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Utzet M, Llorens-Serrano C, Ayala-Garcia A, Esteve-Matalí L, Navarro-Giné A, Bacigalupe A. Women working as cleaners in Spain: working conditions and use of psychotropic drugs. Occup Environ Med 2024:oemed-2024-109456. [PMID: 39242211 DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2024-109456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 08/10/2024] [Indexed: 09/09/2024]
Abstract
GOALS To describe the exposure to psychosocial risks at work and the consumption of psychotropic drugs and opioids among women working as cleaners; and to analyse the association between their exposure to psychosocial risks and drug use. METHODS Observational cross-sectional study based on an online survey (collected during April and May 2021) from the wage-earning population in Spain. In this study, only women working in manual occupations were included (n=3430). Working conditions and drug consumption of cleaning workers were compared with those of other manual workers through bivariate analysis. The adjusted prevalence ratios and the corresponding 95% CIs were estimated using Poisson regression models with robust variance. RESULTS Cleaning workers were older and had more problems making ends meet than other manual workers and were significantly more exposed to low possibilities for development (85.2 (95% CI 81.8 to 88.0)), high strain (51.9 (95% CI 47.3 to 55.9)) and low social support from colleagues (72.0 (95% CI 68.1 to 75.7)) and supervisors (61.7 (95% CI 57.3 to 65.6)). They also scored higher prevalence rates for the use of tranquillisers (37.7 (95% CI 32.0 to 43.3)) and opioids (33.3 (95% CI 27.9 to 38.6)) consumption indicators. This consumption was associated significantly with high strain exposure and high insecurity over working conditions. DISCUSSION Under the umbrella of the 2012 labour reform, cleaning companies shift the pressure and burden they have on ordinary cleaning staff in the form of low wages and precarious working conditions. Our results imply that addressing adverse working conditions, mainly high strain and insecurity over working conditions, may significantly contribute to reducing the gender and social inequalities among cleaning workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireia Utzet
- Centro de Investigación en Salud Laboral, Universitat Pompeu Fabra / HMRI - Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Catalunya, España
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, España
| | - Clara Llorens-Serrano
- Instituto Sindical de Trabajo, Ambiente y Salud (ISTAS-F1M), Centro de Referencia en Organización del Trabajo y Salud, Barcelona, España
- Grup de recerca en riscos psicosocials, organització del treball i salut (POWAH), Institut d'Estudis del Treball (IET), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalunya, Espanya
| | - Amaya Ayala-Garcia
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, España
- HMRI (Hospital del Mar Research Institute), Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience Research Group, Neurosciences Research Program, Barcelona, España
| | - Laura Esteve-Matalí
- Grup de recerca en riscos psicosocials, organització del treball i salut (POWAH), Institut d'Estudis del Treball (IET), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalunya, Espanya
- Unitat de Bioestadística, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalunya, Espanya
| | - Albert Navarro-Giné
- Grup de recerca en riscos psicosocials, organització del treball i salut (POWAH), Institut d'Estudis del Treball (IET), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalunya, Espanya
- Unitat de Bioestadística, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalunya, Espanya
| | - Amaia Bacigalupe
- Departamento de Sociología y Trabajo Social, Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, Leioa, España
- Grupo de Investigación en Determinantes Sociales de la Salud y Cambio Demográfico, OPIK, Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, Leioa, España
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2
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Karl M, Staudt A, Vives A, Kopp M, Weise V, Mack JT, Steudte-Schmiedgen S, Seidler A, Garthus-Niegel S. Validation of the Employment Precariousness Scale and its associations with mental health outcomes: results from a prospective community-based study of pregnant women and their partners in Dresden, Germany. BMJ Open 2024; 14:e077206. [PMID: 39214661 PMCID: PMC11367369 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-077206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To translate the Employment Precariousness Scale (EPRES) from Spanish into German (EPRES-Ge), adapt it to the German context, assess the psychometric properties and show prospective associations with mental health outcomes within the peripartum period. DESIGN Analyses encompassed descriptive statistics, exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to validate the structure of the EPRES, and multivariate regression analyses with mental health outcomes 8 weeks after birth. PARTICIPANTS Self-report data from 3,455 pregnant women and their partners within the Dresden Study on Parenting, Work, and Mental Health prospective longitudinal cohort study were used. RESULTS The EPRES-Ge with five dimensions and 20 items showed good internal consistency (Cronbach's α=0.77). All scales showed good reliability coefficients of α=0.73-0.85 and good item-subscale correlations of r=0.63-0.98, with the exception of subscale rights, which showed poor reliability of α=0.30 and item-subscale correlations of r=0.45-0.68. Exploratory analysis and CFA confirmed the proposed five-dimensional structure, explaining 45.08% of the cumulative variance. Regression analyses with mental health outcomes after birth revealed statistically significant associations (β=0.12-0.20). CONCLUSIONS The EPRES-Ge is a valuable tool for assessing employment precariousness as a multidimensional construct. The scales could be adapted to the German working context. Precarious employment, as measured by the EPRES-Ge, is a determinant of mental health problems in young families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlene Karl
- Department of Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Institute and Policlinic of Occupational and Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Andreas Staudt
- Institute and Policlinic of Occupational and Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Institute for Community Medicine, Section Methods in Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Alejandra Vives
- Public Health, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marie Kopp
- Institute and Policlinic of Occupational and Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Victoria Weise
- Institute and Policlinic of Occupational and Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Judith T Mack
- Institute and Policlinic of Occupational and Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Susann Steudte-Schmiedgen
- Department of Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Andreas Seidler
- Institute and Policlinic of Occupational and Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Susan Garthus-Niegel
- Institute and Policlinic of Occupational and Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Institute for Systems Medicine (ISM) and Faculty of Medicine, MSH Medical School Hamburg University of Applied Sciences and Medical University, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Childhood and Families, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
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3
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O’Campo P, Gunn V, Perri M, Buhariwala P, Rasoulain E, Daneshvardfard M, Ma RW, Lewchuck W, Baron S, Bodin T, Muntaner C. Working Conditions, Worker Rights, and Managerial Domination During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Assessing Their Toll on Precariously Employed Workers and Family Well-Being. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH AND HEALTH SERVICES 2024; 54:233-246. [PMID: 38813773 PMCID: PMC11157980 DOI: 10.1177/27551938241253789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Precarious Employment (PE) is characterized by job, income, and benefit insecurities. Studies surrounding PE and well-being have been predominantly quantitative, leaving a gap in rich descriptions of employment experiences. We recruited a sample of 40 adults aged 25-55 who were involved in PE during the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic or lost employment due to the pandemic. Semi-structured interviews were administered. Employment and income insecurities were common and had negative impacts on the well-being of participants and their families. Uncertainty about future employment prospects and job and income loss resulted in chronic distress. Other insecurities-access to benefits, violation of worker rights, worker safety-was also reported as impacting well-being. The COVID-19 pandemic deepened insecurities, hardships, and distress among workers with PE conditions. Given the myriad insecurities experienced by those engaged in PE, the focus of precarious work research should also include working conditions, violation of worker rights, and managerial domination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia O’Campo
- MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Virginia Gunn
- MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Cape Breton University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Unit of Occupational Medicine, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Melissa Perri
- MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Pearl Buhariwala
- MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Elham Rasoulain
- MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Rachel W Ma
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Wayne Lewchuck
- Department of Economics and School of Labour Studies, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Sherry Baron
- Barry Commoner Center for Health and the Environment, Queens College, City University of New York, Queens, NY, USA
| | - Theo Bodin
- Unit of Occupational Medicine, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Stockholm Region, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carles Muntaner
- MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Lawrence S. Bloomberg School of Nursing, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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4
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Hajat A, Andrea SB, Oddo VM, Winkler MR, Ahonen EQ. Ramifications of Precarious Employment for Health and Health Inequity: Emerging Trends from the Americas. Annu Rev Public Health 2024; 45:235-251. [PMID: 38012123 PMCID: PMC11128534 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-publhealth-071321-042437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Precarious employment (PE), which encompasses the power relations between workers and employers, is a well-established social determinant of health that has strong ramifications for health and health inequity. In this review, we discuss advances in the measurement of this multidimensional construct and provide recommendations for overcoming continued measurement challenges. We then evaluate recent evidence of the negative health impacts of PE, with a focus on the burgeoning studies from North America and South America. We also establish the role of PE in maintaining and perpetuating health inequities and review potential policy solutions to help alleviate its health burden. Last, we discuss future research directions with a call for a better understanding of the heterogeneity within PE and for research that focuses both on upstream drivers that shape PE and its impacts on health, as well as on the mechanisms by which PE causes poor health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjum Hajat
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA;
| | - Sarah B Andrea
- School of Public Health, Oregon Health and Sciences University-Portland State University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Vanessa M Oddo
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Megan R Winkler
- Department of Behavioral, Social and Health Education Sciences, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Emily Q Ahonen
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Health, Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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Ervin J, LaMontagne AD, Taouk Y, King T. Trajectories of job insecurity and the probability of poorer mental health among prime working-age Australian women and men. Soc Sci Med 2024; 349:116902. [PMID: 38663146 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2024.116902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/21/2024]
Abstract
Precarious and insecure employment arrangements are important social determinants of health. Prior evidence has consistently found perceived job insecurity to be associated with poorer mental health. Nonetheless, several key under-researched areas remain in the existing evidence base. This study addresses some of these gaps by examining trajectories of job (in)security and assessing the effect of various persistent job security trajectories on subsequent mental health of both men and women. Utilising 15 waves of data from the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) Survey, we employed group-based trajectory modelling (GBTM) to identify trajectories of job (in)security through men and women's prime working years (from baseline age of 28-38yrs to 41-51yrs) across 14 years (waves 5-18), before subsequently examining the associations between these estimated trajectories and mental health at wave 19 (aged 42-52yrs). We identified four distinct trajectories of job (in)security for both men and women: persistently secure, becoming more secure, becoming less secure, and persistently insecure. Examining the association between these trajectories and mental health, we found that chronic exposure to any amount of persistent job insecurity (improving, worsening or persistently insecure) is detrimental to the mental health of both men and women. Furthermore, a somewhat incremental or dose dependant effect was found, with persistent job insecurity associated with the largest declines in mental health scores. Given mental health disorders are a substantial cause of disability globally, our study provides evidence that developing policy and practice interventions to reduce job insecurity (as an increasingly recognised and highly modifiable social determinant of mental health) has considerable potential to enact positive population health improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Ervin
- Centre for Health Policy, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Anthony D LaMontagne
- Institute for Health Transformation & School of Health & Social Development, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yamna Taouk
- Centre for Health Policy, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tania King
- Centre for Health Policy, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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6
