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Zhang J, Ji K, Ning Y, Sun L, Fan M, Shu C, Zhang Z, Tu T, Cao J, Gao F, Chen Y. Biological Hyperthermia-Inducing Nanoparticles for Specific Remodeling of the Extracellular Matrix Microenvironment Enhance Pro-Apoptotic Therapy in Fibrosis. ACS Nano 2023. [PMID: 37229569 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c12831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a major driver of fibrotic diseases and forms a dense fibrous barrier that impedes nanodrug delivery. Because hyperthermia causes destruction of ECM components, we developed a nanoparticle preparation to induce fibrosis-specific biological hyperthermia (designated as GPQ-EL-DNP) to improve pro-apoptotic therapy against fibrotic diseases based on remodeling of the ECM microenvironment. GPQ-EL-DNP is a matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9-responsive peptide, (GPQ)-modified hybrid nanoparticle containing fibroblast-derived exosomes and liposomes (GPQ-EL) and is loaded with a mitochondrial uncoupling agent, 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP). GPQ-EL-DNP can specifically accumulate and release DNP in the fibrotic focus, inducing collagen denaturation through biological hyperthermia. The preparation was able to remodel the ECM microenvironment, decrease stiffness, and suppress fibroblast activation, which further enhanced GPQ-EL-DNP delivery to fibroblasts and sensitized fibroblasts to simvastatin-induced apoptosis. Therefore, simvastatin-loaded GPQ-EL-DNP achieved an improved therapeutic effect on multiple types of murine fibrosis. Importantly, GPQ-EL-DNP did not induce systemic toxicity to the host. Therefore, the nanoparticle GPQ-EL-DNP for fibrosis-specific hyperthermia can be used as a potential strategy to enhance pro-apoptotic therapy in fibrotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinru Zhang
- Pharmaceutical Engineering and Process of Chemical Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Keqin Ji
- Pharmaceutical Engineering and Process of Chemical Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yuanmeng Ning
- Pharmaceutical Engineering and Process of Chemical Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Lingna Sun
- Pharmaceutical Engineering and Process of Chemical Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Mingrui Fan
- Pharmaceutical Engineering and Process of Chemical Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Chunjie Shu
- Pharmaceutical Engineering and Process of Chemical Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Ziqi Zhang
- Pharmaceutical Engineering and Process of Chemical Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Tianyu Tu
- Pharmaceutical Engineering and Process of Chemical Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jingyun Cao
- Pharmaceutical Engineering and Process of Chemical Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Feng Gao
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yanzuo Chen
- Pharmaceutical Engineering and Process of Chemical Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
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Elleithi YA, El-Gayar AM, Amin MN. Simvastatin Induces Apoptosis And Suppresses Hepatocellular Carcinoma Induced In Rats. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2023; 195:1656-1674. [PMID: 36367620 PMCID: PMC9928804 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-022-04203-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a frequent primary aggressive cancer, a crucial cause of cancer-related mortality globally. Simvastatin is a well-known safe cholesterol-lowering medication that has been recently shown to suppress cancer progression. Apoptosis is a well-organized and controlled cellular process that happens both physiologically and pathologically leading to executing cell death. Apoptosis is frequently downregulated in cancer cells. In the present study, we aimed to test the effect of simvastatin on HCC progression. HCC was induced in experimental rats by means of diethylnitrose amine (DEN) and thioacetamide (TAA) injections. Gross examination and liver index along with biochemical analysis of hepatic function were evaluated. Serum alpha-feto protein (AFP) concentration was measured by ELISA. Histopathological examination was used for assessing necroinflammatory scores and fibrosis degree. Apoptosis was assessed using immunohistochemistry (IHC) and quantitative PCR (qPCR). Simvastatin was found to induce apoptosis successfully in HCC and improve liver fibrosis, overall hepatic function, and necroinflammatory score. Simvastatin, therefore, may be a potential adjunctive therapeutic option in clinical settings of treating HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yomna A. Elleithi
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 3551 Egypt
| | - Amal M. El-Gayar
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 3551 Egypt
| | - Mohamed N. Amin
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 3551 Egypt ,Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Salman International University, Ras Sedr, South Sinai Egypt
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3
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David MA, Reiter AJ, Dunham CL, Castile RM, Abraham JA, Iannucci LE, Shah ID, Havlioglu N, Chamberlain AM, Lake SP. Pleiotropic Effects of Simvastatin and Losartan in Preclinical Models of Post-Traumatic Elbow Contracture. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:803403. [PMID: 35265595 PMCID: PMC8899197 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.803403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Elbow trauma can lead to post-traumatic joint contracture (PTJC), which is characterized by loss of motion associated with capsule/ligament fibrosis and cartilage damage. Unfortunately, current therapies are often unsuccessful or cause complications. This study aimed to determine the effects of prophylactically administered simvastatin (SV) and losartan (LS) in two preclinical models of elbow PTJC: an in vivo elbow-specific rat injury model and an in vitro collagen gel contraction assay. The in vivo elbow rat (n = 3-10/group) injury model evaluated the effects of orally administered SV and LS at two dosing strategies [i.e., low dose/high frequency/short duration (D1) vs. high dose/low frequency/long duration (D2)] on post-mortem elbow range of motion (via biomechanical testing) as well as capsule fibrosis and cartilage damage (via histopathology). The in vitro gel contraction assay coupled with live/dead staining (n = 3-19/group) evaluated the effects of SV and LS at various concentrations (i.e., 1, 10, 100 µM) and durations (i.e., continuous, short, or delayed) on the contractibility and viability of fibroblasts/myofibroblasts [i.e., NIH3T3 fibroblasts with endogenous transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGFβ1)]. In vivo, no drug strategy prevented elbow contracture biomechanically. Histologically, only SV-D2 modestly reduced capsule fibrosis but maintained elevated cellularity and tissue hypertrophy, and both SV strategies lessened cartilage damage. SV modest benefits were localized to the anterior region, not the posterior, of the joint. Neither LS strategy had meaningful benefits in capsule nor cartilage. In vitro, irrespective of the presence of TGFβ1, SV (≥10 μM) prevented gel contraction partly by decreasing cell viability (100 μM). In contrast, LS did not prevent gel contraction or affect cell viability. This study demonstrates that SV, but not LS, might be suitable prophylactic drug therapy in two preclinical models of elbow PTJC. Results provide initial insight to guide future preclinical studies aimed at preventing or mitigating elbow PTJC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A. David
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Alex J. Reiter
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Chelsey L. Dunham
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Ryan M. Castile
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - James A. Abraham
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Leanne E. Iannucci
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Ishani D. Shah
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Necat Havlioglu
- Department of Pathology, John Cochran VA Medical Center, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Aaron M. Chamberlain
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Spencer P. Lake
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States,*Correspondence: Spencer P. Lake,
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4
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Tuleta I, Frangogiannis NG. Fibrosis of the diabetic heart: Clinical significance, molecular mechanisms, and therapeutic opportunities. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 176:113904. [PMID: 34331987 PMCID: PMC8444077 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.113904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In patients with diabetes, myocardial fibrosis may contribute to the pathogenesis of heart failure and arrhythmogenesis, increasing ventricular stiffness and delaying conduction. Diabetic myocardial fibrosis involves effects of hyperglycemia, lipotoxicity and insulin resistance on cardiac fibroblasts, directly resulting in increased matrix secretion, and activation of paracrine signaling in cardiomyocytes, immune and vascular cells, that release fibroblast-activating mediators. Neurohumoral pathways, cytokines, growth factors, oxidative stress, advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), and matricellular proteins have been implicated in diabetic fibrosis; however, the molecular links between the metabolic perturbations and activation of a fibrogenic program remain poorly understood. Although existing therapies using glucose- and lipid-lowering agents and neurohumoral inhibition may act in part by attenuating myocardial collagen deposition, specific therapies targeting the fibrotic response are lacking. This review manuscript discusses the clinical significance, molecular mechanisms and cell biology of diabetic cardiac fibrosis and proposes therapeutic targets that may attenuate the fibrotic response, preventing heart failure progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Tuleta
- The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx NY, USA
| | - Nikolaos G Frangogiannis
- The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx NY, USA.
