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Rodríguez-Carrillo A, Verheyen VJ, Van Nuijs ALN, Fernández MF, Remy S. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF): an effect biomarker of neurodevelopment in human biomonitoring programs. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2024; 5:1319788. [PMID: 38268968 PMCID: PMC10806109 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2023.1319788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The present narrative review summarizes recent findings focusing on the role of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) as a biomarker of effect for neurodevelopmental alterations during adolescence, based on health effects of exposure to environmental chemical pollutants. To this end, information was gathered from the PubMed database and the results obtained in the European project Human Biomonitoring for Europe (HBM4EU), in which BDNF was measured at two levels of biological organization: total BDNF protein (serum) and BDNF gene DNA methylation (whole blood) levels. The obtained information is organized as follows. First, human biomonitoring, biomarkers of effect and the current state of the art on neurodevelopmental alterations in the population are presented. Second, BDNF secretion and mechanisms of action are briefly explained. Third, previous studies using BDNF as an effect biomarker were consulted in PubMed database and summarized. Finally, the impact of bisphenol A (BPA), metals, and non-persistent pesticide metabolites on BDNF secretion patterns and its mediation role with behavioral outcomes are addressed and discussed. These findings were obtained from three pilot studies conducted in HBM4EU project. Published findings suggested that exposure to some chemical pollutants such as fine particle matter (PM), PFAS, heavy metals, bisphenols, and non-persistent pesticides may alter circulating BDNF levels in healthy population. Therefore, BDNF could be used as a valuable effect biomarker to investigate developmental neurotoxicity of some chemical pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Rodríguez-Carrillo
- VITO Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Mol, Belgium
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Veerle J. Verheyen
- VITO Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Mol, Belgium
| | | | - Mariana F. Fernández
- Biomedical Research Center and School of Medicine, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Sylvie Remy
- VITO Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Mol, Belgium
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Kempuraj D, Zhang E, Gupta S, Gupta RC, Sinha NR, Mohan RR. Carbofuran pesticide toxicity to the eye. Exp Eye Res 2023; 227:109355. [PMID: 36572166 PMCID: PMC9918712 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2022.109355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Pesticide exposure to eyes is a major source of ocular morbidities in adults and children all over the world. Carbofuran (CF), N-methyl carbamate, pesticide is most widely used as an insecticide, nematicide, and acaricide in agriculture, forestry, and gardening. Contact or ingestion of carbofuran causes high morbidity and mortality in humans and pets. Pesticides are absorbed in the eye faster than other organs of the body and damage ocular tissues very quickly. Carbofuran exposure to eye causes blurred vision, pain, loss of coordination, anti-cholinesterase activities, weakness, sweating, nausea and vomiting, abdominal pain, endocrine, reproductive, and cytotoxic effects in humans depending on amount and duration of exposure. Pesticide exposure to eye injures cornea, conjunctiva, lens, retina, and optic nerve and leads to abnormal ocular movement and vision impairment. Additionally, anticholinesterase pesticides like carbofuran are known to cause salivation, lacrimation, urination, and defecation (SLUD). Carbofuran and its two major metabolites (3-hydroxycarbofuran and 3-ketocarbofuran) are reversible inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) which regulates acetylcholine (ACh), a neurohumoral chemical that plays an important role in corneal wound healing. The corneal epithelium contains high levels of ACh whose accumulation by AChE inhibition after CF exposure overstimulates muscarinic ACh receptors (mAChRs) and nicotinic ACh receptors (nAChRs). Hyper stimulation of mAChRs in the eye causes miosis (excessive constriction of the pupil), dacryorrhea (excessive flow of tears), or chromodacryorrhea (red tears). Recent studies reported alteration of autophagy mechanism in human cornea in vitro and ex vivo post carbofuran exposure. This review describes carbofuran toxicity to the eye with special emphasis on corneal morbidities and blindness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duraisamy Kempuraj
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA; One-Health One-Medicine Vision Research Program, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; Institute for Neuro-Immune Medicine, Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
| | - Eric Zhang
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA; Mason Eye Institute, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Suneel Gupta
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA; One-Health One-Medicine Vision Research Program, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Ramesh C Gupta
- Toxicology Department, Murray State University, Hopkinsville, KY, USA
| | - Nishant R Sinha
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA; One-Health One-Medicine Vision Research Program, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Rajiv R Mohan
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA; One-Health One-Medicine Vision Research Program, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; Mason Eye Institute, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
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Rodríguez-Carrillo A, D'Cruz SC, Mustieles V, Suárez B, Smagulova F, David A, Peinado F, Artacho-Cordón F, López LC, Arrebola JP, Olea N, Fernández MF, Freire C. Exposure to non-persistent pesticides, BDNF, and behavioral function in adolescent males: Exploring a novel effect biomarker approach. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 211:113115. [PMID: 35292247 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Numerous contemporary non-persistent pesticides may elicit neurodevelopmental impairments. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has been proposed as a novel effect biomarker of neurological function that could help to understand the biological responses of some environmental exposures. OBJECTIVES To investigate the relationship between exposure to various non-persistent pesticides, BDNF, and behavioral functioning among adolescents. METHODS The concentrations of organophosphate (OP) insecticide metabolites 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCPy), 2-isopropyl-4-methyl-6-hydroxypyrimidine (IMPy), malathion diacid (MDA), and diethyl thiophosphate (DETP); metabolites of pyrethroids 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA) and dimethylcyclopropane carboxylic acid (DCCA), the metabolite of insecticide carbaryl 1-naphthol (1-N), and the metabolite of ethylene-bis-dithiocarbamate fungicides ethylene thiourea (ETU) were measured in spot urine samples, as well as serum BDNF protein levels and blood DNA methylation of Exon IV of BDNF gene in 15-17-year-old boys from the INMA-Granada cohort in Spain. Adolescents' behavior was reported by parents using the Child Behavior Check List (CBCL/6-18). This study included 140 adolescents of whom 118 had data on BDNF gene DNA methylation. Multivariable linear regression, weighted quantile sum (WQS) for mixture effects, and mediation models were fit. RESULTS IMPy, MDA, DCCA, and ETU were detected in more than 70% of urine samples, DETP in 53%, and TCPy, 3-PBA, and 1-N in less than 50% of samples. Higher levels of IMPy, TCPy, and ETU were significantly associated with more behavioral problems as social, thought problems, and rule-breaking symptoms. IMPy, MDA, DETP, and 1-N were significantly associated with decreased serum BDNF levels, while MDA, 3-PBA, and ETU were associated with higher DNA methylation percentages at several CpGs. WQS models suggest a mixture effect on more behavioral problems and BDNF DNA methylation at several CpGs. A mediated effect of serum BDNF within IMPy-thought and IMPy-rule breaking associations was suggested. CONCLUSION BDNF biomarkers measured at different levels of biological complexity provided novel information regarding the potential disruption of behavioral function due to contemporary pesticides, highlighting exposure to diazinon (IMPy) and the combined effect of IMPy, MDA, DCCA, and ETU. However, further research is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Rodríguez-Carrillo
- University of Granada, Biomedical Research Center (CIBM), Department of Radiology, 18016, Granada, Spain
| | - Shereen C D'Cruz
- Univ Rennes, EHESP, INSERM, IRSET (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - Vicente Mustieles
- University of Granada, Biomedical Research Center (CIBM), Department of Radiology, 18016, Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), 18012, Granada, Spain; Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - Beatriz Suárez
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), 18012, Granada, Spain
| | - Fátima Smagulova
- Univ Rennes, EHESP, INSERM, IRSET (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - Arthur David
- Univ Rennes, EHESP, INSERM, IRSET (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - Francisco Peinado
- University of Granada, Biomedical Research Center (CIBM), Department of Radiology, 18016, Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco Artacho-Cordón
- University of Granada, Biomedical Research Center (CIBM), Department of Radiology, 18016, Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), 18012, Granada, Spain; Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - Luis C López
- University of Granada, Department of Physiology, 18016, Granada, Spain
| | - Juan P Arrebola
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), 18012, Granada, Spain; Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Spain; University of Granada, Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, 18016, Granada, Spain
| | - Nicolás Olea
- University of Granada, Biomedical Research Center (CIBM), Department of Radiology, 18016, Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), 18012, Granada, Spain; Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - Mariana F Fernández
- University of Granada, Biomedical Research Center (CIBM), Department of Radiology, 18016, Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), 18012, Granada, Spain; Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Spain.
