PAH contamination levels >400 ng g-1 , there was a nearly constant Σ7OPAH/Σ16EPA-PAH ratio (0.08 ± 0.005 [SE], n = 80) determined by their combustion sources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Wilcke
- Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Reinhard-Baumeister-Platz 1, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Moritz Bigalke
- Institute of Geography, Univ. of Bern, Hallerstrasse 12, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Chong Wei
- Shanghai Carbon Data Research Center, Key Lab. of Low-carbon Conversion Science and Engineering, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201210, China
- State Key Lab. of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Yongming Han
- State Key Lab. of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
- School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong Univ., Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Benjamin A Musa Bandowe
- Dep. of Multiphase Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Hahn-Meitner-Weg 1, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Trouvé G, Ngo C, Almouallem W, Joyeux C, Dorge S, Michel J, Nouen DL. Development of a Liquid/Liquid Extraction Method and GC/MS Analysis Dedicated to the Quantitative Analysis of PAHs and O-PACs in Groundwater from Contaminated Sites and Soils. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2021.1880449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Trouvé
- Laboratoire Gestion des Risques et Environnement, Université de Haute Alsace, Mulhouse, France
| | - C. Ngo
- Laboratoire Gestion des Risques et Environnement, Université de Haute Alsace, Mulhouse, France
- Laboratoire d’Innovation Moléculaire et Applications, Université de Haute Alsace, Mulhouse, France
| | - W. Almouallem
- Laboratoire Gestion des Risques et Environnement, Université de Haute Alsace, Mulhouse, France
- Laboratoire d’Innovation Moléculaire et Applications, Université de Haute Alsace, Mulhouse, France
- Institut National de l’Environnement Industriel et des Risques, Verneuil en Halatte, France
- Agence De l’Environnement et de la Maîtrise de l’Energie, Angers, France
| | - C. Joyeux
- Laboratoire d’Innovation Moléculaire et Applications, Université de Haute Alsace, Mulhouse, France
| | - S. Dorge
- Laboratoire Gestion des Risques et Environnement, Université de Haute Alsace, Mulhouse, France
| | - J. Michel
- Institut National de l’Environnement Industriel et des Risques, Verneuil en Halatte, France
| | - D. Le Nouen
- Laboratoire d’Innovation Moléculaire et Applications, Université de Haute Alsace, Mulhouse, France
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Zhou Q, Yuan Y, Sun Y, Sheng X, Tong Y. Magnetic solid phase extraction of heterocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from environmental water samples with multiwalled carbon nanotube modified magnetic polyamido-amine dendrimers prior to gas chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1639:461921. [PMID: 33524931 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.461921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Present study described a sensitive and efficient method for determination of heterocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons using multiwalled carbon nanotubes modified magnetic polyamido-amine dendrimers (MNPs@PAMAM-Gn@MWCNTs) as adsorbent for magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) coupled with gas chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (GC-MS/MS). Some pivotal parameters including PAMAM generation, adsorbent dosage, adsorption time, elution time and volume, pH and humic acid concentration were investigated to achieve the best adsorption efficiencies. Under the optimal conditions, 7-methylquinoline, dibenzothiophene and carbazole had good linearity in the concentration range of 0.005-20 μg L - 1, 9-methylcarbazole, 4-methyldibenzothiophene and 4,6-dimethyl dibenzothiophene had good linearity in the concentration range of 0.001-20 μg L - 1. All the correlation coefficients were higher than 0.996. The detection limits of the targets were in the range of 2.2 × 10-4-1.8 × 10-3 μg L - 1 with precisions less than 8.28% (n = 6). The enrichment factors were in the range of 141-147. The spiked recoveries were in the range of 87.0%-115.1% (n = 3). These results indicated that the method could be a reliable alternative tool for monitoring trace heterocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in environmental water samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qingxiang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing 102249, China.
