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Zhang X, Li J, Li M, Zhang W, Wang Y, Xian Q. The effects of co-existing acridine on adsorption-desorption behavior of carbazole in soils: Co-sorption and mechanism insight. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 470:134205. [PMID: 38579583 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Carbazole (CBZ) and acridine (ACR) are polycyclic aromatic nitrogen heterocycles (PANHs) widely found in combined contaminated soils, while investigations on organic-organic interactions have been very limited. In this study, batch experiments were carried out on five soils with different properties, taking CBZ as a representative of PANHs and ACR as a co-existing contaminant. The adsorption isotherms of CBZ (50-1000 μg/L) were nonlinear. Soil organic matter (SOM) and cation exchange capacity (CEC) showed positive correlations with CBZ adsorption-desorption coefficients. The adsorption mechanisms of CBZ involved hydrogen bonding, π-π interaction, and cation-π bonding. Different concentrations of ACR had varying effects on CBZ. The adsorption of CBZ was inhibited with 250 μg/L ACR. The cooperative adsorption was observed on three soils with increasing ACR concentration (1000 μg/L) and led to more pronounced nonlinear isotherms. The S-shaped isotherms of ACR indicated that ACR was adsorbed to the soil surface in a perpendicular configuration. New adsorption sites were created allowing for increased CBZ adsorption through π-π interaction with ACR. Therefore, variations in soil properties and potential impacts of co-existing contaminants should be well considered when assessing the combined pollution of site soil. This will contribute to a more accurate estimation of environmental and health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jianwei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Mengting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yuting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Qiming Xian
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
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Zhang X, Qi A, Wang P, Huang Q, Zhao T, Yang L, Wang W. Influence of oil extraction on concentration distributions, migration, secondary formation and carcinogenic risk of NPAHs and OPAHs in air and soil in an oilfield development area in China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 922:170736. [PMID: 38325475 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Oil extraction leads to environmental pollution from the oilfields and dweller activities, however, knowledge of the concentration distributions, migration, secondary formation and toxicity of nitrated/oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (N/OPAHs) in oilfield regions is limited. In this research, atmospheric and soil samples in 7 different location types in an important oil industrial base in China were gathered. The ΣNPAHs and ΣOPAHs in the air ranged from 0.05 to 2.47 ng/m3 and 0.14-22.72 ng/m3, respectively, and in soil ranged from 0.22 to 17.81 ng/g and 9.69-66.86 ng/g, respectively. Both NPAHs and OPAHs in the atmosphere exhibited higher concentrations during winter. The atmospheric NPAH concentrations decreased exponentially with distance from urban area especially in the summer, revealing the impact of vehicles on the air in the Yellow River Delta area. High NPAH and OPAH concentrations were found only in soil near oil extraction facilities, indicating that the impact of oil extraction is limited to the soil near the extraction facilities. The air-soil exchanges of N/OPAHs were assessed through fugacity fraction analysis, and NPAHs were in the equilibrium-deposition state and OPAHs were in the net-deposition state in the winter. Higher incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) occurred at the urban, industrial, and oilfield sites in the atmospheric samples, and the soil samples had the largest ILCR values in the oilfield sites. However, ILCR values for both air and soil did not exceed the threshold of 10-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiongfei Zhang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Anan Qi
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Pengcheng Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Qi Huang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Tong Zhao
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Lingxiao Yang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Climate Change, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China.
| | - Wenxing Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
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Zhou Y, Xiao K, Zhang Y, Fu D, Jiang K, Luo J, Li Y, Shen G, Liu W, Tao S, Lu S. Polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) in industrial soils from northwestern of China: occurrence, distribution, exposure risk, and implications on risk-based controls. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2024; 46:135. [PMID: 38483670 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-024-01923-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Some Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds (PACs) such as nitrated-PAHs (NPAHs), oxygenated-PAHs (OPAHs) and methyl-PAHs (MPAHs) have attracted significant concern due to derivatives have greater potential to be more toxic at low environmental concentrations compared to their PPAHs, particularly in petrochemical industrial region and its surrounding areas surface soils in China. Hence, this article provides an insight into the fate, sources, impacts, and relevance to the external environment of PAH-derivatives based on important emissions source. Moreover, prospective health risk due to their exposure has also been discussed. In this study, the concentration (10-3 ng/g) of Ʃ18PPAHs, Ʃ11MPAHs, Ʃ12NPAHs, and Ʃ4OPAHs in the park were 9.67 ± 1.40, 3.24 ± 0.54, 0.03 ± 0.02 and 0.19 ± 0.65, respectively, which were 4.47, 3.89, 2.04 and 1.17 times than of them surrounding the region. A decreasing trend of the low molecular weight (2-4Rings) contribution to the total amount of PAHs, while the fraction of high molecular weight (5-6Rings) species showed the opposite trend. According to the principal component analysis (PCA) and diagnostic ratios indicated PAHs in the soil samples have mixed sources from industrial activities, solid fuel combustion, and heavy traffic. Despite the high concentrations of MPAHs and OPAHs, the toxicity equivalency quotients (TEQs) of them were not calculated due to the lack of toxic equivalent factors (TEF), thus current studies on PAH and derivatives could have underestimated their exposure risks. The quality and sustainable management of soils are crucial for human health and sustainable development, while there is lack of public awareness of the severe issue of soil pollution. It is recommended to conduct more intensive monitoring and regional assessments in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousong Zhou
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Kai Xiao
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
| | - Yongqiang Zhang
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Donglei Fu
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Ke Jiang
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jinmu Luo
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Yuancheng Li
- School of Public Health, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Science, Jinan, 250117, Shandong Province, China.
| | - Guofeng Shen
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Wenxin Liu
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Shu Tao
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Senlin Lu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
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Burke M, Marín-Spiotta E, Ponette-González AG. Black carbon in urban soils: land use and climate drive variation at the surface. CARBON BALANCE AND MANAGEMENT 2024; 19:9. [PMID: 38429441 PMCID: PMC10908174 DOI: 10.1186/s13021-024-00255-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Black carbon (BC) encompasses a range of carbonaceous materials--including soot, char, and charcoal--derived from the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels and biomass. Urban soils can become enriched in BC due to proximity to these combustion sources. We conducted a literature review of BC in urban soils globally and found 26 studies reporting BC and total organic carbon (TOC) content collected to a maximum of 578 cm depth in urban soils across 35 cities and 10 countries. We recorded data on city, climate, and land use/land cover characteristics to examine drivers of BC content and contribution to TOC in soil. RESULTS All studies were conducted in the northern hemisphere, with 68% of the data points collected in China and the United States. Surface samples (0-20 cm) accounted for 62% of samples in the dataset. Therefore, we focused our analysis on 0-10 cm and 10-20 cm depths. Urban soil BC content ranged from 0-124 mg/g (median = 3 mg/g) at 0-10 cm and from 0-53 mg/g (median = 2.8 mg/g) at 10-20 cm depth. The median proportional contribution of BC to TOC was 23% and 15% at 0-10 cm and 10-20 cm, respectively. Surface soils sampled in industrial land use and near roads had the highest BC contents and proportions, whereas samples from residential sites had among the lowest. Soil BC content decreased with mean annual soil temperature. CONCLUSIONS Our review indicates that BC comprises a major fraction (nearly one quarter) of the TOC in urban surface soils, yet sampling bias towards the surface could hide the potential for BC storage at depth. Land use emerged as an importer driver of soil BC contents and proportions, whereas land cover effects remain uncertain. Warmer and wetter soils were found to have lower soil BC than cooler and drier soils, differences that likely reflect soil BC loss mechanisms. Additional research on urban soil BC at depth and from diverse climates is critical to better understand the role of cities in the global carbon cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly Burke
- Department of Geography and the Environment, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle #305279, Denton, TX, 76203, USA
- Department of Geography, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Erika Marín-Spiotta
- Department of Geography, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 550 North Park Street, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Alexandra G Ponette-González
- Department of Geography and the Environment, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle #305279, Denton, TX, 76203, USA.
- Department of City and Metropolitan Planning, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA.
- Natural History Museum of Utah, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84108, USA.
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Huang J, Jiang Z, Li A, Jiang F, Tang P, Cui J, Feng W, Fu C, Lu Q. Role of keystone drives polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons degradation and humification especially combined with aged contaminated soil in co-composting. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 354:120323. [PMID: 38417356 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Accumulation of persistent organic pollutants polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soil has become a global problem. Composting is considered one of the more economical methods of soil remediation and is important for the resourceful use of wastes. Agroforestry waste is produced in huge amounts and is utilized at low rates, hence there is an urgent need to manage it. Here, leaf (LVS) or rice straw (SVS) was co-composting with aged contaminated soil to investigate bacteria interaction to PAHs degradation and humus formation. The degradation rate of high molecular weight PAHs (HMW-PAHs) in LVS and SVS reached 58.9% and 52.5%, and the low molecular weight PAHs (LMW-PAHs) were 77.5% and 65%. Meanwhile, the humus increased by 44.8% and 60.5% in LVS and SVS at the end of co-composting. The topological characteristics and community assembly of the bacterial community showed that LVS had higher complexity and more keystones than SVS, suggesting that LVS might more beneficial for the degradation of PAHs. The stability of the co-occurrence network and stochastic processes (dispersal limitation) dominated community assembly made SVS beneficial for humus formation. Mantel test and structural equation models indicated that the transformation of organic matter was important for PAHs degradation and humus formation. Degradation of HMW-PAHs led to bacterial succession, which affected the formation of precursors and ultimately increased the humus content. This study provided potential technology support for improving the quality of agroforestry organic waste composting and degrading PAHs in aged contaminated soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayue Huang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, 150025, China
| | - Ziwei Jiang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, 150025, China
| | - Anyang Li
- College of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, 150025, China
| | - Fangzhi Jiang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, 150025, China
| | - Pengfei Tang
- Heilongjiang Provincial Ecological Environment Monitoring Center, Harbin, 150056, China
| | - Jizhe Cui
- College of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, 150025, China
| | - Wenxuan Feng
- College of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, 150025, China
| | - Chang Fu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, 150025, China
| | - Qian Lu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, 150025, China.
