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De Marco A, Sicard P, Feng Z, Agathokleous E, Alonso R, Araminiene V, Augustatis A, Badea O, Beasley JC, Branquinho C, Bruckman VJ, Collalti A, David‐Schwartz R, Domingos M, Du E, Garcia Gomez H, Hashimoto S, Hoshika Y, Jakovljevic T, McNulty S, Oksanen E, Omidi Khaniabadi Y, Prescher A, Saitanis CJ, Sase H, Schmitz A, Voigt G, Watanabe M, Wood MD, Kozlov MV, Paoletti E. Strategic roadmap to assess forest vulnerability under air pollution and climate change. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:5062-5085. [PMID: 35642454 PMCID: PMC9541114 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Although it is an integral part of global change, most of the research addressing the effects of climate change on forests have overlooked the role of environmental pollution. Similarly, most studies investigating the effects of air pollutants on forests have generally neglected the impacts of climate change. We review the current knowledge on combined air pollution and climate change effects on global forest ecosystems and identify several key research priorities as a roadmap for the future. Specifically, we recommend (1) the establishment of much denser array of monitoring sites, particularly in the South Hemisphere; (2) further integration of ground and satellite monitoring; (3) generation of flux-based standards and critical levels taking into account the sensitivity of dominant forest tree species; (4) long-term monitoring of N, S, P cycles and base cations deposition together at global scale; (5) intensification of experimental studies, addressing the combined effects of different abiotic factors on forests by assuring a better representation of taxonomic and functional diversity across the ~73,000 tree species on Earth; (6) more experimental focus on phenomics and genomics; (7) improved knowledge on key processes regulating the dynamics of radionuclides in forest systems; and (8) development of models integrating air pollution and climate change data from long-term monitoring programs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Zhaozhong Feng
- Key Laboratory of Agro‐Meteorology of Jiangsu Province, School of Applied MeteorologyNanjing University of Information Science & TechnologyNanjingChina
| | - Evgenios Agathokleous
- Key Laboratory of Agro‐Meteorology of Jiangsu Province, School of Applied MeteorologyNanjing University of Information Science & TechnologyNanjingChina
| | - Rocio Alonso
- Ecotoxicology of Air Pollution, CIEMATMadridSpain
| | - Valda Araminiene
- Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and ForestryKaunasLithuania
| | - Algirdas Augustatis
- Faculty of Forest Sciences and EcologyVytautas Magnus UniversityKaunasLithuania
| | - Ovidiu Badea
- “Marin Drăcea” National Institute for Research and Development in ForestryVoluntariRomania
- Faculty of Silviculture and Forest Engineering“Transilvania” UniversityBraşovRomania
| | - James C. Beasley
- Savannah River Ecology Laboratory and Warnell School of Forestry and Natural ResourcesUniversity of GeorgiaAikenSouth CarolinaUSA
| | - Cristina Branquinho
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de CiênciasUniversidade de LisboaLisbonPortugal
| | - Viktor J. Bruckman
- Commission for Interdisciplinary Ecological StudiesAustrian Academy of SciencesViennaAustria
| | | | | | - Marisa Domingos
- Instituto de BotanicaNucleo de Pesquisa em EcologiaSao PauloBrazil
| | - Enzai Du
- Faculty of Geographical ScienceBeijing Normal UniversityBeijingChina
| | | | - Shoji Hashimoto
- Department of Forest SoilsForestry and Forest Products Research InstituteTsukubaJapan
| | | | | | | | - Elina Oksanen
- Department of Environmental and Biological SciencesUniversity of Eastern FinlandJoensuuFinland
| | - Yusef Omidi Khaniabadi
- Department of Environmental Health EngineeringIndustrial Medial and Health, Petroleum Industry Health Organization (PIHO)AhvazIran
| | | | - Costas J. Saitanis
- Lab of Ecology and Environmental ScienceAgricultural University of AthensAthensGreece
| | - Hiroyuki Sase
- Ecological Impact Research DepartmentAsia Center for Air Pollution Research (ACAP)NiigataJapan
| | - Andreas Schmitz
- State Agency for Nature, Environment and Consumer Protection of North Rhine‐WestphaliaRecklinghausenGermany
| | | | - Makoto Watanabe
- Institute of AgricultureTokyo University of Agriculture and Technology (TUAT)FuchuJapan
| | - Michael D. Wood
- School of Science, Engineering and EnvironmentUniversity of SalfordSalfordUK
| | | | - Elena Paoletti
- Department of Forest SoilsForestry and Forest Products Research InstituteTsukubaJapan
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Beringer J, Moore CE, Cleverly J, Campbell DI, Cleugh H, De Kauwe MG, Kirschbaum MUF, Griebel A, Grover S, Huete A, Hutley LB, Laubach J, Van Niel T, Arndt SK, Bennett AC, Cernusak LA, Eamus D, Ewenz CM, Goodrich JP, Jiang M, Hinko‐Najera N, Isaac P, Hobeichi S, Knauer J, Koerber GR, Liddell M, Ma X, Macfarlane C, McHugh ID, Medlyn BE, Meyer WS, Norton AJ, Owens J, Pitman A, Pendall E, Prober SM, Ray RL, Restrepo‐Coupe N, Rifai SW, Rowlings D, Schipper L, Silberstein RP, Teckentrup L, Thompson SE, Ukkola AM, Wall A, Wang Y, Wardlaw TJ, Woodgate W. Bridge to the future: Important lessons from 20 years of ecosystem observations made by the OzFlux network. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:3489-3514. [PMID: 35315565 PMCID: PMC9314624 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In 2020, the Australian and New Zealand flux research and monitoring network, OzFlux, celebrated its 20th anniversary by reflecting on the lessons learned through two decades of ecosystem studies on global change biology. OzFlux is a network not only for ecosystem researchers, but also for those 'next users' of the knowledge, information and data that such networks provide. Here, we focus on eight lessons across topics of climate change and variability, disturbance and resilience, drought and heat stress and synergies with remote sensing and modelling. In distilling the key lessons learned, we also identify where further research is needed to fill knowledge gaps and improve the utility and relevance of the outputs from OzFlux. Extreme climate variability across Australia and New Zealand (droughts and flooding rains) provides a natural laboratory for a global understanding of ecosystems in this time of accelerating climate change. As evidence of worsening global fire risk emerges, the natural ability of these ecosystems to recover from disturbances, such as fire and cyclones, provides lessons on adaptation and resilience to disturbance. Drought and heatwaves are common occurrences across large parts of the region and can tip an ecosystem's carbon budget from a net CO2 sink to a net CO2 source. Despite such responses to stress, ecosystems at OzFlux sites show their resilience to climate variability by rapidly pivoting back to a strong carbon sink upon the return of favourable conditions. Located in under-represented areas, OzFlux data have the potential for reducing uncertainties in global remote sensing products, and these data provide several opportunities to develop new theories and improve our ecosystem models. The accumulated impacts of these lessons over the last 20 years highlights the value of long-term flux observations for natural and managed systems. A future vision for OzFlux includes ongoing and newly developed synergies with ecophysiologists, ecologists, geologists, remote sensors and modellers.