| | - Yongyong Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Yi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Xueying Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Yayan Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing 102249, China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Luo R, Schrader W. Development of a Non-Targeted Method to Study Petroleum Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons in Soil by Ultrahigh Resolution Mass Spectrometry Using Multiple Ionization Methods. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2020.1748665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruoji Luo
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Mülheim/Ruhr, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Pongpiachan S, Surapipith V, Hashmi MZ, Latif M, Sohail M, Eqani SAMAS, Charoenkalunyuta T, Promdee K. Latitudinal Transects and Quantitative Ecological Risk Assessments of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Terrestrial Soils of Pakistan and King George Island, Antarctica. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2020.1751666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Siwatt Pongpiachan
- NIDA Center for Research & Development of Disaster Prevention & Management, School of Social and Environmental Development, National Institute of Development Administration (NIDA), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Vanisa Surapipith
- National Astronomical Research Institute of Thailand (Public Organization), Chiang-Mai, Thailand
| | | | - Muhammad Latif
- Department of Meteorology, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Sohail
- Department of Bioscience, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | | | | | - Kittiphop Promdee
- Department of Environmental Science, Chulachomklao Royal Military Academy, Nakhon Nayok, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Musa Bandowe BA, Wei C, Han Y, Cao J, Zhan C, Wilcke W. Polycyclic aromatic compounds (PAHs, oxygenated PAHs, nitrated PAHs and azaarenes) in soils from China and their relationship with geographic location, land use and soil carbon fractions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 690:1268-1276. [PMID: 31470489 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The assessment of risks arising from polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs), particularly from the polar PACs [azaarenes (AZAs), oxygenated PAHs (OPAHs), nitrated PAHs (NPAHs)] requires us to understand the drivers of their spatial distribution. We determined the concentrations of 29 PAHs, 4 AZAs, 15 OPAHs and 11 NPAHs and their relationships with land use (urban vs. rural and forest vs. agriculture), climate (Qinghai-Tibetan plateau, temperate, sub tropical and tropical) and three C fractions (soil organic C, char, soot) in 36 mineral topsoils (0-5 cm) of China. The average concentrations±standard deviation of the Σ29PAHs, Σ16PAHs, Σ4AZAs, Σ15OPAHs and Σ11NPAHs were 352 ± 283, 206 ± 215, 5.7 ± 3.7, 108 ± 66.8 and 3.2 ± 3.4 ng g-1, respectively. PAH, OPAH, NPAH and AZA concentrations were frequently not correlated within or across the regions reflecting different sources and turnover of PAHs and their derivatives. Temperate urban soils showed the highest and tropical rural soils the lowest concentrations of PACs. Forest soils had higher PACs concentrations than agricultural soils. Longitude correlated positively with the ∑29PAHs concentrations, because of increasing emissions of PAHs from East to West. The tropical and plateau regions with the lowest PAH concentrations, were dominated by low molecular weight PAHs (LMW-PAHs) with LMW/high molecular weight (HMW)-PAHs ratios >1, while the other two climatic regions with more industrial sites showed the opposite. Latitude correlated with NPAHs likely because of enhanced formation by photochemical reactions during transport in the atmosphere. The concentrations of the ∑29PAHs, ∑4AZAs, ∑15OPAHs, ∑11NPAHs and their individual components were only occasionally correlated with those of carbon fractions (soil organic C, soot and char) suggesting a small role of soil C pool properties in driving PACs concentrations. Our results demonstrate that the strongest drivers of PACs concentrations are land use and distance to PAC emission sources followed by climate and size and properties of the soil organic C pool.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A Musa Bandowe
- Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Reinhard-Baumeister-Platz 1, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Chong Wei
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics (KLACP), State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; Shanghai Carbon Data Research Center (SCDRC), CAS Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Conversion Science and Engineering, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China.
| | - Yongming Han
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics (KLACP), State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Junji Cao
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics (KLACP), State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Changlin Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics (KLACP), State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; Environmental Science and Engineering College, Hubei Polytechnic University, Huangshi 435003, China
| | - Wolfgang Wilcke
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics (KLACP), State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Liang M, Liang H, Rao Z, Hong X. Characterization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban-rural integration area soil, North China: Spatial distribution, sources and potential human health risk assessment. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 234:875-884. [PMID: 31252359 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.06.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The promotion of urbanization has accelerated the development of small manufacturing workshops and brought serious environmental problems. In this study, spatial distribution, sources and potential health risk for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in urban-rural integration area soil in North China (800 km2) were discussed. The average total concentration of 16 PAHs was 225 μg kg-1, and range from 25 to 15155 μg kg-1 (n = 250). According to the European soil quality standards, more than 70% of the samples don't reach the pollution level, while around the small workshop concentration area and non-ferrous metal smelter were more contaminated than other area. The spatial distribution of soil PAHs concentration shows that low molecular weight, medium molecular weight and high molecular weight is very similar to the distribution of total PAHs, indicating that is likely to be caused by point source pollution. The sources of PAHs were identified by positive matrix factorization. The main six sources in the region are coal and biomass combustion, creosote, coke tar, vehicle and oil, which is consistent with the local energy consumption structure. Finally, a deterministic assessment of the cancer risk showed that the range for children was 5.94 × 10-8 to 2.53 × 10-5, and adults it ranged from 2.11 × 10-8 to 9.01 × 10-6. There is not a carcinogenic risk value greater than 10-4 in the entire region, but potential carcinogenic risks persisted in some areas. We conclude that PAHs pollution of soil in the area is an issue that deserves urgent attention for the relevant departments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining, Beijing, 100083, China; College of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Handong Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining, Beijing, 100083, China; College of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Zhu Rao
- Key Laboratory of Eco-geochemistry, Ministry of Natural Resources, 100037, China.