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Wei L, Lv J, Zuo P, Li Y, Yang R, Zhang Q, Jiang G. The occurrence and sources of PAHs, oxygenated PAHs (OPAHs), and nitrated PAHs (NPAHs) in soil and vegetation from the Antarctic, Arctic, and Tibetan Plateau. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:169394. [PMID: 38135091 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Although the fate of PAHs in the three polar regions (Antarctic, Arctic, and Tibetan Plateau) has been investigated, the occurrence and contamination profiles of PAH derivatives such as oxygenated PAHs (OPAHs) and nitrated PAHs (NPAHs) remain unclear. Some of them are more toxic and can be transformed from PAHs in environment. This study explored and compared the concentrations composition profiles and potential sources of PAHs, OPAHs, and NPAHs in soil and vegetation samples from the three polar regions. The total PAH, OPAH, and NPAH concentrations were 3.55-519, n.d.-101, and n.d.-1.10 ng/g dry weight (dw), respectively. The compounds were dominated by three-ring PAHs, and the most abundant individual PAH and OPAH were phenanthrene (PHE) and 9-fluorenone (9-FO), respectively. The sources of PAHs and their derivatives were qualitatively analyzed by the diagnostic ratios and quantified using the positive matrix factorization (PMF) model. The ratios of PAH derivatives to parent PAHs (9-FO/fluorene and 9,10-anthraquinone/anthracene) were significantly higher in the Antarctic samples than in the Arctic and TP samples, implying a higher occurrence of secondary OPAH and NPAH formation in the Antarctic region. To our knowledge, this is the first comparative study that simultaneously investigated the contamination profiles of PAHs and their derivatives in the three polar regions. The findings of this study provide a scientific basis for the development of risk assessment and pollution control strategies in these fragile regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijia Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100085, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Jingya Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Peijie Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yingming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ruiqiang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, China.
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Zhang X, Wang X, Liang W, Liu M, Wang X, Zhao X. The occurrence, sources, and health risks of substituted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (SPAHs) cannot be ignored. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2024; 183:108390. [PMID: 38150805 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Similar to parent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PPAHs), substituted PAHs (SPAHs) are prevalent in the environment and harmful to humans. However, they have not received much attention. This study investigated the occurrence, distribution, and sources of 10 PPAHs and 15 SPAHs in soil, water, and indoor and outdoor PM2.5 and dust in high-exposure areas (EAH) near industrial parks and low-exposure areas (EAL) far from industrial parks. PAH pollution in all media was more severe in the EAH than in the EAL. All SPAHs were detected in this study, with alkylated and oxygenated PAHs being predominant. Additionally, 3-OH-BaP and 1-OH-Pyr were detected in all dust samples in this study, and 6-N-Chr, a compound with carcinogenicity 10 times higher than that of BaP, was detected at high levels in all tap water samples. According to the indoor-outdoor ratio, PAHs in indoor PM2.5 in the EAH mainly originated from indoor pollution sources; however, those in the EAL were simultaneously affected by indoor-outdoor air exchange and indoor sources. Most target PAHs tended to deposit from air to dust, and this tendency was significantly negatively associated with the octanol-air partitioning coefficient of PAHs. SPAHs in the environment are primarily derived from the petroleum industry and the mixed combustion of gasoline, biomass, and coal. The toxicity equivalence factors of SPAHs were predicted using QSAR models to assess their lifetime carcinogenic risk (ILCR). The ILCRtotal from PAHs for adults in the EAH was >10-4. Though the levels of 6-N-Chr and 1-Me-Pyr in the environment were markedly lower than those of PPAHs, their ILCRs from PM2.5 inhalation and dermal contact with water exceeded 10-6. This study is significant for recognizing and controlling the health risks associated with SPAHs in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zhang
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Xiaolei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Weigang Liang
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Miaomiao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Xia Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Xiaoli Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
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8
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Janarthanam VA, Issac PK, Guru A, Arockiaraj J. Hazards of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: a review on occurrence, detection, and role of green nanomaterials on the removal of PAH from the water environment. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2023; 195:1531. [PMID: 38008868 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-12076-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
Organic pollutant contamination in the environment is a serious and dangerous issue, especially for developing countries. Among all organic pollutants, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are the more frequently discovered ones in the environment. PAH contamination is caused chiefly by anthropogenic sources, such as the disposal of residential and industrial waste and automobile air emissions. They are gaining interest due to their environmental persistence, toxicity, and probable bioaccumulation. The existence of PAHs may result in damage to the environment and living things, and there is widespread concern about the acute and chronic threats posed by the release of these contaminants. The detection and elimination of PAHs from wastewater have been the focus of numerous technological developments during recent decades. The development of sensitive and economical monitoring systems for detecting these substances has attracted a lot of scientific attention. Using several nanomaterials and nanocomposites is a promising treatment option for the identification and elimination of PAHs in aquatic ecosystems. This review elaborated on the sources of origin, pathogenicity, and widespread occurrence of PAHs. In addition, the paper highlighted the use of nanomaterial-based sensors in detecting PAHs from contaminated sites and nanomaterial-based absorbents in PAH elimination from wastewater. This review also addresses the development of Graphene and Biofunctionalized nanomaterials for the elimination of PAHs from the contaminated sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishnu Adith Janarthanam
- Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Medical Biotechnology and Integrative Physiology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 602105, India
| | - Praveen Kumar Issac
- Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Medical Biotechnology and Integrative Physiology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 602105, India.
| | - Ajay Guru
- Department of Cariology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, 600 077, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Jesu Arockiaraj
- Toxicology and Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chengalpattu District, Kattankulathur, , Tamil Nadu, 603203, India.
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9
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Onyena AP, Nkwoji JA, Chukwu LO, Walker TR, Sam K. Risk assessment of sediment PAH, BTEX, and emerging contaminants in Chanomi Creek Niger Delta, Nigeria. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2023; 195:1080. [PMID: 37615789 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-11703-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
This study assessed the levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX), and emerging contaminants in Chanomi Creek. Sediment samples were collected between March 2019 and July 2020 to evaluate the concentrations of PAH, BTEX, and emerging contaminants using GC-MS and GC-FID with Headspace extraction. Results indicated mean PAH concentrations were 22.691 ± 15.09 µg/kg. The highest individual PAH concentrations were fluorene (7.085 µg/kg), naphthalene (4.517 µg/kg), and phenanthrene (3.081 µg/kg). Carbazole (0.828 µg/kg) was discovered as a novel environmental toxin with dioxin-like toxicity and widespread prevalence in sediments. The most common congener (25%) was ethylbenzene, followed by toluene and ortho- and meta-xylene (21%) and benzene (13%). The analysis of diagnostic ratios revealed that the main factors responsible for the presence of PAHs in the study area are the residential use of firewood, emissions from industrial activities, bush burning, and petroleum slicks. The risk assessment indicated that most PAHs exceeded the permissible risk quotient values, suggesting a moderate to high ecological risk. However, cutaneous exposure to PAHs and BTEX was found to have minimal impact on human health, with no significant hazards identified in adults and children. Nevertheless, the study revealed low cancer risks associated with PAH and BTEX compounds for both age groups. The continued discharge of PAHs and BTEX compounds into Chanomi Creek could have significant long-term negative effects on human and aquatic health. Thus, contamination risk awareness programs and the development of stringent contextual thresholds for identified contaminants could enhance environmental and public health protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amarachi P Onyena
- Department of Marine Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Lagos, Lagos State, Nigeria.