| | - Carmen Freire
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), 18012, Granada, Spain; Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Spain
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Khoje ZB, kumarVootla S, David M. Brain DNA damage analysis in pesticide exposed wistar albino rats (Rattus norvegicus): a chemometric approach. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2022; 41:2211-2220. [PMID: 35067187 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2022.2029566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Brain the most important organ which controls most of the regulations in the body is composed of neurons and glia. As brain has a high metabolic rate and reduced cell renewal capability, the lipids, proteins and nucleic acids become the major targets of damage. In the present study carbofuran (CF) induced brain DNA damage in male wistar albino rats at sub-lethal doses (Control-A; B-1.0, C-0.5 and D-0.3 mg/kg BW) while the groups B1,C1, D1, B2, C2, D2 and B3, C3, D3 represents the exposure duration 30, 60 and 90 days each respectively. FTIR spectroscopy based chemometric analysis of functional groups in nucleic acids are reported, changes in band area and band frequencies were examined to understand the DNA damage by constructing heat map. Significant changes were observed in the band frequency, band areas, bandwidth and intensity values (p < 0.05, 0.01, 0.001). The principal component analysis was analyzed to study the alterations at the molecular level, which revealed maximum variance of 74% in groups A, B1, C1, D1 and C2 and 13.7% variance in B2, D2, B3, C3 and D3. The present study provides significant details to analyse DNA damage using non-conventional approach and can also be used for detecting DNA damage in several neural diseases and disorders and emphasizes on using FTIR spectral data through chemometric approach to analyse the DNA damage.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zabin Begum Khoje
- Department of Studies in Zoology, Karnatak University, Dharwad, Karnataka, India
| | - Shyam kumarVootla
- Department of Studies in Microbiology and Biotechnology, Karnatak University, Dharwad, Karnataka, India
| | - Muniswamy David
- Department of Studies in Zoology, Karnatak University, Dharwad, Karnataka, India
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Martins AC, Paoliello MMB, Docea AO, Santamaria A, Tinkov AA, Skalny AV, Aschner M. Review of the mechanism underlying mefloquine-induced neurotoxicity. Crit Rev Toxicol 2021; 51:209-216. [PMID: 33905310 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2021.1901258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mefloquine, a potent blood schizontocide, is effective against drug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum. This property, along with its unique pharmacokinetic profile, makes mefloquine a widely prescribed antimalarial drug. However, several epidemiological studies have raised concerns on the safety of mefloquine as prophylaxis for malaria. Well-documented side-effects of mefloquine include abnormal dreams, insomnia, anxiety, and depressed mood, as well as nausea and dizziness (the last two most frequent effects). The mechanisms that underlie the neurological/psychiatric complications of mefloquine are poorly understood. The aim of this study was to review the literature on the neurotoxic mechanisms of action of mefloquine to better understand its potential toxicity in the central nervous system, highlighting the mechanisms that lead to its psychiatric disorders. Experimental studies on the neurotoxic effects of mefloquine discussed herein include brain transporters of mefloquine, alteration in neurotransmitters, disruption on calcium (Ca2+) homeostasis and neuroinflammation, generation of oxidative stress response in neurons (involving glutathione, increased F2-isoprostanes, accumulation of cytosolic lipid globules), and alteration of voltage-dependent channels, as well as gap junction intercellular communications. Although several hypotheses have been proposed for the mechanisms that mediate mefloquine-induced brain damage, they are not fully understood, necessitating additional studies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Airton C Martins
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Monica M B Paoliello
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Anca O Docea
- Department of Toxicology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania
| | - Abel Santamaria
- Laboratorio de Aminoacidos Excitadores, Instituto Nacional de Neurologia y Neurocirugia Manuel Velasco Suarez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alexey A Tinkov
- I.M. Sechenov First, Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia.,KG Razumovsky Moscow State University of Technologies and Management, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anatoly V Skalny
- I.M. Sechenov First, Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia.,KG Razumovsky Moscow State University of Technologies and Management, Moscow, Russia
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.,I.M. Sechenov First, Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
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Saquib Q, Siddiqui MA, Ansari SM, Alwathnani HA, Al-Khedhairy AA. Carbofuran cytotoxicity, DNA damage, oxidative stress, and cell death in human umbilical vein endothelial cells: Evidence of vascular toxicity. J Appl Toxicol 2021; 41:847-860. [PMID: 33629750 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Carbofuran is a broad-spectrum carbamate insecticide, which principally inhibits the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme in the nervous system. Nonetheless, their selective action is not restricted to a single species and expanded to humans. No studies are available on the toxicological effects of carbofuran in the endothelial cells (ECs), which first confronts the toxicants in blood vessels. Hence, we have exposed the human umbilical vein ECs (HUVECs) with carbofuran for 24 h, which significantly reduced the cell survival to 25.16% and 33.48% at 500 and 1,000 μM analyzed by MTT assay. In the neutral red uptake (NRU) assay, 16.68%, 30.99%, and 58.11% survival decline was found at 250, 500, and 1,000 μM of carbofuran. HUVECs exposed to carbofuran showed significant increase in the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), indicating oxidative stress at low concentrations. In parallel, HUVECs showed hyperpolarization effects in the mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) upon carbofuran exposure. Carbofuran induced DNA damage in HUVECs measured as 8.80, 11.82, 35.56, and 79.69 Olive tail moment (OTM) in 100-, 250-, 500-, and 1,000-μM exposure groups. Flow cytometric analysis showed apoptotic peak (SubG1) and G2M arrest in the HUVECs exposed to carbofuran. Overall, our novel data confirm that carbofuran is toxic for the EC cells, especially at the higher concentrations, which may affect the vascular functions and possibly angiogenesis. Hence, carbofuran should be applied judiciously, and detailed vascular studies are warranted to gain an in-depth information focusing the transcriptomic and translation changes employing suitable in vivo and in vitro test models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quaiser Saquib
- Zoology Department, College of Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Chair for DNA Research, Zoology Department, College of Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maqsood A Siddiqui
- Chair for DNA Research, Zoology Department, College of Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sabiha M Ansari
- Botany & Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hend A Alwathnani