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5
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Mouton AJ, Flynn ER, Moak SP, Aitken NM, Omoto ACM, Li X, da Silva AA, Wang Z, do Carmo JM, Hall JE. Dimethyl fumarate preserves left ventricular infarct integrity following myocardial infarction via modulation of cardiac macrophage and fibroblast oxidative metabolism. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2021; 158:38-48. [PMID: 34023353 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2021.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Myocardial infarction (MI) is one of the leading causes of mortality and cardiovascular disease worldwide. MI is characterized by a substantial inflammatory response in the infarcted left ventricle (LV), followed by transition of quiescent fibroblasts to active myofibroblasts, which deposit collagen to form the reparative scar. Metabolic shifting between glycolysis and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) is an important mechanism by which these cell types transition towards reparative phenotypes. Thus, we hypothesized that dimethyl fumarate (DMF), a clinically approved anti-inflammatory agent with metabolic actions, would improve post-MI remodeling via modulation of macrophage and fibroblast metabolism. Adult male C57BL/6J mice were treated with DMF (10 mg/kg) for 3-7 days after MI. DMF attenuated LV infarct and non-infarct wall thinning at 3 and 7 days post-MI, and decreased LV dilation and pulmonary congestion at day 7. DMF improved LV infarct collagen deposition, myofibroblast activation, and angiogenesis at day 7. DMF also decreased pro-inflammatory cytokine expression (Tnf) 3 days after MI, and decreased inflammatory markers in macrophages isolated from the infarcted heart (Hif1a, Il1b). In fibroblasts extracted from the infarcted heart at day 3, RNA-Seq analysis demonstrated that DMF promoted an anti-inflammatory/pro-reparative phenotype. By Seahorse analysis, DMF did not affect glycolysis in either macrophages or fibroblasts at day 3, but enhanced macrophage OXPHOS while impairing fibroblast OXPHOS. Our results indicate that DMF differentially affects macrophage and fibroblast metabolism, and promotes anti-inflammatory/pro-reparative actions. In conclusion, targeting cellular metabolism in the infarcted heart may be a promising therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan J Mouton
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 39216-4505, United States of America; Mississippi Center for Obesity Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 39216-4505, United States of America.
| | - Elizabeth R Flynn
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 39216-4505, United States of America
| | - Sydney P Moak
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 39216-4505, United States of America
| | - Nikaela M Aitken
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 39216-4505, United States of America
| | - Ana C M Omoto
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 39216-4505, United States of America; Mississippi Center for Obesity Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 39216-4505, United States of America
| | - Xuan Li
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 39216-4505, United States of America; Mississippi Center for Obesity Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 39216-4505, United States of America
| | - Alexandre A da Silva
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 39216-4505, United States of America; Mississippi Center for Obesity Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 39216-4505, United States of America
| | - Zhen Wang
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 39216-4505, United States of America; Mississippi Center for Obesity Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 39216-4505, United States of America
| | - Jussara M do Carmo
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 39216-4505, United States of America; Mississippi Center for Obesity Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 39216-4505, United States of America
| | - John E Hall
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 39216-4505, United States of America; Mississippi Center for Obesity Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 39216-4505, United States of America
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6
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Liu A, Wu Q, Guo J, Ares I, Rodríguez J, Martínez-larrañaga M, Yuan Z, Anadón A, Wang X, Martínez M. Statins: Adverse reactions, oxidative stress and metabolic interactions. Pharmacol Ther 2019; 195:54-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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7
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Mouton AJ, Ma Y, Rivera Gonzalez OJ, Daseke MJ, Flynn ER, Freeman TC, Garrett MR, DeLeon-Pennell KY, Lindsey ML. Fibroblast polarization over the myocardial infarction time continuum shifts roles from inflammation to angiogenesis. Basic Res Cardiol 2019; 114:6. [PMID: 30635789 PMCID: PMC6329742 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-019-0715-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac fibroblasts are the major producers of extracellular matrix (ECM) to form infarct scar. We hypothesized that fibroblasts undergo a spectrum of phenotype states over the course of myocardial infarction (MI) from early onset to scar formation. Fibroblasts were isolated from the infarct region of C57BL/6J male mice (3-6 months old, n = 60) at days 0 (no MI control) and 1, 3, or 7 after MI. Whole transcriptome analysis was performed by RNA-sequencing. Of the genes sequenced, 3371 were differentially expressed after MI. Enrichment analysis revealed that MI day 1 fibroblasts displayed pro-inflammatory, leukocyte-recruiting, pro-survival, and anti-migratory phenotype through Tnfrsf9 and CD137 signaling. MI day 3 fibroblasts had a proliferative, pro-fibrotic, and pro-angiogenic profile with elevated Il4ra signaling. MI day 7 fibroblasts showed an anti-angiogenic homeostatic-like myofibroblast profile and with a step-wise increase in Acta2 expression. MI day 7 fibroblasts relied on Pik3r3 signaling to mediate Tgfb1 effects and Fgfr2 to regulate PI3K signaling. In vitro, the day 3 MI fibroblast secretome stimulated angiogenesis, while day 7 MI fibroblast secretome repressed angiogenesis through Thbs1 signaling. Our results reveal novel mechanisms for fibroblasts in expressing pro-inflammatory molecules and regulating angiogenesis following MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan J Mouton
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Mississippi Center for Heart Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State St, Jackson, MS, 39216-4505, USA
| | - Yonggang Ma
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Mississippi Center for Heart Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State St, Jackson, MS, 39216-4505, USA
| | - Osvaldo J Rivera Gonzalez
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Mississippi Center for Heart Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State St, Jackson, MS, 39216-4505, USA
| | - Michael J Daseke
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Mississippi Center for Heart Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State St, Jackson, MS, 39216-4505, USA
| | - Elizabeth R Flynn
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Mississippi Center for Heart Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State St, Jackson, MS, 39216-4505, USA
| | - Tom C Freeman
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Michael R Garrett
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - Kristine Y DeLeon-Pennell
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Mississippi Center for Heart Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State St, Jackson, MS, 39216-4505, USA
- Research Service, G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - Merry L Lindsey
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Mississippi Center for Heart Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State St, Jackson, MS, 39216-4505, USA.
- Research Service, G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA.