- Department of Marine Environment and Pollution Control, Faculty of Marine Environmental Management, Nigeria Maritime University, Okerenkoko, Delta State, Nigeria.
| | - Joseph A Nkwoji
- Department of Marine Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Lagos, Lagos State, Nigeria
| | - Lucian O Chukwu
- Department of Marine Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Lagos, Lagos State, Nigeria
| | - Tony R Walker
- School for Resource and Environmental Studies, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
| | - Kabari Sam
- Department of Marine Environment and Pollution Control, Faculty of Marine Environmental Management, Nigeria Maritime University, Okerenkoko, Delta State, Nigeria
- School of Environment, Geography and Geoscience, University of Portsmouth, Burnaby Road, Portsmouth, PO1 3QL, UK
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10
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Ma T, Kong J, Li W, Cheng X, Zhang Y, Kong D, Yang S, Li S, Zhang L, He H. Inventory, source and health risk assessment of nitrated and parent PAHs in agricultural soils over a rural river in Southeast China. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 329:138688. [PMID: 37059199 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NPAHs) have become a concerning topic because of their widespread occurrence and carcinogenicity. However, studies on NPAHs in soils, especially in agricultural soils, are still limited. In this study, a systematic monitoring campaign of 15 NPAHs and 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was performed in agricultural soils from the Taige Canal basin in 2018, which is a typical agricultural activity area of the Yangtze River Delta. The total concentration of NPAHs and PAHs ranged from 14.4 to 85.5 ng g-1 and 118-1108 ng g-1, respectively. Among the target analytes, 1,8-dinitropyrene and fluoranthene were the most predominant congeners accounting for 35.0% of ∑15NPAHs and 17.2% of ∑16PAHs, respectively. Four-ring NPAHs and PAHs were predominant, followed by three-ring NPAHs and PAHs. NPAHs and PAHs had a similar spatial distribution pattern with high concentrations in the northeastern Taige Canal basin. The soil mass inventory of ∑16PAHs and ∑15NPAHs was evaluated to be 31.7 and 2.55 metric tons, respectively. Total organic carbon had a significant impact on the distribution of PAHs in soils. The correlation between PAH congeners in agricultural soils was higher than that between NPAH congeners. Based on diagnostic ratios and principal component analysis-multiple linear regression model, vehicle exhaust emission, coal combustion, and biomass combustion were the predominant sources of these NPAHs and PAHs. According to the lifetime incremental carcinogenic risk model, the health risk posed by NPAHs and PAHs in agricultural soils of the Taige Canal basin was virtually negligible. The total health risk in soils of the Taige Canal basin to adults was slightly higher than that to children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Ma
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China; Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environment and Ecology of China, Nanjing, 210042, PR China; School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, PR China
| | - Jijie Kong
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China; School of Geography, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Weidi Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Environmental Science, Nanjing, 210036, PR China
| | - Xinying Cheng
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Yueqing Zhang
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environment and Ecology of China, Nanjing, 210042, PR China
| | - Deyang Kong
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environment and Ecology of China, Nanjing, 210042, PR China.
| | - Shaogui Yang
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Shiyin Li
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Limin Zhang
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China; Green Economy Development Institute, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, PR China
| | - Huan He
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China; College of Ecological and Resource Engineering, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Eco-Industrial Green Technology, Wuyi University, Wuyishan, 354300, PR China.
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11
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Xu Z, Qian Y, Hong X, Luo Z, Gao X, Liang H. Contamination characteristics of polycyclic aromatic compounds from coal sources in typical coal mining areas in Huaibei area, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 873:162311. [PMID: 36804974 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The Huaibei area is rich in coal resources and serves as the main energy production base in East China. However, serious environmental consequences are associated with coal mining and utilization. With increasing reports on distribution and risks by polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs), the potential pollution of coal sources must be addressed. Here, the PAC concentrations in the topsoil, coal, and coal gangue of a typical coal mining area in Huaibei were evaluated. The mean ΣPACs in topsoil, coal, and coal gangue were 1528.3, 274,815.8, and 10,908.3 μg·kg-1, respectively. Alkyl polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (aPAHs) were identified as primary contributors to PACs, and the concentrations of oxygenated PAHs (oPAHs) were significantly higher in coal and coal gangue than in topsoil. PAC pollution was mainly concentrated in the coal mine area and near the coal gangue landfill road. Not only sixteen high priority pollutant PAHs (16PAHs), but PAH derivatives also contributed to the organic pollution from coal sources. Principal components analysis, multiple linear regression, characteristic ratios, and positive matrix factor analysis were used to trace PAC sources. The characteristic ratios for organic pollution from coal and gangue particles involving 16PAHs, aPAHs, and oPAHs were proposed. Further, the high-ring 16PAH ratio was also found suitable for coal mining areas. The Monte-Carlo risk assessment showed that coal particles were highly carcinogenic, and despite the low carcinogenicity of coal gangue and topsoil, they might also serve as potential carcinogens. This study aimed to disseminate knowledge on PACs from coal and coal gangue, provide a useful background for efficient resource utilization of coal gangue, and a reference for tracing PAC sources in coal mine environment media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenpeng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining, Beijing 100083, China; College of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yahui Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining, Beijing 100083, China; College of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiuping Hong
- College of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei 230500, China
| | - Zhonggeng Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining, Beijing 100083, China; College of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiulong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining, Beijing 100083, China; College of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Handong Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining, Beijing 100083, China; College of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing 100083, China.
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12
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Chen W, Xian W, He G, Xue Z, Li S, Li W, Li Y, Zhang Y, Yang X. Occurrence and spatiotemporal distribution of PAHs and OPAHs in urban agricultural soils from Guangzhou City, China. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 254:114767. [PMID: 36917879 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) derivatives in the environment is of growing concern because they exhibit higher toxicity than their parent PAHs. This study evaluated the large-scale occurrence and spatiotemporal distribution of 16 PAHs and 14 oxygenated PAHs (OPAHs) in urban agricultural soils from seven districts of Guangzhou City, China. Linear correlation analysis was conducted to explore the relationship between PAH and OPAH occurrence and a series of parameters. The compositional analysis, principal component analysis, diagnostic ratios, and principal component analysis coupled with a multiple linear regression model were used to identify the sources of PAHs and OPAHs in the soils. The average concentrations of ΣPAHs and ΣOPAHs (59.6 ± 31.1-213 ± 115.5 μg/kg) during the flood season were significantly higher than those during the dry season (42.1 ± 13.3-157.2 ± 98.2 μg/kg), which were due to relatively strong wet deposition during the flood season and weak secondary reactions during the dry season. Linear correlation analysis showed that soil properties, industrial activities, and agricultural activities (r = 0.27-0.96, p < 0.05) were responsible for the spatial distribution of PAHs during the dry season. The PAH distribution was mainly affected by precipitation during the flood season. The concentrations of ΣOPAHs were only related to the soil properties during the dry season because their occurrence was sensitive to secondary reactions, climate and meteorological conditions, and their water solubility. Our results further showed that coal combustion and traffic emissions were the dominant origins of PAHs and OPAHs during both the seasons. Wet deposition and runoff-induced transport also contributed to PAH and OPAH occurrence during the flood season. The results of this study can improve our understanding of the environmental risks posed by PAHs and OPAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weisong Chen
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Joint Institute for Environment & Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Weixuan Xian
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Joint Institute for Environment & Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Guiying He
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Joint Institute for Environment & Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Zhongye Xue
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Joint Institute for Environment & Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Shaomin Li
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Joint Institute for Environment & Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Wenyan Li
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Joint Institute for Environment & Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Yongtao Li
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Joint Institute for Environment & Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Yulong Zhang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Joint Institute for Environment & Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China.
| | - Xingjian Yang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Joint Institute for Environment & Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China.
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13
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Gondwal TK, Mandal P. Characterization of organic contaminants associated with road dust of Delhi NCR, India. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:51906-51919. [PMID: 36820981 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-25762-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Hydrophobic organic contaminated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and CHNS (carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and sulphur species) are explosively associated with road dust particles. A few organic contaminants are toxic in nature and have an unpleasant effect on human health. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), the US Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States-Environmental Protection Agency has considered several PAHs and PCBs as carcinogens for human beings. In the proposed study, the anthropogenic contaminants present in road dust were assessed in six representative diversified sites i.e. industrial, commercial, office, residential, construction and traffic intersection in Delhi NCR, India. Roadside dust samples were gathered in premonsoon, monsoon and postmonsoon seasons and characterized for PAHs, PCBs and CHNS. The concentration of total PAHs (16 Nos) and PCBs (6 Nos) of the selected sites ranged from 0.27 µg/kg to 605.80 µg/kg and 0.01 µg/kg to 41.26 µg/kg, respectively. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy-attenuated total reflectance study suggested that the presence of O = C = O, Si-O, carbonyl, acidic or aliphatic esters group were associated with road dust particles. Hydrogen and sulphur concentrations were not detected in the selected road dust samples. Carbon and nitrogen concentrations varied from 2.24% to 16.82% and 0.69% to 14.5%, respectively, seasonally. In the premonsoon season, road dust was distinguishably contaminated as compared to monsoon and postmonsoon season, which might be due to movement of contaminated road dust from adjacent locations. It was perceived that Delhi NCR organic contamination in road dust was much below as compared to other countries. It may be concluded that due to the presence of significant amounts of carbon and nitrogen concentrations in the road dust, to a greater extent, road dust can be fertile and might be advantageous for green belt development to mitigate air pollution. The utilization of road dust will further bring down the burden of landfill sites and may lead towards sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarang Kumar Gondwal
- Widmans Laboratory, IMT Manesar, Gurugram, Haryana, 122050, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, UP, 201002, India
- CSIR-NEERI, Zonal Centre, New Delhi, 110 028, India
| | - Papiya Mandal
- CSIR-NEERI, Zonal Centre, New Delhi, 110 028, India.