- Botany & Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Khan A, Fahad TM, Akther T, Zaman T, Hasan MF, Islam Khan MR, Islam MS, Kishi S. Carbofuran accelerates the cellular senescence and declines the life span of spns1 mutant zebrafish. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 25:1048-1059. [PMID: 33277797 PMCID: PMC7812278 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbofuran is a carbamate pesticide, widely used in agricultural practices to increase crop productivity. In mammals, carbofuran is known to cause several untoward effects, such as apoptosis in the hippocampal neuron, oxidative stress, loss of memory and chromosomal anomalies. Most of these effects are implicated with cellular senescence. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine the effect of carbofuran on cellular senescence and biological ageing. Spinster homolog 1 (Spns1) is a transmembrane transporter, regulates autolysosomal biogenesis and plays a role in cellular senescence and survival. Using senescence‐associated β‐galactosidase staining, we found that carbofuran accelerates the cellular senescence in spns1 mutant zebrafish. The yolk opaqueness, a premature ageing phenotype in zebrafish embryos, was accelerated by carbofuran treatment. In the survival study, carbofuran shortened the life span of spns1 mutant zebrafish. Autophagy is the cellular lysosomal degradation, usually up‐regulated in the senescent cells. To know the impact of carbofuran exposure on autophagy progress, we established a double‐transgenic zebrafish line, harbouring EGFP‐tagged LC3‐II and mCherry‐tagged Lamp1 on spns1 mutant background, whereas we found, carbofuran exposure synergistically accelerates autolysosome formation with insufficient lysosome‐mediated degradation. Our data collectively suggest that carbofuran exposure synergistically accelerates the cellular senescence and affects biological ageing in spns1 defective animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alam Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh.,Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | | | - Tanjima Akther
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
| | - Tanjeena Zaman
- Department of Fisheries, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh.,Department of Biology, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
| | - Md Faruk Hasan
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
| | | | | | - Shuji Kishi
- S&J Kishi Research Corporation, Jupiter, FL, USA
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Interaction between autophagy, apoptosis and necrosis of infant mice (Mus musculus) brain cells from its carbofuran exposed mothers during lactation periods. ACTA VET BRNO 2020. [DOI: 10.2754/avb202089020195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the mechanism of autophagy, apoptosis and necrosis in the neurons of infant mice (Mus musculus) whose mothers were exposed to carbofuran during the lactation period. This experimental study included 20 mice; carbofuran was administered at LD50 fractions by gavage to mice at the doses of 1.25 mg/kg body weight (BW) (1/4 LD50), 0.625 mg/kg BW (1/8 LD50), and 0.3125 mg/kg BW (1/16 LD50). Mothers were exposed to carbofuran during lactation on Days 1–9. On Day 10, infant mice were sacrificed in order to determine the number of neuron cells expressing protein kinase B (Akt) and the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) as autophagy pathway using immunohistochemistry, apoptosis using the Tunel Assay, and necrosis using haematoxylin and eosin staining. The results of Akt, mTORC1, apoptosis, and cell necrosis were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Duncan tests. The results of the study showed that exposing the mothers to carbofuran during lactation caused an increase in necrosis and apoptosis of neuronal cells but did not cause autophagy in neuron cells via the Akt/mTOR pathway of infant mice. The increase in apoptotic neurons opens up opportunities for the prevention and handling of the effects of reactive oxygen species activities due to carbofuran exposure during lactation periods.
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Adiguzel C, Kalender Y. Bendiocarb-induced nephrotoxicity in rats and the protective role of vitamins C and E. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:6449-6458. [PMID: 31873894 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-07260-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Bendiocarb is a pesticide carbamate which is used to protect agricultural products and animals. In this study, rats were given orally with bendiocarb and also other chemicals via gavage. Male rats were randomly divided into eight groups (n = 6): group 1 served as controls; group 2 received vitamin C (100 mg/kg bw); group 3 received vitamin E (100 mg/kg bw); group 4 received vitamins C plus E; group 5 received bendiocarb (0.8 mg/kg 1/50 LD50); group 6 received both bendiocarb and vitamin C; group 7 received both bendiocarb and vitamin E; and group 8 received both bendiocarb and vitamin C and E via oral gavage. Degenerative changes and biochemical differences in rat kidney were investigated after 4 weeks of especially bendiocarb treatment. While biochemical values were normal in the control group, it was observed that CAT, SOD, GPx, and GST values decreased, while MDA, creatine, urea, and uric acid values increased in the pesticide-treated groups. It was also reported that bendiocarb caused cytopathological and histopathological changes in rat kidney. We have shown that the application of vitamins has a therapeutic effect on the evaluated parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caglar Adiguzel
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Gazi University, 06500, Teknikokullar, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Yusuf Kalender
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Gazi University, 06500, Teknikokullar, Ankara, Turkey.
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Carbofuran hampers oligodendrocytes development leading to impaired myelination in the hippocampus of rat brain. Neurotoxicology 2019; 70:161-179. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2018.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Hansen SN, Jørgensen JMB, Nyengaard JR, Lykkesfeldt J, Tveden-Nyborg P. Early Life Vitamin C Deficiency Does Not Alter Morphology of Hippocampal CA1 Pyramidal Neurons or Markers of Synaptic Plasticity in a Guinea Pig Model. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10060749. [PMID: 29890692 PMCID: PMC6024653 DOI: 10.3390/nu10060749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately 15% of the Western world population, including pregnant women and their children, is characterized as vitamin C (vitC) deficient. In guinea pigs, early life vitC deficiency causes spatial memory deficits, decreased hippocampal volume and neuron numbers, in otherwise clinically healthy animals. We hypothesized that vitC deficiency leads to decreased brain-derived neurotrophic factor and synaptic plasticity markers in selected brain areas (frontal cortex, hippocampus and striatum) and cause morphological changes in cornu ammonis 1 pyramidal neurons of the hippocampus either through a direct effect or indirectly by increased oxidative stress. Fifty-seven female guinea pigs were allocated to three groups receiving either 1390, 100 or 0–50 mg vitC/kg feed for 11 weeks. Dietary vitC levels were reflected in the plasma, cortical and adrenal gland levels, however, redox imbalance was only present in the adrenal glands allowing for the investigation of a direct influence of vitC deficiency on the chosen parameters in the brain. Synaptic plasticity markers were not affected in the investigated brain areas and no differences in isolated pyramidal neuron morphology was recorded. Based on our findings, it appears that vitC deficiency may primarily elicit impaired neuronal function through increased levels of oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stine N Hansen
- Section for Experimental Animals, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Ridebanevej 9, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark.
| | - Jane M Bjørn Jørgensen
- Section for Experimental Animals, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Ridebanevej 9, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark.
| | - Jens R Nyengaard
- Section for Experimental Animals, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Ridebanevej 9, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark.
- Core Center of Molecular Morphology, Section for Stereology and Microscopy, Centre for Stochastic Geometry and Advanced Bioimaging, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Noerrebrogade 44, Building 10G, 3rd Floor, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Jens Lykkesfeldt
- Section for Experimental Animals, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Ridebanevej 9, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark.
| | - Pernille Tveden-Nyborg
- Section for Experimental Animals, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Ridebanevej 9, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark.
