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Kim OV, Litvinov RI, Gagne AL, French DL, Brass LF, Weisel JW. Megakaryocyte-induced contraction of plasma clots: cellular mechanisms and structural mechanobiology. Blood 2024; 143:548-560. [PMID: 37944157 PMCID: PMC11033616 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2023021545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Nonmuscle cell contractility is an essential feature underlying diverse cellular processes such as motility, morphogenesis, division and genome replication, intracellular transport, and secretion. Blood clot contraction is a well-studied process driven by contracting platelets. Megakaryocytes (MKs), which are the precursors to platelets, can be found in bone marrow and lungs. Although they express many of the same proteins and structures found in platelets, little is known about their ability to engage with extracellular proteins such as fibrin and contract. Here, we have measured the ability of MKs to compress plasma clots. Megakaryocytes derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) were suspended in human platelet-free blood plasma and stimulated with thrombin. Using real-time macroscale optical tracking, confocal microscopy, and biomechanical measurements, we found that activated iPSC-derived MKs (iMKs) caused macroscopic volumetric clot shrinkage, as well as densification and stiffening of the fibrin network via fibrin-attached plasma membrane protrusions undergoing extension-retraction cycles that cause shortening and bending of fibrin fibers. Contraction induced by iMKs involved 2 kinetic phases with distinct rates and durations. It was suppressed by inhibitors of nonmuscle myosin IIA, actin polymerization, and integrin αIIbβ3-fibrin interactions, indicating that the molecular mechanisms of iMK contractility were similar or identical to those in activated platelets. Our findings provide new insights into MK biomechanics and suggest that iMKs can be used as a model system to study platelet contractility. Physiologically, the ability of MKs to contract plasma clots may play a role in the mechanical remodeling of intravascular blood clots and thrombi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg V. Kim
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute, Center for Soft Matter and Biological Physics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA
| | - Rustem I. Litvinov
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Alyssa L. Gagne
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Deborah L. French
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Lawrence F. Brass
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - John W. Weisel
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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2
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Olver DJ, Benson JD. Meta-analysis of the Boyle van 't Hoff relation: Turgor and leak models explain non-ideal volume equilibrium. Cryobiology 2023; 113:104581. [PMID: 37661046 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2023.104581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
There has been much recent attention paid to the interaction of cell volume, its regulation, and the molecular biology of the cell. Cells are generally assumed to behave as linear osmometers, with their water volume linearly proportionate to the inverse of osmotic pressure as described by the Boyle van 't Hoff (BvH) relation. This study evaluates the generality of this and other long-standing assumptions about cell responses to anisotonic conditions. We present alternative models that account for osmoregulation including mechanical resistance to volumetric expansion (the turgor model) and ion-osmolyte leakage (the leak model). To evaluate the generality of the BvH relation and determine the suitability of alternative models, we performed a comprehensive survey of the literature and a careful analysis of the resulting data, and then we used these data to compare among models. We identified 137 articles published from 1964 to 2019 spanning 14 animal species and 26 cell types and determined the BvH relation is not an appropriate general model but is adequate when restricted to the hypertonic region. In contrast, models that account for either mechanical resistance or ion-osmolyte leakage fit well to almost all collected data. The leak model has fitted parameters that are in the same range as the current literature estimate, while the turgor model typically requires an elastic modulus value of one or multiple orders of magnitude larger than literature values. However, confirmation of the underlying mechanism of osmotic regulation is required at the cell-specific level and cannot be assumed a priori.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic J Olver
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, 112 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E2, Canada
| | - James D Benson
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, 112 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E2, Canada.