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14
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Zhang C, Tian H, Wang Z, Zhu L, Liu X, Wang Y, Sun Y. Degradation of PAHs in soil by activated persulfate system with activated carbon supported iron-based bimetal. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 866:161323. [PMID: 36603632 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.161323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
We developed a material of activated carbon (AC)-supported highly active iron-based bimetal (iron-copper bimetal/AC, Fe-Cu/AC) with high efficiency for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) degradation in soil by activating persulfate, benefiting from the synergistic effect that the characteristics of AC with porous carbon backbone, multiple active functional groups, high loading capacity and the characteristics of FeCu bimetal with high activity. The addition of Cu to the Fe-based/AC activator not only improved the dispersibility of Fe particles but also maintained the stability of the metal in the Fe-Cu/AC. The thermal activation (50 °C) promoted the degradation of PAHs by the Fe-Cu/AC-activated S2O82- system. Of the various systems tested, the Fe-Cu/AC-activated S2O82- system had the best degradation efficiency for 19 PAHs, with the overall efficiency following the order of Fe-Cu/AC + S2O82- > Fe-Cu + S2O82- > Fe-Cu/AC > S2O82-. The degradation mechanism of the Fe-Cu/AC-activated S2O82- system on soil PAHs showed that OH, OOH, and SO4- were the main active groups involved in the degradation of target PAHs. The target pollutants and their degradation products in the Fe-Cu/AC-activated S2O82- system indicated specific exposure pathways, providing a theoretical basis for the remediation of PAH-contaminated soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congcong Zhang
- School of Space and Environment, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China; School of Energy and Power Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Huifang Tian
- School of Space and Environment, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zhaoxu Wang
- School of Space and Environment, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Lingfeng Zhu
- School of Space and Environment, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xingshuang Liu
- School of Space and Environment, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Ye Wang
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yifei Sun
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China; Research Center for Advanced Energy and Carbon Neutrality, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China.
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15
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Wei L, Yu Z, Zhu C, Chen Y, Pei Z, Li Y, Yang R, Zhang Q, Jiang G. An evaluation of the impact of traffic on the distribution of PAHs and oxygenated PAHs in the soils and moss of the southeast Tibetan Plateau. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 862:160938. [PMID: 36526168 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Contaminants in high-altitude mountains such as the Tibetan Plateau (TP) have attracted extensive attention due to their potential impact on fragile ecosystems. Rapid development of the economy and society has promoted pollution caused by local traffic emissions in the TP. Among the pollutants emitted by traffic, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and oxygenated PAHs (OPAHs) are of particular concern due to their high toxicity. The TP provides an environment to explore the degree and range of contribution for traffic-induced PAHs and OPAHs. In this study, soils and moss were collected at different altitudes and distances from the G318 highway in the southeast TP. The total concentrations of PAHs (∑16PAHs) and OPAHs (∑6OPAHs) in soils were in the range of 3.29-119 ng/g dry weight (dw) and 0.54-9.65 ng/g dw, respectively. ∑16PAH and ∑6OPAH concentrations decreased logarithmically with increasing distance from traffic. A significantly positive correlation between ∑16PAHs and altitude was found at sampling points closest to traffic. Dominant PAHs constituents in soil and moss included chrysene (CHR), benzo[g,h,i]perylene (BghiP), and benzo[b]fluoranthene (BbF); prevalent OPAH compounds were 9-fluorenone (9-FO) and 9,10-anthraquinone (ATQ). These compounds were related to characteristics of traffic emissions. The multiple diagnosis ratio and correlation analysis showed that exhaust emissions were the main source of the PAHs and OPAHs in the studied environment. PMF modeling quantification of the relative contribution of traffic emissions to PAHs in roadside soils was 45 % on average. The present study characterized the extent and range of traffic-induced PAH and OPAH emissions, providing valuable information for understanding the environmental behaviors and potential risks of traffic-related contaminants in high-altitude areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijia Wei
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Zhigang Yu
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Chengcheng Zhu
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Yu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Zhiguo Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yingming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Ruiqiang Yang
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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16
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Jin R, Liu G, Zhou X, Zhang Z, Lin B, Liu Y, Qi Z, Zheng M. Analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon derivatives in environment. Trends Analyt Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2023.116942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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17
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Oxygenated and Nitrated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Sources, Quantification, Incidence, Toxicity, and Fate in Soil—A Review Study. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr11010052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The genotoxicity, mutagenesis, and carcinogenic effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) derivatives may exceed the parent PAHs. However, their influence on the soil environment has not been explored to a large extent. Oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (OPAHs) and nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NPAHs) are typical polar substituted compounds. We offer a review of the literature on the sources, quantification, incidence, toxicity, and transport of these compounds in soil. Although their environmental concentrations are lower than those of their parent compounds, they exert higher toxicity. Both types of substances are basically related to carcinogenesis. OPAHs are not enzymatically activated and can generate reactive oxygen species in biological cells, while NPAHs have been shown to be mutagenic, genotoxic, and cytotoxic. These compounds are largely derived from the transformation of PAHs, but they behave differently in soil because of their higher molecular weight and dissimilar adsorption mechanisms. Therefore, specialized knowledge of model derivatives is required. We also made recommendations for future directions based on existing research. It is expected that the review will trigger scientific discussions and provide a research basis for further study on PAH derivatives in the soil environment.
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18
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Peng C, He Y, Zhang K, Zhang Y, Wan X, Wang M, Chen W. Estimating accumulation rates and health risks of PAHs in residential soils of metropolitan cities. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 319:115699. [PMID: 35841779 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Predicting temporal changes in PAH concentrations in urban soils and their corresponding health risk is essential for developing appropriate management measures to prevent those risks. Concentrations of PAHs in soils of residential areas with different building ages in three metropolitan cities were determined to estimate the accumulation rates of PAHs in soil. The mean concentrations of total PAHs (∑PAHs) were 1297 ng/g in Shanghai, 865 ng/g in Beijing, and 228 ng/g in Shenzhen. The primary sources of the PAHs were traffic and coal combustion for industrial activity and space heating. The high PAH concentrations in Shanghai were attributed to the relatively high average building age of the sampled residential areas and the low annual temperature in the city. The overall annual accumulation rates of PAHs in the soils were estimated from linear regressions between the PAH concentrations and building age of the residential areas. The annual accumulation rate of PAHs in the soils was 64.7 ng/g in Beijing, 24.2 ng/g in Shanghai, and 3.3 ng/g in Shenzhen. The higher rate in Beijing was due to the higher intensity of PAH emissions and the lower temperature. The regression estimations suggest that health risks posed by PAHs in residential soils of the metropolitan cities increase considerably with time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Peng
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China.
| | - Yalei He
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, PR China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Xinxing Wan
- Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Meie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, PR China
| | - Weiping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, PR China
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19
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Zhao Z, He W, Wu R, Xu F. Distribution and Relationships of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Soils and Plants near Major Lakes in Eastern China. TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10100577. [PMID: 36287857 PMCID: PMC9607041 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10100577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The distributions and correlations among polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soils and plants were analyzed. In this study, 9 soil samples and 44 plant samples were collected near major lakes (Hongze Lake, Luoma Lake, Chaohu, Changhu, Danjiangkou Reservoir, Wuhan East Lake, Longgan Lake, Qiandao Lake and Liangzi Lake) in eastern China. The following results were obtained: The total contents of PAHs in soil varied from 99.17 to 552.10 ng/g with an average of 190.35 ng/g, and the total contents of PAHs in plants varied from 122.93 to 743.44 ng/g, with an average of 274.66 ng/g. The PAHs in soil were dominated by medium- and low-molecular-weight PAHs, while the PAHs in plants were dominated by low-molecular-weight PAHs. The proportion of high-molecular-weight PAHs was the lowest in both soil and plants. Diagnostic ratios and principal component analysis (PCA) identified combustion as the main source of PAHs in soil and plants. The plant PAH monomer content was negatively correlated with Koa. Acenaphthylene, anthracene, benzo[k]fluoranthene, benzo[b]fluoranthene and dibenzo[a,h]anthracene were significantly correlated in plants and soil. In addition, no significant correlation between the total contents of the 16 PAHs and the content of high-, medium-, and low-molecular-weight PAHs in plants and soil was found. Bidens pilosa L. and Gaillardia pulchella Foug in the Compositae family and cron in the Poaceae family showed relatively stronger accumulation of PAHs, indicating their potential for phytoremediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Zhao
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wei He
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Water Resources & Environmental Engineering, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing100083, China
| | - Ruilin Wu
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Fuliu Xu
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Correspondence:
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Xu G, Geng S, Cao W, Zuo R, Teng Y, Ding A, Fan F, Dou J. Vertical distribution characteristics and interactions of polycyclic aromatic compounds and bacterial communities in contaminated soil in oil storage tank areas. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 301:134695. [PMID: 35472616 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic compound (PAC) contamination in soil as a result of oil spills is a serious issue because of the huge global demand for fossil energy. This study assessed the vertical variation in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), derivatives of PAHs (dPAHs) and bacterial community structure in deep soil with long-term contamination by oil spillage. Our results suggest that the content of total PACs ranged from 1196.6 μg/kg to 14980.9 μg/kg and decreased with depth at all sites. PAHs were the most abundant PACs, with a mean concentration of 6640.7 μg/kg, followed by oxygenated PAHs (mean 156.3 μg/kg) and nitrated PAHs (mean 33.4 μg/kg). PAHs are mainly low molecular weight PACs such as naphthalene, fluorene and phenanthrene, while derivatives of PAHs are all low molecular weight PACs and mainly oxygenated PAHs. Low molecular weight PAHs were an important source of dPAHs under specific conditions. The bacterial community structure showed higher bacterial diversity and lower bacterial richness in shallow soil (2-6 m in depth) than in deep soil (8-10 m in depth). Spearman's analysis confirmed that dramatic bacterial community shifts are a response to contamination. At the genus level, the presence of PACs highly selected for Pseudomonas, belonging to Proteobacteria. Moreover, functional predictions based on Tax4Fun revealed that soil with long-term contamination had a strong potential for PAC degradation. In addition, statistical analysis showed that oxidation-reduction potential (Eh) was closely related to variations of bacterial community composition and function. Finally, Ramlibacter, Pseudomonas, Pseudonocardia, c_MB-A2-108, f_Amb-16S-1323, and Qipengyuania were identified by cooccurrence network analysis as keystone taxa contributing to the maintenance of bacterial ecological function. Together, our results provide evidence of tight bacterial effects of PAHs and dPAHs and a more complete understanding of the fate of PACs in deep contaminated soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangming Xu
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Groundwater Pollution Control and Remediation, College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, PR China
| | - Shuying Geng
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Groundwater Pollution Control and Remediation, College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, PR China
| | - Wei Cao
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin, 300384, PR China
| | - Rui Zuo
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Groundwater Pollution Control and Remediation, College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, PR China
| | - Yanguo Teng
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Groundwater Pollution Control and Remediation, College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, PR China
| | - Aizhong Ding
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Groundwater Pollution Control and Remediation, College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, PR China
| | - Fuqiang Fan
- Advanced Institute of Natural Sciences, Beijing Normal University at Zhuhai, Zhuhai, 519087, PR China
| | - Junfeng Dou
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Groundwater Pollution Control and Remediation, College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, PR China.