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Zhang J, Guo J, Lu D, Qi X, Chang X, Wu C, Zhang Y, Liang W, Fang X, Cao Y, Zhou Z. Maternal urinary carbofuranphenol levels before delivery and birth outcomes in Sheyang Birth Cohort. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 625:1667-1672. [PMID: 29102186 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.10.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 10/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to carbamates has been linked with adverse health effects on developmental period. This study aimed to monitor exposure to carbofuranphenol of pregnant women from Sheyang Birth Cohort and investigate associations between prenatal exposure to carbofuranphenol and birth outcomes. During June 2009 to January 2010, 1100 pregnant women living in Sheyang County participated in our study and donated urine sample. Urinary carbofuranphenol concentration was measured by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Associations between urinary carbofuranphenol levels and infant birth outcomes were assessed by generalized linear models. Urinary carbofuranphenol concentrations varied from 0.01 to 395.40μg/L (0.01-303.93μg/g for creatinine adjusted), the geometric mean, median and inter quartile range are 0.81μg/L (1.28μg/g cr), 0.80μg/L (1.23μg/g cr) and 0.27-2.20μg/L (0.47-3.11μg/g cr), respectively. No statistically significant association between maternal urinary carbofuranphenol levels and birth outcomes was found in total infants and female infants. In male neonates, carbofuranphenol level was significantly associated with head circumference (b=-0.226; 95% confidence interval: -0.411, -0.041; P=0.01) and ponderal index (b=0.043, 95% CI: 0.004, 0.083; P=0.03). These findings suggested that the pregnant women were generally exposed to carbofuranphenol and prenatal exposure to carbofuranphenol might have adverse effects on fetal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiming Zhang
- School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Social Risks Governance in Health, Fudan University, No.130 Dong'an Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jianqiu Guo
- School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Social Risks Governance in Health, Fudan University, No.130 Dong'an Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Dasheng Lu
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 3399, Binsheng Road, Hangzhou 310051, China
| | - Xiaojuan Qi
- School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Social Risks Governance in Health, Fudan University, No.130 Dong'an Road, Shanghai 200032, China; Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 3399, Binsheng Road, Hangzhou 310051, China
| | - Xiuli Chang
- School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Social Risks Governance in Health, Fudan University, No.130 Dong'an Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Chunhua Wu
- School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Social Risks Governance in Health, Fudan University, No.130 Dong'an Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yubin Zhang
- School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Social Risks Governance in Health, Fudan University, No.130 Dong'an Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Weijiu Liang
- Shanghai Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No.39 Yunwushan Road, Changning District, Shanghai 200051, China
| | - Xin Fang
- Unit of Biostatistics, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm 17177, Sweden
| | - Yang Cao
- Unit of Biostatistics, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm 17177, Sweden; Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro 70182, Sweden
| | - Zhijun Zhou
- School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Social Risks Governance in Health, Fudan University, No.130 Dong'an Road, Shanghai 200032, China.
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Seth B, Yadav A, Agarwal S, Tiwari SK, Chaturvedi RK. Inhibition of the transforming growth factor-β/SMAD cascade mitigates the anti-neurogenic effects of the carbamate pesticide carbofuran. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:19423-19440. [PMID: 28982980 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.798074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The widely used carbamate pesticide carbofuran causes neurophysiological and neurobehavioral deficits in rodents and humans and therefore poses serious health hazards around the world. Previously, we reported that gestational carbofuran exposure has detrimental effects on hippocampal neurogenesis, the generation of new neurons from neural stem cells (NSC), in offspring. However, the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms for carbofuran-impaired neurogenesis remain unknown. Herein, we observed that chronic carbofuran exposure from gestational day 7 to postnatal day 21 altered expression of genes and transcription factors and levels of proteins involved in neurogenesis and the TGF-β pathway (i.e. TGF-β; SMAD-2, -3, and -7; and SMURF-2) in the rat hippocampus. We found that carbofuran increases TGF-β signaling (i.e. increased phosphorylated SMAD-2/3 and reduced SMAD-7 expression) in the hippocampus, which reduced NSC proliferation because of increased p21 levels and reduced cyclin D1 levels. Moreover, the carbofuran-altered TGF-β signaling impaired neuronal differentiation (BrdU/DCX+ and BrdU/NeuN+ cells) and increased apoptosis and neurodegeneration in the hippocampus. Blockade of the TGF-β pathway with the specific inhibitor SB431542 and via SMAD-3 siRNA prevented carbofuran-mediated inhibition of neurogenesis in both hippocampal NSC cultures and the hippocampus, suggesting the specific involvement of this pathway. Of note, both in vitro and in vivo studies indicated that TGF-β pathway attenuation reverses carbofuran's inhibitory effects on neurogenesis and associated learning and memory deficits. These results suggest that carbofuran inhibits NSC proliferation and neuronal differentiation by altering TGF-β signaling. Therefore, we conclude that TGF-β may represent a potential therapeutic target against carbofuran-mediated neurotoxicity and neurogenesis disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brashket Seth
- From the Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhavan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India.,the Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-IITR Lucknow Campus, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anuradha Yadav
- From the Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhavan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India.,the Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-IITR Lucknow Campus, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Swati Agarwal
- From the Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhavan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India.,the Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, and
| | - Shashi Kant Tiwari
- From the Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhavan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India.,the Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Rajnish Kumar Chaturvedi
- From the Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhavan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India, .,the Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-IITR Lucknow Campus, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
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14
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Fujino C, Tamura Y, Tange S, Nakajima H, Sanoh S, Watanabe Y, Uramaru N, Kojima H, Yoshinari K, Ohta S, Kitamura S. Metabolism of methiocarb and carbaryl by rat and human livers and plasma, and effect on their PXR, CAR and PPARα activities. J Toxicol Sci 2017; 41:677-91. [PMID: 27665777 DOI: 10.2131/jts.41.677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The oxidative, reductive, and hydrolytic metabolism of methiocarb and the hydrolytic metabolism of carbaryl by liver microsomes and plasma of rats or humans were examined. The effects of the metabolism of methiocarb and carbaryl on their nuclear receptor activities were also examined. When methiocarb was incubated with rat liver microsomes in the presence of NADPH, methiocarb sulfoxide, and a novel metabolite, methiocarb sulfone were detected. Methiocarb sulfoxide was oxidized to the sulfone by liver microsomes and reduced back to methiocarb by liver cytosol. Thus, the interconversion between methiocarb and the sulfoxide was found to be a new metabolic pathway for methiocarb by liver microsomes. The product of methiocarb hydrolysis, which is methylthio-3,5-xylenol (MX), was also oxidized to sulfoxide form by rat liver microsomes. The oxidations were catalyzed by human flavin-containing monooxygenase isoform (FMO1). CYP2C19, which is a human cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoform, catalyzed the sulfoxidations of methiocarb and MX, while CYP1A2 also exhibited oxidase activity toward MX. Methiocarb and carbaryl were not enzymatically hydrolyzed by the liver microsomes, but they were mainly hydrolyzed by plasma and albumin to MX and 1-naphthol, respectively. Both methiocarb and carbaryl exhibited PXR and PPARα agonistic activities; however, methiocarb sulfoxide and sulfone showed markedly reduced activities. In fact, when methiocarb was incubated with liver microsomes, the receptor activities were decreased. In contrast, MX and 1-naphthol showed nuclear receptor activities equivalent to those of their parent carbamates. Thus, the hydrolysis of methiocarb and carbaryl and the oxidation of methiocarb markedly modified their nuclear receptor activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chieri Fujino
- Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University
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15
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Tange S, Fujimoto N, Uramaru N, Wong FF, Sugihara K, Ohta S, Kitamura S. In vitro metabolism of methiocarb and carbaryl in rats, and its effect on their estrogenic and antiandrogenic activities. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2016; 41:289-297. [PMID: 26774076 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2015.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we examined the metabolism of the carbamate insecticides methiocarb and carbaryl by rat liver microsomes and plasma, and its effect on their endocrine-disrupting activities. Methiocarb and carbaryl were not enzymatically hydrolyzed by rat liver microsomes, but were hydrolyzed by rat plasma, mainly to methylthio-3,5-xylenol (MX) and 1-naphthol, respectively. When methiocarb was incubated with rat liver microsomes in the presence of NADPH, methiocarb sulfoxide was formed. The hydrolysis product, MX, was also oxidized to the sulfoxide, 3,5-dimethyl-4-(methylsulfinyl)phenol (SP), by rat liver microsomes in the presence of NADPH. These oxidase activities were catalyzed by cytochrome P450 and flavin-containing monooxygenase. Methiocarb and carbaryl both exhibited estrogen receptor α (ERα) and ERβ agonistic activity. MX and 1-naphthol showed similar activities, but methiocarb sulfoxide and SP showed markedly decreased activities. On the other hand, methiocarb and carbaryl exhibited potent antiandrogenic activity in the concentration range of 1×10(-6)-3×10(-5) M. Their hydrolysis products, MX, and 1-naphthol also showed high activity, equivalent to that of flutamide. However, methiocarb sulfoxide and SP showed relatively low activity. Thus, hydrolysis of methiocarb and carbaryl and oxidation of methiocarb to the sulfoxide markedly modified the estrogenic and antiandrogenic activities of methiocarb and carbaryl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoko Tange
- Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Kasumi 1-2-3, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Nariaki Fujimoto
- Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Kasumi 1-2-3, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Naoto Uramaru
- Nihon Pharmaceutical University, Komuro 10281, Ina-machi, Kitaadachi-gun, Saitama 362-0806, Japan
| | - Fung Fuh Wong
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, No. 91, Hsueh-Shih Rd., Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Kazumi Sugihara
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Hiroshima International University, Hirokoshingai 5-1-1, Kure, Hiroshima Prefecture, 737-0112, Japan
| | - Shigeru Ohta
- Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Kasumi 1-2-3, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Kitamura
- Nihon Pharmaceutical University, Komuro 10281, Ina-machi, Kitaadachi-gun, Saitama 362-0806, Japan.
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Chahal KS, Prakash A, Majeed ABA. The role of multifunctional drug therapy against carbamate induced neuronal toxicity during acute and chronic phase in rats. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2015; 40:220-229. [PMID: 26151868 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Revised: 05/31/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The current study has been designed to examine the effect of multifunctional drug therapy on carbofuran induced acute (2.187 mg/kg, s.c.) and sub-acute (0.2187 mg/kg, s.c.) neurotoxicity in male wistar rats. Drug treatment which includes nimodipine (Ca(2+) channel blocker), diazepam, ropinirole (dopamine agonist) and GSPE (antioxidant) was started 2h after carbofuran administration. Morris water maze was employed for aiming spatial memory. Narrow beam walk and rotarod were employed for testing motor functions. Brain acetylcholinesterase activity, thiobarbituric acid reactive species, nitrite, reduced glutathione, catalase levels, and mitochondrial complexes were also estimated. Carbofuran treatment resulted in significant development of cognitive and motor functions manifested as impairment in learning and memory along with increased thiobarbituric acid reactive species, nitrite levels and decreased acetylcholinesterase activity, reduced glutathione, catalase levels, and mitochondrial complexes. The standard antidote therapy (atropine) was not able to provide neuroprotection but was able to provide symptomatic relief. The multifunctional drug therapy attenuated carbofuran induced cognitive and motor dysfunction, acetylcholinesterase activity and other biochemical parameters. The triple combination in sub-acute study may be avoided in future as two drug combinations provide adequate neuroprotection. Thus it can be concluded that standard antidotal therapy may not provide neuroprotection while the multifunctional drug therapy offers neuroprotection against carbofuran and may dramatically increase survival and life quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karan Singh Chahal
- Department of Pharmacology, I.S.F. College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India
| | - Atish Prakash
- Department of Pharmacology, I.S.F. College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India; Faculty of Pharmacy, Campus Puncak Alam, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 42300 Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; Brain Degeneration and Therapeutics Group, Brain and Neuroscience Communities of Research, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
| | - Abu Bakar Abdul Majeed
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Campus Puncak Alam, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 42300 Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; Brain Degeneration and Therapeutics Group, Brain and Neuroscience Communities of Research, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
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Galano JM, Lee JCY, Gladine C, Comte B, Le Guennec JY, Oger C, Durand T. Non-enzymatic cyclic oxygenated metabolites of adrenic, docosahexaenoic, eicosapentaenoic and α-linolenic acids; bioactivities and potential use as biomarkers. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2014; 1851:446-55. [PMID: 25463478 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2014.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Revised: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic oxygenated metabolites are formed in vivo through non-enzymatic free radical reaction of n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) such as arachidonic (ARA C20:4 n-6), adrenic (AdA 22:4 n-6), α-linolenic (ALA 18:3 n-3), eicosapentaenoic (EPA 20:5 n-3) and docosahexaenoic (DHA 22:6 n-3) acids. These cyclic compounds are known as isoprostanes, neuroprostanes, dihomo-isoprostanes and phytoprostanes. Evidence has emerged for their use as biomarkers of oxidative stress and, more recently, the n-3PUFA-derived compounds have been shown to mediate bioactivities as secondary messengers. Accordingly, this review will focus on the cyclic oxygenated metabolites generated from AdA, ALA, EPA and DHA. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Oxygenated metabolism of PUFA: analysis and biological relevance".
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Marie Galano
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247, CNRS, University Montpellier I and II, ENSCM, Faculty of Pharmacy, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Cecile Gladine
- INRA, UMR1019, UNH, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Blandine Comte
- INRA, UMR1019, UNH, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Jean-Yves Le Guennec
- INSERM U1046, Physiologie & Médecine Expérimentale du Cœur et des Muscles, University Montpellier I and II, Montpellier, France
| | - Camille Oger
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247, CNRS, University Montpellier I and II, ENSCM, Faculty of Pharmacy, Montpellier, France
| | - Thierry Durand
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247, CNRS, University Montpellier I and II, ENSCM, Faculty of Pharmacy, Montpellier, France
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Krieg EF. The relationships between pesticide metabolites and neurobehavioral test performance in the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH 2013; 68:39-46. [PMID: 23298423 DOI: 10.1080/19338244.2011.633125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Regression analysis was used to estimate and test for relationships between urinary pesticide metabolites and neurobehavioral test performance in adults, 20 to 59 years old, participating in the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The 12 pesticide metabolites included 2 naphthols, 8 phenols, a phenoxyacetic acid, and a pyridinol. The 3 neurobehavioral tests included in the survey were simple reaction time, symbol-digit substitution, and serial digit learning. As the 2,4-dichlorophenol, 2,5-dichlorophenol, and the pentachlorophenol concentrations increased, performance on the serial digit learning test improved. As the 2,5-dichlorophenol concentration increased, performance on the symbol-digit substitution test improved. At low concentrations, the parent compounds of these metabolites may act at acetylcholine and γ-aminobutyric acid synapses in the central nervous system to improve neurobehavioral test performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward F Krieg
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH 45226, USA.