| | - Xiuping Hong
- School of Life Science, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, 235000, China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Coulet M, Latado H, Moser M, Besselink H, Tate M, Minetto F, Cottet Fontannaz C, Serrant P, Mollergues J, Piguet D, Schilter B, Marin-Kuan M. Use of in vitro bioassays to facilitate read-across assessment of nitrogen substituted heterocycle analogues of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Toxicol In Vitro 2019; 59:281-291. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2019.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
25
|
McCarrick S, Cunha V, Zapletal O, Vondráček J, Dreij K. In vitro and in vivo genotoxicity of oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 246:678-687. [PMID: 30616058 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.12.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (oxy-PAHs) are a group of environmental pollutants found in complex mixtures together with PAHs. In contrast to the extensively studied PAHs, which have been established to have mutagenic and carcinogenic properties, much less is known about the effects of oxy-PAHs. The present work aimed to investigate the genotoxic potency of a set of environmentally relevant oxy-PAHs along with environmental soil samples in human bronchial epithelial cells (HBEC). We found that all oxy-PAHs tested induced DNA strand breaks in a dose-dependent manner and some of the oxy-PAHs further induced micronuclei formation. Our results showed weak effects in response to the oxy-PAH containing subfraction of the soil sample. The genotoxic potency was confirmed in both HBEC and HepG2 cells following exposure to oxy-PAHs by an increased level of phospho-Chk1, a biomarker used to estimate the carcinogenic potency of PAHs in vitro. We further exposed zebrafish embryos to single oxy-PAHs or a binary mixture with PAH benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) and found the mixture to induce comparable or greater effects on the induction of DNA strand breaks compared to the sum of that induced by B[a]P and oxy-PAHs alone. In conclusion, oxy-PAHs were found to elicit genotoxic effects at similar or higher levels to that of B[a]P which indicates that oxy-PAHs may contribute significantly to the total carcinogenic potency of environmental PAH mixtures. This emphasizes further investigations of these compounds as well as the need to include oxy-PAHs in environmental monitoring programs in order to improve health risk assessment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah McCarrick
- Unit of Biochemical Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Virginia Cunha
- Unit of Biochemical Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ondřej Zapletal
- Unit of Biochemical Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 135, 61265, Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 61137, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Vondráček
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 135, 61265, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Kristian Dreij
- Unit of Biochemical Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
BOUROTTE CHRISTINEL, SUGAUARA LUCYE, MARCHI MARYRDE, SOUTO-OLIVEIRA CARLOSE. Trace metals and PAHs in topsoils of the University campus in the megacity of São Paulo, Brazil. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 91:e20180334. [DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201920180334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - LUCY E. SUGAUARA
- Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquisa Filho”/UNESP, Brazil
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Zhu T, Rao Z, Guo F, Zhan N, Wang Y, Arandiyan H, Li XJ. Simultaneous Determination of 32 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Derivatives and Parent PAHs Using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry: Application in Groundwater Screening. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2018; 101:664-671. [PMID: 30317382 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-018-2462-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A simple, practical and precise method for the simultaneous analysis of 32 different polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) including 16 parent PAHs, 8 oxygenated-PAHs (oxy-PAHs), 4 chloro-PAHs, and 4 nitrogen-containing heterocyclic PACs (N-PACs), in groundwater was established via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) combined with liquid-liquid extraction (LLE). The obtained detection method possesses instrument detection limits (at a signal to noise of 3:1) in the range of 0.05-10 ng/mL and method detection limits in the range of 1.7-13.2 ng/L. The average recoveries of the 32 analytes were in the range of 54.3%-127.0% with relative standard deviations (RSDs) < 20%, and the recoveries of 16 PAH derivatives ranged from 54.3 to 115.1% with RSDs < 17.9%. The method has been successfully applied to the screening of 64 groundwater samples from eastern China. The results revealed that 30 types of targets including 16 PAHs and 14 PAH derivatives were detected and that the groundwater in most areas is slightly polluted, while the pollution of Jiangsu Province and Shandong Province was more serious.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhu
- National Research Center for Geoanalysis, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing, 100037, China
- Key Laboratory of Ecological Geochemistry, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Zhu Rao
- National Research Center for Geoanalysis, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing, 100037, China.
- Key Laboratory of Ecological Geochemistry, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beijing, 100037, China.
| | - Feng Guo
- National Research Center for Geoanalysis, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing, 100037, China
- Key Laboratory of Ecological Geochemistry, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Nan Zhan
- National Research Center for Geoanalysis, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing, 100037, China
- Key Laboratory of Ecological Geochemistry, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- School of Chemistry, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia
| | - Hamidreza Arandiyan
- Laboratory of Advanced Catalysis for Sustainability, School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, 2006, Australia.