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Wardlaw TJ. Eucalyptus obliqua tall forest in cool, temperate Tasmania becomes a carbon source during a protracted warm spell in November 2017. Sci Rep 2022; 12:2661. [PMID: 35177740 PMCID: PMC8854404 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-06674-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Tasmania experienced a protracted warm spell in November 2017. Temperatures were lower than those usually characterising heatwaves. Nonetheless the warm spell represented an extreme anomaly based on the historical local climate. Eddy covariance measurements of fluxes in a Eucalyptus obliqua tall forest at Warra, southern Tasmania during the warm spell were compared with measurements in the same period of the previous year when temperatures were closer to average. Compared with previous year, the warm spell resulted in 31% lower gross primary productivity (GPP), 58% higher ecosystem respiration (ER) and the forest switching from a carbon sink to a source. Significantly higher net radiation received during the warm spell was dissipated by increased latent heat flux, while canopy conductance was comparable with the previous year. Stomatal regulation to limit water loss was therefore unlikely as the reason for the lower GPP during the warm spell. Temperatures during the warm spell were supra-optimal for GPP for 75% of the daylight hours. The decline in GPP at Warra during the warm spell was therefore most likely due to temperatures exceeding the optimum for GPP. All else being equal, these forests will be weaker carbon sinks if, as predicted, warming events become more common.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Wardlaw
- ARC Training Centre for Forest Values, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia.
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4
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Spectral Retrieval of Eucalypt Leaf Biochemical Traits by Inversion of the Fluspect-Cx Model. REMOTE SENSING 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/rs14030567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Leaf biochemical traits indicating early symptoms of plant stress can be assessed using imaging spectroscopy combined with radiative transfer modelling (RTM). In this study, we assessed the potential applicability of the leaf radiative transfer model Fluspect-Cx to simulate optical properties and estimate leaf biochemical traits through inversion of two native Australian eucalypt species: Eucalyptus dalrympleana and E. delegetensis. The comparison of measured and simulated optical properties revealed the necessity to recalibrate the refractive index and specific absorption coefficients of the eucalypt leaves’ biochemical constituents. Subsequent validation of the modified Fluspect-Cx showed a closer agreement with the spectral measurements. The average root mean square error (RMSE) of reflectance, transmittance and absorptance values within the wavelength interval of 450–1600 nm was smaller than 1%. We compared the performance of both the original and recalibrated Fluspect-Cx versions through inversions aiming to simultaneously retrieve all model inputs from leaf optical properties with and without prior information. The inversion of recalibrated Fluspect-Cx constrained by laboratory-based measurements produced a superior accuracy in estimations of leaf water content (RMSE = 0.0013 cm, NRMSE = 6.55%) and dry matter content (RMSE = 0.0036 g·cm−2, NRMSE = 21.28%). The estimation accuracies of chlorophyll content (RMSE = 8.46 µg·cm−2, NRMSE = 24.73%), carotenoid content (RMSE = 3.83 µg·cm−2, NRMSE = 30.82%) and anthocyanin content (RMSE = 1.69 µg·cm−2, NRMSE = 37.12%) were only marginally better than for the inversion without any constraints. Additionally, we investigated the possibility to substitute the prior information derived in the laboratory by non-destructive reflectance-based spectral indices sensitive to the retrieved biochemical traits, resulting in the most accurate estimation of carotenoid content (RMSE = 3.65 µg·cm−2, NRMSE = 29%). Future coupling of the recalibrated Fluspect with a forest canopy RTM is expected to facilitate retrieval of biophysical traits from spectral air/space-borne image data, allowing for assessing the actual physiological status and health of eucalypt forest canopies.