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8
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Lou-Bonafonte JM, Martínez-Beamonte R, Sanclemente T, Surra JC, Herrera-Marcos LV, Sanchez-Marco J, Arnal C, Osada J. Current Insights into the Biological Action of Squalene. Mol Nutr Food Res 2018; 62:e1800136. [PMID: 29883523 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201800136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Squalene is a triterpenic compound found in a large number of plants and other sources with a long tradition of research since it was first reported in 1926. Herein a systematic review of studies concerning squalene published in the last 8 years is presented. These studies have provided further support for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-atherosclerotic properties in vivo and in vitro. Moreover, an antineoplastic effect in nutrigenetic-type treatments, which depends on the failing metabolic pathway of tumors, has also been reported. The bioavailability of squalene in cell cultures, animal models, and in humans has been well established, and further progress has been made in regard to the intracellular transport of this lipophilic molecule. Squalene accumulates in the liver and decreases hepatic cholesterol and triglycerides, with these actions being exerted via a complex network of changes in gene expression at both transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. Its presence in different biological fluids has also been studied. The combination of squalene with other bioactive compounds has been shown to enhance its pleiotropic properties and might lead to the formulation of functional foods and nutraceuticals to control oxidative stress and, therefore, numerous age-related diseases in human and veterinary medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M Lou-Bonafonte
- Departamento de Farmacología y Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud y del Deporte, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón-Universidad de Zaragoza, E-22002, Spain.,Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón, CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza, E-50013, Spain.,CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, E-28029, Spain
| | - Roberto Martínez-Beamonte
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón, CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza, E-50013, Spain.,CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, E-28029, Spain.,Departamento de Producción Animal y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Escuela Politécnica Superior de Huesca, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón-Universidad de Zaragoza, Huesca, E-22071, Spain
| | - Teresa Sanclemente
- Departamento de Producción Animal y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Escuela Politécnica Superior de Huesca, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón-Universidad de Zaragoza, Huesca, E-22071, Spain
| | - Joaquín C Surra
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón, CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza, E-50013, Spain.,CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, E-28029, Spain.,Departamento de Producción Animal y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Escuela Politécnica Superior de Huesca, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón-Universidad de Zaragoza, Huesca, E-22071, Spain
| | - Luis V Herrera-Marcos
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón, CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza, E-50013, Spain.,Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, E-50013, Spain
| | - Javier Sanchez-Marco
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, E-50013, Spain
| | - Carmen Arnal
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón, CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza, E-50013, Spain.,CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, E-28029, Spain.,Departamento de Patología Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, E-50013, Spain
| | - Jesús Osada
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón, CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza, E-50013, Spain.,CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, E-28029, Spain.,Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, E-50013, Spain
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9
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Bolívar S, Santana R, Ayala P, Landaeta R, Boza P, Humeres C, Vivar R, Muñoz C, Pardo V, Fernandez S, Anfossi R, Diaz-Araya G. Lipopolysaccharide Activates Toll-Like Receptor 4 and Prevents Cardiac Fibroblast-to-Myofibroblast Differentiation. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2018; 17:458-470. [PMID: 28220374 DOI: 10.1007/s12012-017-9404-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a known ligand of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) which is expressed in cardiac fibroblasts (CF). Differentiation of CF to cardiac myofibroblasts (CMF) is induced by transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), increasing alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) expression. In endothelial cells, an antagonist effect between LPS-induced signaling and canonical TGF-β1 signaling was described; however, it has not been studied whether in CF and CMF the expression of α-SMA induced by TGF-β1 is antagonized by LPS and the mechanism involved. In adult rat CF and CMF, α-SMA, ERK1/2, Akt, NF-κβ, Smad3, and Smad7 protein levels were determined by western blot, TGF-β isoforms by ELISA, and α-SMA stress fibers by immunocytochemistry. CF and CMF secrete the three TGF-β isoforms, and the secretion levels of TGF-β2 was affected by LPS treatment. In CF, LPS treatment decreased the protein levels of α-SMA, and this effect was prevented by TAK-242 (TLR4 inhibitor) and LY294002 (Akt inhibitor), but not by BAY 11-7082 (NF-κβ inhibitor) and PD98059 (ERK1/2 inhibitor). TGF-β1 increased α-SMA protein levels in CF, and LPS prevented partially this effect. In addition, in CMF α-SMA protein levels were decreased by LPS treatment, which was abolished by TAK-242. Finally, in CF LPS decreased the p-Smad3 phosphorylation and increased the Smad7 protein levels. LPS treatment prevents the CF-to-CMF differentiation and reverses the CMF phenotype induced by TGF-β1, through decreasing p-Smad3 and increasing Smad7 protein levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir Bolívar
- Department of Pharmacological and Toxicological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Atlantic University, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Roxana Santana
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, 8380492, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Pharmacological and Toxicological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pedro Ayala
- Center of Medical Investigations, Catholic University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodolfo Landaeta
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, 8380492, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Pharmacological and Toxicological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pía Boza
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, 8380492, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Pharmacological and Toxicological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudio Humeres
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, 8380492, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Pharmacological and Toxicological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Raúl Vivar
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, 8380492, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Pharmacological and Toxicological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudia Muñoz
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, 8380492, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Pharmacological and Toxicological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Viviana Pardo
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, 8380492, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Pharmacological and Toxicological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Samuel Fernandez
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, 8380492, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Pharmacological and Toxicological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Renatto Anfossi
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, 8380492, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Pharmacological and Toxicological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Guillermo Diaz-Araya
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, 8380492, Santiago, Chile. .,Department of Pharmacological and Toxicological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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10