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Lupachev A, Danilov P, Lodygin E, Tikhonravova Y, Butakov V, Usacheva A, Ksenofontova M. Approaches for the complex assessment of polychemical pollution of permafrost-affected soils and the upper layer of permafrost. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 194:594. [PMID: 35857116 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-10270-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The analysis of about 200 samples taken from 42 permafrost-affected soil profiles was carried out on four key sites in different regions of cryolithozone (West Siberia, Central, North, and North-East Yakutia) characterized by different active layer depths and soil lithology. The aim of the study was to determine the influence of different processes of cryogenic mass-exchange on the redistribution and accumulation of major pollutants such as petroleum products, acid-soluble forms of trace elements, polycyclic hydrocarbons, and technogenic radionuclides transferred via atmospheric transport or after the local anthropogenic impact in different soil horizons of Cryosols and in the upper layers of permafrost. Samples were analyzed using modern precise techniques (direct γ-spectrometric measurements with Ge(Li) and NaI(Tl) detectors; fluorometric method; reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography; spectrofluorimetric detection; atomic absorption spectrometry with flame atomization). The study has shown that processes (cryoturbations, frost heaving, gelifluction along with fluvial processes) that strongly affect Cryosols' profile structure can also lead to the active migration and accumulation of local and global pollutants in the middle and lowermost suprapermafrost soil horizons. The accumulation of some pollutants in suprapermafrost horizons of cryogenic soils and in the upper layers of permafrost (in particular, petroleum products and mobile forms of trace elements) can be associated with a combination of factors, such as the relatively light particle size distribution, relatively weak manifestation of cryoturbation processes, and low thickness of the active layer (about 40-60 cm). The integral calculation of the geoaccumulation index values has shown that all of the groups of human-affected soil horizons are moderately to extremely polluted by petroleum hydrocarbons (and at a relatively lower level by trace elements) and the maximum pollution stands for the suprapermafrost horizons as well as in cryoturbated or buried fragments of organogenic matter in some cases. The maxima of the heavy PAH content in permafrost-affected soils can be confined to horizons enriched with anthropogenic inclusions and artifacts (for example, construction slag, coal) and to individual horizons of soils buried as a result of both cryogenic and alluvial processes. The specific activity of the technogenic radionuclide cesium in cryogenic soils revealed its association mainly with the surface organogenic and organomineral horizons of the studied profiles and rarely observed in the cryoturbated fragments of these horizons in the middle and suprapermafrost layers of soil profiles. The necessity of the complex analytical assessment of the permafrost-affected soils has been revealed especially in case of studying of the ecological state of the anthropogenically affected Cryosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksei Lupachev
- Institute of Physico-Chemical and Biological Problems in Soil Science RAS, 142290, Pushchino, Russia.
| | - Petr Danilov
- Scientific Research Institute of the Applied Ecology of the North, Ammosov North-Eastern Federal University, 677000, Yakutsk, Russia
| | - Evgeny Lodygin
- Institute of Biology, Komi SC UB RAS, 167982, Syktyvkar, Russia
| | | | | | - Anna Usacheva
- Institute of Geology of Ore Deposits, Petrography, Mineralogy and Geochemistry RAS, 119017, Moscow, Russia
| | - Marta Ksenofontova
- Scientific Research Institute of the Applied Ecology of the North, Ammosov North-Eastern Federal University, 677000, Yakutsk, Russia
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22
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Qiao M, Qi W, Liu H, Qu J. Oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the surface water environment: Occurrence, ecotoxicity, and sources. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 163:107232. [PMID: 35427839 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (OPAHs) have been ubiquitously detected in atmospheric, soil, sediment, and water environments, some of which show higher concentrations and toxicities than the parent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The occurrence, source, fate, risks and methods of analysis for OPAHs in the atmosphere, soil, and the whole environment (comprising the atmosphere, soil, water, and biota) have been reviewed, but reviews focusing on OPAHs in the water environment have been lacking. Due to the higher polarity and water solubility of OPAHs than PAHs, OPAHs exist preferentially in water environments. In this review, the occurrence, ecological toxicity and source of OPAHs in surface water environments are investigated in detail. Most OPAHs show higher concentrations than the corresponding PAHs in surface water environments. OPAHs pose non-ignorable ecological risks to surface water ecosystems. Wastewater treatment plant effluent, atmospheric deposition, surface runoff, photochemical and microbiological transformation, and sediment release are possible sources for OPAHs in surface water. This review will fill important knowledge gaps on the migration and transformation of typical OPAHs in multiple media and their environmental impact on surface water environments. Further studies on OPAHs in the surface environment, including their ecotoxicity with the co-existing PAHs and mass flows of OPAHs from atmospheric deposition, surface runoff, transformation from PAHs, and sediment release, are also encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Weixiao Qi
- Center for Water and Ecology, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Huijuan Liu
- Center for Water and Ecology, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jiuhui Qu
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Center for Water and Ecology, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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23
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Krzyszczak A, Dybowski M, Jośko I, Kusiak M, Sikora M, Czech B. The antioxidant defense responses of Hordeum vulgare L. to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their derivatives in biochar-amended soil. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 294:118664. [PMID: 34902526 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The recent studies indicated that the biochar (BC) may be a source of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) as well as their oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur-containing derivatives that are considered as more toxic pollutants than their parent compounds. Here, the assessment of the impact of various biochars addition (1% wt.) to soil on barley Hordeum vulgare L. growth was presented. The concentrations of bioavailable PAHs and their derivatives in biochar were determined. PAHs increased reactive oxygen species generation resulting in oxidative stress in organisms. In this study, the response of soil-grown plants was examined in terms of the activity of the antioxidative enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase), lipid peroxidation, and the expression of genes related to oxidative stress. The results indicate that despite low content of a bioavailable fraction of parent compounds and their derivatives (up to 4.45 ± 0.24 ng gbiochar-1 and 0.83 ± 0.03 ng L-1, respectively) the biochemical response of plant was present, the activity of superoxide dismutase increased up to 2 times, but the activity of the other enzymes was lowered. The transcript level values support the studies on enzymatic activity. The presence of PAHs and their derivatives induced oxidative stress slightly but the plant was able to mitigate it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Krzyszczak
- Department of Radiochemistry and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University in Lublin, Pl. M. Curie-Sklodowskiej 3, 20-031, Lublin, Poland
| | - Michał Dybowski
- Department of Chromatography, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie Sklodowska University in Lublin, Pl. M. Curie-Sklodowskiej 3, 20-031, Lublin, Poland
| | - Izabela Jośko
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agrobioengineering, University of Life Sciences, Akademicka 15 St., 20-950, Lublin, Poland
| | - Magdalena Kusiak
- Department of Biochemistry and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Life Sciences, Skromna 8 St., 20-704, Lublin, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Sikora
- Department of Biochemistry and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Life Sciences, Skromna 8 St., 20-704, Lublin, Poland
| | - Bożena Czech
- Department of Radiochemistry and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University in Lublin, Pl. M. Curie-Sklodowskiej 3, 20-031, Lublin, Poland.