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Latifi H, Holzwarth S, Skidmore A, Brůna J, Červenka J, Darvishzadeh R, Hais M, Heiden U, Homolová L, Krzystek P, Schneider T, Starý M, Wang T, Müller J, Heurich M. A laboratory for conceiving Essential Biodiversity Variables (EBVs)—The ‘Data pool initiative for the Bohemian Forest Ecosystem’. Methods Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.13695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hooman Latifi
- Department of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing Faculty of Geodesy and Geomatics Engineering K. N. Toosi University of Technology Tehran Iran
- Department of Remote Sensing University of Würzburg Würzburg Germany
| | - Stefanie Holzwarth
- Earth Observation Center (EOC) German Aerospace Center (DLR) Wessling Germany
| | - Andrew Skidmore
- Faculty of Geo‐Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC) University of Twente Enschede The Netherlands
- Department of Environmental Science Macquarie University Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Josef Brůna
- Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences Průhonice Czech Republic
| | | | - Roshanak Darvishzadeh
- Faculty of Geo‐Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC) University of Twente Enschede The Netherlands
| | - Martin Hais
- Department of Ecosystem Biology Faculty of Science University of South Bohemia České Budějovice Czech Republic
| | - Uta Heiden
- The Remote Sensing Technology Institute (IMF) German Aerospace Center (DLR) Wessling Germany
| | - Lucie Homolová
- Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences Brno Czech Republic
| | - Peter Krzystek
- Faculty of Geoinformatics Munich University of Applied Sciences Munich Germany
| | - Thomas Schneider
- Institute of Forest Management TUM School of Life Sciences WeihenstephanTechnische Universität München Freising Germany
| | | | - Tiejun Wang
- Faculty of Geo‐Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC) University of Twente Enschede The Netherlands
| | - Jörg Müller
- Bavarian Forest National Park Grafenau Germany
- Field Station Fabrikschleichach Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology BiocenterUniversity of Würzburg Rauhenebrach Germany
| | - Marco Heurich
- Bavarian Forest National Park Grafenau Germany
- Chair of Wildlife Ecology and Wildlife Management University of Freiburg Freiburg Germany
- Faculty of Applied Ecology, Agricultural Sciences and BiotechnologyInstitute for Forest and Wildlife Management Koppang Norway
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Peters JMR, López R, Nolf M, Hutley LB, Wardlaw T, Cernusak LA, Choat B. Living on the edge: A continental-scale assessment of forest vulnerability to drought. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2021; 27:3620-3641. [PMID: 33852767 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Globally, forests are facing an increasing risk of mass tree mortality events associated with extreme droughts and higher temperatures. Hydraulic dysfunction is considered a key mechanism of drought-triggered dieback. By leveraging the climate breadth of the Australian landscape and a national network of research sites (Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network), we conducted a continental-scale study of physiological and hydraulic traits of 33 native tree species from contrasting environments to disentangle the complexities of plant response to drought across communities. We found strong relationships between key plant hydraulic traits and site aridity. Leaf turgor loss point and xylem embolism resistance were correlated with minimum water potential experienced by each species. Across the data set, there was a strong coordination between hydraulic traits, including those linked to hydraulic safety, stomatal regulation and the cost of carbon investment into woody tissue. These results illustrate that aridity has acted as a strong selective pressure, shaping hydraulic traits of tree species across the Australian landscape. Hydraulic safety margins were constrained across sites, with species from wetter sites tending to have smaller safety margin compared with species at drier sites, suggesting trees are operating close to their hydraulic thresholds and forest biomes across the spectrum may be susceptible to shifts in climate that result in the intensification of drought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M R Peters
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, Australia
| | - Rosana López
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, Australia
| | - Markus Nolf
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, Australia
| | - Lindsay B Hutley
- Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT, Australia
| | - Tim Wardlaw
- ARC Centre for Forest Value, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tas, Australia
| | - Lucas A Cernusak
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, Qld, Australia
| | - Brendan Choat
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, Australia
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Griebel A, Metzen D, Pendall E, Nolan RH, Clarke H, Renchon AA, Boer MM. Recovery from Severe Mistletoe Infection After Heat- and Drought-Induced Mistletoe Death. Ecosystems 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-021-00635-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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8
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Gallinat AS, Pearse WD. Phylogenetic generalized linear mixed modeling presents novel opportunities for eco‐evolutionary synthesis. OIKOS 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.08048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda S. Gallinat
- Dept of Biology and Ecology Center, Utah State Univ. Logan UT USA
- Dept of Geography, Univ. of Wisconsin‐Milwaukee Milwaukee WI USA
| | - William D. Pearse
- Dept of Biology and Ecology Center, Utah State Univ. Logan UT USA
- Dept of Life Sciences, Imperial College London Silwood Park Campus Ascot Berkshire UK
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Zhu L, Bloomfield KJ, Asao S, Tjoelker MG, Egerton JJG, Hayes L, Weerasinghe LK, Creek D, Griffin KL, Hurry V, Liddell M, Meir P, Turnbull MH, Atkin OK. Acclimation of leaf respiration temperature responses across thermally contrasting biomes. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:1312-1325. [PMID: 32931621 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Short-term temperature response curves of leaf dark respiration (R-T) provide insights into a critical process that influences plant net carbon exchange. This includes how respiratory traits acclimate to sustained changes in the environment. Our study analysed 860 high-resolution R-T (10-70°C range) curves for: (a) 62 evergreen species measured in two contrasting seasons across several field sites/biomes; and (b) 21 species (subset of those sampled in the field) grown in glasshouses at 20°C : 15°C, 25°C : 20°C and 30°C : 25°C, day : night. In the field, across all sites/seasons, variations in R25 (measured at 25°C) and the leaf T where R reached its maximum (Tmax ) were explained by growth T (mean air-T of 30-d before measurement), solar irradiance and vapour pressure deficit, with growth T having the strongest influence. R25 decreased and Tmax increased with rising growth T across all sites and seasons with the single exception of winter at the cool-temperate rainforest site where irradiance was low. The glasshouse study confirmed that R25 and Tmax thermally acclimated. Collectively, the results suggest: (1) thermal acclimation of leaf R is common in most biomes; and (2) the high T threshold of respiration dynamically adjusts upward when plants are challenged with warmer and hotter climates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Zhu
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Building 134, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
- College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Keith J Bloomfield
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Building 134, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Road, Ascot, SL5 7PY, UK
| | - Shinichi Asao
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Building 134, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Mark G Tjoelker
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - John J G Egerton
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Building 46, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
- Division of Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Building 116, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Lucy Hayes
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Building 134, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Lasantha K Weerasinghe
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Building 46, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, 20400, Sri Lanka
| | - Danielle Creek
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Building 46, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
- INRAE Univ. Clermont-Auvergne, PIAF, Clermont-Ferrand, 63000, France