| | - Xiao-Jie Li
- China Building Material Test & Certification Group Co., Ltd., Beijing, 100024, China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Bandowe BAM, Bigalke M, Kobza J, Wilcke W. Sources and fate of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PAHs, oxygenated PAHs and azaarenes) in forest soil profiles opposite of an aluminium plant. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 630:83-95. [PMID: 29475116 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.02.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (OPAHs) and azaarenes (AZAs) in forest soils. We sampled all horizons of forest soils from five locations at increasing distances from an Al plant in Slovakia, and determined their polycyclic aromatic compound (PACs) concentrations. The ∑29PAHs concentrations were highest in the Oa and lowest in the Oi horizon, while the ∑14OPAHs and ∑4AZAs concentrations did not show a consistent vertical distribution among the organic horizons. The concentration ratios of PAHs and OPAHs between deeper O horizons and their overlying horizon (enrichment factors) were positively correlated with the octanol-water partition coefficients (KOW) at several locations. This is attributed to the slower degradation of the more hydrophobic PACs during organic matter decomposition. PACs concentrations decreased from the organic layer to the mineral horizons. The concentrations of ∑29PAHs (2400-17,000 ng g-1), ∑14OPAHs (430-2900 ng g-1) and ∑4AZAs (27-280 ng g-1) in the mineral A horizon generally decreased with increasing distance from the Al plant. In the A horizons, the concentrations of ∑29PAHs were correlated with those of ∑14OPAHs (r = 0.95, p = 0.02) and ∑4AZAs (r = 0.93, p = 0.02) suggesting that bioturbation was the main transport process of PACs from the organic layer into the mineral soil. At each location, the concentrations of PACs generally decreased with increasing depth of the mineral soil. Enrichment factors of PAHs in the mineral horizons were not correlated with KOW, pointing at colloid-assisted transport and bioturbation. The enrichment factors of OPAHs (in mineral horizons) at a site were negatively correlated with their KOW values indicating that these compounds were leached in dissolved form. Compared to a study 13 years before, the concentrations of PAHs had decreased in the O horizons but increased in the A and B horizons because of soil-internal redistribution after emissions had been reduced.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A Musa Bandowe
- Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Reinhard-Baumeister-Platz 1, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany; Organic Geochemistry Unit (OGU), School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom; Institute of Geography, University of Bern, Hallerstrasse 12, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Moritz Bigalke
- Institute of Geography, University of Bern, Hallerstrasse 12, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jozef Kobza
- National Agricultural and Food Centre, Soil Science and Conservation Research Institute (SSCRI) Bratislava, Regional working place Banská Bystrica, Mládežnícka 36, 97404 Banská Bystrica, Slovakia
| | - Wolfgang Wilcke
- Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Reinhard-Baumeister-Platz 1, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Larsson M, Lam MM, van Hees P, Giesy JP, Engwall M. Occurrence and leachability of polycyclic aromatic compounds in contaminated soils: Chemical and bioanalytical characterization. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 622-623:1476-1484. [PMID: 29890612 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 12/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
An important concern regarding sites contaminated with polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) is the risk of groundwater contamination by release of the compounds from soils. The goal of this study was to investigate the occurrence and leachability of 77 PACs including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and heterocyclic aromatic compounds (NSO-PACs) among total aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) agonists in soils from historical contaminated sites. A novel approach combining chemical and bioanalytical methods in combination with characterization of leachability by use of a column leaching test was used. Similar profiles of relative concentrations of PACs were observed in all soils, with parent PAHs accounting for 71 to 90% of total concentrations in soils. Contribution of oxy-PAHs, alkyl-PAHs and N-PACs ranged from 2 to 9%, 3 to 9% and 1 to 14%, respectively. Although the contributions of groups of PACs were small, some compounds were found in similar or greater concentrations than parent PAHs. Leachable fractions of 77 PACs from soils were small and ranged from 0.002 to 0.54%. Polar PACs were shown to be more leachable than parent PAHs. The contribution of analyzed PACS to overall AhR-mediated activities in soils and leachates suggests presence of other AhR agonists in soils, and a potential risk. Only a small fraction of AhR agonists was available in soils, indicating an overestimation of the risk if only total initial concentrations in soils would be considered in risk assessment. The results of the study strongly support that focus on 16US EPA PAHs may result in inadequate assessment of risk and hazard of PACs in complex environmental samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Larsson
- Man-Technology-Environment Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, SE-701 82 Örebro, Sweden.
| | - Monika M Lam
- Man-Technology-Environment Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, SE-701 82 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Patrick van Hees
- Man-Technology-Environment Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, SE-701 82 Örebro, Sweden; Eurofins Environment Testing Sweden AB, SE-531 40 Lidköping, Sweden
| | - John P Giesy
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences and Toxicological Center, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Magnus Engwall
- Man-Technology-Environment Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, SE-701 82 Örebro, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Tian M, Yang F, Chen S, Wang H, Chen Y, Zhang L, Zhang L, Xiang L, Qiao B. Atmospheric deposition of polycyclic aromatic compounds and associated sources in an urban and a rural area of Chongqing, China. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 187:78-87. [PMID: 28841434 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.08.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Monthly bulk (dry + wet) deposition samples were collected at an urban and a rural site in Chongqing, southwestern China during May 2014 to April 2015 for analyzing the contents of parent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PPAHs) and three types of substituted PAHs (SPAHs) including oxygenated PAHs (OPAHs), nitrated PAHs (NPAHs) and methyl PAHs (MPAHs). Annual average (±standard deviation) deposition fluxes of ΣPPAHs, ΣOPAHs, and ΣMPAHs were 536 ± 216; 221 ± 118, and 131 ± 41.9 ng/m2/d, respectively, in the urban area, and 347 ± 185, 160 ± 112, and 85.2 ± 32.0 ng/m2/d, respectively in the rural area. Deposition of ΣNPAHs (6.01 ± 3.93 and 3.91 ± 4.84 ng/m2/d) were about two orders of magnitude lower than those of ΣPPAHs. In the urban area, temporal variations of PPAHs and MPAHs fluxes were positively correlated with particle deposition, while the trends of OPAHs and NPAHs were probably controlled by secondary formation. In the rural area, SPAHs and PPAHs deposition fluxes had similar temporal trends but differed from particle deposition. High relative humidity in Chongqing likely played an important role in facilitating the partitioning of OPAHs to atmospheric aerosols and resulting in the relatively high OPAHs level in winter. Principle component analysis identified secondary formation (21.7%) and combustion emission (52.7%) as two important contributors to polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) deposition fluxes in urban area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mi Tian
- Research Center for Atmospheric Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China
| | - FuMo Yang
- Research Center for Atmospheric Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Development in Wuling Mountain Areas, Yangtze Normal University, Chongqing, 408100, China.