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3
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Asante-Asamani E, Dalton M, Brazill D, Strychalski W. Modeling the dynamics of actin and myosin during bleb stabilization. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.26.564082. [PMID: 37961169 PMCID: PMC10634845 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.26.564082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
The actin cortex is very dynamic during migration of eukaryotes. In cells that use blebs as leading-edge protrusions, the cortex reforms beneath the cell membrane (bleb cortex) and completely disassembles at the site of bleb initiation. Remnants of the actin cortex at the site of bleb nucleation are referred to as the actin scar. We refer to the combined process of cortex reformation along with the degradation of the actin scar during bleb-based cell migration as bleb stabilization. The molecular factors that regulate the dynamic reorganization of the cortex are not fully understood. Myosin motor protein activity has been shown to be necessary for blebbing, with its major role associated with pressure generation to drive bleb expansion. Here, we examine the role of myosin in regulating cortex dynamics during bleb stabilization. Analysis of microscopy data from protein localization experiments in Dictyostelium discoideum cells reveals a rapid formation of the bleb's cortex with a delay in myosin accumulation. In the degrading actin scar, myosin is observed to accumulate before active degradation of the cortex begins. Through a combination of mathematical modeling and data fitting, we identify that myosin helps regulate the equilibrium concentration of actin in the bleb cortex during its reformation by increasing its dissasembly rate. Our modeling and analysis also suggests that cortex degradation is driven primarily by an exponential decrease in actin assembly rate rather than increased myosin activity. We attribute the decrease in actin assembly to the separation of the cell membrane from the cortex after bleb nucleation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mackenzie Dalton
- Department of Mathematics, Clarkson University, Clarkson, Potsdam, NY 13699
| | | | - Wanda Strychalski
- Department of Mathematics, Applied Mathematics, and Statistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
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4
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Di Vizio D, Schoppet M, Weeraratna A, Witwer KW. Blebs and former blebs: From surface protrusions to extracellular vesicles in cancer signalling, anoikis resistance and beyond. JOURNAL OF EXTRACELLULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 2:e112. [PMID: 38162121 PMCID: PMC10753850 DOI: 10.1002/jex2.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Associations between plasma membrane blebbing and metastatic progression have been widely reported. There are also reports of increased extracellular vesicle release from cancer cells. Yet the ties between these closely related phenomena are incompletely understood. In this commentary, we remark on a recent finding on cellular membrane blebs in melanoma signaling. We discuss possible implications for cancer biology and draw parallels to knowns and unknowns in the relationships of extracellular vesicles and cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dolores Di Vizio
- Department of Surgery, Division of Cancer Biology and TherapeuticsCedars‐Sinai Medical CenterLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | | | - Ashani Weeraratna
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyJohns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer CenterJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Kenneth W. Witwer
- Department of Molecular and Comparative PathobiologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- Department of NeurologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- Richman Family Precision Medicine Center of Excellence in Alzheimer's DiseaseJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
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5
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Pawluchin A, Galic M. Moving through a changing world: Single cell migration in 2D vs. 3D. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1080995. [PMID: 36605722 PMCID: PMC9810339 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1080995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Migration of single adherent cells is frequently observed in the developing and adult organism and has been the subject of many studies. Yet, while elegant work has elucidated molecular and mechanical cues affecting motion dynamics on a flat surface, it remains less clear how cells migrate in a 3D setting. In this review, we explore the changing parameters encountered by cells navigating through a 3D microenvironment compared to cells crawling on top of a 2D surface, and how these differences alter subcellular structures required for propulsion. We further discuss how such changes at the micro-scale impact motion pattern at the macro-scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Pawluchin