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24
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Bandowe BAM, Shukurov N, Leimer S, Kersten M, Steinberger Y, Wilcke W. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soils of an industrial area in semi-arid Uzbekistan: spatial distribution, relationship with trace metals and risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2021; 43:4847-4861. [PMID: 34041653 PMCID: PMC8528758 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-021-00974-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations, composition patterns, transport and fate of PAHs in semi-arid and arid soils such as in Central Asia are not well known. Such knowledge is required to manage the risk posed by these toxic chemicals to humans and ecosystems in these regions. To fill this knowledge gap, we determined the concentrations of 21 parent PAHs, 4,5-methylenephenanthrene, 6 alkylated PAHs, and biphenyl in soils from 11 sampling locations (0-10, 10-20 cm soil depths) along a 20-km transect downwind from the Almalyk metal mining and metallurgical industrial complex (Almalyk MMC), Uzbekistan. The concentrations of Σ29 PAHs and Σ16 US-EPA PAHs were 41-2670 ng g-1 and 29-1940 ng g-1, respectively. The highest concentration of Σ29 PAHs occurred in the immediate vicinity of the copper smelting factory of the Almalyk MMC. The concentrations in topsoil decreased substantially to a value of ≤ 200 ng g-1 (considered as background concentration) at ≥ 2 km away from the factory. Low molecular weight PAHs dominated the PAH mixtures at less contaminated sites and high molecular weight PAHs at the most contaminated site. The concentration of Σ16 US-EPA PAHs did not exceed the precautionary values set by the soil quality guidelines of, e.g., Switzerland and Germany. Similarly, the benzo[a]pyrene equivalent concentration in soils near the Almalyk MMC did not exceed the value set by the Canadian guidelines for the protection of humans from carcinogenic PAHs in soils. Consequently, the cancer risk due to exposure to PAHs in these soils can be considered as low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A Musa Bandowe
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max-Planck Institute for Chemistry, Hahn-Meitner-Weg 1, 55128, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Nosir Shukurov
- Institute of Geology and Geophysics, State Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan for Geology and Mineral Resources, Olimlar street 64, Tashkent, Uzbekistan, 100041
- Geosciences Institute, Johannes Gutenberg-University, 55099, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sophia Leimer
- Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Reinhard-Baumeister-Platz 1, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Michael Kersten
- Geosciences Institute, Johannes Gutenberg-University, 55099, Mainz, Germany
| | - Yosef Steinberger
- The Mina and Everard Goodman, Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, 52900, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Wolfgang Wilcke
- Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Reinhard-Baumeister-Platz 1, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
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25
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Krzyszczak A, Czech B. Occurrence and toxicity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons derivatives in environmental matrices. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 788:147738. [PMID: 34023603 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In the last years, there is great attention paid to the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in different environmental matrices. Extensive reviews on PAHs presence and toxicity were published recently. However, PAHs formation and transformation in the environment lead to the production of PAHs derivatives containing oxygen (O-PAHs), nitrogen (N-PAHs and aazarenes AZA) or sulfur (PASHs) in the aromatic ring. The development of new analytical methods enabled the determination of these novel contaminants. The presence of oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur in PAHs aromatic rings increased their toxicity. The most common primary sources of PAHs derivatives are biological processes such as microbial activity (in soil, water, and wastewater treatment plants (O-PAHs)) and all processes involving combustion of fuel, coal, and biomass (O-PAHs, N-PAHs, AZA, PASHs). The secondary resources involved i) photochemical (UV light), ii) radical-mediated (OH, NO3), and iii) reactions with oxidants (O3, NOx) (O-PAHs, N-PAHs, AZA). Furthermore, N-PAHs were able to transform to their corresponding O-PAHs, while other derivatives were not. It indicated that N-PAHs are more vulnerable to photooxidation in the environment. 85% of O- and N-PAHs were detected with particle matter below 2.5 μm suggesting their easier bioaccessibility. More than 90% of compounds with four and more aromatic cycles were present in the particle phase in the air. Although the concentrations of N-PAHs or O-PAHs may be similar to PAHs concentration or even 1000 times lower than parent PAHs, PAHs derivatives accounted for a significant portion of the total mutagenicity. The present review is describing the results of the studies on the determination of PAHs derivatives in different environmental matrices including airborne particles, sediments, soil, and organisms. The mechanisms of their formation and toxicity were assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Krzyszczak
- Department of Radiochemistry and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Maria Curie-Sklodowska, Pl. M. Curie-Sklodowskiej 3, 20-031 Lublin, Poland
| | - Bożena Czech
- Department of Radiochemistry and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Maria Curie-Sklodowska, Pl. M. Curie-Sklodowskiej 3, 20-031 Lublin, Poland.
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26
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Anyanwu IN, Semple KT. Occurrence and Distribution of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Nitrogen-Containing Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Analogues in Soils from the Niger Delta, Nigeria. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2021.1977352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ihuoma N. Anyanwu
- Alex Ekwueme Federal University, Ndufu-Alike Ikwo, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - Kirk T. Semple
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster, United Kingdom
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Xia Z, Idowu I, Kerr E, Klaassen N, Assi H, Bray H, Marvin C, Thomas PJ, Stetefeld J, Tomy GT. New approaches to reduce sample processing times for the determination of polycyclic aromatic compounds in environmental samples. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 274:129738. [PMID: 33549885 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study validates two approaches to streamlining the processing of sediment and biota for a suite of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) with a wide range of chemical properties, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and alkyl-PAHs (APAHs), and a new class of environmental contaminants, halogenated PAHs (HPAHs). One method is based on one-step in situ extraction/cleanup using accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) in which a mixture of copper, deactivated alumina and silica gel were added directly to the ASE cell along with sample; the second technique is based on dispersive solid phase extraction (dSPE) using alumina/silica for cleanup of biota samples to augment conventional ASE extraction combined with gel permeation chromatography. Validation protocols were performed in accordance with the ISO/IEC 17025 guidelines, whereby method performance characteristics, i.e., accuracy, precision, linearity, limits of detection and ruggedness, were evaluated. Accuracies generally ranged from 70 to 120% for the in situ ASE method and 70-100% for the dSPE technique. Limits of detection/quantitation for the 45 target analytes for in situ ASE and dSPE methods were determined to be < 2.5/8 pg μL-1, and < 20/60 pg μL-1, respectively. Intra- and inter-day repeatability for both methods were < 25% except for 1 APAH which had an inter-day precision of 35% using the dSPE method. Neither method was affected by any of the purposeful changes attempted which implies that both methods are robust. Results of our validation studies showed excellent data quality for both methods in addition to achieving a reduction in sample processing times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Xia
- University of Manitoba, Department of Chemistry, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada.
| | - Ifeoluwa Idowu
- University of Manitoba, Department of Chemistry, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Evan Kerr
- University of Manitoba, Department of Chemistry, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Nicole Klaassen
- University of Manitoba, Department of Chemistry, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Harsimran Assi
- University of Manitoba, Department of Chemistry, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Harley Bray
- University of Manitoba, Department of Chemistry, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Chris Marvin
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, ON, L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Philippe J Thomas
- Wildlife Landscape Science Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0H3, Canada
| | - Jorg Stetefeld
- University of Manitoba, Department of Chemistry, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Gregg T Tomy
- University of Manitoba, Department of Chemistry, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada.
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28
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Chen X, Cheng X, Meng H, Selvaraj KK, Li H, He H, Du W, Yang S, Li S, Zhang L. Past, present, and future perspectives on the assessment of bioavailability/bioaccessibility of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: A 20-year systemic review based on scientific econometrics. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 774:145585. [PMID: 33607432 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Bioaccessibility/bioavailability (bioac-bioav) is an important criterion in the risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), especially in the restoration of contaminated sites. Although, the bioac-bioav concept is widely employed in PAH risk assessment for both humans and wildlife, their growth and integration in risk assessment models are seldom discussed. Consequently, the relevant literature listed on Web of Science (WOS)™ was retrieved and analyzed using the bibliometric software Citespace in order to gain a comprehensive understanding of this issue. Due to the limitations of the literature search software, we manually searched the articles about PAHs bioac-bioav that were published before 2000. This stage focuses on research on the distribution coefficient of PAHs between different environmental phases and laid the foundation for the adsorption-desorption of PAHs in subsequent studies of the bioac-bioav of PAHs. The research progress on PAH bioac-bioav from 2000 to the present was evaluated using the Citespace software based on country- and discipline-wise publication volumes and research hotspots. The development stages of PAH bioac-bioav after 2000 were divided into four time segments. The first three segments (2000-2005, 2006-2010, and 2011-2015) focused on the degradation of PAHs and their in vivo (bioavailability)-in vitro (bioaccessibility) evaluation method and risk assessment. Meanwhile, the current (2016-present) research focuses on the establishment of analytical methods for assessing PAH derivatives at environmental concentrations and the optimization of various in vitro digestion methods, including chemical optimization (sorptive sink) and biological optimization (Caco-2 cell). The contents are aimed at supplying researchers with a deeper understanding of the development of PAH bioac-bioav.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianxian Chen
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Engineering Lab of Water and Soil Eco-Remediation, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Xinying Cheng
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Engineering Lab of Water and Soil Eco-Remediation, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Han Meng
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Engineering Lab of Water and Soil Eco-Remediation, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Kumar Krishna Selvaraj
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Engineering Lab of Water and Soil Eco-Remediation, Nanjing 210023, PR China.
| | - Huiming Li
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Engineering Lab of Water and Soil Eco-Remediation, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Huan He
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Engineering Lab of Water and Soil Eco-Remediation, Nanjing 210023, PR China; College of Ecological and Resource Engineering, Fujian Provincial Key laboratory of Eco-Industrial Green Technology, Wuyi University, Wuyishan, Fujian 354300, PR China.