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Shaikh S, Troncoso R, Mondaca-Ruff D, Parra V, Garcia L, Chiong M, Lavandero S. The STIM1 inhibitor ML9 disrupts basal autophagy in cardiomyocytes by decreasing lysosome content. Toxicol In Vitro 2018; 48:121-127. [PMID: 29337250 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2018.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2017] [Revised: 01/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Stromal-interaction molecule 1 (STIM1)-mediated store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) plays a key role in mediating cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, there is growing support for the contribution of SOCE to the Ca2+ overload associated with ischemia/reperfusion injury. Therefore, STIM1 inhibition is proposed as a novel target for controlling both hypertrophy and ischemia/reperfusion-induced Ca2+ overload. Our aim was to evaluate the effect of ML9, a STIM1 inhibitor, on cardiomyocyte viability. ML9 was found to induce cell death in cultured neonatal rat cardiomyocytes. Caspase-3 activation, apoptotic index and release of the necrosis marker lactate dehydrogenase to the extracellular medium were evaluated. ML9-induced cardiomyocyte death was not associated with increased intracellular ROS or decreased ATP levels. Moreover, treatment with ML9 significantly increased levels of the autophagy marker LC3-II, without altering Beclin1 or p62 protein levels. However, treatment with ML9 followed by bafilomycin-A1 did not produce further increases in LC3-II content. Furthermore, treatment with ML9 resulted in decreased LysoTracker® Green staining. Collectively, these data suggest that ML9-induced cardiomyocyte death is triggered by a ML9-dependent disruption of autophagic flux due to lysosomal dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Shaikh
- Advanced Center for Chronic Disease (ACCDiS) & Center of Exercise, Metabolism and Cancer (CEMC), Faculty of Chemical & Pharmaceutical Sciences & Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - R Troncoso
- Advanced Center for Chronic Disease (ACCDiS) & Center of Exercise, Metabolism and Cancer (CEMC), Faculty of Chemical & Pharmaceutical Sciences & Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Institute for Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), University of Chile, Chile
| | - D Mondaca-Ruff
- Advanced Center for Chronic Disease (ACCDiS) & Center of Exercise, Metabolism and Cancer (CEMC), Faculty of Chemical & Pharmaceutical Sciences & Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - V Parra
- Advanced Center for Chronic Disease (ACCDiS) & Center of Exercise, Metabolism and Cancer (CEMC), Faculty of Chemical & Pharmaceutical Sciences & Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - L Garcia
- Advanced Center for Chronic Disease (ACCDiS) & Center of Exercise, Metabolism and Cancer (CEMC), Faculty of Chemical & Pharmaceutical Sciences & Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - M Chiong
- Advanced Center for Chronic Disease (ACCDiS) & Center of Exercise, Metabolism and Cancer (CEMC), Faculty of Chemical & Pharmaceutical Sciences & Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
| | - S Lavandero
- Advanced Center for Chronic Disease (ACCDiS) & Center of Exercise, Metabolism and Cancer (CEMC), Faculty of Chemical & Pharmaceutical Sciences & Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Department of Internal Medicine (Cardiology Division), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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11
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Liu F, Tan X, Han X, Li X, Li N, Kang W. Cytotoxicity of Aconitum alkaloid and its interaction with calf thymus DNA by multi-spectroscopic techniques. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14509. [PMID: 29109516 PMCID: PMC5674014 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15240-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytotoxicities of three aconitum alkaloids- aconitine, hypaconitine and mesaconitine, and their abilities to bind DNA have been explored. Rat myocardial cells H9c2 were treated with aconitum alkaloids and assessed the cytotoxicities by using MTT assay and flow cytometry. Apoptosis was evidenced by the results of the annexin V/propidium iodide (PI) assay. Aconitine was found to be the most toxic in rat myocardial cells H9c2 in three aconitum alkaloids. At the same time, DNA adducts were isolated and then analyzed by UV-Vis spectroscopy after exposure to alkaloids, which indicated that three alkaloids could bind to DNA in rat myocardial cells H9c2. Furthermore, their binding modes were investigated by UV-Visible, fluorescence, DNA melting studies and ionic strength effect. Results indicated that the interaction between three alkaloids and DNA were intercalation coupled with electrostatic effect. The estimated binding constants were between 4.83 × 105 M-1 to 9.85 × 105 M-1 for three alkaloids at 298 K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Liu
- School of Basic Medical, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Xiaoxin Tan
- School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Xu Han
- Institute of Viral Disease, Hebei Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Xiang Li
- School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Nan Li
- School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Weijun Kang
- School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China.
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12
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Chubinskiy-Nadezhdin VI, Negulyaev YA, Morachevskaya EA. Simvastatin induced actin cytoskeleton disassembly in normal and transformed fibroblasts without affecting lipid raft integrity. Cell Biol Int 2017; 41:1020-1029. [PMID: 28656734 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Statins are the most commonly prescribed agents used to modulate cholesterol levels in course of hypercholesterolemia treatment because of their relative tolerability and LDL-C lowering effect. Recently, there are emerging interests in the perspectives of statin drugs as anticancer agents based on preclinical evidence of their antiproliferative, proapoptotic, and anti-invasive properties. Functional impact of statin application on transformed cells still remains obscure that requires systematic study on adequate cellular models to provide correct comparison with their non-transformed counterparts. Cholesterol is the major lipid component of mammalian cells and it plays a crucial role in organization, lateral heterogeneity, and dynamics of plasma membrane as well as in membrane-cytoskeleton interrelations. To date, it is uncertain whether cellular effects of statins involve lipid-dependent alteration of plasma membrane. Here, the effects of simvastatin on lipid rafts, F-actin network and cellular viability were determined in comparative experiments on transformed fibroblasts and their non-transformed counterpart. GM1 lipid raft marker staining indicated no change of lipid raft integrity after short- or long-term simvastatin treatments. In the same time, simvastatin induced cytoskeleton rearrangement including partial F-actin disruption in cholesterol- and lipid raft-independent manner. Simvastatin dose-dependently affected viability of BALB/3T3 and 3T3B-SV40 cell lines: transformed fibroblasts were noticeably more sensitive to simvastatin comparing to non-transformed cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuri A Negulyaev
- Institute of Cytology RAS, 4 Tikhoretsky Ave., St. Petersburg, 194064, Russia.,Department of Medical Physics, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 29, Polytechnicheskaya st., St.Petersburg, 195251, Russia
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13
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14
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Norambuena-Soto I, Núñez-Soto C, Sanhueza-Olivares F, Cancino-Arenas N, Mondaca-Ruff D, Vivar R, Díaz-Araya G, Mellado R, Chiong M. Transforming growth factor-beta and Forkhead box O transcription factors as cardiac fibroblast regulators. Biosci Trends 2017; 11:154-162. [DOI: 10.5582/bst.2017.01017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Raul Vivar
- Facultad de Medicina; Universidad de Chile
| | | | | | - Mario Chiong
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile
- Centro de Estudios Moleculares de la Célula, Universidad de Chile
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15
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Panth N, Paudel KR, Parajuli K. Reactive Oxygen Species: A Key Hallmark of Cardiovascular Disease. Adv Med 2016; 2016:9152732. [PMID: 27774507 PMCID: PMC5059509 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9152732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) have been the prime cause of mortality worldwide for decades. However, the underlying mechanism of their pathogenesis is not fully clear yet. It has been already established that reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a vital role in the progression of CVDs. ROS are chemically unstable reactive free radicals containing oxygen, normally produced by xanthine oxidase, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase, lipoxygenases, or mitochondria or due to the uncoupling of nitric oxide synthase in vascular cells. When the equilibrium between production of free radicals and antioxidant capacity of human physiology gets altered due to several pathophysiological conditions, oxidative stress is induced, which in turn leads to tissue injury. This review focuses on pathways behind the production of ROS, its involvement in various intracellular signaling cascades leading to several cardiovascular disorders (endothelial dysfunction, ischemia-reperfusion, and atherosclerosis), methods for its detection, and therapeutic strategies for treatment of CVDs targeting the sources of ROS. The information generated by this review aims to provide updated insights into the understanding of the mechanisms behind cardiovascular complications mediated by ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Panth
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health and Allied Sciences, Pokhara University, Dhungepatan, Kaski 33701, Nepal
| | - Keshav Raj Paudel
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health and Allied Sciences, Pokhara University, Dhungepatan, Kaski 33701, Nepal
| | - Kalpana Parajuli
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health and Allied Sciences, Pokhara University, Dhungepatan, Kaski 33701, Nepal