| | - Kevin L Griffin
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Columbia University, Palisades, NY, 10964, USA
| | - Vaughan Hurry
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, SE-901 84, Sweden
| | - Michael Liddell
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science (TESS) and College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, Qld, 4878, Australia
| | - Patrick Meir
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Building 46, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Matthew H Turnbull
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
| | - Owen K Atkin
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Building 134, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Building 46, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
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10
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Exploring the Variability of Tropical Savanna Tree Structural Allometry with Terrestrial Laser Scanning. REMOTE SENSING 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/rs12233893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Individual tree carbon stock estimates typically rely on allometric scaling relationships established between field-measured stem diameter (DBH) and destructively harvested biomass. The use of DBH-based allometric equations to estimate the carbon stored over larger areas therefore, assumes that tree architecture, including branching and crown structures, are consistent for a given DBH, and that minor variations cancel out at the plot scale. We aimed to explore the degree of structural variation present at the individual tree level across a range of size-classes. We used terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) to measure the 3D structure of each tree in a 1 ha savanna plot, with coincident field-inventory. We found that stem reconstructions from TLS captured both the spatial distribution pattern and the DBH of individual trees with high confidence when compared with manual measurements (R2 = 0.98, RMSE = 0.0102 m). Our exploration of the relationship between DBH, crown size and tree height revealed significant variability in savanna tree crown structure (measured as crown area). These findings question the reliability of DBH-based allometric equations for adequately representing diversity in tree architecture, and therefore carbon storage, in tropical savannas. However, adoption of TLS outside environmental research has been slow due to considerable capital cost and monitoring programs often continue to rely on sub-plot monitoring and traditional allometric equations. A central aspect of our study explores the utility of a lower-cost TLS system not generally used for vegetation surveys. We discuss the potential benefits of alternative TLS-based approaches, such as explicit modelling of tree structure or voxel-based analyses, to capture the diverse 3D structures of savanna trees. Our research highlights structural heterogeneity as a source of uncertainty in savanna tree carbon estimates and demonstrates the potential for greater inclusion of cost-effective TLS technology in national monitoring programs.
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Duvert C, Hutley LB, Beringer J, Bird MI, Birkel C, Maher DT, Northwood M, Rudge M, Setterfield SA, Wynn JG. Net landscape carbon balance of a tropical savanna: Relative importance of fire and aquatic export in offsetting terrestrial production. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:5899-5913. [PMID: 32686242 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The magnitude of the terrestrial carbon (C) sink may be overestimated globally due to the difficulty of accounting for all C losses across heterogeneous landscapes. More complete assessments of net landscape C balances (NLCB) are needed that integrate both emissions by fire and transfer to aquatic systems, two key loss pathways of terrestrial C. These pathways can be particularly significant in the wet-dry tropics, where fire plays a fundamental part in ecosystems and where intense rainfall and seasonal flooding can result in considerable aquatic C export (ΣFaq ). Here, we determined the NLCB of a lowland catchment (~140 km2 ) in tropical Australia over 2 years by evaluating net terrestrial productivity (NEP), fire-related C emissions and ΣFaq (comprising both downstream transport and gaseous evasion) for the two main landscape components, that is, savanna woodland and seasonal wetlands. We found that the catchment was a large C sink (NLCB 334 Mg C km-2 year-1 ), and that savanna and wetland areas contributed 84% and 16% to this sink, respectively. Annually, fire emissions (-56 Mg C km-2 year-1 ) and ΣFaq (-28 Mg C km-2 year-1 ) reduced NEP by 13% and 7%, respectively. Savanna burning shifted the catchment to a net C source for several months during the dry season, while ΣFaq significantly offset NEP during the wet season, with a disproportionate contribution by single major monsoonal events-up to 39% of annual ΣFaq was exported in one event. We hypothesize that wetter and hotter conditions in the wet-dry tropics in the future will increase ΣFaq and fire emissions, potentially further reducing the current C sink in the region. More long-term studies are needed to upscale this first NLCB estimate to less productive, yet hydrologically dynamic regions of the wet-dry tropics where our result indicating a significant C sink may not hold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clément Duvert
- Research Institute for the Environment & Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT, Australia
| | - Lindsay B Hutley
- Research Institute for the Environment & Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT, Australia
| | - Jason Beringer
- School of Agriculture & Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Michael I Bird
- College of Science & Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, Qld, Australia
| | - Christian Birkel
- Department of Geography, Water & Global Change Observatory, University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
- Northern Rivers Institute, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Damien T Maher
- Southern Cross Geoscience, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW, Australia
| | - Matthew Northwood
- Research Institute for the Environment & Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT, Australia
| | - Mitchel Rudge
- Sustainable Minerals Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - Samantha A Setterfield
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Jonathan G Wynn
- Division of Earth Sciences, National Science Foundation, Alexandria, VA, USA
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12
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An Operational Split-Window Algorithm for Retrieving Land Surface Temperature from Geostationary Satellite Data: A Case Study on Himawari-8 AHI Data. REMOTE SENSING 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/rs12162613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
An operational split-window (SW) algorithm was developed to retrieve high-temporal-resolution land surface temperature (LST) from global geostationary (GEO) satellite data. First, the MODTRAN 5.2 and SeeBor V5.0 atmospheric profiles were used to establish a simulation database to derive the SW algorithm coefficients for GEO satellites. Then, the dynamic land surface emissivities (LSEs) in the two SW bands were estimated using the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) Global Emissivity Dataset (GED), fractional vegetation cover (FVC), and snow cover products. Here, the proposed SW algorithm was applied to Himawari-8 Advanced Himawari Imager (AHI) observations. LST estimates were retrieved in January, April, July, and October 2016, and three validation methods were used to evaluate the LST retrievals, including the temperature-based (T-based) method, radiance-based (R-based) method, and intercomparison method. The in situ night-time observations from two Heihe Watershed Allied Telemetry Experimental Research (HiWATER) sites and four Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network (TERN) OzFlux sites were used in the T-based validation, where a mean bias of −0.70 K and a mean root-mean-square error (RMSE) of 2.29 K were achieved. In the R-based validation, the biases were 0.14 and −0.13 K and RMSEs were 0.83 and 0.86 K for the daytime and nighttime, respectively, over four forest sites, four desert sites, and two inland water sites. Additionally, the AHI LST estimates were compared with the Collection 6 MYD11_L2 and MYD21_L2 LST products over southeastern China and the Australian continent, and the results indicated that the AHI LST was more consistent with the MYD21 LST and was generally higher than the MYD11 LST. The pronounced discrepancy between the AHI and MYD11 LST could be mainly caused by the differences in the emissivities used. We conclude that the developed SW algorithm is of high accuracy and shows promise in producing LST data with global coverage using observations from a constellation of GEO satellites.