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Thern E, Elling DL, Badarin K, Hernando Rodríguez JC, Bodin T. Precarious employment in young adulthood and later alcohol-related morbidity: a register-based cohort study. Occup Environ Med 2024; 81:201-208. [PMID: 38627100 PMCID: PMC11103336 DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2023-109315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/30/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The prevalence of precarious employment is increasing, particularly among young adults where less is known about the long-term health consequences. The present study aims to test if being precariously employed in young adulthood is associated with an increased risk of alcohol-related morbidity later in life. METHODS A register-based cohort study was conducted in Sweden. The Swedish Work, Illness, and Labor-market Participation (SWIP) cohort was used to identify individuals who were aged 27 years between 2000 and 2003 (n=339 403). Information on labour market position (precarious employment, long-term unemployment, substandard employment and standard employment relations) was collected for young people 3 years after graduation from school using nationwide registers. Details about alcohol-related morbidity during a 28-year follow-up period were collected from the National Hospital Discharge Register. Data on sex, age, country of birth, education and previous poor health were also obtained from the registers. RESULTS Young adults in precarious employment had an increased risk of alcohol-related morbidity compared with individuals of the same age in standard employment (HR 1.43, 95% CI 1.32 to 1.55), after adjusting for several important covariates. A stronger association was found among young men who were precariously employed compared with young women. CONCLUSION This nationwide register-based study conducted in Sweden with a long-term follow-up suggests that being precariously employed in young adulthood is associated with an increased risk of alcohol-related morbidity later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emelie Thern
- Institute of Environmental Medicine (IMM), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Devy L Elling
- Institute of Environmental Medicine (IMM), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kathryn Badarin
- Institute of Environmental Medicine (IMM), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Theo Bodin
- Institute of Environmental Medicine (IMM), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Centre for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
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Baek SU, Lee YM, Yoon JH. Association of precarious employment with depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation among female workers: Findings from a nationwide longitudinal study in Korea. J Affect Disord 2024; 351:931-938. [PMID: 38309477 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2024.01.222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this study, we examined the relationship of precarious employment (PE) with depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation among Korean women. METHODS We included a nationwide sample of 4162 women drawn from the Korean Longitudinal Study of Women and Families, comprising 7566 observations. PE was assessed using three dimensions: employment insecurity, income inadequacy, and lack of rights and protection. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the 10-item version of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale. Generalized estimating equations were used to estimate the association between each element of PE and the depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation over a two-year follow-up period, represented as odds ratios (ORs) and confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS The overall prevalence rates of depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation were 11.8 % and 1.9 %, respectively. Compared with permanent employment, fixed-term employment (OR [95 % CI]:1.29 [1.00-1.67]) or daily employment (OR [95 % CI]:1.53 [1.26-1.99]) was associated with the depressive symptoms at the follow-up. Additionally, lack of social benefits (OR [95 % CI]:1.40 [1.09-1.79]) and high perceived vulnerability (OR [95 % CI]:1.27 [1.08-1.49]) were associated with the depressive symptoms at the follow-up. Additionally, daily employment was associated with the suicidal ideation at the follow-up (OR [95 % CI]:1.94 [1.02-3.68]) and high perceived vulnerability was marginally associated with an increased suicidal ideation risk (OR [95 % CI]:1.49 [0.98-2.29]). LIMITATION Causal effect of PE could not be asserted due to the observational nature of this study. CONCLUSIONS PE is a social determinant of women's mental health and policy interventions are required to improve their employment conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Uk Baek
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; The Institute for Occupational Health, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Graduate School, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Min Lee
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; The Institute for Occupational Health, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Ha Yoon
- The Institute for Occupational Health, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Preventive Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Martín-Román ÁL, Moral A, Pinillos-Franco S. Are women breaking the glass ceiling? A gendered analysis of the duration of sick leave in Spain. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEALTH ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT 2024; 24:107-134. [PMID: 37095293 PMCID: PMC10124936 DOI: 10.1007/s10754-023-09351-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
We study the gender gap in the duration of sick leave in Spain by splitting this duration into two types of days - those which are related to biological characteristics and those derived from behavioral reasons. Using the Statistics of Accidents at Work for 2011-2019, we found that women presented longer standard durations (i.e., purely attached to physiological reasons) compared to men. However, when estimating individuals' efficiency as the ratio between actual and standard durations, we found that women were more inefficient at lower levels of income, whereas in case of men, this occurred at higher levels of income. These results were reinforced when considering that men and women do not recover from the same injury at the same rate. Women were more efficient than men across all the compensation distribution, especially at higher income levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángel L Martín-Román
- Dpto. Análisis Económico, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales Jurídicas Y de La Comunicación, Universidad de Valladolid, Plaza Universidad, 40005, Segovia, Spain.
| | - Alfonso Moral
- Dpto. Análisis Económico, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales Jurídicas Y de La Comunicación, Universidad de Valladolid, Plaza Universidad, 40005, Segovia, Spain
| | - Sara Pinillos-Franco
- Dpto. Análisis Económico, Facultad de Ciencias Económicas Y Empresariales, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Calle Francisco Tomás Y Valiente 5, 28049, Madrid, Spain
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Ervin J, Taouk Y, Hewitt B, King T. The gendered associations between precarious employment and mental health in working-age Australians: A longitudinal analysis using 16 waves of the HILDA survey. Soc Sci Med 2023; 339:116382. [PMID: 37977018 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Unemployment and precarious employment (PE) are routinely found to be associated with poorer mental health. Importantly, women are over-represented in PE (due to disproportionate unpaid care demands), yet a gender lens has been lacking in much of the extant literature. This study addresses several gaps by reconsidering how PE can be conceptualised from a gender perspective and examining the impact of differing levels of multidimensional PE on the mental health of working-age Australians. Utilising sixteen annual waves (2005-2020) of the HILDA survey, this longitudinal study employed mixed-effects analysis and Mundlak modelling to examine the association between PE and mental health in working-age (25-64yrs) adults. Mental health was assessed using the MHI-5 scale. A multidimensional PE scale (based on objective and subjective indicators) was developed and three levels of precarity were modelled. 19,442 participants were included in the analyses and all models were stratified by gender. We found women experience greater exposure to PE in Australia, and our results showed a ubiquitously strong and negative association between PE and mental health in both women and men, across all levels of PE, with a dose dependent association observed with increasing PE. Additional adjustment for prior mental health slightly attenuated effect sizes, but the strength and direction of all associations were unchanged. This study provides longitudinal evidence of the detrimental impact of PE on the mental health of working age Australians, highlighting the importance of labour regulations and employment policies to minimize PE for all adults. However, given women's differential exposure to PE, this study also reinforces the urgent need for gender-sensitive social policies to address continued inequity in the division of unpaid household labour to promote a more equitable paid labour market into the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Ervin
- Centre for Health Equity, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Yamna Taouk
- Centre for Health Equity, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Belinda Hewitt
- School of Social and Political Sciences, Faculty of Arts, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tania King
- Centre for Health Equity, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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10
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Thern E, Matilla-Santander N, Hernando-Rodriguez JC, Almroth M, Bodin T. Precarious employment in early adulthood and later mental health problems: a register-linked cohort study. J Epidemiol Community Health 2023; 77:755-761. [PMID: 37567755 PMCID: PMC10646894 DOI: 10.1136/jech-2023-220817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Precarious employment is a determinant of self-reported mental health problems among young adults. Less is known about more severe and objectively measured health outcomes, such as mental health problems requiring inpatient care. The current study aims to investigate the effect of precarious employment in early adulthood on later mental health problems requiring inpatient care. METHOD A register-based cohort study, based on the Swedish Work, Illness and Labor-market Participation cohort, was conducted, following a cohort of young adults aged 27 years between 2000 and 2003 (born between 1973 and 1976) (n=339 403). Information on labour market position in early adulthood (precarious employment, substandard employment, unemployment and standard employment) was collected from registers 3 years after graduating from school. Information on the outcome of mental health problems (depression, anxiety and stress-related disorders) was collected from the National Patient Register. HRs with 95% CIs were obtained by Cox regression analyses. RESULTS After adjusting for important covariates, such as prior mental health problems, compared with individuals in standard employment, individuals who were precariously employed in early adulthood had an increased risk of later mental health problems (HRadjusted: 1.51 95% CI 1.42 to 1.60). The association between precarious employment and mental health was slightly stronger for males. CONCLUSIONS In Sweden, entry into the labour market with precarious employment is associated with an increased risk of mental health problems, which is important given that precarious employment is becoming more prevalent among young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emelie Thern
- Unit of Occupational Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | - Melody Almroth
- Unit of Occupational Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Theo Bodin
- Unit of Occupational Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Centre for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
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11
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Spitzer DL, Thambiah S, Wong YL, Kaundan MK. Globalization and the health and well-being of migrant domestic workers in Malaysia. Global Health 2023; 19:29. [PMID: 37095521 PMCID: PMC10124681 DOI: 10.1186/s12992-023-00925-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neoliberal globalization contributes to the out-migration of labour from sending countries in the global South. Supported by multilateral organizations including the IMF and World Bank, the migration and development nexus holds that nations and households in migrant sending countries can migrate their way out of poverty. Two countries that embrace this paradigm, the Philippines and Indonesia, are major suppliers of migrant labour including domestic workers, and Malaysia is a primary destination country. THEORY AND METHODS We deployed a multi-scalar and intersectional lens to highlight the impact of global forces and policies, interacting with constructions of gender and national identity, to explore the health and wellbeing of migrant domestic workers in Malaysia. In addition to documentary analysis, we conducted face-to-face interviews with 30 Indonesian and 24 Filipino migrant domestic workers, five representatives from civil society organizations, three government representatives, and four individuals engaged in labour brokerage and the health screening of migrant workers in Kuala Lumpur. RESULTS Migrant domestic workers in Malaysia work long hours in private homes and are not protected by labour laws. Workers were generally satisfied with their access to health services; however, their intersectional status, which is both an outcome of, and contextualized by, the lack of opportunities in their own country, prolonged familial separation, low wages, and lack of control in the workplace, contributed to stress and related disorders-which we regard as the embodied manifestation of their migratory experiences. Migrant domestic workers eased these ill effects through self-care, spiritual practices, and the embrace of gendered values of self-sacrifice for the family as a form of solace. CONCLUSIONS Structural inequities and the mobilization of gendered values of self-abnegation underpin the migration of domestic workers as a development strategy. While individual self-care practices were used to cope with the hardships of their work and family separation, these efforts did not remedy the harms nor redress structural inequities wrought by neoliberal globalization. Improvements in the long-term health and wellbeing of Indonesian and Filipino migrant domestic workers in Malaysia cannot focus solely on the preparation and maintenance of healthy bodies for productive labour, but must attend to workers' attainment of adequate social determinants of health, which challenges the migration as development paradigm. Neo-liberal policy instruments such as privatization, marketisation and commercialization of migrant labour have led to both host and home countries benefitting, but at the expense of the migrant domestic workers' well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise L Spitzer
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
- Institute of Feminist and Gender Studies, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada.