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16
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Campos LM, Rios EA, Guapyassu L, Midlej V, Atella GC, Herculano-Houzel S, Benchimol M, Mermelstein C, Costa ML. Alterations in zebrafish development induced by simvastatin: Comprehensive morphological and physiological study, focusing on muscle. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2016; 241:1950-1960. [PMID: 27444151 DOI: 10.1177/1535370216659944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The cholesterol synthesis inhibitor simvastatin, which is used to treat cardiovascular diseases, has severe collateral effects. We decided to comprehensively study the effects of simvastatin in zebrafish development and in myogenesis, because zebrafish has been used as a model to human diseases, due to its handling easiness, the optical clarity of its embryos, and the availability of physiological and structural methodologies. Furthermore, muscle is an important target of the drug. We used several simvastatin concentrations at different zebrafish developmental stages and studied survival rate, morphology, and physiology of the embryos. Our results show that high levels of simvastatin induce structural damage whereas low doses induce minor structural changes, impaired movements, and reduced heart beating. Morphological alterations include changes in embryo and somite size and septa shape. Physiological changes include movement reduction and slower heartbeat. These effects could be reversed by the addition of exogenous cholesterol. Moreover, we quantified the total cell number during zebrafish development and demonstrated a large reduction in cell number after statin treatment. Since we could classify the alterations induced by simvastatin in three distinct phenotypes, we speculate that simvastatin acts through more than one mechanism and could affect both cell replication and/or cell death and muscle function. Our data can contribute to the understanding of the molecular and cellular basis of the mechanisms of action of simvastatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laise M Campos
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21949-590, Brazil
| | - Eduardo A Rios
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21949-590, Brazil
| | - Livia Guapyassu
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21949-590, Brazil
| | - Victor Midlej
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular, Universidade Santa Úrsula, RJ 22231-010, Brazil
| | - Georgia C Atella
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21949-590, Brazil
| | - Suzana Herculano-Houzel
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21949-590, Brazil
| | - Marlene Benchimol
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular, Universidade Santa Úrsula, RJ 22231-010, Brazil
| | - Claudia Mermelstein
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21949-590, Brazil
| | - Manoel L Costa
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21949-590, Brazil
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17
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Boza P, Ayala P, Vivar R, Humeres C, Cáceres FT, Muñoz C, García L, Hermoso MA, Díaz-Araya G. Expression and function of toll-like receptor 4 and inflammasomes in cardiac fibroblasts and myofibroblasts: IL-1β synthesis, secretion, and degradation. Mol Immunol 2016; 74:96-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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18
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Gan DK, Zhu X. Role of RhoA in occurrence and development of liver fibrosis. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2016; 24:1682-1687. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v24.i11.1682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is a pathophysiologic process resulting from a variety of chronic liver injuries, characterized by the excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix or the formation of scar. The transdifferentiation from quiescent hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) or portal fibroblasts (PFs) to activated myofibroblasts (MFBs) is a key step of producing extracellular matrix. RhoA can regulate the cell cytoskeleton and is involved in activating HSCs/PFs, thus having a significant fibrogenic effect. In this paper, we review the recent advances in understanding the role of RhoA in the occurrence and development of liver fibrosis.
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19
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Zhang J, Wang H, Shi J, Wang Y, Lai K, Yang X, Chen X, Yang G. Combination of simvastatin, calcium silicate/gypsum, and gelatin and bone regeneration in rabbit calvarial defects. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23422. [PMID: 26996657 PMCID: PMC4800449 DOI: 10.1038/srep23422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was performed to determine whether simvastatin improves bone regeneration when combined with calcium silicate/gypsum and gelatin (CS-GEL). The surface morphology was determined using field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FSEM). Degradation in vitro was evaluated by monitoring the weight change of the composites soaked in phosphate buffered saline (PBS). Drug release was evaluated using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Cytotoxicity testing was performed to assess the biocompatibility of composites. Four 5 mm-diameter bone defects were created in rabbit calvaria. Three sites were filled with CS-GEL, 0.5 mg simvastatin-loaded CS-GEL (SIM-0.5) and 1.0 mg simvastatin-loaded CS-GEL (SIM-1.0), respectively, and the fourth was left empty as the control group. Micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) and histological analysis were carried out at 4 and 12 weeks postoperatively. The composites all exhibited three-dimensional structures and showed the residue with nearly 80% after 4 weeks of immersion. Drug release was explosive on the first day and then the release rate remained stable. The composites did not induce any cytotoxicity. The results in vivo demonstrated that the new bone formation and the expressions of BMP-2, OC and type I collagen were improved in the simvastatin-loaded CS-GEL group. It was concluded that the simvastatin-loaded CS-GEL may improve bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Department of Implantology, Stomatology Hospital, School of Medical, Zhejiang University, Yan’an Road, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Huiming Wang
- Department of Implantology, Stomatology Hospital, School of Medical, Zhejiang University, Yan’an Road, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Jue Shi
- Department of Implantology, Stomatology Hospital, School of Medical, Zhejiang University, Yan’an Road, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Endodontics, Stomatology Hospital, School of Medical, Zhejiang University, Yan’an Road, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Kaichen Lai
- Department of Implantology, Stomatology Hospital, School of Medical, Zhejiang University, Yan’an Road, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Xianyan Yang
- Zhejiang-California International Nanosystem Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiaoyi Chen
- Clinical Research Institute, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, No. 158 Shangtang Road, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Guoli Yang
- Department of Implantology, Stomatology Hospital, School of Medical, Zhejiang University, Yan’an Road, Hangzhou, P. R. China
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20
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Abstract
Cardiac fibroblasts help maintain the normal architecture of the healthy heart and are responsible for scar formation and the healing response to pathological insults. Various genetic, biomechanical, or humoral factors stimulate fibroblasts to become contractile smooth muscle-like cells called myofibroblasts that secrete large amounts of extracellular matrix. Unfortunately, unchecked myofibroblast activation in heart disease leads to pathological fibrosis, which is a major risk factor for the development of cardiac arrhythmias and heart failure. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms that control fibroblast plasticity and myofibroblast activation is essential to develop novel strategies to specifically target pathological cardiac fibrosis without disrupting the adaptive healing response. This review highlights the major transcriptional mediators of fibroblast origin and function in development and disease. The contribution of the fetal epicardial gene program will be discussed in the context of fibroblast origin in development and following injury, primarily focusing on Tcf21 and C/EBP. We will also highlight the major transcriptional regulatory axes that control fibroblast plasticity in the adult heart, including transforming growth factor β (TGFβ)/Smad signaling, the Rho/myocardin-related transcription factor (MRTF)/serum response factor (SRF) axis, and Calcineurin/transient receptor potential channel (TRP)/nuclear factor of activated T-Cell (NFAT) signaling. Finally, we will discuss recent strategies to divert the fibroblast transcriptional program in an effort to promote cardiomyocyte regeneration. This article is a part of a Special Issue entitled "Fibrosis and Myocardial Remodeling".
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet K Lighthouse
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14624, USA
| | - Eric M Small
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14624, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14624, USA; Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14624, USA.