| | - SheJun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - HuanBo Wang
- Research Center for Atmospheric Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China
| | - Yang Chen
- Research Center for Atmospheric Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China
| | - LiuYi Zhang
- Research Center for Atmospheric Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China
| | - LeiMing Zhang
- Air Quality Research Division, Science Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Li Xiang
- Research Center for Atmospheric Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China
| | - BaoQing Qiao
- Research Center for Atmospheric Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Cai C, Li J, Wu D, Wang X, Tsang DCW, Li X, Sun J, Zhu L, Shen H, Tao S, Liu W. Spatial distribution, emission source and health risk of parent PAHs and derivatives in surface soils from the Yangtze River Delta, eastern China. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 178:301-308. [PMID: 28334670 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.03.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
243 surface soil samples were collected from the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) region, and the concentration distributions and compositional profiles of 27 parent PAHs (PPAHs), nitro- and oxy-derivatives (NPAHs and OPAHs), respectively, and health risk of 16 PPAHs were determined. Atmospheric samples were collected at two sites with high topsoil concentrations of PAHs to assist in identifying the emission sources of PPAHs. The total concentrations of PPAHs, NPAHs and OPAHs fell in the ranges of 21.0-3563.2 ng/g, 0.4-4.6 ng/g and 2.1-834.1 ng/g, respectively. PPAHs in topsoil were dominated by low and medium molecular weight species. The main components of OPAHs were 9FO and ANQ. For NPAHs, only 1N-NAP was frequently detected. Overall, the northern parts of the YRD region were more heavily contaminated by PPAHs and their corresponding derivatives. The soil TOC fraction and GDP per capita were significantly correlated with the spatial distribution of PPAHs. Specific ratios of isomeric species and principal component analysis (PCA) designated combustion of industrial coal and biomass, and traffic exhaust as the main mixed emission sources of PPAHs in surface soils in this region. The detected NPAHs and OPAHs were significantly associated with the corresponding PPAHs. The estimated incremental lifetime cancer risk attributed to 16 PPAHs in surface soil was greater than 10-6, indicating a potential risk of contracting cancer by exposure to topsoil from the YRD region. The cumulative probability of cancer risk for both adults and children via three exposure pathways followed the sequence of dermal contact > ingestion > inhalation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- ChuanYang Cai
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - JingYa Li
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Di Wu
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - XiLong Wang
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Daniel C W Tsang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - XiangDong Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - JianTeng Sun
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - LiZhong Zhu
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - HuiZhong Shen
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shu Tao
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - WenXin Liu
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Daso AP, Akortia E, Okonkwo JO. Concentration profiles, source apportionment and risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in dumpsite soils from Agbogbloshie e-waste dismantling site, Accra, Ghana. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:10883-10894. [PMID: 26897583 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6311-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations of eighteen (18) polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), including the 16 USEPA's priority PAHs as well as two alkyl-substituted naphthalenes were determined in dumpsite soils collected from different sampling sites within the Agbogbloshie e-waste dismantling site in Accra, Ghana. Following their isolation with ultrasonic-assisted extraction technique, the concentrations of the PAHs were determined by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Loss-on-ignition (LOI) method was employed for the determination of total organic carbon (TOC) of the soil samples. The mean Σ18PAHs obtained were 3006, 5627, 3046, 5555, and 7199 ng g(-1) dry weight (dw) for sampling sites A (mosque), B (dismantling site), C (residential house/police station), D (personal computer repairers' shop) and E (e-waste open burning area), respectively. In all cases, the prevalence of phenanthrene, fluoranthene and pyrene was generally observed across the sampling sites. In this study, PAHs with two to three rings and four to six rings exhibited strong positive correlations, whereas BbF and BkF showed weak positive and negative correlations with other PAHs investigated. With the exception of BbF and BkF, all the PAHs had moderate to strong positive correlations with the TOC. Benzo[a]pyrene equivalent (BaPeq) concentration is a useful indicator of the carcinogenic potency of environmental matrices and these ranged between 111 and 454 ng g(-1), which are generally below the 'safe' level of 600 ng g(-1) established for the protection of the environment and human health. Interestingly, the seven carcinogenic PAHs were the major contributors to the BaPeq concentrations accounting between 97.7 and 98.3 %. Despite the minimal risk to cancer via exposure to the investigated dumpsite soil as indicated in the present study, the prolonged exposure to these pollutants via various exposure pathways may result in increased risk to cancer over time. The application of several methodological approaches for PAH source apportionment, including the use of molecular diagnostic ratios, mostly implicated pyrogenic processes as the main sources of PAHs into the investigated dumpsite soils. Furthermore, their compositional profiles across the sampling sites also suggest similar sources of PAHs into the dumpsite soil.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adegbenro P Daso
- Department of Environmental, Water and Earth Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, 175 Nelson Mandela Drive, Arcadia, 0001, Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - Eric Akortia
- Department of Environmental, Water and Earth Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, 175 Nelson Mandela Drive, Arcadia, 0001, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Jonathan O Okonkwo