| | - Wenchao Du
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Engineering Lab of Water and Soil Eco-Remediation, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Shaogui Yang
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Engineering Lab of Water and Soil Eco-Remediation, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Shiyin Li
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Engineering Lab of Water and Soil Eco-Remediation, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Limin Zhang
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Engineering Lab of Water and Soil Eco-Remediation, Nanjing 210023, PR China; Green Economy Development Institute, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing 210023, PR China
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29
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Wilcke W, Bigalke M, Wei C, Han Y, Musa Bandowe BA. Global distribution of oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in mineral topsoils. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2021; 50:717-729. [PMID: 33825209 DOI: 10.1002/jeq2.20224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Hazardous oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (OPAHs) originate from combustion (primary sources) or postemission conversion of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) (secondary sources). We evaluated the global distribution of up to 15 OPAHs in 195 mineral topsoils from 33 study sites (covering 52° N-47° S, 71° W-118 °E) to identify indications of primary or secondary sources of OPAHs. The sums of the (frequently measured 7 and 15) OPAH concentrations correlated with those of the Σ16EPA-PAHs. The relationship of the Σ16EPA-PAH concentrations with the Σ7OPAH/Σ16EPA-PAH concentration ratios (a measure of the variable OPAH sources) could be described by a power function with a negative exponent <1, leveling off at a Σ16EPA-PAH concentration of approximately 400 ng g-1 . We suggest that below this value, secondary sources contributed more to the OPAH burden in soil than above this value, where primary sources dominated the OPAH mixture. This was supported by a negative correlation of the Σ16EPA-PAH concentrations with the contribution of the more readily biologically produced highly polar OPAHs (log octanol-water partition coefficient <3) to the Σ7OPAH concentrations. We identified mean annual precipitation (Spearman ρ = .33, p < .001, n = 143) and clay concentrations (ρ = .55, p < .001, n = 33) as important drivers of the Σ7OPAH/Σ16EPA-PAH concentration ratios. Our results indicate that at low PAH contamination levels, secondary sources contribute considerably and to a variable extent to total OPAH concentrations, whereas at Σ16EPA-PAH contamination levels >400 ng g-1 , there was a nearly constant Σ7OPAH/Σ16EPA-PAH ratio (0.08 ± 0.005 [SE], n = 80) determined by their combustion sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Wilcke
- Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Reinhard-Baumeister-Platz 1, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Moritz Bigalke
- Institute of Geography, Univ. of Bern, Hallerstrasse 12, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Chong Wei
- Shanghai Carbon Data Research Center, Key Lab. of Low-carbon Conversion Science and Engineering, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201210, China
- State Key Lab. of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Yongming Han
- State Key Lab. of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
- School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong Univ., Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Benjamin A Musa Bandowe
- Dep. of Multiphase Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Hahn-Meitner-Weg 1, 55128, Mainz, Germany
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Fate and Occurrence of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Their Derivatives in Water and Sediment from Songhua River, Northeast China. WATER 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/w13091196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The Songhua River is one of the most populated and oldest industrial areas in Northeast China. To understand the sources and distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their derivatives, such as 16 priority (PAHs), 33 methylated (Me-PAHs), and 12 nitrated (NPAHs) in river water and sediment, were noticed. The concentrations of ∑PAHs, ∑Me-PAHs, and ∑NPAHs in river water scaled from 135 to 563, 9.36 to 711, and 1.26 to 64.7 ng L−1, with mean values of 286, 310, and 17.9 ng L−1, and those in sediments were from 35.8 to 2000 ng g−1, 0.62 to 394 ng g−1, and 0.28 to 176 ng g−1 (dry weight) with mean values of 283, 103, and 21.7 ng g−1. The compositions proved that two-ring and three-ring compounds of PAHs, NPAHs, and four-ring, six-ring of Me-PAHs were prevalent in water samples; in contrast, four-ring dominated in sediments. Principal components analysis (PCA) and diagnostic ratios confirmed that pollutant source was mixed petrogenic and pyrogenic origin. The fugacity fraction (ƒƒ) was also calculated to explain the trend of sediment–water exchange, high ƒƒ values found in summer, for most HMW PAHs and Me-PAHs that these substances acted as a secondary source of emissions from sediment to water. The risk assessment for water was categorized as high.
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Yadav IC, Devi NL. Nitrated- and oxygenated-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon in urban soil from Nepal: Source assessment, air-soil exchange, and soil-air partitioning. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 211:111951. [PMID: 33513525 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.111951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In contrast to more frequently investigated priority pollutants, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), only little is known about the fate and distribution of nitrated- and oxygenated-PAHs (NPAHs and OPAHs) in urban soils, particularly in Indian sub-continent. Moreover, experimental data on air-soil exchange and soil-air partitioning are also lacking, which is critical in assessing the partitioning, fugacity coefficient, and secondary emission of PAH-derivatives. Hence, this article provides an insight into the fate, sources, air-soil exchange, and soil-air partitioning of PAH-derivatives on a molecular basis. Prospective health risk due to their exposure has also been discussed. The result showed that PAH-derivatives had significantly polluted all four Nepalese cities. Ʃ15NPAHs and Ʃ2OPAHs in soil were 4 and 20 times lower than their parent-PAHs, and ranged 396-2530 ng/g (median 458 ng/g) and 91.9-199 ng/g (median 94.9 ng/g), respectively. Ʃ15NPAHs was higher than a few global studies, while Ʃ2OPAHs was lower than some of the less urbanized/remote areas worldwide. The 6-Nitobenzo[a]pyrene (6-NBaP) was most abundant in soil, and accounted for 10-12% of Ʃ15NPAHs, while Benzanthrone (BZONE) exceeded among OPAHs, and represented 71-76% of Ʃ2OPAHs, respectively. Source identification study indicated that direct emissions from domestic/residential cooking and heating and secondary formations are the essential sources of derivative chemicals in soil. Fugacity fraction ratio (fratio) indicated volatilization from the soil. The soil-air partitioning study showed sorption by soil organic matter/black carbon has little role in soil-air partitioning of PAH-derivatives in Nepal's urban soil. The toxicity equivalency quotients (TEQs) of NPAHs (314 ± 102 ng/g) was estimated slightly higher than their parent-PAHs (294 ± 121 ng/g) suggesting a relatively higher risk of soil toxicity in Nepal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishwar Chandra Yadav
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China; Department of International Environmental and Agricultural Science (IEAS), Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology (TUAT), 3-5-8, Saiwai-Cho, Fuchu-Shi, Tokyo 1838509, Japan.
| | - Ningombam Linthoingambi Devi
- Department of Environmental Science, Central University of South Bihar, SH-7 Gaya-Panchanpur Road, Gaya 824236, Bihar, INDIA
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Anyanwu IN, Sikoki FD, Semple KT. Risk assessment of PAHs and N-PAH analogues in sediment cores from the Niger Delta. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2020; 161:111684. [PMID: 33035758 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Chemical-surveys of sediments are source of information about historical-pollution in aquatic-ecosystems, because ecological/human-health risks may arise from polycyclic-aromatic-hydrocarbons (PAHs) and nitrogen-PAHs presence in aquatic-environments, particularly sediments, where they partition. Despite this, sediment-PAHs/N-PAHs have not been reported in the Niger Delta. This study investigated vertical-profiles of PAHs/N-PAHs in 2 cm-intervals-segments from Bonny Estuary, Niger Delta. Analysis showed that ƩPAHs/ƩN-PAHs in segments ranged from 8699 to 22,528 μg/kg and 503 to 2020 μg/kg, respectively. Abundant-PAH/N-PAH are 2,6-dimethyl-naphthalene and benzo[a]acridine. PAHs/N-PAHs in the samples appeared to be from petrogenic and pyrogenic-sources. Petrogenic-PAHs/N-PAHs were predominated by 2-, 3-rings, alkylated-substituents, while, pyrogenic-PAHs/N-PAHs were dominated by 4-, 5-, 6-rings. Surface-sediments were dominated by petrogenic-PAHs/N-PAHs while, deeper-cores were heavily-contaminated with pyrogenic-PAHs/N-PAHs. ƩPAHs exceeded the ISQGs and PELs of CSQGs. Ʃ-quinoline/Ʃ-acridine exceeded the guidelines for protection of aquatic-life. Furthermore, there are concerns over toxic-ratios >70% in the estuary. Such surveys may be helpful in future sediment-management-decisions for contaminated-systems and long-term-monitoring of sediments to assess remediation/recovery. CAPSULE: Distinct sources of PAHs and N-PAHs exist in the Niger Delta ecosystem and, there are concerns over toxic ratios >70% in the oil rich region and the potential for adverse biological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ihuoma N Anyanwu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Alex Ekwueme Federal University Ndufu-Alike, P.M.B 1010, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria; Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom.