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21
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Abstract
Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) is a rare neoplastic disease affecting predominantly young women. Clinical symptoms of this progressive disease include dyspnoea, cough, recurrent pneumothorax, hemoptysis and chylothorax. LAM is generally aggressive in nature and ultimately results in respiratory failure. Important hallmark features of this metastatic disease include the formation of lesions of abnormal smooth muscle cells, cystic destruction of the lung tissue and lymphangiogenesis affecting the lungs, abdomen and lymphatics. Research over the last 10-15 years has significantly enhanced our understanding of the molecular and cellular processes associated with LAM. These processes include mutational inactivation of the tuberous sclerosis complex genes, TSC1 and TSC2, activation of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, enhanced cell proliferation and migration, lymphangiogenesis, metastatic spread through the blood and lymphatic circulations, sex steroid sensitivity and dysregulated autophagy. Despite this increased knowledge there is currently no cure for LAM and treatment options remain limited. Whilst the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin has shown some benefit in patients with LAM, with stabilisation of lung function and improved quality of life, cessation of treatment results in recurrence of the disease progression. This highlights the urgent need to identify novel targets and new treatment regimens. The focus of this review is to summarise our current understanding of the cellular and molecular processes associated with LAM and highlight emerging treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyn M Moir
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Discipline of Pharmacology, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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22
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Jatho A, Hartmann S, Kittana N, Mügge F, Wuertz CM, Tiburcy M, Zimmermann WH, Katschinski DM, Lutz S. RhoA ambivalently controls prominent myofibroblast characteritics by involving distinct signaling routes. PLoS One. 2015;10:e0137519. [PMID: 26448568 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction RhoA has been shown to be beneficial in cardiac disease models when overexpressed in cardiomyocytes, whereas its role in cardiac fibroblasts (CF) is still poorly understood. During cardiac remodeling CF undergo a transition towards a myofibroblast phenotype thereby showing an increased proliferation and migration rate. Both processes involve the remodeling of the cytoskeleton. Since RhoA is known to be a major regulator of the cytoskeleton, we analyzed its role in CF and its effect on myofibroblast characteristics in 2 D and 3D models. Results Downregulation of RhoA was shown to strongly affect the actin cytoskeleton. It decreased the myofibroblast marker α-sm-actin, but increased certain fibrosis-associated factors like TGF-β and collagens. Also, the detailed analysis of CTGF expression demonstrated that the outcome of RhoA signaling strongly depends on the involved stimulus. Furthermore, we show that proliferation of myofibroblasts rely on RhoA and tubulin acetylation. In assays accessing three different types of migration, we demonstrate that RhoA/ROCK/Dia1 are important for 2D migration and the repression of RhoA and Dia1 signaling accelerates 3D migration. Finally, we show that a downregulation of RhoA in CF impacts the viscoelastic and contractile properties of engineered tissues. Conclusion RhoA positively and negatively influences myofibroblast characteristics by differential signaling cascades and depending on environmental conditions. These include gene expression, migration and proliferation. Reduction of RhoA leads to an increased viscoelasticity and a decrease in contractile force in engineered cardiac tissue.
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23
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MIYAZAWA A, MATSUNO T, ASANO K, TABATA Y, SATOH T. Controlled release of simvastatin from biodegradable hydrogels promotes odontoblastic differentiation. Dent Mater J 2015; 34:466-74. [DOI: 10.4012/dmj.2014-272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Atsuko MIYAZAWA
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, The Nippon Dental University School of Life Dentistry
- Department of Biomaterials, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University
| | - Tomonori MATSUNO
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, The Nippon Dental University School of Life Dentistry
| | - Kazunari ASANO
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, The Nippon Dental University School of Life Dentistry
| | - Yasuhiko TABATA
- Department of Biomaterials, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University
| | - Tazuko SATOH
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, The Nippon Dental University School of Life Dentistry
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24
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Kolluru GK, Majumder S, Chatterjee S. Rho-kinase as a therapeutic target in vascular diseases: striking nitric oxide signaling. Nitric Oxide 2014; 43:45-54. [PMID: 25196952 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2014.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Revised: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Rho GTPases are a globular, monomeric group of small signaling G-protein molecules. Rho-associated protein kinase/Rho-kinase (ROCK) is a downstream effector protein of the Rho GTPase. Rho-kinases are the potential therapeutic targets in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Here, we have primarily discussed the intriguing roles of ROCK in cardiovascular health in relation to nitric oxide signaling. Further, we highlighted the biphasic effects of Y-27632, a ROCK inhibitor under shear stress, which acts as an agonist of nitric oxide production in endothelial cells. The biphasic effects of this inhibitor raised the question of safety of the drug usage in treating cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Syamantak Majumder
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Suvro Chatterjee
- Department of Biotechnology, Anna University, Chennai, India; Vascular Biology Lab, AU-KBC Research Centre, Anna University, Chennai, India.
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Sun G, Sun H, Meng X, Hu J, Zhang Q, Liu B, Wang M, Xu H, Sun X. Aconitine-induced Ca2+ overload causes arrhythmia and triggers apoptosis through p38 MAPK signaling pathway in rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2014; 279:8-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2014.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Revised: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Olmedo I, Muñoz C, Guzmán N, Catalán M, Vivar R, Ayala P, Humeres C, Aránguiz P, García L, Velarde V, Díaz-Araya G. EPAC expression and function in cardiac fibroblasts and myofibroblasts. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2013; 272:414-22. [PMID: 23845590 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2013.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Revised: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED In the heart, cardiac fibroblasts (CF) and cardiac myofibroblasts (CMF) are the main cells responsible for wound healing after cardiac insult. Exchange protein activated by cAMP (EPAC) is a downstream effector of cAMP, and it has been not completely studied on CF. Moreover, in CMF, which are the main cells responsible for cardiac healing, EPAC expression and function are unknown. We evaluated in both CF and CMF the effect of transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) on EPAC-1 expression. We also studied the EPAC involvement on collagen synthesis, adhesion, migration and collagen gel contraction. METHOD Rat neonatal CF and CMF were treated with TGF-β1 at different times and concentrations. EPAC-1 protein levels and Rap1 activation were measured by western blot and pull down assay respectively. EPAC cellular functions were determined by adhesion, migration and collagen gel contraction assay; and collagen expression was determined by western blot. RESULTS TGF-β1 through Smad and JNK significantly reduced EPAC-1 expression in CF, while in CMF this cytokine increased EPAC-1 expression through ERK1/2, JNK, p38, AKT and Smad3. EPAC activation was able to induce higher Rap1-GTP levels in CMF than in CF. EPAC and PKA, both cAMP effectors, promoted CF and CMF adhesion on fibronectin, as well as CF migration; however, this effect was not observed in CMF. EPAC but not PKA activation mediated collagen gel contraction in CF, while in CMF both PKA and EPAC mediated collagen gel contraction. Finally, the EPAC and PKA activation reduced collagen synthesis in CF and CMF. CONCLUSION TGF-β1 differentially regulates the expression of EPAC in CF and CMF; and EPAC regulates differentially CF and CMF functions associated with cardiac remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivonne Olmedo