- Department of Environmental, Water and Earth Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, 175 Nelson Mandela Drive, Arcadia, 0001, Pretoria, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Bandowe BAM, Nkansah MA. Occurrence, distribution and health risk from polycyclic aromatic compounds (PAHs, oxygenated-PAHs and azaarenes) in street dust from a major West African Metropolis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 553:439-449. [PMID: 26930316 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.02.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Revised: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Scientific evidence suggests that the burden of disease on urban residents of sub-Saharan African Countries is increasing, partly as a result of exposure to elevated concentrations of toxic environmental chemicals. However, characterization of the levels, composition pattern and sources of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) in environmental samples from African cities is still lacking. This study measured the PAHs, oxygenated-PAHs (OPAHs) and azaarene (AZAs) content of street dusts collected from Kumasi, Ghana (a major metropolis located in the tropical forest zone of West Africa). The ∑Alkyl+parent-PAHs, ∑OPAHs and ∑AZAs concentration in street dust averaged 2570 ng g(-1) (range: 181-7600 ng g(-1)), 833 ng g(-1) (57-4200 ng g(-1)) and 73 ng g(-1) (3.3-240 ng g(-1)), respectively. The concentrations of ∑Alkyl+parent-PAHs were strongly correlated (n=25) with ∑OPAHs (r=0.96, p<0.01) and ∑AZAs (r=0.94, p<0.01). The ∑OPAHs concentrations were also strongly correlated with ∑AZAs (r=0.91, p<0.01). Concentrations of individual PAHs in these street dusts were enriched at between 12 and 836 compared to their average concentrations in background soils from same city, demonstrating the high influence of traffic emissions. Several individual OPAHs and AZAs had higher concentrations than their related and often monitored parent-PAHs. The estimated incremental lifetime cancer risks due to the parent-PAHs in street dusts was >10(-6) indicating high risk of contracting cancer from exposure to street dust from Kumasi. The contribution of OPAHs, AZAs, and alkyl-PAHs in street dust to cancer risk could not be quantified because of lack of toxicity equivalency factors for these compounds; however this could be significant because of their high concentration and known higher toxicity of some polar PACs and alkyl-PAHs than their related parent-PAHs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A Musa Bandowe
- Institute of Geography, University of Bern, Hallerstrasse 12, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Falkenplatz 16, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
| | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Jin D, Su Y, Lee YI. Analysis of Benzanthrone in Urban Surface Soil Using Laser Desorption/Ferric Chloride Chemical Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.10522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dongri Jin
- Key Laboratory of Nature Resource of Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecules; Ministry of Education, Yanbian University; Yanji 133002 China
| | - Yujia Su
- Key Laboratory of Nature Resource of Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecules; Ministry of Education, Yanbian University; Yanji 133002 China
| | - Yong-Ill Lee
- Department of Chemistry; Changwon National University; Changwon 641-773 Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Wang X, Yuan K, Yang L, Lin L, Tam NFY, Chen B, Luan T. Characterizing the parent and oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in mangrove sediments of Hong Kong. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2015; 98:335-40. [PMID: 26111652 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Revised: 05/31/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Parent and oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were investigated in mangrove sediments of Hong Kong. Most of the analytes were detected, and the dominant carbonylic and hydroxylated PAHs in mangrove sediments were 9-fluorenone and 2-hydroxy fluorene, respectively. The concentration of 9-fluorenone and 9,10-anthraquinone was higher than their parent PAHs. Moreover, the concentration of total organic matter (TOM) related with those of the parent PAHs and carbonylic PAHs, except for hydroxylated PAHs, which indicated that TOM was not the only factor regulating the distribution of oxygenated PAHs. Nevertheless, the parent PAHs in mangrove sediments was correlated positively with carbonylic PAHs which demostrated not only the similar source but also the fate of these two compound class. However, hydroxylated PAHs had different source by comparing with parent PAHs and carbonylic PAHs, they were probably originated from biodegradation and accumulated in mangrove sediments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resource and Coastal Engineering, School of Marine Science, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke Yuan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety, School of Marine Science, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Lihua Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resource and Coastal Engineering, School of Marine Science, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Lin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety, School of Marine Science, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Nora F Y Tam
- State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
| | - Baowei Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resource and Coastal Engineering, School of Marine Science, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Tiangang Luan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resource and Coastal Engineering, School of Marine Science, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China; MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety, School of Marine Science, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Obrist D, Zielinska B, Perlinger JA. Accumulation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and oxygenated PAHs (OPAHs) in organic and mineral soil horizons from four U.S. remote forests. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 134:98-105. [PMID: 25929871 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.03.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