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19
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Gupta RC, Milatovic D. Toxicity of Organophosphates and Carbamates. MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY OF INSECTICIDES 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/9781849733007-00104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate (OP) and carbamate (CM) compounds are commonly used as insecticides around the world. Some of them are extremely toxic to non-target species, including mammals. OP and CM insecticides are acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors and are commonly referred to as anticholinesterase agents. In addition to their cholinergic mechanisms, these insecticides exert toxicity through non-cholinergic mechanisms, thereby affecting several vital organs and body systems. The brain and skeletal muscles are the major target organs. Cardiovascular, respiratory and immune systems are also affected. There are similarities and differences between and among the toxicity profiles of OPs and CMs. This is due in part to variability in the interaction of each OP or CM with target and non-target receptors, enzymes and proteins. Treatment of CM poisoning rests with atropine, while the treatment of OP poisoning includes atropine in combination with an oxime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh C Gupta
- Murray State University, Breathitt Veterinary Center, Toxicology Department Hopkinsville, KY USA.
| | - Dejan Milatovic
- Vanderbilt University, Department of Pediatrics Nashville, TN USA
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Mishra D, Tiwari SK, Agarwal S, Sharma VP, Chaturvedi RK. Prenatal carbofuran exposure inhibits hippocampal neurogenesis and causes learning and memory deficits in offspring. Toxicol Sci 2012; 127:84-100. [PMID: 22240977 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfs004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurogenesis is a process of generation of new neurons in the hippocampus and associated with learning and memory. Carbofuran, a carbamate pesticide, elicits several neurochemical, neurophysiological, and neurobehavioral deficits. We evaluated whether chronic prenatal oral exposure of carbofuran during gestational days 7-21 alters postnatal hippocampal neurogenesis at postnatal day 21. We found carbofuran treatment significantly decreased bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) positive cell proliferation and long-term survival in the hippocampus only but not in the cerebellum. We observed a reduced number of transcription factor SOX-2 and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) colabeled cells, decreased nestin messenger RNA (mRNA) expression, and decreased histone-H3 phosphorylation following carbofuran treatment, suggesting a decreased pool of neural progenitor cells (NPC). Colocalization of BrdU with doublecortin (DCX), neuronal nuclei (NeuN), and GFAP suggested decreased neuronal differentiation and increased glial differentiation by carbofuran. The number of DCX(+) and NeuN(+) neurons, NeuN protein levels, and fibers length of DCX(+) neurons were decreased by carbofuran. Carbofuran caused a significant downregulation of mRNA expression of the neurogenic genes/transcription factors such as neuregulin, neurogenin, and neuroD1 and upregulation of the gliogenic gene Stat3. Carbofuran exposure led to increased BrdU/caspase 3 colabeled cells, an increased number of degenerative neurons and profound deficits in learning and memory processes. The number and size of primary neurospheres derived from the hippocampus of carbofuran-treated rats were decreased. These results suggest that early gestational carbofuran exposure diminishes neurogenesis, reduces the NPC pool, produces neurodegeneration in the hippocampus, and causes cognitive impairments in rat offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Mishra
- Developmental Toxicology Division, Systems Toxicology Group, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow-226001, India
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21
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El-Demerdash F, Attia AA, Elmazoudy RH. Biochemical and histopathological changes induced by different time intervals of methomyl treatment in mice liver. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2012; 47:1948-1954. [PMID: 22755542 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2012.676513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The present study was designed to evaluate the toxic effects induced by different time intervals of methomyl exposure on liver antioxidant defense system, oxidative stress, liver function biomarkers and histopathology in CD-1 mice. Ten male mice per group were assigned to one of four treatment groups. Group one served as control while group 2, 3 and 4 were orally treated with one mg methomyl/kg BW for 10, 20 and 30 days, respectively. Results obtained showed that methomyl significantly induced TBARS and decreased the activity of antioxidant enzymes, glutathione S-transferase, superoxide dismutase and catalase and the levels of reduced glutathione in mice liver. Aminotransferases and alkaline phosphatase activities were significantly decreased in liver due to methomyl administration, while the activities of these enzymes were significantly increased in serum. In addition, liver lactate dehydrogenase activity was significantly increased. On the contrary, methomyl treatment caused a significant decrease in liver acid phosphatase. The histology of mice liver treated with methomyl for 10, 20 and 30 days of duration showed dilation of central vein, sinusoids between hypertrophied hepatocytes and nuclear degeneration with mononuclear cell infiltration. In conclusion, exposure to methomyl induced toxicity and oxidative stress in mice liver via free radicals mechanism. Also, methomyl might have affected cell metabolism, cell membrane permeability and the detoxification system in liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma El-Demerdash
- Department of Environmental Studies, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
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Pohanka M, Novotny L, Pikula J. Metrifonate alters antioxidant levels and caspase activity in cerebral cortex of Wistar rats. Toxicol Mech Methods 2011; 21:585-90. [DOI: 10.3109/15376516.2011.589089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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23
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Flores ÉM, Cappelari SE, Pereira P, Picada JN. Effects of memantine, a non-competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist, on genomic stability. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2011; 109:413-7. [PMID: 21699656 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2011.00744.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Memantine is an aminoadamantane drug useful in neurodegenerative diseases, with beneficial effects on cognitive functions. Some studies have shown that memantine protects brain cells, thereby decreasing glutamate excitotoxicity. This study evaluated the genotoxic/antigenotoxic and mutagenic effects of memantine in CF-1 mice, following standardized protocols. Memantine was administered i.p. at 7.5, 15 or 30 mg/kg for three consecutive days. Blood and brain samples were collected to assess DNA damage using the alkaline comet assay. The mutagenic effect was assessed using the bone marrow micronucleus test. In addition, possible antioxidant effects were evaluated measuring the survival of Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast strains [wild-type (WT) and isogenic mutants lacking superoxide dismutase] to cotreatment of memantine plus hydrogen peroxide. Memantine decreased DNA oxidative damage mainly in brain tissue. This antigenotoxic effect corroborated an increase observed in the survival of S. cerevisiae WT strain against hydrogen peroxide-induced damage. Furthermore, memantine did not increase the micronucleus frequency. The overall results indicate that memantine showed no mutagenic activity, did not cause DNA damage in the blood and brain tissues and showed antigenotoxic effects in brain tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Édina Madeira Flores
- Laboratório de Genética Toxicológica, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Toxicologia Aplicada, ULBRA, Canoas, RS, Brazil
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Milatovic D, Aschner M. Neuronal Oxidative Injury and Biomarkers of Lipid Peroxidation. NEUROMETHODS 2011; 56:349-363. [PMID: 32132769 PMCID: PMC7055719 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-077-5_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dejan Milatovic