- Departamento de Química Farmacológica y Toxicológica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Chile
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Schroll S, Lange TJ, Arzt M, Sebah D, Nowrotek A, Lehmann H, Wensel R, Pfeifer M, Blumberg FC. Effects of simvastatin on pulmonary fibrosis, pulmonary hypertension and exercise capacity in bleomycin-treated rats. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2013; 208:191-201. [PMID: 23527830 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Revised: 07/09/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM Pulmonary fibrosis is often complicated by pulmonary hypertension. Statins reduce fibroblast activity in vitro and pulmonary hypertension in vivo. We investigated whether Simvastatin exerts beneficial effects on pulmonary fibrosis and pulmonary hypertension in Bleomycin-treated rats in vivo. METHODS Rats were randomly assigned to controls, Bleomycin, Bleomycin plus Simvastatin from day 1 to 28 and Bleomycin plus Simvastatin from day 13 to 28. 28 days after Bleomycin instillation, right ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP), right ventricular mass (RV/(LV+S)), right ventricular and circulating brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels were determined to assess pulmonary hypertension. Pulmonary hydroxyproline content (HPC), pulmonary connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) transcription and lung compliance (LC) were analysed to characterize pulmonary fibrosis. Exercise capacity was determined by treadmill tests. RESULTS Compared with controls, Bleomycin increased RVSP, RV/(LV+S), BNP levels, HPC and CTGF transcription and decreased LC significantly. Simvastatin administered from day 1 to 28 normalized all these parameters. Simvastatin administered from day 13 to 28 had no effect on HPC and LC, but reduced RV/(LV+S) significantly and induced a strong trend to lower RVSP and BNP levels. Exercise capacity was reduced by Bleomycin. Simvastatin significantly improved exercise intolerance in both treatment groups. CONCLUSIONS Simvastatin prevents the development of pulmonary fibrosis, but fails to attenuate already established pulmonary fibrosis. In contrast, it ameliorates pulmonary hypertension and thereby exercise capacity in the prevention and the treatment group regardless of its effects on pulmonary fibrosis. Whether statins are a treatment option in humans with pulmonary fibrosis needs to be investigated by further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Schroll
- Department of Internal Medicine II; Pneumology; University of Regensburg; Regensburg; Germany
| | - T. J. Lange
- Department of Internal Medicine II; Pneumology; University of Regensburg; Regensburg; Germany
| | - M. Arzt
- Department of Internal Medicine II; Pneumology; University of Regensburg; Regensburg; Germany
| | - D. Sebah
- Department of Internal Medicine II; Pneumology; University of Regensburg; Regensburg; Germany
| | - A. Nowrotek
- Department of Internal Medicine II; Pneumology; University of Regensburg; Regensburg; Germany
| | - H. Lehmann
- Department of Internal Medicine II; Pneumology; University of Regensburg; Regensburg; Germany
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Żołnierczyk JD, Borowiak A, Hikisz P, Cebula-Obrzut B, Błoński JZ, Smolewski P, Robak T, Kiliańska ZM. Promising anti-leukemic activity of atorvastatin. Oncol Rep 2013; 29:2065-71. [PMID: 23440293 DOI: 10.3892/or.2013.2301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a current need for novel therapeutic strategies for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), a still incurable hematological cancer involving mainly deregulated apoptosis. The purpose of the present study was to determine ex vivo the effect of the synthetic statin, atorvastatin, a known cholesterol-lowering drug, on peripheral blood mononuclear cells obtained from CLL patients. Using flow cytometry, we investigated the viability and induction of apoptosis in leukemic cells exposed to statin by the Vybrant apoptosis assay kit #4, compared with untreated control cells. We also examined the expression levels of apoptosis-regulatory proteins (Mcl-1, Bcl-2 and Bax), as well as products of the expression/proteolysis of lamin B, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase‑1 (PARP‑1) and p27Kip1 by western blot analysis. Moreover, the number of sub-G1 cells and DNA fragmentation in atorvastatin-treated leukemic cells were examined by flow cytometry and agarose gel electrophoresis, respectively. The obtained results indicated that CLL cells ex vivo were extremely sensitive to atorvastatin. The cytotoxic effect of this statin was caused by the induction of apoptosis in the leukemic cells. The induction of apoptosis in the drug-treated model cells was confirmed by the reduction or proteolysis of apoptotic markers, such as PARP-1, lamin B and p27Kip1, the increase in the number of sub-G1 cells and DNA ladder formation. During atorvastatin-triggered apoptosis, changes in the expression levels of mitochondrial outer membrane permeability regulatory proteins of the Bcl-2 family were also observed. Ex vivo promising data indicate the strong cytotoxic and pro-apoptotic potential of atorvastatin against leukemic cells, but not normal cells. The obtained data suggest that atorvastatin be considered as a therapeutic option for the treatment of CLL.
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MESH Headings
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins/metabolism
- Atorvastatin
- Cell Membrane Permeability/drug effects
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Cell Survival/genetics
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27/metabolism
- DNA Fragmentation/drug effects
- Female
- Heptanoic Acids/pharmacology
- Humans
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/metabolism
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/drug effects
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Mitochondria/drug effects
- Mitochondria/metabolism
- Mitochondrial Membranes/drug effects
- Mitochondrial Membranes/metabolism
- Myeloid Cell Leukemia Sequence 1 Protein/metabolism
- Poly (ADP-Ribose) Polymerase-1
- Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/metabolism
- Pyrroles/pharmacology
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/metabolism
- bcl-2-Associated X Protein/metabolism
- Lamin B Receptor
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta D Żołnierczyk
- Department of Cytobiochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, 90-236 Łódź, Poland
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Janardhanan R, Yang B, Vohra P, Roy B, Withers S, Bhattacharya S, Mandrekar J, Kong H, Leof EB, Mukhopadhyay D, Misra S. Simvastatin reduces venous stenosis formation in a murine hemodialysis vascular access model. Kidney Int 2013; 84:338-52. [PMID: 23636169 PMCID: PMC3731558 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2013.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2012] [Revised: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Venous neointimal hyperplasia (VNH) is responsible for hemodialysis vascular access malfunction. Here we tested whether VNH formation occurs, in part, due to vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 gene expression causing adventitial fibroblast transdifferentiation to myofibroblasts (α-SMA-positive cells). These cells have increased proliferative and migratory capacity leading to VNH formation. Simvastatin was used to decrease VEGF-A and MMP-9 gene expression in our murine arteriovenous fistula model created by connecting the right carotid artery to the ipsilateral jugular vein. Compared to fistulae of vehicle-treated mice, the fistulae of simvastatin-treated mice had the expected decrease in VEGF-A and MMP-9 but also showed a significant reduction in MMP-2 expression with a significant decrease in VNH and a significant increase in the mean lumen vessel area. There was an increase in terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) staining, and decreases in α-SMA density, cell proliferation, and HIF-1α and hypoxyprobe staining. This latter result prompted us to determine the effect of simvastatin on fibroblasts subjected to hypoxia in vitro. Simvastatin-treated fibroblasts had a significant decrease in myofibroblast production along with decreased cellular proliferation, migration, and MMP-9 activity but increased caspase 3 activity suggesting increased apoptosis. Thus, simvastatin results in a significant reduction in VNH, with increase in mean lumen vessel area by decreasing VEGF-A/MMP-9 pathway activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajiv Janardhanan