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Woodgate W, van Gorsel E, Hughes D, Suarez L, Jimenez-Berni J, Held A. THEMS: an automated thermal and hyperspectral proximal sensing system for canopy reflectance, radiance and temperature. PLANT METHODS 2020; 16:105. [PMID: 32765638 PMCID: PMC7395347 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-020-00646-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Earth Observation 'EO' remote sensing technology development enables original insights into vegetation function and health at ever finer temporal, spectral and spatial resolution. Research sites equipped with monitoring infrastructure such as flux towers operate at a key bridging scale between satellite platform measurements and on-the-ground leaf-level processes. RESULTS This paper presents the technical details of the design and operation of a proximal observation system 'THEMS' that generates unattended long-term high quality thermal and hyperspectral images of a forest canopy on a short (sub-daily) timescale. The primary purpose of the system is to measure canopy temperature, spectral reflectance and radiance coincident with a highly instrumented flux tower site for benchmarking purposes. Basic system capability is demonstrated through low level data product descriptions of the high-resolution multi-angular imagery and ancillary data streams. The system has been successfully operational for more than 2 years with little to no intervention. CONCLUSIONS These data can then be used to derive remotely sensed proxies of canopy and ecosystem function to study temporal forest dynamics over a wide range of wavelengths, spatial scales (individual trees to canopy), and temporal scales (minutes to multiple years). The multi-purpose system is intended to provide unprecedented spatio-temporal ecophysiological insight and to underpin upscaling of remotely sensed dynamic ecosystem water, CO2, and energy exchange processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Woodgate
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, CSIRO, Building 801, Black Mountain, ACT 2601 Australia
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4067 Australia
| | - Eva van Gorsel
- Fenner School of Environment and Society, Australian National University, Acton, ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Dale Hughes
- Fenner School of Environment and Society, Australian National University, Acton, ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Lola Suarez
- Department of Infrastructure Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010 Australia
- School of Agriculture and Food. Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010 Australia
| | - Jose Jimenez-Berni
- Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible (IAS), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC) Avenida Menéndez Pidal, Campus Alameda del Obispo, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Alex Held
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, CSIRO, Building 801, Black Mountain, ACT 2601 Australia
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Sparrow BD, Foulkes JN, Wardle GM, Leitch EJ, Caddy-Retalic S, van Leeuwen SJ, Tokmakoff A, Thurgate NY, Guerin GR, Lowe AJ. A Vegetation and Soil Survey Method for Surveillance Monitoring of Rangeland Environments. Front Ecol Evol 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2020.00157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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15
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Griebel A, Metzen D, Boer MM, Barton CVM, Renchon AA, Andrews HM, Pendall E. Using a paired tower approach and remote sensing to assess carbon sequestration and energy distribution in a heterogeneous sclerophyll forest. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 699:133918. [PMID: 31522048 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The critically endangered Cumberland Plain woodland within the greater Sydney metropolitan area hosts a dwindling refuge for melaleuca trees, an integral part of Australia's native vegetation. Despite their high carbon stocks, melaleucas have not explicitly been targeted for studies assessing their carbon sequestration potential, and especially little is known about their energy cycling or their response to increasing climate stress, precluding a holistic assessment of the resilience of Australia's forests to climate change. To improve our understanding of the role of melaleuca forest responses to climate stress, we combined forest inventory and airborne LiDAR data to identify species distribution and associated variations in forest structure, and deployed flux towers in a melaleuca-dominated (AU-Mel) and in a eucalypt-dominated (AU-Cum) stand to simultaneously monitor carbon and energy fluxes under typical growing conditions, as well as during periods with high atmospheric demand and low soil water content. We discovered that the species distribution at our study site affected the vertical vegetation structure, leading to differences in canopy coverage (75% at AU-Cum vs. 84% at AU-Mel) and plant area index (2.1 m2 m-2 at AU-Cum vs. 2.6 m2 m-2 at AU-Mel) that resulted in a heterogeneous forest landscape. Furthermore, we identified that both stands had comparable net daytime carbon exchange and sensible heat flux, whereas daytime latent heat flux (115.8 W m-2 at AU-Cum vs 119.4 W m-2 at AU-Mel, respectively) was higher at the melaleuca stand, contributing to a 0.3 °C decrease in air temperature and reduced vapor pressure deficit above the melaleuca canopy. However, increased canopy conductance and higher latent heat flux during moderate VPD or when soil moisture was low indicated a lack of water preservation at the melaleuca stand, highlighting the potential for increased vulnerability of melaleucas to projected hotter and drier future climates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Griebel
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2570, Australia.