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Medical Faculty, University of Münster, Münster, Germany,Cells in Motion Interfaculty Centre, University of Münster, Münster, Germany,CIM-IMRPS Graduate Program, Münster, Germany
| | - Milos Galic
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Medical Faculty, University of Münster, Münster, Germany,Cells in Motion Interfaculty Centre, University of Münster, Münster, Germany,*Correspondence: Milos Galic,
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6
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Ikenouchi J, Aoki K. A Clockwork Bleb: cytoskeleton, calcium, and cytoplasmic fluidity. FEBS J 2022; 289:7907-7917. [PMID: 34614290 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
When the plasma membrane (PM) detaches from the underlying actin cortex, the PM expands according to intracellular pressure and a spherical membrane protrusion called a bleb is formed. This bleb retracts when the actin cortex is reassembled underneath the PM. Whereas this phenomenon seems simple at first glance, there are many interesting, unresolved cell biological questions in each process. For example, what is the membrane source to enlarge the surface area of the PM during rapid bleb expansion? What signals induce actin reassembly for bleb retraction, and how is cytoplasmic fluidity regulated to allow rapid membrane deformation during bleb expansion? Furthermore, emerging evidence indicates that cancer cells use blebs for invasion, but little is known about how molecules that are involved in bleb formation, expansion, and retraction are coordinated for directional amoeboid migration. In this review, we discuss the molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of blebs, which have been revealed by various experimental systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junichi Ikenouchi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kana Aoki
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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7
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Ponti F, Bono N, Russo L, Bigini P, Mantovani D, Candiani G. Vibropolyfection: coupling polymer-mediated gene delivery to mechanical stimulation to enhance transfection of adherent cells. J Nanobiotechnology 2022; 20:363. [PMID: 35933375 PMCID: PMC9356458 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-022-01571-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background With the success of recent non-viral gene delivery-based COVID-19 vaccines, nanovectors have gained some public acceptance and come to the forefront of advanced therapies. Unfortunately, the relatively low ability of the vectors to overcome cellular barriers adversely affects their effectiveness. Scientists have thus been striving to develop ever more effective gene delivery vectors, but the results are still far from satisfactory. Therefore, developing novel strategies is probably the only way forward to bring about genuine change. Herein, we devise a brand-new gene delivery strategy to boost dramatically the transfection efficiency of two gold standard nucleic acid (NA)/polymer nanoparticles (polyplexes) in vitro. Results We conceived a device to generate milli-to-nanoscale vibrational cues as a function of the frequency set, and deliver vertical uniaxial displacements to adherent cells in culture. A short-lived high-frequency vibrational load (t = 5 min, f = 1,000 Hz) caused abrupt and extensive plasmalemma outgrowths but was safe for cells as neither cell proliferation rate nor viability was affected. Cells took about 1 hr to revert to quasi-naïve morphology through plasma membrane remodeling. In turn, this eventually triggered the mechano-activated clathrin-mediated endocytic pathway and made cells more apt to internalize polyplexes, resulting in transfection efficiencies increased from 10-to-100-fold. Noteworthy, these results were obtained transfecting three cell lines and hard-to-transfect primary cells. Conclusions In this work, we focus on a new technology to enhance the intracellular delivery of NAs and improve the transfection efficiency of non-viral vectors through priming adherent cells with a short vibrational stimulation. This study paves the way for capitalizing on physical cell stimulation(s) to significantly raise the effectiveness of gene delivery vectors in vitro and ex vivo. Graphical Abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12951-022-01571-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Ponti
- genT_LΛB, Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "G. Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy.,Laboratory for Biomaterials and Bioengineering, CRC Tier I, Department of Min-Met-Mat Engineering and CHU de Québec Research Center, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Nina Bono
- genT_LΛB, Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "G. Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Russo
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Bigini
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Diego Mantovani
- Laboratory for Biomaterials and Bioengineering, CRC Tier I, Department of Min-Met-Mat Engineering and CHU de Québec Research Center, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Gabriele Candiani
- genT_LΛB, Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "G. Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy.