We characterized distributions of 23 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (Σ23PAH) and nine oxygenated PAHs (Σ9OPAH) in four remote forests. We observed highest Σ23PAH and Σ9OPAH concentrations in a coniferous forest in Florida, particularly in organic layers which we attributed to frequent prescribed burning. Across sites, Σ23PAH and Σ9OPAH concentrations strongly increased from surface to humidified organic layers (+1626%) where concentrations reached up to 584 ng g(-1). Concentrations in mineral soils were lower (average 37 ± 8 ng g(-1)); but when standardized per unit organic carbon (OC), PAH/OC and OPAH/OC ratios were at or above levels observed in organic layers. Accumulation in litter and soils (i.e., enrichment factors with depth) negatively correlated with octanol-water partition coefficients (Kow) and therefore was linked to water solubility of compounds. Concentrations of Σ9OPAHs ranged from 6 ± 6 ng g(-1) to 39 ± 25 ng g(-1) in organic layers, and from 3 ± 1 ng g(-1) to 11 ± 3 ng g(-1) in mineral soils, and were significantly and positively correlated to Σ23PAHs concentrations (r(2) of 0.90) across sites and horizons. While OPAH concentrations generally decreased from organic layers to mineral soil horizons, OPAH/OC ratios increased more strongly with depth compared to PAHs, in particular for anthrone, anthraquinone, fluorenone, and acenaphthenequinone. The strong vertical accumulation of OPAH relative to OC was exponentially and negatively correlated to C/N ratios (r(2)=0.67), a measure that often is used for tissue age. In fact, C/N ratios alone explained two-thirds of the variability in OPAH/OC ratios suggesting particularly high retention, sorption, and persistency of OPAHs in old, decomposed carbon fractions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Obrist
- Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, 2215 Raggio Parkway, Reno, NV 89512, USA
| | - Barbara Zielinska
- Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, 2215 Raggio Parkway, Reno, NV 89512, USA
| | - Judith A Perlinger
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Wei C, Bandowe BAM, Han Y, Cao J, Zhan C, Wilcke W. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their derivatives (alkyl-PAHs, oxygenated-PAHs, nitrated-PAHs and azaarenes) in urban road dusts from Xi'an, Central China. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 134:512-520. [PMID: 25543159 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.11.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Urban road dusts are carriers of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) and are therefore considered to be a major source of contamination of other environmental compartments and a source of exposure to PACs for urban populations. We determined the occurrence, composition pattern and sources of several PACs (29 alkyl- and parent-PAHs, 15 oxygenated-PAHs (OPAHs), 4 azaarenes (AZAs), and 11 nitrated-PAHs (NPAHs)) in twenty urban road dusts and six suburban surface soils (0-5cm) from Xi'an, central China. The average concentrations of ∑29PAHs, ∑4AZAs, ∑15OPAHs, and ∑11NPAHs were 15767, 673, 4754, and 885 n gg(-1) in road dusts and 2067, 784, 854, and 118 ng g(-1) in surface soils, respectively. The concentrations of most individual PACs were higher in street dusts than suburban soils, particularly for PACs with molecular weight>192 g mol(-1). The enrichment factors of individual PACs were significantly positively correlated with log KOA and log KOW, indicating an increasing deposition and co-sorption of the PACs in urban dusts with decreasing volatility and increasing hydrophobicity. Significant correlations between the concentrations of individual and sum of PACs, carbon fractions (soot and char), and source-characteristic PACs (combustion-derived PAHs and retene, etc.), indicated that PAHs, OPAHs and AZAs were mostly directly emitted from combustion activities and had similar post-emission fates, but NPAHs were possibly more intensely photolyzed after deposition as well as being emitted from vehicle exhaust sources. The incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) resulting from exposure to urban dust bound-PACs was higher than 10(-6), indicating a non-negligible cancer risk to residents of Xi'an.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chong Wei
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics (KLACP), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; Geographic Institute, University of Berne, Hallerstrasse 12, 3012 Berne, Switzerland; State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | | | - Yongming Han
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics (KLACP), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Junji Cao
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics (KLACP), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Changlin Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics (KLACP), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; Environmental Science and Engineering College, Hubei Polytechnic University, Huangshi 435003, China
| | - Wolfgang Wilcke
- Geographic Institute, University of Berne, Hallerstrasse 12, 3012 Berne, Switzerland; Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Reinhard-Baumeister-Platz 1, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Identification of anthraquinone-degrading bacteria in soil contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:3775-81. [PMID: 25819957 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00033-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Quinones and other oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (oxy-PAHs) are toxic and/or genotoxic compounds observed to be cocontaminants at PAH-contaminated sites, but their formation and fate in contaminated environmental systems have not been well studied. Anthracene-9,10-dione (anthraquinone) has been found in most PAH-contaminated soils and sediments that have been analyzed for oxy-PAHs. However, little is known about the biodegradation of oxy-PAHs, and no bacterial isolates have been described that are capable of growing on or degrading anthraquinone. PAH-degrading Mycobacterium spp. are the only organisms that have been investigated to date for metabolism of a PAH quinone, 4,5-pyrenequinone. We utilized DNA-based stable-isotope probing (SIP) with [U-(13)C]anthraquinone to identify bacteria associated with anthraquinone degradation in PAH-contaminated soil from a former manufactured-gas plant site both before and after treatment in a laboratory-scale bioreactor. SIP with [U-(13)C]anthracene was also performed to assess whether bacteria capable of growing on anthracene are the same as those identified to grow on anthraquinone. Organisms closely related to Sphingomonas were the most predominant among the organisms associated with anthraquinone degradation in bioreactor-treated soil, while organisms in the genus Phenylobacterium comprised the majority of anthraquinone degraders in the untreated soil. Bacteria associated with anthracene degradation differed from those responsible for anthraquinone degradation. These results suggest that Sphingomonas and Phenylobacterium species are associated with anthraquinone degradation and that anthracene-degrading organisms may not possess mechanisms to grow on anthraquinone.