- Department of Radiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology Translational Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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Bagnato G, Bitto A, Pizzino G, Irrera N, Sangari D, Cinquegrani M, Roberts WN, Matucci Cerinic M, Squadrito F, Altavilla D, Bagnato G, Saitta A. Simvastatin attenuates the development of pulmonary and cutaneous fibrosis in a murine model of systemic sclerosis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2013; 52:1377-86. [DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/ket144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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Saewong S, Thammasitboon K, Wattanaroonwong N. Simvastatin induces apoptosis and disruption of the actin cytoskeleton in human dental pulp cells and periodontal ligament fibroblasts. Arch Oral Biol 2013; 58:964-74. [PMID: 23561831 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2013.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Revised: 12/22/2012] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Simvastatin, a competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase, and widely used as cholesterol-lowering agent, has been suggested for its beneficial effects on alveolar bone formation, regeneration of dental pulp tissue and periodontal ligament. High doses of simvastatin appear to induce apoptosis in several cell types, but little is known about its possible effect on tooth-associated cells. Therefore, the effects of simvastatin were studied on apoptosis and cell morphology of human dental pulp cells (HDPCs) and periodontal ligament fibroblasts (HPLFs). METHODS HDPCs/HPLFs obtained from 4 patients were cultured with or without various concentrations of simvastatin (0.1, 1, and 10μM) for 24, 48, and 72h. The 3-(4,5-dimethyl-thiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was performed to evaluate cell viability. The levels of apoptosis of HDPCs and HPLFs were measured by flow cytometry after Annexin V/propidium iodide double staining. Phalloidin-FITC and 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole dihydrochloride (DAPI) staining was used to examine differences in the actin cytoskeleton and nuclear morphology, respectively. RESULTS The viability of HDPCs and HPLFs was significantly reduced after simvastatin treatment in a dose- and time-dependent manner (p<0.05). The apoptosis of HDPCs and HPLFs was significantly increased in 10μM simvastatin-treated cells (p<0.05). The effect on apoptosis was comparable for HDPCs and HPLFs. Nuclear staining showed typical apoptotic nuclear condensation and fragmentation in simvastatin-treated HDPCs/HPLFs. A dose- and time-dependent simvastatin-induced disruption of the actin cytoskeleton was observed in both cell types. CONCLUSION Our data demonstrated that simvastatin decreases the viability of HDPCs and HPLFs, probably by inducing apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirinart Saewong
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Prince of Songkla University PSU, 15 Karnjanavanit Road, Haad Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand
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Li M, Liu Y, Shi H, Zhang Y, Wang G, Xu J, Lu J, Zhang D, Xie X, Han D, Wu Y, Li S. Statins inhibit pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell proliferation by upregulation of HO-1 and p21WAF1. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2012; 385:961-8. [PMID: 22820842 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-012-0768-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Simvastatin is a 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitor, which has been shown to ameliorate the development of pulmonary hypertension in animal model by suppression of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) proliferation, yet its underlying molecular mechanisms are not completely understood. In this study, we show that simvastatin dose-dependently inhibited serotonin-stimulated PASMCs proliferation. This was accompanied with the parallel induction of heme oxyganase-1 (HO-1) and upregulation of p21(WAF1). More importantly, we found that Tin-protoporphyrin (SnPP), a selective inhibitor of HO-1, could block the effect of simvastatin on inhibition of cell proliferation in response to serotonin and abolish simvastatin-induced p21(WAF1) expression. The inhibitive effect of simvastatin on cell proliferation was also significantly suppressed by silencing p21(WAF1) with siRNA transfection. The extent of effect of SnPP on inhibition of cell proliferation was similar to that of lack of p21(WAF1) by siRNA transfection. Taken together, our study suggests that simvastatin inhibits PASMCs proliferation by sequential upregulation of HO-1 and p21(WAF1) to benefit pulmonary hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manxiang Li
- Respiratory Diseases Research Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710004, People's Republic of China.
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Copaja M, Venegas D, Aranguiz P, Canales J, Vivar R, Avalos Y, Garcia L, Chiong M, Olmedo I, Catalán M, Leyton L, Lavandero S, Díaz-Araya G. Simvastatin disrupts cytoskeleton and decreases cardiac fibroblast adhesion, migration and viability. Toxicology 2012; 294:42-9. [PMID: 22306966 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2012.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2011] [Revised: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 01/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Statins reduce the isoprenoids farnesyl and geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate, essential intermediates, which control a diversity of cellular events such as cytoskeleton integrity, adhesion, migration and viability. Cardiac fibroblasts are the major non-myocyte cell constituent in the normal heart, and play a key role in the maintenance of extracellular matrix. The effects of simvastatin on cardiac fibroblast processes previously mentioned remain unknown. Our aims were to investigate the effects of simvastatin on cytoskeleton structure and focal adhesion complex assembly and their relationships with cell adhesion, migration and viability in cultured cardiac fibroblasts. To this end, cells were treated with simvastatin for 24 h and changes in actin cytoskeleton, levels of vimentin and paxillin as well as their subcellular localization were analyzed by Western blot and immunocytochemistry, respectively. Cell adhesion to plastic or collagen coated dishes, migration in Transwell chambers, and cell viability were analyzed after simvastatin treatment. Our results show that simvastatin disrupts actin cytoskeleton and focal adhesion complex evaluated by phalloidin stain and immunocytochemistry for paxillin and vinculin. All these effects occurred by a cholesterol synthesis-independent mechanism. Simvastatin decreased cell adhesion, migration and viability in a concentration-dependent manner. Finally, simvastatin decreased angiotensin II-induced phospho-paxillin levels and cell adhesion. We concluded that simvastatin disrupts cytoskeleton integrity and focal adhesion complex assembly in cultured cardiac fibroblasts by a cholesterol-independent mechanism and consequently decreases cell migration, adhesion and viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Copaja
- Centro Estudios Moleculares de la Célula, Facultad Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Ghavami S, Mutawe MM, Schaafsma D, Yeganeh B, Unruh H, Klonisch T, Halayko AJ. Geranylgeranyl transferase 1 modulates autophagy and apoptosis in human airway smooth muscle. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2011; 302:L420-8. [PMID: 22160308 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00312.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Geranylgeranyl transferase 1 (GGT1) is involved in the posttranslational prenylation of signaling proteins, such as small GTPases. We have shown that blocking the formation of isoprenoids with statins regulates survival of human lung mesenchymal cells; thus, we tested the hypothesis that GGT1 may specifically modulate programmed cell death pathways in these cells. To this end, human airway smooth muscle (HASM) cells were treated with the selective GGT1 inhibitor GGTi-298. Apoptosis was seen using assays for cellular DNA content and caspase activation. Induction of autophagy was observed using transmission electron microscopy, immunoblotting for LC3 lipidation and Atg5-12 complex content, and confocal microscopy to detect formation of lysosome-localized LC3 punctae. Notably, GGT1 inhibition induced expression of p53-dependent proteins, p53 upregulated modulator of apoptosis (Noxa), and damage-regulated autophagy modulator (DRAM), this was inhibited by the p53 transcriptional activation inhibitor cyclic-pifithrin-α. Inhibition of autophagy with bafilomycin-A1 or short-hairpin RNA silencing of Atg7 substantially augmented GGTi-298-induced apoptosis. Overall, we demonstrate for the first time that pharmacological inhibition of GGT1 induces simultaneous p53-dependent apoptosis and autophagy in HASM. Moreover, autophagy regulates apoptosis induction. Thus, our findings identify GGT1 as a key regulator of HASM cell viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeid Ghavami
- Department of Physiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
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