| | - Francis D Sikoki
- Centre for Marine Pollution Monitoring and Seafood Safety, University of Port Harcourt, P.M.B 5323, Choba, Rivers State, Nigeria
| | - Kirk T Semple
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
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Du J, Xia Y, Zhao F, Zeng B. Preparation of gold nanoparticles and barium coordination polymer doped polypyrrole solid-phase microextraction coating for the detection of nitropolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Tan W, Liu N, Dang Q, Cui D, Xi B, Yu H. Insights into the removal efficiencies of aged polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in humic acids of different soil aggregate fractions by various oxidants. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 264:114678. [PMID: 32375091 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Chemically oxidative removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soil is related to their occurrence state. Whether the heterogeneity of natural organic matter has an effect on the occurrence of PAHs in soil and, if there is an effect, on the oxidative removal efficiency of PAHs remains unknown. In this study, the removal efficiencies of 16 priority PAHs aged in humic acids (HAs) of different soil aggregate fractions by various oxidants were investigated by combining soil fractionation and microreaction experiments. Results showed that the accumulations of PAHs in particulate HA (P-HA) and microaggregate occluded HA (MO-HA) mainly occurred in the early period of the aging time frame. In contrast, PAH accumulation in non-aggregated silt and clay associated HA (NASCA-HA) was relatively slow and tended to saturate in the late period of the aging time frame. The cumulative contents of PAHs throughout the entire aging period in MO-HA and NASCA-HA were significantly greater than that in P-HA. The aged PAHs in P-HA and NASCA-HA exhibited the highest and lowest removal efficiencies, respectively. This ranking was mainly governed by the molecular size and polarity of HAs. Sodium persulfate and potassium permanganate had the highest removal efficiencies in total PAHs in HAs, with average efficiencies of 85.8% and 79.1%, respectively, in P-HA. Hydrogen peroxide had the lowest degradation efficiency in PAHs. In particular, the degradation efficiency of total PAHs in NASCA-HA was lowered to 31.0%. PAH congeners in HAs showed a large difference in oxidative removal efficiency. Low-ring PAH was more easily degraded than medium- and high-ring PAHs, and in most treatments, fluoranthene and pyrene in the medium ring and benzo[a]pyrene in the high ring demonstrated higher efficiencies than other PAHs with the same number of rings. Our findings are useful in promoting the accurate and green remediation of PAH-contaminated soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbing Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, and State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Simulation and Control of Groundwater Pollution, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Niankai Liu
- Department of the History of Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Qiuling Dang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, and State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Simulation and Control of Groundwater Pollution, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Dongyu Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, and State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Simulation and Control of Groundwater Pollution, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Beidou Xi
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, and State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Simulation and Control of Groundwater Pollution, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
| | - Hong Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, and State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Simulation and Control of Groundwater Pollution, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
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Du PP, Huang YH, Lü H, Xiang L, Li YW, Li H, Mo CH, Cai QY, Li QX. Rice root exudates enhance desorption and bioavailability of phthalic acid esters (PAEs) in soil associating with cultivar variation in PAE accumulation. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 186:109611. [PMID: 32668551 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Phthalic acid esters (PAEs) is a class of prevalent pollutants in agricultural soil, threating food safety through crop uptake and accumulation of PAEs. Accumulation of PAEs varies largely among crop species and cultivars. Nevertheless, how root exudates affect PAE bioavailability, dissipation, uptake and accumulation is still not well understood. In the present study, desorption and pot experiments were designed to investigate how root exudates from high-(Peizataifeng) and low-(Fengyousimiao) PAE accumulating rice cultivars affect soil PAE bioavailability, dissipation, and accumulation variation. Rice root exudates including low molecular weight organic acids (LMWOAs) of Peizataifeng and Fengyousimiao could enhance desorption of two typical PAE compounds, di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) and di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), from aged soil to their available fractions by increasing soil dissolved organic carbon (DOC), thus improving their bioavailability in soil. Peizataifeng produced twice higher amounts of oxalic acid, critic acid and malonic acid in root exudates, and exhibited stronger effects on enhancing desorption and bioavailability of DBP and DEHP than Fengyousimiao. Higher (by about 50%) total organic carbon contents of root exudates from Peizataifeng led to higher (by 10-30%) soil microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen than Fengyousimiao, and thus promoted more PAE dissipation from soil than Fengyousimiao. Nevertheless, higher (by 20-50%) soil DOC and significantly higher PAE bioavailability in the soils planted Peizataifeng resulted in greater (by 53-93%) PAE accumulation in roots and shoots of Peizataifeng than Fengyousimiao, confirming by higher (by 1.82-3.48 folds) shoot and root bioconcentration factors of Peizataifeng than Fengyousimiao. This study reveals that the difference in root exudate extent and LMWOAs between Peizataifeng and Fengyousimiao differentiates PAE accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Pei Du
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Yu-Hong Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Huixiong Lü
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Lei Xiang
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Yan-Wen Li
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Hui Li
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Ce-Hui Mo
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Quan-Ying Cai
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
| | - Qing X Li
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA
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Li S, Huang Y, Zhang M, Gao Y, Pan C, Deng K, Fan B. Remediation of 1-Nitropyrene in Soil: A Comparative Study with Pyrene. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17061914. [PMID: 32183486 PMCID: PMC7142859 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17061914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (nPAHs) are ubiquitous environmental pollutants, which exhibits higher toxicity than their corresponding parent PAHs (pPAHs). Recent studies demonstrated that the nPAHs could represent major soil pollution, however the remediation of nPAHs has been rarely reported. In this study, biological, physical, and chemical methods have been applied to remove 1-nitropyrene, the model nPAH, in contaminated soil. A comparative study with pyrene has also been investigated and evaluated. The results suggest that the physical method with activated carbon is an efficient and economical approach, removing 88.1% and 78.0% of 1-nitropyrene and pyrene respectively, within one day. The zero-valent ion has a similar removal performance on 1-nitropyrene (83.1%), converting 1-nitropyrene to 1-aminopyrene in soil via chemical reduction and decreasing the mutagenicity and carcinogenicity of 1-nitropyrene. Biological remediation that employs scallion as a plant model can reduce 55.0% of 1-nitropyrene in soil (from 39.6 to 17.8 μg/kg), while 77.9% of pyrene can be removed by plant. This indicates that nPAHs might be more persistent than corresponding pPAHs in soil. It is anticipated that this study could draw public awareness of nitro-derivatives of pPAHs and provide remediation technologies of carcinogenic nPAHs in soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Li
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (S.L.); (Y.H.); (M.Z.); (Y.G.)
| | - Yatao Huang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (S.L.); (Y.H.); (M.Z.); (Y.G.)
| | - Minhui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (S.L.); (Y.H.); (M.Z.); (Y.G.)
| | - Yanchen Gao
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (S.L.); (Y.H.); (M.Z.); (Y.G.)
| | - Canping Pan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China;
| | - Kailin Deng
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (S.L.); (Y.H.); (M.Z.); (Y.G.)
- Correspondence: (K.D.); (B.F.); Tel.: +86-010-62815969 (K.D.)
| | - Bei Fan
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (S.L.); (Y.H.); (M.Z.); (Y.G.)
- Correspondence: (K.D.); (B.F.); Tel.: +86-010-62815969 (K.D.)
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Idowu O, Semple KT, Ramadass K, O'Connor W, Hansbro P, Thavamani P. Analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their polar derivatives in soils of an industrial heritage city of Australia. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 699:134303. [PMID: 33736201 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge about polar derivatives of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soils is limited despite the extensive study of the environmental presence and persistence of non-polar parent PAHs. Polar PAHs have greater potential to be more toxic at low environmental concentrations compared to their homocyclic analogues. For both polar and non-polar PAHs, combustion of fossil fuels is often the main source especially in industrialised environments. This study investigated the concentration profiles of PAHs and its associated polar PAHs such as nitrated PAHs (NPAHs), oxygenated PAHs (oxy-PAHs) and nitrogen, sulphur and oxygen heterocyclic PAHs (N/S/O-heterocyclic PAHs) in a well-known industrial heritage city of Australia. The most abundant polar PAHs were 9-fluorenone (oxy-PAHs), 2-nitrofluorene (NPAHs) and carbazole (heterocyclic-PAHs). A positive correlation (r = 0.5, p < 0.01) between ∑13PAHs and ∑19 polar PAHs was observed, implying a possible spatial association between parent and polar PAHs. The concentrations of polar PAHs in soil samples, across various landuse patterns, were used to calculate the excess lifetime cancer risk (ELCR) from incidental ingestion of soils. The computed ELCR values ranged from 8.2*10-7 (industrial soils) to 2.3*10-6 (residential soils), indicating negligible cancer risks. This is the first known study on the occurrence and concentrations of polar and non-polar PAHs in any Australian city, and the results may serve a baseline purpose for improved risk assessment of contaminated sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluyoye Idowu
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Kirk T Semple
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
| | - Kavitha Ramadass
- Global Innovative Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials (GICAN), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Wayne O'Connor
- Port Stephens Fisheries Institute, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Port Stephens, NSW 2316, Australia
| | - Phil Hansbro
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia; University of Technology Sydney, Faculty of Science, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Palanisami Thavamani
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
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Mohammadi F, Samaei MR, Azhdarpoor A, Teiri H, Badeenezhad A, Rostami S. Modelling and Optimizing Pyrene Removal from the Soil by Phytoremediation using Response Surface Methodology, Artificial Neural Networks, and Genetic Algorithm. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 237:124486. [PMID: 31398609 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to model and optimize pyrene removal from the soil contaminated by sorghum bicolor plant using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) with Genetic Algorithm (GA) approach. Here, the effects of indole acetic acid (IAA) and pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria on increasing pyrene removal efficiency by phytoremediation process was studied. The experimental design was done using the Box-Behnken Design (BBD) technique. In the RSM model, the non-linear second-order model was in good agreement with the laboratory results. A two-layer Feed-Forward Back-Propagation Neural Network (FFBPNN) model was designed. Various training algorithms were evaluated and the Levenberg Marquardt (LM) algorithm was selected as the best one. Existence of eight neurons in the hidden layer leads to the highest R and lowest MSE and MAE. The results of the GA determined the optimum performance conditions. The results showed that using indole acetic acid and pseudomonas bacteria increased the efficiency of the sorghum plant in removing pyrene from the soil. The comparison obviously indicated that the prediction capability of the ANN model was much better than that of the RSM model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzaneh Mohammadi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Samaei
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Abooalfazl Azhdarpoor
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hakimeh Teiri
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ahmad Badeenezhad
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Behbahan Faculty of Medical Sciences, Behbahan, Iran
| | - Saeid Rostami
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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