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Kennedy Center for Research on Human Development, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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Milatovic D, Aschner M. Measurement of isoprostanes as markers of oxidative stress in neuronal tissue. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; Chapter 12:Unit12.14. [PMID: 20191108 DOI: 10.1002/0471140856.tx1214s39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is implicated in the pathogenesis of a variety of human diseases, including neurodegenerative disease, atherosclerosis and cancer, as well as progressive and even normal aging processes. Increased generation of free radicals derived primarily from molecular oxygen has also been associated with neuronal damage induced by a variety of environmental agents. However, measuring oxidative stress in biological systems is complex and requires accurate quantification of either free radicals or damaged biomolecules. One method to quantify oxidative injury is to measure lipid peroxidation. Lipids are readily attacked by free radicals, resulting in the formation of a number of peroxidation products. F₂-isoprostanes (F₂-IsoPs) are one group of these compounds, which are derived by the free radical peroxidation of arachidonic acid (AA). The F₂-IsoPs, prostaglandine F₂-like compounds, have been shown as the most accurate measure of oxidative damage in vivo. This review summarizes current methodology used to quantify F₂-IsoPs and discusses the utility of these and other prostaglandine (PG)-like compounds as in vivo biomarkers of oxidative stress in neuronal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dejan Milatovic
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
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Milatovic D, Montine TJ, Zaja-Milatovic S, Madison JL, Bowman AB, Aschner M. Morphometric analysis in neurodegenerative disorders. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN TOXICOLOGY 2010; Chapter 12:Unit 12.16. [PMID: 20401325 PMCID: PMC2855147 DOI: 10.1002/0471140856.tx1216s43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The study of dendritic length and spine density has become a standard in the analysis of neuronal abnormalities since a considerable number of neurological diseases have their foundation in alterations in these structures. One of the best ways to study possible alterations in neuronal morphometry is the use of Golgi impregnation. Introduced more than a century ago, it is still the standard and state-of-the-art technique for visualization of neuronal architecture. We successfully applied the Golgi method to mouse, rat, monkey and human brain tissues for studying both the normal and abnormal morphology of neurons. We were able to discover subtle morphological alterations in neuronal dendrites and dendritic spines in different brain areas. Although Golgi preparations can be examined by electronic microscopy, we used light microscopy and Neurolucida reconstruction to quantitatively explore the relationship between total dendritic length and spine density in different types of neurons. This review summarizes the methodology used to quantify neuronal abnormalities and discusses the utility of these techniques in different models of neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dejan Milatovic
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Thomas J. Montine
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Jennifer L. Madison
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Aaron B. Bowman
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
- Kennedy Center for Research on Human Development, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
- Kennedy Center for Research on Human Development, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
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Effects of methomyl on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes in rat erythrocytes: In vitro studies. Toxicol Ind Health 2009; 25:557-63. [DOI: 10.1177/0748233709349829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Erythrocytes are a convenient model to understand the membrane oxidative damage induced by various xenobiotic pro-oxidants. This study was designed to investigate the possibility of methomyl (Lannate® 90% SP), S-methyl N-(methylcarbamoyloxy) thioacetimidate, to induce oxidative stress response in rat erythrocytes in vitro. Erythrocytes were incubated for 4 hours at 37°C with different concentrations (0.0, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 mM) of methomyl. The results showed that methomyl decreased acetylcholinesterase (AChE), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activities and increased level of lipid peroxidation (LPO) as well as the percentage of haemolysis. The response occurred in a concentration-dependent manner. The study suggested that methomyl has the capability to induce oxidative damage as evidenced by increasing LPO and perturbations in various antioxidant enzymes.
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Hsieh YP, Lin CL, Shiue AL, Yin H, Morrow JD, Hsu JC, Hsieh TC, Wei HJ, Yen HC. Correlation of F4-neuroprostanes levels in cerebrospinal fluid with outcome of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage in humans. Free Radic Biol Med 2009; 47:814-24. [PMID: 19555757 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2009.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2009] [Revised: 05/27/2009] [Accepted: 06/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) is one type of hemorrhagic stroke in humans. F(2)-isoprostanes (F(2)-IsoPs) and F(4)-neuroprostanes (F(4)-NPs), derived from arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), respectively, are specific markers of lipid peroxidation. We previously demonstrated that F(2)-IsoPs levels in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of aSAH patients positively correlated with poor clinical conditions. In this work, we refined F(4)-NPs analysis and investigated the role of potential oxidative damage to neurons in aSAH patients by detecting F(4)-NPs in CSF. [(2)H(4)]-15-F(2t)-IsoP, rather than [(18)O(2)]-17-F(4c)-NP or [(2)H(4)]-PGF(2 alpha), was used as the internal standard for F(4)-NPs analysis. One problem of the use of [(18)O(2)]-17-F(4c)-NP was the potential interference resulting from F(2)-dihomo-IsoPs in CSF. CSF specimens of 15 aSAH patients for up to 10 days and those of 12 non-aSAH controls were analyzed. First day, mean, and peak levels of F(4)-NPs were all significantly higher in aSAH patients than in controls and correlated with the Fisher Scale and 3-month Glasgow Outcome Scale, but only mean levels of F(4)-NPs correlated with Hunt and Hess Grade. The results first demonstrate oxidative damage to DHA in brain tissue following aSAH and suggest that F(4)-NPs in CSF could be a better predictor for outcome of aSAH than F(2)-IsoPs at early time points.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ping Hsieh
- Graduate Institute of Medical Biotechnology/Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
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Zaja-Milatovic S, Gupta RC, Aschner M, Milatovic D. Protection of DFP-induced oxidative damage and neurodegeneration by antioxidants and NMDA receptor antagonist. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2009; 240:124-31. [PMID: 19615394 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2009.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2009] [Revised: 07/02/2009] [Accepted: 07/06/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Prophylactic agents acutely administered in response to anticholinesterases intoxication can prevent toxic symptoms, including fasciculations, seizures, convulsions and death. However, anticholinesterases also have long-term unknown pathophysiological effects, making rational prophylaxis/treatment problematic. Increasing evidence suggests that in addition to excessive cholinergic stimulation, organophosphate compounds such as diisopropylphosphorofluoridate (DFP) induce activation of glutamatergic neurons, generation of reactive oxygen (ROS) and nitrogen species (RNS), leading to neurodegeneration. The present study investigated multiple affectors of DFP exposure critical to cerebral oxidative damage and whether antioxidants and NMDA receptor antagonist memantine provide neuroprotection by preventing DFP-induced biochemical and morphometric changes in rat brain. Rats treated acutely with DFP (1.25 mg/kg, s.c.) developed onset of toxicity signs within 7-15 min that progressed to maximal severity of seizures and fasciculations within 60 min. At this time point, DFP caused significant (p<0.01) increases in biomarkers of ROS (F2-isoprostanes, F2-IsoPs; and F4-neuroprostanes, F4-NeuroPs), RNS (citrulline), and declines in high-energy phosphates (HEP) in rat cerebrum. At the same time, quantitative morphometric analysis of pyramidal neurons of the hippocampal CA1 region revealed significant (p<0.01) reductions in dendritic lengths and spine density. When rats were pretreated with the antioxidants N-tert-butyl-alpha-phenylnitrone (PBN, 200 mg/kg, i.p.), or vitamin E (100 mg/kg, i.p./day for 3 days), or memantine (18 mg/kg, i.p.), significant attenuations in DFP-induced increases in F2-IsoPs, F4-NeuroPs, citrulline, and depletion of HEP were noted. Furthermore, attenuation in oxidative damage following antioxidants or memantine pretreatment was accompanied by rescue from dendritic degeneration of pyramidal neurons in the CA1 hippocampal area. These findings closely associated DFP-induced lipid peroxidation with dendritic degeneration of pyramidal neurons in the CA1 hippocampal area and point to possible interventions to limit oxidative injury and dendritic degeneration induced by anticholinesterase neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snjezana Zaja-Milatovic