| | - Shanthi Thambiah
- Gender Studies Programm, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yut Lin Wong
- Social & Preventative Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Manimaran Krishnan Kaundan
- Institute for Health Behavioural Research, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health, Shah Alam, Malaysia
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12
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Ehab M. Employment and mental health of youth in Egypt: Does job security matter? SSM - MENTAL HEALTH 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmmh.2023.100201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
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13
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King TL, Maheen H, Taouk Y, LaMontagne AD. Precarious work and the covid-19 pandemic: the need for a gender equality focus. BMJ 2023; 380:e072872. [PMID: 36717131 DOI: 10.1136/bmj-2022-072872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tania L King
- Centre for Health Equity, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Humaira Maheen
- Centre for Health Equity, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Yamna Taouk
- Centre for Health Equity, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Anthony D LaMontagne
- Institute for Health Transformation, School of Health and Social Development, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
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14
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Pförtner TK. The Emergence of Precarious Employment as a Determinant of Health in Europe and the Relevance of Contextual Factors: A Critical Research Synthesis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEALTH SERVICES 2022:207314221139797. [DOI: 10.1177/00207314221139797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Precarious employment as a determinant of health remains on the rise in Europe, in contrast to the European Pillar of Social Rights. Research in epidemiology, public health, and occupational health research has debated the health impacts of precarious employment. A number of studies have concluded that precarious employment contributes to poor health. More recent research has focused on the contextual influences of the association between precarious employment and health. Accordingly, we argue that the welfare state and the specific institutional arrangements on the national level determine and mediate the extent of the association between precarious employment and health. This research synthesis: (a) debates explanations for the rise of precarious employment in Europe, (b) illustrates how precarious employment has risen in Europe since the 1980s, (c) indicates empirical findings of the association between precarious employment and health in Europe, (d) discusses how research explains between-country differences of the association between precarious employment and health, and (e) presents empirical findings on the contextual determinants of the association between precarious employment and health in Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo-Kolja Pförtner
- Research Methods Division, Faculty of Human Sciences, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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15
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Peckham T, Seixas N, de Castro AB, Hajat A. Do Different Patterns of Employment Quality Contribute to Gender Health Inequities in the U.S.? A Cross-Sectional Mediation Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:11237. [PMID: 36141509 PMCID: PMC9517248 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191811237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Compared to recent generations, workers today generally experience poorer quality employment across both contractual (e.g., wages, hours) and relational (e.g., participation in decision-making, power dynamics) dimensions within the worker-employer relationship. Recent research shows that women are more likely to experience poor-quality employment and that these conditions are associated with adverse health effects, suggesting employment relations may contribute to gender inequities in health. We analyzed data from the General Social Survey (2002-2018) to explore whether the multidimensional construct of employment quality (EQ) mediates the relationship between gender and health among a representative, cross-sectional sample of U.S. wage earners. Using a counterfactually-based causal mediation framework, we found that EQ plays a meaningful role in a gender-health relationship, and that if the distribution of EQ among women was equal to that observed in men, the probability of reporting poor self-reported health and frequent mental distress among women would be lower by 1.5% (95% Confidence Interval: 0.5-2.8%) and 2.6% (95% CI: 0.6-4.6%), respectively. Our use of a multidimensional, typological measure of EQ allowed our analysis to better account for substantial heterogeneity in the configuration of contemporary employment arrangements. Additionally, this study is one of the first mediation analyses with a nominal mediator within the epidemiologic literature. Our results highlight EQ as a potential target for intervention to reduce gender inequities in health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor Peckham
- Hazardous Waste Management Program in King County, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Noah Seixas
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - A. B. de Castro
- School of Nursing, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Anjum Hajat
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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16
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Association between Precarious Employment and Chronic Stress: Effect of Gender, Stress Measurement and Precariousness Dimensions-A Cross-Sectional Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19159099. [PMID: 35897463 PMCID: PMC9330896 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19159099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Precarious employment has been highlighted as a social determinant of health, given, among others, to its alleged association with chronic stress. However, few studies have been conducted analyzing such association, using both perceived stress indicators and biological markers. Accordingly, the present study analyzed the association of multidimensional (6 dimensions) precarious employment scale with perceived stress and 23 markers of adrenal and gonadal hormone production, including cortisol. The sample consisted of 255 salaried workers from Barcelona (125 men, 130 women) aged 25-60. OLS regression models stratified by sex were conducted. Results demonstrated that precarious employment increased the probabilities of having perceived stress in both sexes. In addition, the production of adrenal hormones among men is associated with precarious wages and among women with precarious contracts ("Temporariness", "Disempowerment", and "Rights" dimensions). Therefore, precarious employment could be embodied by workers, altering their perceived well-being and physiological characteristics. Differences between men and women in the physiological effect of precarious employment could express not just the biochemical differences inherent to biological sex, but also the social construction of gender identities, positions and roles in society and family, as well as gender inequalities in the labour market.
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17
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Utzet M, Bacigalupe A, Navarro A. Occupational health, frontline workers and COVID-19 lockdown: new gender-related inequalities? J Epidemiol Community Health 2022; 76:537-543. [PMID: 35228295 PMCID: PMC8914396 DOI: 10.1136/jech-2021-217692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The abrupt onset of COVID-19, with its rapid spread, has had brutal consequences in all areas of society, including the workplace. In this paper, we report the working conditions, health, and tranquilisers and opioid analgesics use of workers during the first months of the ensuing pandemic, according to whether they were frontline workers or not and also according to sex. METHODS Our analysis is based on cross-sectional survey data (collected during April and May 2020) from the wage-earning population in Spain (n=15 070). We estimate prevalences, adjusted prevalence differences and adjusted prevalence ratios by sex and according to whether the worker is a frontline worker or not. RESULTS Employment and working conditions, exposure to psychosocial risks, as well as health status and the consumption of tranquilisers and opioid analgesics all showed sex and sectoral (frontline vs non-frontline) inequalities, which placed essential women workers in a particularly vulnerable position. Moreover, the consumption of tranquilisers and opioid analgesics increased during the pandemic and health worsened significantly among frontline women workers. CONCLUSIONS The exceptional situation caused by the COVID-19 pandemic provides an opportunity to revalue essential sectors and to dignify such employment and working conditions, especially among women. There is an urgent need to improve working conditions and reduce occupational risk, particularly among frontline workers. In addition, this study highlights the public health problem posed by tranquilisers and opioid analgesics consumption, especially among frontline women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireia Utzet
- Center for Research in Occupational Health (CISAL), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
- IMIM, Parc Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Amaia Bacigalupe
- Department of Sociology and Social Work, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain
- Social Determinants of Health and Demographic Change-OPIK Research Group, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Albert Navarro
- Research Group on Psychosocial Risks, Organization of Work and Health (POWAH), Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- Unitat de Bioestadística, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
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18
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Precarious Employment and Self-Rated Health in Young Adults. J Occup Environ Med 2022; 64:470-475. [DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000002529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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19
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Llop‐Gironés A, Santillan‐Garcia A, Cash‐Gibson L, Benach J, Zabalegui A. COVID-19 and the global need for knowledge on nurses' health. Int Nurs Rev 2022; 69:196-200. [PMID: 34614229 PMCID: PMC8652808 DOI: 10.1111/inr.12722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM To emphasize that nurses need to be fully protected to carry out their vital role, particularly during pandemics, yet the lack of a standardized and systematic collection of high-quality disaggregated data on nurses health inhibits our ability to assess this within and across countries. BACKGROUND Nurses are the largest workforce group in the health sector, yet only 59 countries worldwide report on nurse COVID-19 infections and related deaths, and the standardized, systematic collection of disaggregated health data is not yet in place. SOURCES OF EVIDENCE Medline, International Council of Nurses, World Health Organization, Centers of Disease Control and Prevention and the experiences of the authors. DISCUSSION Inconsistent recording and definitions of nurses, precarious and informal employment conditions, limited transparent and reliable data, lack of mass testing and long-standing structural issues and biases have affected nursing for too long. CONCLUSIONS These issues are reflected in the limited capacity of many national public health information systems to collect, monitor and report on the health of the largest group of health workers. Political will, accountability and public data transparency at different levels are essential to adequately protect nurses at work. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE, AND NURSING AND HEALTH POLICY Building on current momentum in the nursing field, immediate political action is required to strengthen existing nursing and midwifery policies, standards and regulatory capacity, as well as existing public health services and information and surveillance systems. The generation of up-to-date, context-specific knowledge is needed to inform and monitor political decisions related to the protection of nurses, and the improvement of their employment conditions, as well as to strengthen accountability for these areas at various levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Llop‐Gironés
- Research Group on Health Inequalities, Environment, and Employment Conditions (GREDS‐EMCONET), Department of Political and Social SciencesUniversitat Pompeu FabraBarcelonaSpain
- The Johns Hopkins–UPF Public Policy Center (JHU‐UPF PPCBarcelonaSpain
| | | | - Lucinda Cash‐Gibson
- Research Group on Health InequalitiesEnvironmentand Employment Conditions (GREDS‐EMCONET)Department of Political and Social SciencesUniversitat Pompeu FabraBarcelonaSpain
- The Johns Hopkins–UPF Public Policy Center (JHU‐UPF PPC)Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Joan Benach
- Research Group on Health InequalitiesEnvironment and Employment ConditionsPolitical Science DepartmentPompeu Fabra UniversityBarcelonaSpain
- Johns Hopkins University‐Pompeu Fabra University Public Policy CenterBarcelonaSpain
- Transdisciplinary Research Group on Socioecological Transitions (GinTrans2)Universidad Autónoma de MadridSpain
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20
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Montañez-Hernández JC, Díaz-Portillo SP, Guerra G, Reyes-Morales H. [Job conditions and precarious work among Mexican physicians: an analysis based on a national survey]. CAD SAUDE PUBLICA 2022; 38:ES042321. [PMID: 35544876 DOI: 10.1590/0102-311xes042321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to describe the socioeconomic characteristics and job conditions of medical personnel in Mexico. This was a cross-sectional study based on the Mexican National Occupational and Employment Survey (ENOE) for all four quarters of 2019 and the first quarter of 2020. We included all physicians who had concluded their university training. The variable "cumulative precarious labor" was constructed as the sum of five binary variables related to minimum wage, workweek, and lack of employment contract, job security, and labor benefits. Using this unweighted sum, we classified their labor conditions as absence of (0) or low (1), medium (2 to 3), or high (4 to 5) precarious labor. In the public sector, 13.4% and 3.3% of physicians were engaged in medium or high precarious labor, respectively; the percentages were higher in the private sector, with 38.5% and 7.7% (p < 0.01), respectively, due mainly to the lack of formal contracts and medical insurance. These conditions were exacerbated in women working in medical offices in private-sector companies, where 75.2% and 6% worked in medium or high precarious conditions, respectively, while the proportions in men were 15.6% and 7.7%, respectively (p < 0.01). Precarious labor exists in the Mexican health sector; labor conditions for physicians are more precious in the private sector than in the public sector, especially in private-sector offices where female physicians are more exposed to precarious employment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Germán Guerra
- Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, México.,Université de Genève, Geneva, Switzerland
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21
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Donnelly R. Precarious Work in Midlife: Long-Term Implications for the Health and Mortality of Women and Men. JOURNAL OF HEALTH AND SOCIAL BEHAVIOR 2022; 63:142-158. [PMID: 34794348 DOI: 10.1177/00221465211055090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Although prior research documents adverse health consequences of precarious work, we know less about how chronic exposure to precarious work in midlife shapes health trajectories among aging adults. The present study uses longitudinal data from the Health and Retirement Study to consider how histories of precarious work in later midlife (ages 50-65) shape trajectories of health and mortality risk after age 65. Results show that greater exposure to unemployment, job insecurity, and insufficient work hours in midlife predicts more chronic conditions and functional limitations after age 65. Characteristics of precarious work also predict increased mortality risk in later life. Findings indicate few gender differences in linkages between precarious work and health; however, women are more likely than men to experience job insecurity throughout midlife. Because precarious work is unlikely to abate, results suggest the need to reduce the health consequences of working in precarious jobs.