Collapse
|
39
|
Li L, Jia H, Li X, Wang C. Transformation of anthracene on various cation-modified clay minerals. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:1261-1269. [PMID: 25135171 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3424-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In this study, anthracene was employed as a probe to explore the potential catalytic effect of clay minerals in soil environment. Clay minerals saturated with various exchangeable cations were tested. The rate of anthracene transformation follows the order: Fe-smectite >> Cu-smectite > Al-smectite ≈ Ca-smectite ≈ Mg-smectite ≈ Na-smectite. This suggests that transition-metal ions such as Fe(III) play an important role in anthracene transformation. Among Fe(III)-saturated clays, Fe(III)-smectite exhibits the highest catalytic activity followed by Fe(III)-illite, Fe(III)-pyrophyllite, and Fe(III)-kaolinite, which is in agreement with the interlayer Fe(III) content. Moreover, effects by two common environmental factors, pH and relative humidity (RH), were evaluated. With an increase in pH or RH, the rate of anthracene transformation decreases rapidly at first and then is leveled off. GC-MS analysis identifies that the final product of anthracene transformation is 9,10-anthraquinone, a more bioavailable molecule compared to anthracene. The transformation process mainly involves cation-π bonding, electron transfer leading to cation radical, and further oxidation by chemisorbed O2. The present work provides valuable insights into the abiotic transformation and the fate of PAHs in the soil environment and the development of contaminated land remediation technologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Laboratory of Environmental Sciences and Technology, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics & Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices for Special Environments, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Bandowe BAM, Lueso MG, Wilcke W. Oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and azaarenes in urban soils: a comparison of a tropical city (Bangkok) with two temperate cities (Bratislava and Gothenburg). CHEMOSPHERE 2014; 107:407-414. [PMID: 24529396 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Revised: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2014] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Environmental conditions in the tropics favor the formation of polar polycyclic aromatic compound (polar PACs, such as oxygenated PAHs [OPAHs] and azaarenes [AZAs]), but little is known about these hazardous compounds in tropical soils. The objectives of this work were to determine (i) the level of contamination of soils (0-5 and 5-10 cm layers) from the tropical metropolis of Bangkok (Thailand) with OPAHs and AZAs and (ii) the influence of urban emission sources and soil properties on the distribution of PACs. We hypothesized that the higher solar insolation and microbial activity in the tropics than in the temperate zone will lead to enhanced secondary formation of OPAHs. Hence, OPAH to related parent-PAH ratios will be higher in the tropical soils of Bangkok than in temperate soils of Bratislava and Gothenburg. The concentrations of ∑15OPAHs (range: 12-269 ng g(-1)) and ∑4AZAs (0.1-31 ng g(-1)) measured in soils of Bangkok were lower than those in several cities of the industrialized temperate zone. The ∑15OPAHs (r=0.86, p<0.01) and ∑4AZAs (r=0.67, p<0.01) correlated significantly with those of ∑20PAHs highlighting similar sources and related fate. The octanol-water partition coefficient did not explain the transport to the subsoil, indicating soil mixing as the reason for the polar PAC load of the lower soil layer. Data on PAC concentrations in soils of Bratislava and Gothenburg were taken from published literature. The individual OPAH to parent-PAH ratios in soils of Bangkok were mostly higher than those of Bratislava and Gothenburg (e.g. 9-fluorenone/fluorene concentration ratio was 12.2 ± 6.7, 5.6 ± 2.4, and 0.7 ± 02 in Bangkok, Bratislava and Gothenburg soils, respectively) supporting the view that tropical environmental conditions and higher microbial activity likely lead to higher OPAH to parent-PAH ratios in tropical than in temperate soils.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - María Gómez Lueso
- Soil Science Group, Geographic Institute, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Wolfgang Wilcke
- Soil Science Group, Geographic Institute, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|