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics/Pediatric Toxicology, Nashville, TN 37232-0414, USA
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Bjørling-Poulsen M, Andersen HR, Grandjean P. Potential developmental neurotoxicity of pesticides used in Europe. Environ Health 2008; 7:50. [PMID: 18945337 PMCID: PMC2577708 DOI: 10.1186/1476-069x-7-50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2008] [Accepted: 10/22/2008] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides used in agriculture are designed to protect crops against unwanted species, such as weeds, insects, and fungus. Many compounds target the nervous system of insect pests. Because of the similarity in brain biochemistry, such pesticides may also be neurotoxic to humans. Concerns have been raised that the developing brain may be particularly vulnerable to adverse effects of neurotoxic pesticides. Current requirements for safety testing do not include developmental neurotoxicity. We therefore undertook a systematic evaluation of published evidence on neurotoxicity of pesticides in current use, with specific emphasis on risks during early development. Epidemiologic studies show associations with neurodevelopmental deficits, but mainly deal with mixed exposures to pesticides. Laboratory experimental studies using model compounds suggest that many pesticides currently used in Europe--including organophosphates, carbamates, pyrethroids, ethylenebisdithiocarbamates, and chlorophenoxy herbicides--can cause neurodevelopmental toxicity. Adverse effects on brain development can be severe and irreversible. Prevention should therefore be a public health priority. The occurrence of residues in food and other types of human exposures should be prevented with regard to the pesticide groups that are known to be neurotoxic. For other substances, given their widespread use and the unique vulnerability of the developing brain, the general lack of data on developmental neurotoxicity calls for investment in targeted research. While awaiting more definite evidence, existing uncertainties should be considered in light of the need for precautionary action to protect brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Bjørling-Poulsen
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Winslowparken 17, 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Helle Raun Andersen
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Winslowparken 17, 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Philippe Grandjean
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Winslowparken 17, 5000 Odense, Denmark
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Landmark Building 3E-110, 401 Park Drive, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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Zaja-Milatovic S, Gupta RC, Aschner M, Montine TJ, Milatovic D. Pharmacologic suppression of oxidative damage and dendritic degeneration following kainic acid-induced excitotoxicity in mouse cerebrum. Neurotoxicology 2008; 29:621-7. [PMID: 18556069 PMCID: PMC2517174 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2008.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2008] [Revised: 03/27/2008] [Accepted: 04/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Intense seizure activity associated with status epilepticus and excitatory amino acid (EAA) imbalance initiates oxidative damage and neuronal injury in CA1 of the ventral hippocampus. We tested the hypothesis that dendritic degeneration of pyramidal neurons in the CA1 hippocampal area resulting from seizure-induced neurotoxicity is modulated by cerebral oxidative damage. Kainic acid (KA, 1 nmol/5 microl) was injected intracerebroventricularly to C57Bl/6 mice. F2-isoprostanes (F2-IsoPs) and F4-neuroprostanes (F4-NeuroPs) were used as surrogate measures of in vivo oxidative stress and biomarkers of lipid peroxidation. Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity was quantified by evaluating citrulline level and pyramidal neuron dendrites and spines were evaluated using rapid Golgi stains and a Neurolucida system. KA produced severe seizures in mice immediately after its administration and a significant (p<0.001) increase in F2-IsoPs, F4-NeuroPs and citrulline levels were seen 30 min following treatment. At the same time, hippocampal pyramidal neurons showed significant (p<0.001) reduction in dendritic length and spine density. In contrast, no significant change in neuronal dendrite and spine density or F2-IsoP, F4-NeuroPs and citrulline levels were found in mice pretreated with vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol, 100mg/kg, i.p.) for 3 days, or with N-tert-butyl-alpha-phenylnitrone (PBN, 200mg/kg, i.p.) or ibuprofen (inhibitors of cyclooxygenase, COX, 14 microg/ml of drinking water) for 2 weeks prior to KA treatment. These findings indicate novel interactions among free radical-induced generation of F2-IsoPs and F4-NeuroPs, nitric oxide and dendritic degeneration, closely associate oxidative damage to neuronal membranes with degeneration of the dendritic system, and point to possible interventions to limit severe damage in acute neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ramesh C. Gupta
- Breathitt Veterinary Center, Murray State University, Hopkinsville, KY
| | - Michael Aschner
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | | | - Dejan Milatovic
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
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Kamboj SS, Kumar V, Kamboj A, Sandhir R. Mitochondrial Oxidative Stress and Dysfunction in Rat Brain Induced by Carbofuran Exposure. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2008; 28:961-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-008-9270-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2007] [Accepted: 02/19/2008] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Finkelstein Y, Milatovic D, Aschner M. Modulation of cholinergic systems by manganese. Neurotoxicology 2007; 28:1003-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2007.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2007] [Revised: 07/22/2007] [Accepted: 08/09/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Pietá Dias C, Martins de Lima MN, Presti-Torres J, Dornelles A, Garcia VA, Siciliani Scalco F, Rewsaat Guimarães M, Constantino L, Budni P, Dal-Pizzol F, Schröder N. Memantine reduces oxidative damage and enhances long-term recognition memory in aged rats. Neuroscience 2007; 146:1719-25. [PMID: 17445991 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2007] [Revised: 03/09/2007] [Accepted: 03/15/2007] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Many neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's (AD), Parkinson's (PD) and Huntington's diseases (HD), are caused by different mechanisms but may share a common pathway to neuronal injury as a result of the overstimulation of glutamate receptors. It has been suggested that this pathway can be involved in generation of cognitive deficits associated with normal aging. Previous studies performed in our laboratory have demonstrated that aged rats presented recognition memory deficits. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of memantine, a low-affinity N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, on age-induced recognition memory deficits. Additionally, parameters of oxidative damage in cerebral regions related to memory formation were evaluated. In order to do that, male Wistar rats (24 months old) received daily injections of saline solution or memantine (20 mg/kg i.p.) during 21 days. The animals were submitted to a novel object recognition task 1 week after the last injection. Memantine-treated rats showed normal recognition memory while the saline group showed long-term recognition memory deficits. The results show that memantine is able to reverse age-induced recognition memory deficits. We also demonstrated that memantine reduced the oxidative damage to proteins in cortex and hippocampus, two important brain regions involved in memory formation. Thus, the present findings suggest that, at least in part, age-induced cognitive deficits are related to oxidative damage promoted by NMDA receptor overactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Pietá Dias
- Neurobiology and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Biosciences, Pontifical Catholic University, 90619-900 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Gupta RC, Dekundy A. Donepezil- or rivastigmine-induced acetylcholinesterase inactivation is not modulated by neramexane in rat brain. Drug Dev Res 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.20186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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