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Gunn V, Kreshpaj B, Matilla-Santander N, Vignola EF, Wegman DH, Hogstedt C, Ahonen EQ, Bodin T, Orellana C, Baron S, Muntaner C, O’Campo P, Albin M, Håkansta C. Initiatives Addressing Precarious Employment and Its Effects on Workers' Health and Well-Being: A Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:2232. [PMID: 35206419 PMCID: PMC8872425 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19042232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of precarious employment has increased in recent decades and aspects such as employment insecurity and income inadequacy have intensified during the COVID-19 pandemic. The purpose of this systematic review was to identify, appraise, and synthesise existing evidence pertaining to implemented initiatives addressing precarious employment that have evaluated and reported health and well-being outcomes. We used the PRISMA framework to guide this review and identified 11 relevant initiatives through searches in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and three sources of grey literature. We found very few evaluated interventions addressing precarious employment and its impact on the health and well-being of workers globally. Ten out of 11 initiatives were not purposefully designed to address precarious employment in general, nor specific dimensions of it. Seven out of 11 initiatives evaluated outcomes related to the occupational health and safety of precariously employed workers and six out of 11 evaluated worker health and well-being outcomes. Most initiatives showed the potential to improve the health of workers, although the evaluation component was often described with less detail than the initiative itself. Given the heterogeneity of the 11 initiatives regarding study design, sample size, implementation, evaluation, economic and political contexts, and target population, we found insufficient evidence to compare outcomes across types of initiatives, generalize findings, or make specific recommendations for the adoption of initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Gunn
- Unit of Occupational Medicine, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 11365 Stockholm, Sweden; (B.K.); (N.M.-S.); (C.H.); (T.B.); (C.O.); (M.A.); (C.H.)
- MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, Michael’s Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON M5B 1W8, Canada;
- Lawrence S. Bloomberg Faculty of Nursing, University of Toronto, St. George Campus, Toronto, ON M5T 1P8, Canada;
| | - Bertina Kreshpaj
- Unit of Occupational Medicine, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 11365 Stockholm, Sweden; (B.K.); (N.M.-S.); (C.H.); (T.B.); (C.O.); (M.A.); (C.H.)
| | - Nuria Matilla-Santander
- Unit of Occupational Medicine, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 11365 Stockholm, Sweden; (B.K.); (N.M.-S.); (C.H.); (T.B.); (C.O.); (M.A.); (C.H.)
| | - Emilia F. Vignola
- Department of Community Health and Social Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, City University of New York, New York, NY 10025, USA;
| | - David H. Wegman
- University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854, USA;
- La Isla Network, Washington, DC 20005, USA
| | - Christer Hogstedt
- Unit of Occupational Medicine, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 11365 Stockholm, Sweden; (B.K.); (N.M.-S.); (C.H.); (T.B.); (C.O.); (M.A.); (C.H.)
| | - Emily Q. Ahonen
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Health, Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA;
| | - Theo Bodin
- Unit of Occupational Medicine, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 11365 Stockholm, Sweden; (B.K.); (N.M.-S.); (C.H.); (T.B.); (C.O.); (M.A.); (C.H.)
- Center for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Stockholm Region, 11365 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Orellana
- Unit of Occupational Medicine, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 11365 Stockholm, Sweden; (B.K.); (N.M.-S.); (C.H.); (T.B.); (C.O.); (M.A.); (C.H.)
| | - Sherry Baron
- Barry Commoner Center for Health and the Environment, Queens College, City University of New York, New York, NY 11367, USA;
| | - Carles Muntaner
- Lawrence S. Bloomberg Faculty of Nursing, University of Toronto, St. George Campus, Toronto, ON M5T 1P8, Canada;
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 1P8, Canada
- Department of Mental Health, The Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MA 21205, USA
| | - Patricia O’Campo
- MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, Michael’s Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON M5B 1W8, Canada;
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 1P8, Canada
| | - Maria Albin
- Unit of Occupational Medicine, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 11365 Stockholm, Sweden; (B.K.); (N.M.-S.); (C.H.); (T.B.); (C.O.); (M.A.); (C.H.)
- Center for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Stockholm Region, 11365 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carin Håkansta
- Unit of Occupational Medicine, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 11365 Stockholm, Sweden; (B.K.); (N.M.-S.); (C.H.); (T.B.); (C.O.); (M.A.); (C.H.)
- Working Life Science, Karlstad Business School, Karlstad University, 65188 Karlstad, Sweden
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Padrosa E, Vanroelen C, Muntaner C, Benach J, Julià M. Precarious employment and mental health across European welfare states: a gender perspective. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2022; 95:1463-1480. [PMID: 35142869 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-022-01839-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this article was to examine the relationship between precarious employment (PE), welfare states (WS) and mental health in Europe from a gender perspective. METHODS Data were derived from the European Working Conditions Survey 2015. PE was measured through the Employment Precariousness Scale for Europe (EPRES-E), validated for comparative research in 22 European countries, and categorized into quartiles. Countries were classified into Continental, Anglo-Saxon, Scandinavian, Southern and Central-Eastern WS. Mental health was assessed through the WHO-5 Well-Being Index and dichotomized into poor and good mental health. In a sample of 22,555 formal employees, we performed gender-stratified multi-level logistic regression models. RESULTS Results showed greater prevalences of PE and poor mental health among women. However, the association between them was stronger among men. Cross-country differences were observed in multi-level regressions, but the interaction effect of WS was only significant among women. More precisely, Central-Eastern WS enhanced the likelihood of poor mental health among women in high precarious employment situations (quartiles 3 and 4). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest the interaction between contextual and individual factors in the production of mental health inequalities, both within and across countries. They also call for the incorporation of gender-sensitive welfare policies if equitable and healthy labor markets are to be achieved in Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Padrosa
- ESIMar (Mar Nursing School), Parc de Salut Mar, Universitat Pompeu Fabra-Affiliated, Mar Campus, 08003, Barcelona, Spain. .,SDHEd (Social Determinants and Health Education Research Group), IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain. .,Research Group On Health Inequalities, Environment, and Employment Conditions Network (GREDS-EMCONET), Department of Political and Social Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Christophe Vanroelen
- SDHEd (Social Determinants and Health Education Research Group), IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain.,Interface Demography (ID), Department of Sociology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carles Muntaner
- Faculty of Nursing, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Joan Benach
- SDHEd (Social Determinants and Health Education Research Group), IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain.,Research Group On Health Inequalities, Environment, and Employment Conditions Network (GREDS-EMCONET), Department of Political and Social Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.,Transdisciplinary Research Group On Socioecological Transitions (GinTrans2), Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mireia Julià
- ESIMar (Mar Nursing School), Parc de Salut Mar, Universitat Pompeu Fabra-Affiliated, Mar Campus, 08003, Barcelona, Spain.,SDHEd (Social Determinants and Health Education Research Group), IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain.,Research Group On Health Inequalities, Environment, and Employment Conditions Network (GREDS-EMCONET), Department of Political and Social Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
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24
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Chum A, Kaur S, Teo C, Nielsen A, Muntaner C, O'Campo P. The impact of changes in job security on mental health across gender and family responsibility: evidence from the UK Household Longitudinal Study. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2022; 57:25-36. [PMID: 34767035 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-021-02187-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE While there is strong evidence that job insecurity leads to mental distress, little is known about how gender and parental responsibilities may exacerbate this relationship. Examining their contribution as potential effect modifiers may provide insights into gender inequalities in mental health and inform gender-sensitive labour policies to ameliorate the negative effects of job insecurity. Our study addresses this gap by examining the longitudinal association between job insecurity and mental health across different configurations of gender and parental responsibilities. METHODS Our sample includes 34,772 employed participants over the period of 2010-2018. A gender-stratified fixed-effect regression was used to model the within-person change over time in mental health associated with loss of job security, and effect modification by parent-partner status (e.g. childfree men, partnered father, etc.). RESULTS Loss of job security was associated with a moderate decrease in mental health functioning for partnered fathers, partnered mothers, and childfree men and women ranging between a reduction in MCS-12 by 1.00 to 2.27 points (p < 0.05). Lone fathers who lose their job security experienced a higher decrease in mental health functioning at - 7.69 (95% CI - 12.69 to - 2.70), while lone mothers did not experience any change. CONCLUSION The effects of job insecurity on mental health is consistent across gender and parent-partner status with the exception of lone fathers and lone mothers. Future studies should investigate the effects of policies that may reduce mental distress in the face of the threat of job loss such as reducing wait time for payment of unemployment benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antony Chum
- Department of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, ON, L2S 4A1, Canada.
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
- MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
| | - Sukhdeep Kaur
- Department of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, ON, L2S 4A1, Canada
| | - Celine Teo
- Department of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, ON, L2S 4A1, Canada
- MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Andrew Nielsen
- Department of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, ON, L2S 4A1, Canada
- MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Carles Muntaner
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Patricia O'Campo
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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Donnelly R. Precarious work and heath: Do occupation- and state-specific unemployment rates matter for women and for men? SSM Popul Health 2021; 16:100967. [PMID: 34849389 PMCID: PMC8608613 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2021.100967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Precarious work has the potential to undermine workers' health and well-being, and linkages between precarious work and health may depend on contextual measures of unemployment. The present study uses data from the Current Population Survey (CPS; 2001-2019) to examine whether several characteristics of precarious work are associated with self-rated health, with attention to differences in these associations by occupation- and state-specific unemployment rates. Findings indicate that experiences of unemployment, part-time work, and poor work quality (limited social benefits and low wages) are associated with worse self-rated health for working women and men. Moreover, associations between some measures of precarious work and health are weaker at higher levels of occupation- and state-specific unemployment for men, but not for women. The present study points to precarious work as a chronic stressor for many workers that must be considered within broader economic contexts.