| | - Daniel Metzen
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2570, Australia
| | - Matthias M Boer
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2570, Australia
| | - Craig V M Barton
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2570, Australia
| | - Alexandre A Renchon
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2570, Australia
| | - Holly M Andrews
- University of California, Riverside, Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, CA 92521, United States of America
| | - Elise Pendall
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2570, Australia
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Musche M, Adamescu M, Angelstam P, Bacher S, Bäck J, Buss HL, Duffy C, Flaim G, Gaillardet J, Giannakis GV, Haase P, Halada L, Kissling WD, Lundin L, Matteucci G, Meesenburg H, Monteith D, Nikolaidis NP, Pipan T, Pyšek P, Rowe EC, Roy DB, Sier A, Tappeiner U, Vilà M, White T, Zobel M, Klotz S. Research questions to facilitate the future development of European long-term ecosystem research infrastructures: A horizon scanning exercise. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2019; 250:109479. [PMID: 31499467 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Distributed environmental research infrastructures are important to support assessments of the effects of global change on landscapes, ecosystems and society. These infrastructures need to provide continuity to address long-term change, yet be flexible enough to respond to rapid societal and technological developments that modify research priorities. We used a horizon scanning exercise to identify and prioritize emerging research questions for the future development of ecosystem and socio-ecological research infrastructures in Europe. Twenty research questions covered topics related to (i) ecosystem structures and processes, (ii) the impacts of anthropogenic drivers on ecosystems, (iii) ecosystem services and socio-ecological systems and (iv), methods and research infrastructures. Several key priorities for the development of research infrastructures emerged. Addressing complex environmental issues requires the adoption of a whole-system approach, achieved through integration of biotic, abiotic and socio-economic measurements. Interoperability among different research infrastructures needs to be improved by developing standard measurements, harmonizing methods, and establishing capacities and tools for data integration, processing, storage and analysis. Future research infrastructures should support a range of methodological approaches including observation, experiments and modelling. They should also have flexibility to respond to new requirements, for example by adjusting the spatio-temporal design of measurements. When new methods are introduced, compatibility with important long-term data series must be ensured. Finally, indicators, tools, and transdisciplinary approaches to identify, quantify and value ecosystem services across spatial scales and domains need to be advanced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Musche
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Community Ecology, Theodor-Lieser-Str. 4, 06120, Halle, Germany.
| | - Mihai Adamescu
- University of Bucharest, Research Center for Systems Ecology and Sustainability, Spl. Independentei 91 - 95, 050095, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Per Angelstam
- School for Forest Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 43, SE-739 21, Skinnskatteberg, Sweden
| | - Sven Bacher
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 10, CH-1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Jaana Bäck
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Forest Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, P.O.Box 27, 00014, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Heather L Buss
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Wills Memorial Building, Queen's Road, Bristol, BS8 1RJ, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Duffy
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, 212 Sackett, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Giovanna Flaim
- Department of Sustainable Agro-ecosystems and Bioresources, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), Via E. Mach 1, 38010, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Jerome Gaillardet
- CNRS and Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, 1 rue Jussieu, 75238, Paris, cedex 05, France
| | - George V Giannakis
- School of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Crete, University Campus, 73100, Chania, Greece
| | - Peter Haase
- Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum Frankfurt, Department of River Ecology and Conservation, Clamecystr. 12, 63571, Gelnhausen, Germany; University of Duisburg-Essen, Faculty of Biology, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Luboš Halada
- Institute of Landscape Ecology SAS, Branch Nitra, Akademicka 2, 949 10, Nitra, Slovakia
| | - W Daniel Kissling
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94248, 1090, GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lars Lundin
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7050, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Giorgio Matteucci
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute for Agricultural and Forestry Systems in the Mediterranean (CNR-ISAFOM), Via Patacca, 85 I-80056, Ercolano, NA, Italy
| | - Henning Meesenburg
- Northwest German Forest Research Institute, Grätzelstr. 2, 37079, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Don Monteith
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Lancaster, LA1 4AP, UK
| | - Nikolaos P Nikolaidis
- School of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Crete, University Campus, 73100, Chania, Greece
| | - Tanja Pipan
- ZRC SAZU Karst Research Institute, Titov trg 2, SI-6230, Postojna, Slovenia; UNESCO Chair on Karst Education, University of Nova Gorica, Glavni trg 8, SI-5271, Vipava, Slovenia
| | - Petr Pyšek
- The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Botany, Department of Invasion Ecology, CZ-252 43, Průhonice, Czech Republic; Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, CZ-128 44, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ed C Rowe
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Bangor, LL57 4NW, UK
| | - David B Roy
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Wallingford, OX10 8EF, UK
| | - Andrew Sier
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Lancaster, LA1 4AP, UK
| | - Ulrike Tappeiner
- Department of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestrasse 15, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria; Eurac research, Viale Druso 1, 39100, Bozen/Bolzano, Italy
| | - Montserrat Vilà
- Estación Biológica de Doñana-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (EBD-CSIC), Avda. Américo Vespucio 26, Isla de la Cartuja, 41005, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Tim White
- Earth and Environmental Systems Institute, 2217 EES Building, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16828, USA
| | - Martin Zobel
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai St.40, Tartu, 51005, Estonia
| | - Stefan Klotz
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Community Ecology, Theodor-Lieser-Str. 4, 06120, Halle, Germany
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Bloomfield KJ, Prentice IC, Cernusak LA, Eamus D, Medlyn BE, Rumman R, Wright IJ, Boer MM, Cale P, Cleverly J, Egerton JJG, Ellsworth DS, Evans BJ, Hayes LS, Hutchinson MF, Liddell MJ, Macfarlane C, Meyer WS, Togashi HF, Wardlaw T, Zhu L, Atkin OK. The validity of optimal leaf traits modelled on environmental conditions. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 221:1409-1423. [PMID: 30242841 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The ratio of leaf intercellular to ambient CO2 (χ) is modulated by stomatal conductance (gs ). These quantities link carbon (C) assimilation with transpiration, and along with photosynthetic capacities (Vcmax and Jmax ) are required to model terrestrial C uptake. We use optimization criteria based on the growth environment to generate predicted values of photosynthetic and water-use efficiency traits and test these against a unique dataset. Leaf gas-exchange parameters and carbon isotope discrimination were analysed in relation to local climate across a continental network of study sites. Sun-exposed leaves of 50 species at seven sites were measured in contrasting seasons. Values of χ predicted from growth temperature and vapour pressure deficit were closely correlated to ratios derived from C isotope (δ13 C) measurements. Correlations were stronger in the growing season. Predicted values of photosynthetic traits, including carboxylation capacity (Vcmax ), derived from δ13 C, growth temperature and solar radiation, showed meaningful agreement with inferred values derived from gas-exchange measurements. Between-site differences in water-use efficiency were, however, only weakly linked to the plant's growth environment and did not show seasonal variation. These results support the general hypothesis that many key parameters required by Earth system models are adaptive and predictable from plants' growth environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith J Bloomfield