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8
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Adams G, López MP, Cartagena-Rivera AX, Waterman CM. Survey of cancer cell anatomy in nonadhesive confinement reveals a role for filamin-A and fascin-1 in leader bleb-based migration. Mol Biol Cell 2021; 32:1772-1791. [PMID: 34260278 PMCID: PMC8684732 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e21-04-0174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells migrating in confined microenvironments exhibit plasticity of migration modes. Confinement of contractile cells in a nonadhesive environment drives “leader bleb–based migration” (LBBM), morphologically characterized by a long bleb that points in the direction of movement separated from a cell body by a contractile neck. Although cells undergoing LBBM have been visualized within tumors, the organization of organelles and actin regulatory proteins mediating LBBM is unknown. We analyzed the localization of fluorescent organelle-specific markers and actin-associated proteins in human melanoma and osteosarcoma cells undergoing LBBM. We found that organelles from the endolysosomal, secretory, and metabolic systems as well as the vimentin and microtubule cytoskeletons localized primarily in the cell body, with some endoplasmic reticulum, microtubules, and mitochondria extending into the leader bleb. Overexpression of fluorescently tagged actin regulatory proteins showed that actin assembly factors localized toward the leader bleb tip, contractility regulators and cross-linkers in the cell body cortex and neck, and cross-linkers additionally throughout the leader bleb. Quantitative analysis showed that excess filamin-A and fascin-1 increased migration speed and persistence, while their depletion by small interfering RNA indicates a requirement in promoting cortical tension and pressure to drive LBBM. This indicates a critical role of specific actin crosslinkers in LBBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Adams
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, and
| | | | - Alexander X Cartagena-Rivera
- Section on Mechanobiology, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Clare M Waterman
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, and
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9
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Castillo-Badillo JA, Gautam N. An optogenetic model reveals cell shape regulation through FAK and fascin. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:269115. [PMID: 34114634 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.258321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell shape regulation is important, but the mechanisms that govern shape are not fully understood, in part due to limited experimental models in which cell shape changes and underlying molecular processes can be rapidly and non-invasively monitored in real time. Here, we used an optogenetic tool to activate RhoA in the middle of mononucleated macrophages to induce contraction, resulting in a side with the nucleus that retained its shape and a non-nucleated side that was unable to maintain its shape and collapsed. In cells overexpressing focal adhesion kinase (FAK; also known as PTK2), the non-nucleated side exhibited a wide flat morphology and was similar in adhesion area to the nucleated side. In cells overexpressing fascin, an actin-bundling protein, the non-nucleated side assumed a spherical shape and was similar in height to the nucleated side. This effect of fascin was also observed in fibroblasts even without inducing furrow formation. Based on these results, we conclude that FAK and fascin work together to maintain cell shape by regulating adhesion area and height, respectively, in different cell types. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean A Castillo-Badillo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - N Gautam
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA.,Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
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10
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Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) refer to vesicles that are released by cells into the extracellular space. EVs mediate cell-to-cell communication via delivery of functional biomolecules between host and recipient cells. EVs can be categorised based on their mode of biogenesis and secretion and include apoptotic bodies, ectosomes or shedding microvesicles and exosomes among others. EVs have gained immense interest in recent years owing to their implications in pathophysiological conditions. Indeed, EVs have been proven useful in clinical applications as potential drug delivery vehicles and as source of diagnostic biomarkers. Despite the growing body of evidence supporting the clinical benefits, the processes involved in the biogenesis of EVs are poorly understood. Hence, it is critical to gain a deeper understanding of the underlying molecular machineries that ultimately govern the biogenesis and secretion of EVs. This chapter discusses the current knowledge on molecular mechanisms involved in the biogenesis of various subtypes of EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taeyoung Kang
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ishara Atukorala
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Suresh Mathivanan
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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11
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RAGE Signaling in Melanoma Tumors. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21238989. [PMID: 33256110 PMCID: PMC7730603 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21238989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite recent progresses in its treatment, malignant cutaneous melanoma remains a cancer with very poor prognosis. Emerging evidences suggest that the receptor for advance glycation end products (RAGE) plays a key role in melanoma progression through its activation in both cancer and stromal cells. In tumors, RAGE activation is fueled by numerous ligands, S100B and HMGB1 being the most notable, but the role of many other ligands is not well understood and should not be underappreciated. Here, we provide a review of the current role of RAGE in melanoma and conclude that targeting RAGE in melanoma could be an approach to improve the outcomes of melanoma patients.