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Gunn V, Håkansta C, Vignola E, Matilla-Santander N, Kreshpaj B, Wegman DH, Hogstedt C, Ahonen EQ, Muntaner C, Baron S, Bodin T. Initiatives addressing precarious employment and its effects on workers' health and well-being: a protocol for a systematic review. Syst Rev 2021; 10:195. [PMID: 34193280 PMCID: PMC8244669 DOI: 10.1186/s13643-021-01728-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Precarious employment is a significant determinant of population health and health inequities and has complex public health consequences both for a given nation and internationally. Precarious employment is conceptualized as a multi-dimensional construct including but not limited to employment insecurity, income inadequacy, and lack of rights and protection in the employment relation, which could affect both informal and formal workers. The purpose of this review is to identify, appraise, and synthesize existing research on the effectiveness of initiatives aiming to or having the potential to eliminate, reduce, or mitigate workers' exposure to precarious employment conditions and its effects on the health and well-being of workers and their families. METHODS The electronic databases searched (from January 2000 onwards) are Scopus, Web of Science Core Collection, and PubMed, along with three institutional databases as sources of grey literature. We will include any study (e.g. quantitative, qualitative, or mixed-methods design) evaluating the effects of initiatives that aim to or have the potential to address workers' exposure to precarious employment or its effects on the health and well-being of workers and their families, whether or not such initiatives were designed specifically to address precarious employment. The primary outcomes will be changes in (i) the prevalence of precarious employment and workers' exposure to precarious employment and (ii) the health and well-being of precariously employed workers and their families. No secondary outcomes will be included. Given the large body of evidence screened, the initial screening of each study will be done by one reviewer, after implementing several strategies to ensure decision-making consistency across reviewers. The screening of full-text articles, data extraction, and critical appraisal will be done independently by two reviewers. Potential conflicts will be resolved through discussion. Established checklists will be used to assess a study's methodological quality or bias. A narrative synthesis will be employed to describe and summarize the included studies' characteristics and findings and to explore relationships both within and between the included studies. DISCUSSION We expect that this review's findings will provide stakeholders interested in tackling precarious employment and its harmful health effects with evidence on effectiveness of solutions that have been implemented to inform considerations for adaptation of these to their unique contexts. In addition, the review will increase our understanding of existing research gaps and enable us to make recommendations to address them. Our work aligns with the sustainable development agenda to protect workers, promote decent work and economic growth, eliminate poverty, and reduce inequalities. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION PROSPERO CRD42020187544 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Gunn
- Unit of Occupational Medicine, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm Region, Sweden.
- MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Lawrence S. Bloomberg Faculty of Nursing, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Carin Håkansta
- Unit of Occupational Medicine, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm Region, Sweden
- Working Life Science, Karlstad University, Karlstad, Sweden
| | - Emilia Vignola
- CUNY Graduate School of Public Health & Health Policy, New York, USA
| | - Nuria Matilla-Santander
- Unit of Occupational Medicine, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm Region, Sweden
| | - Bertina Kreshpaj
- Unit of Occupational Medicine, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm Region, Sweden
| | | | - Christer Hogstedt
- Unit of Occupational Medicine, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm Region, Sweden
| | - Emily Q Ahonen
- Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Carles Muntaner
- Lawrence S. Bloomberg Faculty of Nursing, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Sherry Baron
- Barry Commoner Center for Health and the Environment, Queens College, City University of New York, New York, USA
| | - Theo Bodin
- Unit of Occupational Medicine, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm Region, Sweden
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Jensen AJ, Bombaci SP, Gigliotti LC, Harris SN, Marneweck CJ, Muthersbaugh MS, Newman BA, Rodriguez SL, Saldo EA, Shute KE, Titus KL, Williams AL, Yu SW, Jachowski DS. Attracting Diverse Students to Field Experiences Requires Adequate Pay, Flexibility, and Inclusion. Bioscience 2021; 71:757-770. [PMID: 34220360 PMCID: PMC8245294 DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biab039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Access to field experiences can increase participation of diverse groups in the environmental and natural resources (ENR) workforce. Despite a growing interest among the ENR community to attract and retain diverse students, minimal data exist on what factors undergraduate students prioritize when applying for field experiences. Using a nationwide survey of US undergraduate ENR students, we show that attracting most students to field experiences—especially racial or ethnic minority students—will require pay above minimum wage. However, the concurrent landscape of pay in ENR fell short of meeting many students’ pay needs. Aside from pay, ENR students valued training in technical field skills and analytical or research skills, working with their desired study species or taxa, and working near school or family. Additional barriers beyond limited pay included incompatible schedules and noninclusive work environments. Our findings provide important insights for attracting a diverse workforce to this critical stage in career advancement for students in ENR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex J Jensen
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Conservation, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States
| | - Sara P Bombaci
- Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States
| | - Laura C Gigliotti
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Conservation, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States
| | - Stephen N Harris
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Conservation, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States
| | - Courtney J Marneweck
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Conservation, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States
| | - Mike S Muthersbaugh
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Conservation, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States
| | - Blaise A Newman
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Conservation, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States
| | - Shari L Rodriguez
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Conservation, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States
| | - Elizabeth A Saldo
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Conservation, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States
| | - Kyle E Shute
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Conservation, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States
| | - Keifer L Titus
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Conservation, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States
| | - Amanda L Williams
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Conservation, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States
| | - Sze Wing Yu
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Conservation, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States
| | - David S Jachowski
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Conservation, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States
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Balogh R, Gadeyne S, Vanroelen C. Non-standard employment and mortality in Belgian workers: A census-based investigation. Scand J Work Environ Health 2021; 47:108-116. [PMID: 33146399 PMCID: PMC8114567 DOI: 10.5271/sjweh.3931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Evidence is growing that non-standard employment is associated with adverse health. However, little is known about the relationship between different non-standard employment arrangements and subsequent all-cause and cause-specific mortality. Using population-wide data, the present study investigated this link. Methods: Data was derived from the 2001 Belgian census and a 13-year-long follow-up. The analyses comprised 1 454 033 healthy and disability-free employees aged 30–59 years at baseline. Cox regressions were fitted to analyze the mortality risks of those in non-standard employment forms (temporary agency, seasonal, fixed-term, causal work and employment program) compared to permanent employees. Results: Several groups of workers in non-standard employment arrangements in 2001 exhibited a higher mortality risk relative to permanent employees during the follow-up after adjusting for socio-economic and work-related factors. This was especially the case among men. The relative mortality disadvantage was particularly elevated for male temporary agency workers. External causes of death played an important role in this association. Conclusions: A mortality gradient between the core and outer periphery of the Belgian labor market has been observed. This study also shows that the excess risk of death, previously attributed to non-permanent employment as a whole, hides inequalities between specific forms of non-standard work (eg, temporary agency, seasonal, fixed-term employment).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeka Balogh
- Department of Sociology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
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29
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Choi EY, Choi SH, Lee H. The Association between Job Quality Profiles and Work-Life Balance among Female Employees in Korea: A Latent Profile Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18041672. [PMID: 33572436 PMCID: PMC7916201 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18041672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Women’s participation in society has been increasing; however, they often remain overloaded with housework, and this gender role difference can hinder their work-life balance in Korea. Therefore, this study classified latent profiles according to job quality indices for South Korean female employees and examined the characteristics of each profile and how they affect work-life balance. This study was a secondary analysis of data collected through the fifth Korean Working Conditions Survey in South Korea. The Bayesian information criterion, entropy, and the Lo-Mendell-Rubin adjusted likelihood ratio test were used to determine the number of latent profiles. Chi-square tests were conducted to understand the characteristics of each profile. Comparisons between work-life balance and the latent profiles were made using the Bolck-Croon-Hagenaars method. Female employees in South Korea were classified into five profiles: “high-flying”, “smooth”, ”footloose”, ”strict” and “manual”. The “footloose” profile showed the most positive work-life balance, and the “manual” profile had the highest level of work-family conflict. Therefore, policies and social supports should be created with the aim of improving the implementation of current strategies promoting work-life balance to better fit each working condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Young Choi
- Department of Nursing, Graduate School of Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea;
| | - Seung-Hye Choi
- College of Nursing, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Korea
- Correspondence: (S.-H.C.); (H.L.); Tel.: +82-32-820-4212 (S.-H.C.); +82-2-820-5472 (H.L.)
| | - Haeyoung Lee
- Red Cross College of Nursing, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea
- Correspondence: (S.-H.C.); (H.L.); Tel.: +82-32-820-4212 (S.-H.C.); +82-2-820-5472 (H.L.)