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Building 46, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - I Colin Prentice
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia
- AXA Chair of Biosphere and Climate Impacts, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Road, Ascot, SL5 7PY, UK
| | - Lucas A Cernusak
- Department of Marine and Tropical Biology, James Cook University, Cairns, Qld, 4878, Australia
| | - Derek Eamus
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Belinda E Medlyn
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Rizwana Rumman
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Ian J Wright
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Matthias M Boer
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Peter Cale
- Australian Landscape Trust, Renmark, SA, 5341, Australia
| | - James Cleverly
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
- Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network (TERN), University of Technology Sydney, Goddard Building, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - John J G Egerton
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Building 46, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - David S Ellsworth
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Bradley J Evans
- Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Lucy S Hayes
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Building 46, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Michael F Hutchinson
- Fenner School of Environment and Society, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Michael J Liddell
- Centre for Tropical, Environmental, and Sustainability Sciences, James Cook University, Cairns, Qld, 4878, Australia
| | - Craig Macfarlane
- CSIRO Land and Water, Private Bag 5, Wembley, WA, 6913, Australia
| | - Wayne S Meyer
- Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5064, Australia
| | - Henrique F Togashi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Tim Wardlaw
- ARC Centre for Forest Value, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, 7005, Australia
| | - Lingling Zhu
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Building 46, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Building 134, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Owen K Atkin
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Building 46, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Building 134, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
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Prober SM, Doerr VAJ, Broadhurst LM, Williams KJ, Dickson F. Shifting the conservation paradigm: a synthesis of options for renovating nature under climate change. ECOL MONOGR 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ecm.1333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne M. Prober
- CSIRO Land and Water; Private Bag 5 Wembley Western Australia 6913 Australia
| | - Veronica A. J. Doerr
- CSIRO Land and Water; GPO Box 1700 Canberra Australian Capital Territory 2601 Australia
| | - Linda M. Broadhurst
- Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research; CSIRO National Research Collections Australia; GPO Box 1700 Canberra Australian Capital Territory 2601 Australia
| | - Kristen J. Williams
- CSIRO Land and Water; GPO Box 1700 Canberra Australian Capital Territory 2601 Australia
| | - Fiona Dickson
- Department of the Environment and Energy; GPO Box 787 Australian Capital Territory 2601 Australia
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Can UAV-Based Infrared Thermography Be Used to Study Plant-Parasite Interactions between Mistletoe and Eucalypt Trees? REMOTE SENSING 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/rs10122062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Some of the remnants of the Cumberland Plain woodland, an endangered dry sclerophyllous forest type of New South Wales, Australia, host large populations of mistletoe. In this study, the extent of mistletoe infection was investigated based on a forest inventory. We found that the mistletoe infection rate was relatively high, with 69% of the Eucalyptus fibrosa and 75% of the E. moluccana trees being infected. Next, to study the potential consequences of the infection for the trees, canopy temperatures of mistletoe plants and of infected and uninfected trees were analyzed using thermal imagery acquired during 10 flights with an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) in two consecutive summer seasons. Throughout all flight campaigns, mistletoe canopy temperature was 0.3–2 K lower than the temperature of the eucalypt canopy it was growing in, suggesting higher transpiration rates. Differences in canopy temperature between infected eucalypt foliage and mistletoe were particularly large when incoming radiation peaked. In these conditions, eucalypt foliage from infected trees also had significantly higher canopy temperatures (and likely lower transpiration rates) compared to that of uninfected trees of the same species. The study demonstrates the potential of using UAV-based infrared thermography for studying plant-water relations of mistletoe and its hosts.
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Mirtl M, T Borer E, Djukic I, Forsius M, Haubold H, Hugo W, Jourdan J, Lindenmayer D, McDowell WH, Muraoka H, Orenstein DE, Pauw JC, Peterseil J, Shibata H, Wohner C, Yu X, Haase P. Genesis, goals and achievements of Long-Term Ecological Research at the global scale: A critical review of ILTER and future directions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 626:1439-1462. [PMID: 29898550 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Since its founding in 1993 the International Long-term Ecological Research Network (ILTER) has gone through pronounced development phases. The current network comprises 44 active member LTER networks representing 700 LTER Sites and ~80 LTSER Platforms across all continents, active in the fields of ecosystem, critical zone and socio-ecological research. The critical challenges and most important achievements of the initial phase have now become state-of-the-art in networking for excellent science. At the same time increasing integration, accelerating technology, networking of resources and a strong pull for more socially relevant scientific information have been modifying the mission and goals of ILTER. This article provides a critical review of ILTER's mission, goals, development and impacts. Major characteristics, tools, services, partnerships and selected examples of relative strengths relevant for advancing ILTER are presented. We elaborate on the tradeoffs between the needs of the scientific community and stakeholder expectations. The embedding of ILTER in an increasingly collaborative landscape of global environmental observation and ecological research networks and infrastructures is also reflected by developments of pioneering regional and national LTER networks such as SAEON in South Africa, CERN/CEOBEX in China, TERN in Australia or eLTER RI in Europe. The primary role of ILTER is currently seen as a mechanism to investigate ecosystem structure, function, and services in response to a wide range of environmental forcings using long-term, place-based research. We suggest four main fields of activities and advancements for the next decade through development/delivery of a: (1) Global multi-disciplinary community of researchers and research institutes; (2) Strategic global framework and strong partnerships in ecosystem observation and research; (3) Global Research Infrastructure (GRI); and (4) a scientific knowledge factory for societally relevant information on sustainable use of natural resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mirtl
- Environment Agency Austria, Spittelauer Lände 5, 1090 Wien, Austria; Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Community Ecology, Theodor-Lieser-Strasse 4, D-06120 Halle, Germany.
| | - E T Borer
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, 1987 Upper Buford Circle, Suite 100, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - I Djukic
- Environment Agency Austria, Spittelauer Lände 5, 1090 Wien, Austria
| | - M Forsius
- Finnish Environment Institute SYKE, P.O.Box 140, FI-00251 Helsinki, Finland
| | - H Haubold
- Environment Agency Austria, Spittelauer Lände 5, 1090 Wien, Austria
| | - W Hugo
- South African Environmental Observation Network (SAEON) of the National Research Foundation (NRF), 41 De Havilland Crescent, The Woods, Persequor Park, PO Box 2600, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - J Jourdan
- Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum Frankfurt, Department of River Ecology and Conservation, Clamecystraße 12, 63571 Gelnhausen, Germany
| | - D Lindenmayer
- Fenner School of Environment and Society, Frank Fenner Building (Bldg 141), The ANU College of Medicine, Biology & Environment, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - W H McDowell
- Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of New Hampshire, Rudman Hall, 46 College Road, Durham, NH 03824, USA
| | - H Muraoka
- River Basin Research Center, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - D E Orenstein
- Faculty of Architecture and Town Planning, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - J C Pauw
- South African Environmental Observation Network (SAEON) of the National Research Foundation (NRF), 41 De Havilland Crescent, The Woods, Persequor Park, PO Box 2600, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - J Peterseil
- Environment Agency Austria, Spittelauer Lände 5, 1090 Wien, Austria
| | - H Shibata
- Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, N9 W9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0809, Japan
| | - C Wohner
- Environment Agency Austria, Spittelauer Lände 5, 1090 Wien, Austria
| | - X Yu
- Chinese Ecosystem Research Network (CERN), Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 11A Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China
| | - P Haase
- Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum Frankfurt, Department of River Ecology and Conservation, Clamecystraße 12, 63571 Gelnhausen, Germany; Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45141 Essen, Germany
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Bloomfield KJ, Cernusak LA, Eamus D, Ellsworth DS, Colin Prentice I, Wright IJ, Boer MM, Bradford MG, Cale P, Cleverly J, Egerton JJG, Evans BJ, Hayes LS, Hutchinson MF, Liddell MJ, Macfarlane C, Meyer WS, Prober SM, Togashi HF, Wardlaw T, Zhu L, Atkin OK. A continental‐scale assessment of variability in leaf traits: Within species, across sites and between seasons. Funct Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keith J. Bloomfield
- Division of Plant Sciences Research School of Biology The Australian National University Canberra ACT Australia
| | - Lucas A. Cernusak
- Department of Marine and Tropical Biology James Cook University Cairns Qld Australia
| | - Derek Eamus
- School of Life Sciences University of Technology Sydney Ultimo NSW Australia
| | - David S. Ellsworth
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment Western Sydney University Penrith NSW Australia
| | - I. Colin Prentice
- Department of Biological Sciences Macquarie University Sydney NSW Australia
- AXA Chair of Biosphere and Climate Impacts Grand Challenges in Ecosystems and the Environment and Grantham Institute—Climate Change and the Environment Department of Life Sciences Imperial College London Ascot UK
| | - Ian J. Wright
- Department of Biological Sciences Macquarie University Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Matthias M. Boer
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment Western Sydney University Penrith NSW Australia
| | - Matt G. Bradford
- CSIRO Land and Water Tropical Forest Research Centre Atherton Qld Australia
| | - Peter Cale
- Australian Landscape Trust Renmark SA Australia
| | - James Cleverly
- School of Life Sciences University of Technology Sydney Ultimo NSW Australia
| | - John J. G. Egerton
- Division of Plant Sciences Research School of Biology The Australian National University Canberra ACT Australia
| | - Bradley J. Evans
- Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network Ecosystem Modelling and Scaling Infrastructure The University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia
- Department of Environmental Sciences University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Lucy S. Hayes
- Division of Plant Sciences Research School of Biology The Australian National University Canberra ACT Australia
| | - Michael F. Hutchinson
- Fenner School of Environment and Society Australian National University Canberra ACT Australia
| | - Michael J. Liddell
- Centre for Tropical, Environmental, and Sustainability Sciences College of Science and Engineering James Cook University Cairns Qld Australia
- Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network Australian SuperSite Network James Cook University Cairns Australia
| | | | - Wayne S. Meyer
- Earth and Environmental Sciences University of Adelaide Adelaide SA Australia
| | | | - Henrique F. Togashi
- Department of Biological Sciences Macquarie University Sydney NSW Australia
- Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network Ecosystem Modelling and Scaling Infrastructure The University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia
| | | | - Lingling Zhu
- Division of Plant Sciences Research School of Biology The Australian National University Canberra ACT Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology Research School of Biology The Australian National University Canberra ACT Australia
| | - Owen K. Atkin
- Division of Plant Sciences Research School of Biology The Australian National University Canberra ACT Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology Research School of Biology The Australian National University Canberra ACT Australia
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The International Long-Term Ecological Research–East Asia–Pacific Regional Network (ILTER-EAP): history, development, and perspectives. Ecol Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11284-017-1523-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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