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Mitri K. Does higher education make a difference? The influence of educational attainment on women's and men's nonstandard employment outcomes. CANADIAN REVIEW OF SOCIOLOGY = REVUE CANADIENNE DE SOCIOLOGIE 2021; 58:25-44. [PMID: 33624947 DOI: 10.1111/cars.12322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Some studies suggest that women and the less educated are more likely to be employed in nonstandard work. However, conflicting evidence has indicated that temporary, part-time, and nonstandard self-employment has diffused across different social groups and levels of education. Using pooled data from the 1997-2018 Canadian Labour Force Surveys, this study explores the changing relationship between higher education, gender, and employment outcomes. Taking a multiple logistic regression approach, this study accomplishes three objectives: (1) to examine the relationship between gender and education among different forms of nonstandard employment; (2) to investigate the changes of different forms of nonstandard employment between 1997 to 2018; (3) to analyze the association between men's and women's education and their likelihood of different forms of nonstandard employment are explored. The findings suggest the feminization of employment norms, in which men and women have had some convergence in certain types of nonstandard employment. This result holds across most levels of education, but is more pronounced for women and men with higher levels of education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn Mitri
- Department of Sociology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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Lee BK, Ahn J, Kim NS, Park J, Kim Y. Cardiovascular age of workers with different employment categories. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH 2021; 77:243-250. [PMID: 33468037 DOI: 10.1080/19338244.2021.1873094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We compared the cardiovascular age (an indicator of cardiovascular disease risk) in workers with different employment status after adjustment for demographic and socioeconomic factors. METHODS This cross-sectional study used data collected from 2007 to 2017 for the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). Study participants were placed into different employment categories based on employment status and work schedule: regular full-time, regular part-time, temporary full-time, temporary part-time, daily full-time, and daily part-time. RESULTS Analysis of women indicated that regular part-time, temporary full-time, temporary part-time, daily full-time, and daily part-time workers were more likely to have an older cardiovascular age (OR = 1.180, 1.238, 1.297, 1.493, and 1.408, respectively) after adjustment for age, marriage, education, income, residence, region, and drinking status. Analysis of men indicated employment status was unrelated to cardiovascular age. CONCLUSION Female nonstandard Korean workers were more likely to have an increased cardiovascular age. However, most of these workers, especially daily workers, are not currently protected by the Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) of Korea. Collaboration or networking with community-based health care services in Korea is essential to better manage the health of these vulnerable female workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung-Kook Lee
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, South Korea
| | - Jaeouk Ahn
- Department of Medical IT Engineering, College of Medical Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, South Korea
| | - Nam-Soo Kim
- Institute of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, South Korea
| | - Jungsun Park
- Department of Occupational Health, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
| | - Yangho Kim
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, South Korea
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Gray BJ, Grey C, Hookway A, Homolova L, Davies AR. Differences in the impact of precarious employment on health across population subgroups: a scoping review. Perspect Public Health 2020; 141:37-49. [PMID: 33269663 PMCID: PMC7770217 DOI: 10.1177/1757913920971333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Aim: Precarious employment is known to be detrimental to health, and some population subgroups (young individuals, migrant workers, and females) are at higher risk of precarious employment. However, it is not known if the risk to poor health outcomes is consistent across population subgroups. This scoping review explores differential impacts of precarious employment on health. Methods: Relevant studies published between 2009 and February 2019 were identified across PubMed, OVID Medline, PsycINFO, and Scopus. Articles were included if (1) they presented original data, (2) examined precarious employment within one of the subpopulations of interest, and (3) examined health outcomes. Results: Searches yielded 279 unique results, of which 14 met the eligibility criteria. Of the included studies, 12 studies examined differences between gender, 3 examined the health impacts on young individuals, and 3 examined the health of migrant workers. Mental health was explored in nine studies, general health in four studies, and mortality in two studies. Conclusion: Mental health was generally poorer in both male and female employees as a result of precarious employment, and males were also at higher risk of mortality. There was limited evidence that met our inclusion criteria, examining the health impacts on young individuals or migrant workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Gray
- Knowledge Directorate, Research and Evaluation Division, Public Health Wales, Number 2 Capital Quarter, Tyndall Street, Cardiff CF10 4BZ, UK
| | - Cnb Grey
- Research and Evaluation Division, Public Health Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - A Hookway
- Observatory Evidence Service, Public Health Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - L Homolova
- Research and Evaluation Division, Public Health Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - A R Davies
- Research and Evaluation Division, Public Health Wales, Cardiff, UK
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Valero E, Martin U, Bacigalupe A, Utzet M. The impact of precarious jobs on mental health: a gender-sensitive literature review. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2020; 94:577-589. [PMID: 33236281 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-020-01605-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study is to analyse the extent to which research and knowledge production on a key occupational health issue-the impact of precarious employment on health-incorporates, and is sensitive to, a gender perspective. METHODS A systematic literature review was carried out to identify studies that analysed the relationship between precarious employment and mental health in the period January 2010-May 2018 through. A minimum of two independent reviewers assessed each article for quality and eligibility. A checklist was used to determine whether the articles included in the review incorporated a gender perspective. RESULTS The search retrieved 1522 papers, of which 54 (corresponding to 53 studies) met the inclusion criteria. Of these 54 papers, 22 (40.7%) stratified the analyses by sex. Only 5.4% of the total of articles both stratified by sex and considered variables of household composition and marital status, while only 33.3% incorporated an intersectional perspective. None considered the distribution of domestic work and only a quarter (25.9%) approached the study and interpreted the results in terms of gender. CONCLUSION Too few studies researching paid work and health include a gender perspective. This omission necessarily implies a biased interpretation of the reality of precarious employment and its impact on health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Valero
- Department of Sociology 2, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain.,Social Determinants of Health and Demographic Change - Opik, Leioa, Spain
| | - Unai Martin
- Department of Sociology 2, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain.,Social Determinants of Health and Demographic Change - Opik, Leioa, Spain
| | - Amaia Bacigalupe
- Department of Sociology 2, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain.,Social Determinants of Health and Demographic Change - Opik, Leioa, Spain
| | - Mireia Utzet
- Department of Sociology 2, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain. .,Social Determinants of Health and Demographic Change - Opik, Leioa, Spain. .,Center for Research in Occupational Health, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.
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Vijayasingham L, Govender V, Witter S, Remme M. Employment based health financing does not support gender equity in universal health coverage. BMJ 2020; 371:m3384. [PMID: 33109510 PMCID: PMC7587231 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.m3384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Health financing and entitlement systems linked to employment can disadvantage women, argue Lavanya Vijayasingham and colleagues
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Affiliation(s)
- Lavanya Vijayasingham
- United Nations University International Institute for Global Health, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Sophie Witter
- Institute of Global Health and Development, Queen Margaret University, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Michelle Remme
- United Nations University International Institute for Global Health, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Bracci A, Riva E. Perceived Job Insecurity and Anxiety. A Multilevel Analysis on Male and Female Workers in European Countries. FRONTIERS IN SOCIOLOGY 2020; 5:573549. [PMID: 33869499 PMCID: PMC8022662 DOI: 10.3389/fsoc.2020.573549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A growing body of evidence has been produced on the adverse effects of job insecurity on health and well-being. Current research in the field conveys a few concerns, some of which are related to gender and cross-national differences in the experience of job insecurity. In order to fill these gaps this study draws on three waves (2005, 2010, 2015) of the European Working Conditions Survey and investigates, using mixed-effects logistic regression: (i) the relationship between anxiety and perceived job insecurity; and whether such relationship: (ii) is different for men and women; (iii) and varies across European countries. Results indicate that male and female workers perceiving the risk of involuntary job loss have similar odds of reporting anxiety. Furthermore, the variance in slopes across countries, relative to the general trend, is significant but modest, too, thus suggesting that the relationship under investigation is fairly similar across European countries. Implications of the findings for future research and practice are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Bracci
- Department of Business Economics, Health and Social Care, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland, Manno, Switzerland
| | - Egidio Riva
- Department of Sociology and Social Research, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
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Lau G, Gabbe BJ, Collie A, Ponsford J, Ameratunga S, Cameron PA, Harrison JE, Giummarra MJ. The Association Between Fault Attribution and Work Participation After Road Traffic Injury: A Registry-Based Observational Study. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL REHABILITATION 2020; 30:235-254. [PMID: 31820220 DOI: 10.1007/s10926-019-09867-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Purpose To characterise associations between fault attribution and work participation and capacity after road traffic injury. Methods People aged 15-65 years, working pre-injury, without serious brain injury, who survived to 12 months after road traffic injury were included from two Victorian trauma registries (n = 2942). Fault profiles from linked compensation claims were defined as no other at fault, another at fault, denied another at fault, claimed another at fault, and unknown. Claimant reports in the denied and claimed another at fault groups contradicted police reports. Patients reported work capacity (Glasgow outcome scale-extended) and return to work (RTW) at 6, 12 and 24 months post-injury (early and sustained RTW, delayed RTW (≥ 12 months), failed RTW attempts, no RTW attempts). Analyses adjusted for demographic, clinical and injury covariates. Results The risk of not returning to work was higher if another was at fault [adjusted relative risk ratio (aRRR) = 1.67, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.29, 2.17] or was claimed to be at fault (aRRR = 1.58, 95% CI 1.04, 2.41), and lower for those who denied that another was at fault (aRRR = 0.51, 95% CI 0.29, 0.91), compared to cases with no other at fault. Similarly, people had higher odds of work capacity limitations if another was at fault (12m: AOR = 1.49, 95% CI 1.24, 1.80; 24m: 1.63, 95% CI 1.35, 1.97) or was claimed to be at fault (12m: AOR = 1.54, 95% CI 1.16, 2.05; 24m: AOR = 1.80, 95% CI 1.34, 2.41), and lower odds if they denied another was at fault (6m: AOR = 0.67, 95% CI 0.48, 0.95), compared to cases with no other at fault. Conclusion Targeted interventions are needed to support work participation in people at risk of poor RTW post-injury. While interventions targeting fault and justice-related attributions are currently lacking, these may be beneficial for people who believe that another caused their injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina Lau
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, 553 St Kilda Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Belinda J Gabbe
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, 553 St Kilda Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
- Health Data Research UK, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, Wales, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Alex Collie
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, 553 St Kilda Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Jennie Ponsford
- School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Monash-Epworth Rehabilitation Research Centre, Epworth Hospital, Richmond, VIC, Australia
| | - Shanthi Ameratunga
- School of Population Health, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Peter A Cameron
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, 553 St Kilda Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - James E Harrison
- Research Centre for Injury Studies, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Melita J Giummarra
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, 553 St Kilda Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia.
- Caulfield Pain Management and Research Centre, Caulfield Hospital, Caulfield, VIC, Australia.
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Association between Working Hours and Self-Rated Health. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17082736. [PMID: 32326597 PMCID: PMC7215404 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17082736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
This study compared the association between working hours and self-rated health (SRH) according to sex, socioeconomic status, and working conditions. In all, 25,144 participants were selected from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES), conducted from 2010 to 2018. The risks of poor SRH, according to working hours, were investigated using multiple logistic regression. Both short and long working hours were associated with poor SRH. Men working short hours and women working long hours were at risk of poor SRH. Workers with fewer than nine years of education were at risk of poor SRH when working short hours, whereas workers with more than nine years of education were at risk when working long hours. Similarly, simple laborers were at risk of poor SRH when working short hours, while managers and professional workers were at risk when working long hours. When working for short hours, paid employees were at risk of poor SRH. Workers with a non-fixed work schedule showed no risk of poor SRH when working long or short hours. In conclusion, workers working short hours with low education and workers working long hours with high education were at risk of poor SRH. Working conditions were significantly related to the association between SRH and working hours.
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Associations among Employment Status, Health Behaviors, and Mental Health in a Representative Sample of South Koreans. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17072456. [PMID: 32260265 PMCID: PMC7177320 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17072456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to compare the health behaviors, general health, and mental health of South Korean employees according to their employment status, and to examine how these associations vary across genders using the latest Korean National Examination Health and Nutrition Survey data. Logistic regression analyses were performed using employment status-permanent job, temporary job, and unemployed-as predictor variables and health-related variables as the outcome variables. Results indicated that temporary workers and the unemployed have higher odds of poor mental health regardless of gender. On the other hand, only male permanent workers were found to have a higher risk of problematic drinking compared to precarious workers and the unemployed. Meanwhile, only women showed a higher risk of current smoking in the temporary job and unemployed groups compared with permanent employees. Regarding general health, women, not men, in the temporary job group reported poorer general health (i.e., low health-related quality of life and higher self-perceived poor health) than those in other groups. These findings suggest that the development and implementation of intervention services, as well as organizational actions, need to consider differential impacts of unfavorable employment status on health issues according to gender.
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Structural determinants of gender inequality: why they matter for adolescent girls’ sexual and reproductive health. BMJ 2020. [PMCID: PMC7461912 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.l6985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Patil D, Enquobahrie DA, Peckham T, Seixas N, Hajat A. Retrospective cohort study of the association between maternal employment precarity and infant low birth weight in women in the USA. BMJ Open 2020; 10:e029584. [PMID: 31924630 PMCID: PMC6955480 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-029584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the association between maternal employment precarity and infant low birth weight (LBW), and to assess if this association differs by race/ethnicity. METHODS Data were collected from 2871 women enrolled in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 Children and Young Adult Cohort. Employment precarity was evaluated using a summary variable that combined several employment attributes: availability of employer-sponsored insurance, income, long shifts, non-daytime shifts, availability of employer sponsored training or educational benefits and membership in a union or collective bargaining unit. Employment precarity scores (a sum of the number of negative employment attributes) were categorised into low (0-2), medium (3) and high (4-6). LBW was defined as weight less than 2500 g at birth. Modified Poisson models were fit to calculate risk ratios and 95% CIs and adjusted for maternal age, race/ethnicity, educational attainment, nativity, prepregnancy body mass index, alcohol consumption, smoking during pregnancy and infant year of birth. We assessed effect modification by maternal race/ethnicity using a composite exposure-race variable. RESULTS Women with high employment precarity had higher risk of a LBW delivery compared with women with low employment precarity (RR: 1.48, 95% CI: 1.11 to 1.98). Compared to non-Hispanic/non-black women with low employment precarity, non-Hispanic black women (RR: 2.68; 95% CI: 1.72 to 4.15), Hispanic women (RR: 2.53; 95% CI: 1.54 to 4.16) and non-Hispanic/non-black women (RR: 1.46; 95% CI: 0.98 to 2.16) with high employment precarity had higher risk of LBW. CONCLUSIONS We observed higher risk of LBW in pregnancies of women with high employment precarity; this association was stronger among black and Hispanic mothers compared to non-Hispanic/non-black women. Findings of this study can be used to inform antenatal care and identify workplace policies to better support women who work during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Patil
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Daniel A Enquobahrie
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Trevor Peckham
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, School of Public Health, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Noah Seixas
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, School of Public Health, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Anjum Hajat
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Neighbourhood Income and Risk of Having an Infant With Concomitant Preterm Birth and Severe Small for Gestational Age Birth Weight. JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNAECOLOGY CANADA 2019; 42:156-162.e1. [PMID: 31679923 DOI: 10.1016/j.jogc.2019.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Socioeconomic position gradients have been individually demonstrated for preterm birth (PTB) at <37 weeks gestation and severe small for gestational age birth weight at <5th percentile (SGA). It is not known how neighbourhood income is related to the combination of PTB and severe SGA, a state reflective of greater placental dysfunction and higher risk of neonatal morbidity and mortality than PTB or severe SGA alone. METHODS This population-based study comprised all 1 367 656 singleton live births in Ontario from 2002 to 2011. Multinomial logistic regression was used to estimate the odds of PTB with severe SGA, PTB without severe SGA, and severe SGA without PTB, compared with neither PTB nor severe SGA, in relation to neighbourhood income quintile (Q). The highest income quintile, Q5, served as the exposure referent. Adjusted odds ratios (aORs) were adjusted for maternal age at delivery, parity, marital status, and world region of birth (Canadian Task Force Classification II-2). RESULTS Relative to women residing in Q5 (2.3 per 1000), the rate of PTB with severe SGA was highest among those in Q1 (3.6 per 1000), with an aOR of 1.34 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.20-1.50). The corresponding aORs were 1.23 (95% CI 1.09-1.37) for Q2, 1.14 (95% CI 1.02-1.28) for Q3, and 1.06 (95% CI 0.95-1.20) for Q4. Less pronounced aORs were seen for each individual outcome of PTB and severe SGA. CONCLUSION Women residing in the lowest-income areas are at highest risk of having a fetus born too small and too soon. Future research should focus on identifying those women most predisposed to combined PTB and severe SGA.
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Fournier AMV, Holford AJ, Bond AL, Leighton MA. Unpaid work and access to science professions. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217032. [PMID: 31216279 PMCID: PMC6583997 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Unpaid work in the sciences is advocated as an entry route into scientific careers. We compared the success of UK science graduates who took paid or unpaid work six-months after graduation in obtaining a high salary or working in a STEM (Science, Technology Engineering and Mathematics) field 3.5 years later. Initially taking unpaid work was associated with lower earnings and lower persistence in STEM compared with paid work, but those using personal connections to obtain unpaid positions were as likely to persist in STEM as paid workers. Obtaining a position in STEM six months after graduation was associated with higher rates of persistence in STEM compared with a position outside STEM for both paid and unpaid workers, but the difference is considerably smaller for unpaid workers. Socio-economic inequality in the likelihood of obtaining entry in STEM by taking an unpaid position is a well-founded concern for scientific workforce diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Auriel M. V. Fournier
- Coastal Research and Extension Center, Mississippi State University, Biloxi, Mississippi, United States America
| | - Angus J. Holford
- Institute for Social and Economic Research, University of Essex, Colchester, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Margaret A. Leighton
- School of Economics & Finance, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, United Kingdom
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Sou J, Shannon K, Shoveller J, Duff P, Braschel M, Dobrer S, Goldenberg SM. Impacts of im/migration experience on work stress among sex workers in Vancouver, Canada. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH = REVUE CANADIENNE DE SANTE PUBLIQUE 2019; 110:344-353. [PMID: 30565164 PMCID: PMC6551268 DOI: 10.17269/s41997-018-0161-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Despite the precarious and unsafe working conditions frequently experienced by sex workers (SWs) and im/migrant workers, there remains a paucity of research on work-related stress and links to duration of im/migration residency among SWs. This study analyzes the relationship between duration of residency and two dimensions of work stress among SWs in Metro Vancouver. METHODS Data were drawn from a longitudinal cohort of women SWs across Metro Vancouver (2010-2014). Multivariable confounder models with generalized estimating equations were developed to examine the independent effects of duration of residency on decision authority and job demands, after adjusting for confounders. RESULTS Of 545 SWs, 9.7% were recent im/migrants, 13.9% were long-term im/migrants, and 76.2% were non-migrants. In comparison to non-migrant SWs, recent (β coefficient - 1.02, 95% CI - 1.57 to - 0.47) and long-term im/migrants (β coefficient - 0.87, 95% CI - 1.36 to -0.38) faced decreased work stress related to job demands after adjustment for key confounders. Decision authority did not retain a significant independent association after adjusting for the same factors. CONCLUSION Job demands varied significantly by duration of residency. This may be explained by changing working conditions and experiences over the course of arrival and settlement among im/migrant SWs, as well as the role of formal work environments in supporting im/migrant SWs' well-being. Given high rates of work stress related to job demands and low decision authority among all SWs, decriminalization of sex work, improved occupational standards, and culturally sensitive interventions to promote collectivization and improved access to working conditions remain needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Sou
- Centre for Gender & Sexual Health Equity, St. Paul's Hospital, 608-1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 1Y6, Canada
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, 5804 Fairview Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Kate Shannon
- Centre for Gender & Sexual Health Equity, St. Paul's Hospital, 608-1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 1Y6, Canada
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, 5804 Fairview Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, St. Paul's Hospital, 608-1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - Jean Shoveller
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, 5804 Fairview Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Putu Duff
- Centre for Gender & Sexual Health Equity, St. Paul's Hospital, 608-1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 1Y6, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, St. Paul's Hospital, 608-1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - Melissa Braschel
- Centre for Gender & Sexual Health Equity, St. Paul's Hospital, 608-1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - Sabina Dobrer
- Centre for Gender & Sexual Health Equity, St. Paul's Hospital, 608-1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - Shira M Goldenberg
- Centre for Gender & Sexual Health Equity, St. Paul's Hospital, 608-1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 1Y6, Canada.
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada.
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Matilla-Santander N, González-Marrón A, Martín-Sánchez JC, Lidón-Moyano C, Cartanyà-Hueso À, Martínez-Sánchez JM. Precarious employment and health-related outcomes in the European Union: a cross-sectional study. CRITICAL PUBLIC HEALTH 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/09581596.2019.1587385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Matilla-Santander
- Group of Evaluation of Health Determinants and Health Policies, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain
| | - Adrián González-Marrón
- Group of Evaluation of Health Determinants and Health Policies, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Martín-Sánchez
- Group of Evaluation of Health Determinants and Health Policies, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain
| | - Cristina Lidón-Moyano
- Group of Evaluation of Health Determinants and Health Policies, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain
- Health Sciences Research Institute, University of California Merced (UC Merced), Merced, CA, USA
| | - Àurea Cartanyà-Hueso
- Group of Evaluation of Health Determinants and Health Policies, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain
| | - Jose M Martínez-Sánchez
- Group of Evaluation of Health Determinants and Health Policies, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain
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Exploring the possible health consequences of job insecurity: a pilot study among young workers. GACETA SANITARIA 2018; 34:385-392. [PMID: 30514582 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaceta.2018.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Socio-economical changes in Europe are leading to the rise of new issues regarding the labour market and health of young workers. Job insecurity is a widely studied phenomenon that involves an increasing number of young workers. We investigated its association with mental health and hazardous behaviours. METHOD In this pilot study, 504 subjects aged between 18 and 40 were interviewed. STROBE guidelines were used. Socio-economic factors were evaluated. Adapted forms of validated scales were used to assess depression, anxiety disorder, alcohol and drug abuse and smoking habit. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed. RESULTS Job insecurity appeared to be partially connected with the type of employment. Most respondents with a permanent contract felt their situation was secure, while this proportion was reduced when referring to temporary jobs and other kinds of contract (p <0.001). Job security perception was associated with depression, anxiety, alcohol abuse and smoking habit (p <0.001). CONCLUSIONS Job security perception appears to be the most important predictive factor for the presence of depression and anxiety symptoms, alcohol consumption and smoking habit compared to other socio-economic factors under study.
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González-Marín P, Puig-Barrachina V, Cortès-Franch I, Bartoll X, Artazcoz L, Malmusi D, Clotet E, Daban F, Díez E, Cardona À, Borrell C. Social and material determinants of health in participants in an active labor market program in Barcelona. Arch Public Health 2018; 76:65. [PMID: 30386597 PMCID: PMC6201487 DOI: 10.1186/s13690-018-0310-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Unemployment affects the physical and mental health of affected individuals, which can be explained by its direct effect on worsening finances due to the lack of income as well as by its negative psychosocial effects. "Employment in the Neighborhoods" return to work program was implemented in Barcelona specifically in the neighborhoods characterized with a greater economic deprivation and by high unemployment to improve personal and occupational abilities and skills of the participants to reintegrate them into the workforce. The aim of this study is to determine the association between the lack of economic resources and psychosocial factors with respect to mental health and self-rated health in unemployed persons participating in the program "Employment in the Neighborhoods". METHODS Cross-sectional study. Data collected from a self-administered questionnaire. Generalized linear models were constructed, adjusted by age and social class, to estimate prevalence ratios and analyze any possible association between economic resources, psychosocial factors and poor self-rated health and mental health. RESULTS Nine hundred forty-eight persons of 2763 participants in the "Employment in the Neighborhoods" program completed the questionnaire. 46.9% were women. 72.5% of women and 61.9% of men were at risk of poor mental health and 25.5% of women and 21.1% of men reported poor self-rated health. Low self-esteem [women: PR 1.88 95%CI (1.24-2.84); men: PR 2.51 95%CI (1.57-4.02)] and medium social support [2.01 (1.30-3.09)], in men, and low social support [1.74 (1.13-2.68)] in women are associated with worsening of self-rated health. In men, low self-esteem [1.40 (1.19-1.64)] and delay in paying bills [1.38 (1.17-1.64)] were associated with the risk of poor mental health; in women were associated low self-esteem [1.27 (1.11-1.44)] and received a non-contributory allowance [1.37 (1.09-1.74)]. CONCLUSIONS Economic resources, self-esteem and social support are necessary for good general and mental health among unemployed persons. The high prevalence of poor mental health among persons participating in the active labor market program "Employment in the Neighborhoods" could be due to a substantial deficit in these factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia González-Marín
- 1Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona, Plaça Lesseps, 1, Barcelona, Spain
- 2Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Avenida Monforte de Lemos, 3-5 (Pabellón 11. Planta 0), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Imma Cortès-Franch
- 1Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona, Plaça Lesseps, 1, Barcelona, Spain
- 2Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Avenida Monforte de Lemos, 3-5 (Pabellón 11. Planta 0), Madrid, Spain
- Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
- 4Departament de Pediatria, Obstetrícia i Ginecologia, i de Medicina Preventiva, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Bartoll
- 1Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona, Plaça Lesseps, 1, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lucía Artazcoz
- 1Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona, Plaça Lesseps, 1, Barcelona, Spain
- 2Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Avenida Monforte de Lemos, 3-5 (Pabellón 11. Planta 0), Madrid, Spain
- Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
- 5Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Davide Malmusi
- 2Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Avenida Monforte de Lemos, 3-5 (Pabellón 11. Planta 0), Madrid, Spain
- 6Àrea de Drets Socials, Ajuntament de Barcelona, Carrer València, 344, 4a planta, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eva Clotet
- 7Barcelona Activa, Carrer de la Llacuna, 162-164 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ferran Daban
- 1Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona, Plaça Lesseps, 1, Barcelona, Spain
- 5Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elia Díez
- 1Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona, Plaça Lesseps, 1, Barcelona, Spain
- 2Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Avenida Monforte de Lemos, 3-5 (Pabellón 11. Planta 0), Madrid, Spain
- Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Àfrica Cardona
- 7Barcelona Activa, Carrer de la Llacuna, 162-164 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carme Borrell
- 1Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona, Plaça Lesseps, 1, Barcelona, Spain
- 2Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Avenida Monforte de Lemos, 3-5 (Pabellón 11. Planta 0), Madrid, Spain
- Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
- 5Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
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Cortès-Franch I, Escribà-Agüir V, Benach J, Artazcoz L. Employment stability and mental health in Spain: towards understanding the influence of gender and partner/marital status. BMC Public Health 2018; 18:425. [PMID: 29606105 PMCID: PMC5879603 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-018-5282-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The growing demand for labour flexibility has resulted in decreasing employment stability that could be associated with poor mental health status. Few studies have analysed the whole of the work force in considering this association since research on flexible forms of employment traditionally analyses employed and unemployed people separately. The gender division of work, and family characteristics related to employment situation, could modify its association with mental wellbeing. The objective of the study was to examine the relationship between a continuum of employment stability and mental health taking into account gender and partner/marital status. Methods We selected 6859 men and 5106 women currently salaried or unemployed from the 2006 Spanish National Health Survey. Employment stability was measured through a continuum from the highest stability among employed to lowest probability of finding a stable job among the long-term unemployed. Mental health was measured with the 12-item version of the General Health Questionnaire. Logistic regression models were fitted for each combination of partner/marital status and gender. Results In all groups except among married women employment stability was related to poor mental health and a gradient between a continuum of employment stability and mental health status was found. For example, compared with permanent civil servants, married men with temporary contract showed an aOR = 1.58 (95%CI = 1.06–2.35), those working without a contract aOR = 2.15 (95%CI = 1.01–4.57) and aOR = 3.73 (95%CI = 2.43–5.74) and aOR = 5.35 (95%CI = 2.71–10.56) among unemployed of up to two years and more than two years, respectively. Among married and cohabiting people, the associations were stronger among men. Poor mental health status was related to poor employment stability among cohabiting women but not among married ones. The strongest association was observed among separated or divorced people. Conclusions There is a rise in poor mental health as the distance from stable employment grows. This result differs according to the interaction with gender and partner/marital status. In Spain this relationship seems to follow a pattern related to the gender division of work in married people but not in other partner/marital situations. Family and socioeconomic context can contribute to explain previous mixed results. Recommendations for research and for action are given. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12889-018-5282-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imma Cortès-Franch
- Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona, Pl Lesseps 1, ES-08023, Barcelona, Spain. .,CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain. .,Institute of Biomedical Research (IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain. .,Programa de doctorat en Metodologia de la Recerca Biomèdica i Salut Pública, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Vicenta Escribà-Agüir
- CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain.,Centre for Public Health Research (Health Inequalities Area), Valencia, Spain.,Nursing Department, Valencian School for Health Studies. Regional Ministry of Health. Generalitat Valenciana, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,Servei de Salut Infantil I de la Dona. Centre Superior d'Investigació en Salut Pública (CSISP). Direcció General de Salut Pública. Conselleria de Sanitat. Generalitat Valenciana, Avda. Catalunya, 21, ES-46020, Valencia, Spain
| | - Joan Benach
- Health Inequalities Research Group, Employment Conditions Knowledge Network (GREDS-EMCONET), Department of Political and Social Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.,Johns Hopkins University - Pompeu Fabra University Public Policy Center, Barcelona, Spain.,Transdisciplinary Research Group on Socioecological Transitions (GinTRANS2), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Edifici Mercè Rodoreda - 24, (Campus Ciutadella), C / Ramón Trías Fargas 25-27, ES-08005, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lucía Artazcoz
- Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona, Pl Lesseps 1, ES-08023, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain.,Institute of Biomedical Research (IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
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Pinillos-Franco S, García-Prieto C. The gender gap in self-rated health and education in Spain. A multilevel analysis. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187823. [PMID: 29216212 PMCID: PMC5720800 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Women tend to report poorer self-rated health than men. It is also well established that education has a positive effect on health. However, the issue of how the benefits of education on health differ between men and women has not received enough attention and the few existing studies which do focus on the subject do not draw a clear conclusion. Therefore, this study aims to analyse whether the positive influence of educational attainment on health is higher for women and whether education helps to overcome the gender gap in self-rated health. Methods We analyse cross-sectional data from the 2012 European Union statistics on income and living conditions. We use a logit regression model with odds ratios and a multilevel perspective to carry out a study which includes several individual and contextual control variables. We focused our study on the working population in Spain aged between 25 and 65. The final sample considered is composed of 14,120 subjects: 7,653 men and 6,467 women. Results There is a gender gap in self-rated health only for the less educated. This gap is not statistically significant among more highly educated individuals. Attaining a high level of education has the same positive effect on both women’s and men’s self-rated health. Conclusions Although we did not find gender disparities when considering the effect of education on health, we show that women’s health is poorer among the less educated, mainly due to labour precariousness and household conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Pinillos-Franco
- Department of Economic Analysis. University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Cambois E, Garrouste C, Pailhé A. Gender career divide and women's disadvantage in depressive symptoms and physical limitations in France. SSM Popul Health 2017; 3:81-88. [PMID: 29349207 PMCID: PMC5768992 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2016.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the relationship between women's disadvantage in mental health and physical functioning and gender differences in career backgrounds. Sexual division of labor persists and key career characteristics are overrepresented in women: low-skilled first job, downward occupational trajectory, interruptions. These interrelated characteristics are usually linked to poor health. Their overrepresentation in women may be related to the female-male health gap; however, it may not if overrepresentation transposed into substantially weaker associations with poor health outcomes. To address this question, we used the French population survey "Health and Occupational Trajectories" (2006) and focused on 45-74 year-old individuals who ever worked (n=7537). Past career characteristics were qualified by retrospective information. Logistic regressions identified past characteristics related to current depressive symptoms and physical limitations. Non-linear decomposition showed whether these characteristics contributed to the gender health gap, through their different distribution and/or association with health. The overrepresentation of unskilled first jobs, current and past inactivity and unemployment in women contributed to their excess depressive symptoms. These contributions were only slightly reduced by the weaker mental health-relatedness of current inactivity in women and increased by the stronger relatedness of low-skilled and self-employed first jobs. Overrepresentation of current inactivity, past interruptions and downward trajectories also contributed positively to women's excess physical limitations. Gender-specific career backgrounds were significantly linked to women's disadvantage in mental health and physical functioning. We need to further explore whether equalization of opportunities, especially at the early stages and in terms of career continuity, could help to reduce women's mental and physical health disadvantage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Cambois
- Institut national d’études démographiques (INED),133 BD Davout, 75020 Paris, France
| | | | - Ariane Pailhé
- Institut national d’études démographiques (INED),133 BD Davout, 75020 Paris, France
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Premji S. "It's Totally Destroyed Our Life": Exploring the Pathways and Mechanisms Between Precarious Employment and Health and Well-being Among Immigrant Men and Women in Toronto. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEALTH SERVICES 2017; 48:106-127. [PMID: 28906167 DOI: 10.1177/0020731417730011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Precarious employment is rapidly growing, but qualitative data on pathways to and mechanisms for health and well-being is lacking. This article describes the cumulative and intersecting micro-level pathways and mechanisms between precarious employment and health among immigrant men and women in Toronto. It draws on semi-structured interviews conducted in 2014 with 15 women and 12 men from 11 countries of origin. The article describes how precarious employment, conceptualized by workers as encompassing powerlessness, economic insecurity, work for multiple employers, nonstandard and unpredictable schedules, hazardous working conditions, and lack of benefits and protections, negatively impacts workers' physical and mental health as well as that of their spouses or partners and children. It documents pathways to health and well-being, including stress, material and social deprivation, and exposure to hazards, as well as commuting difficulties and childcare challenges. Throughout, gender and migration are shown to influence experiences of work and health. The findings draw attention to dimensions of precarity and pathways to health that are not always highlighted in research and discourse on precarious employment and provide valuable insights into the vicious circle of precarious employment and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Premji
- 1 School of Labour Studies and Department of Health, Aging & Society, 3710 McMaster University , Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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