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12
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S Mogre S, Brown AI, Koslover EF. Getting around the cell: physical transport in the intracellular world. Phys Biol 2020; 17:061003. [PMID: 32663814 DOI: 10.1088/1478-3975/aba5e5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells face the challenging task of transporting a variety of particles through the complex intracellular milieu in order to deliver, distribute, and mix the many components that support cell function. In this review, we explore the biological objectives and physical mechanisms of intracellular transport. Our focus is on cytoplasmic and intra-organelle transport at the whole-cell scale. We outline several key biological functions that depend on physically transporting components across the cell, including the delivery of secreted proteins, support of cell growth and repair, propagation of intracellular signals, establishment of organelle contacts, and spatial organization of metabolic gradients. We then review the three primary physical modes of transport in eukaryotic cells: diffusive motion, motor-driven transport, and advection by cytoplasmic flow. For each mechanism, we identify the main factors that determine speed and directionality. We also highlight the efficiency of each transport mode in fulfilling various key objectives of transport, such as particle mixing, directed delivery, and rapid target search. Taken together, the interplay of diffusion, molecular motors, and flows supports the intracellular transport needs that underlie a broad variety of biological phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh S Mogre
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California 92093, United States of America
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13
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Chanet S, Huynh JR. Collective Cell Sorting Requires Contractile Cortical Waves in Germline Cells. Curr Biol 2020; 30:4213-4226.e4. [PMID: 32916115 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.08.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Encapsulation of germline cells by layers of somatic cells forms the basic unit of female reproduction called primordial follicles in mammals and egg chambers in Drosophila. How germline and somatic tissues are coordinated for the morphogenesis of each separated unit remains poorly understood. Here, using improved live imaging of Drosophila ovaries, we uncovered periodic actomyosin waves at the cortex of germ cells. These contractile waves are associated with pressure release blebs, which project from germ cells into somatic cells. We demonstrate that these cortical activities, together with cadherin-based adhesion, are required to sort each germline cyst as one collective unit. Genetic perturbations of cortical contractility, bleb protrusion, or adhesion between germline and somatic cells induced encapsulation defects resulting from failures to encapsulate any germ cells, or the inclusion of too many germ cells per egg chamber, or even the mechanical split of germline cysts. Live-imaging experiments revealed that reducing contractility or adhesion in the germline reduced the stiffness of germline cysts and their proper anchoring to the somatic cells. Germline cysts can then be squeezed and passively pushed by constricting surrounding somatic cells, resulting in cyst splitting and cyst collisions during encapsulation. Increasing germline cysts activity or blocking somatic cell constriction movements can reveal active forward migration of germline cysts. Our results show that germ cells play an active role in physical coupling with somatic cells to produce the female gamete.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soline Chanet
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Collège de France, PSL Research University, CNRS/UMR 7241 - INSERM U1050, 11 Place Marcelin Berthelot, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Jean-René Huynh
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Collège de France, PSL Research University, CNRS/UMR 7241 - INSERM U1050, 11 Place Marcelin Berthelot, 75005 Paris, France.
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14
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Aoun L, Farutin A, Garcia-Seyda N, Nègre P, Rizvi MS, Tlili S, Song S, Luo X, Biarnes-Pelicot M, Galland R, Sibarita JB, Michelot A, Hivroz C, Rafai S, Valignat MP, Misbah C, Theodoly O. Amoeboid Swimming Is Propelled by Molecular Paddling in Lymphocytes. Biophys J 2020; 119:1157-1177. [PMID: 32882187 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2020.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian cells developed two main migration modes. The slow mesenchymatous mode, like crawling of fibroblasts, relies on maturation of adhesion complexes and actin fiber traction, whereas the fast amoeboid mode, observed exclusively for leukocytes and cancer cells, is characterized by weak adhesion, highly dynamic cell shapes, and ubiquitous motility on two-dimensional and in three-dimensional solid matrix. In both cases, interactions with the substrate by adhesion or friction are widely accepted as a prerequisite for mammalian cell motility, which precludes swimming. We show here experimental and computational evidence that leukocytes do swim, and that efficient propulsion is not fueled by waves of cell deformation but by a rearward and inhomogeneous treadmilling of the cell external membrane. Our model consists of a molecular paddling by transmembrane proteins linked to and advected by the actin cortex, whereas freely diffusing transmembrane proteins hinder swimming. Furthermore, continuous paddling is enabled by a combination of external treadmilling and selective recycling by internal vesicular transport of cortex-bound transmembrane proteins. This mechanism explains observations that swimming is five times slower than the retrograde flow of cortex and also that lymphocytes are motile in nonadherent confined environments. Resultantly, the ubiquitous ability of mammalian amoeboid cells to migrate in two dimensions or three dimensions and with or without adhesion can be explained for lymphocytes by a single machinery of heterogeneous membrane treadmilling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurene Aoun
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, LAI, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | | | - Nicolas Garcia-Seyda
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, LAI, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Paulin Nègre
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, LAI, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | | | - Sham Tlili
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, LAI, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France; Aix Marseille University, CNRS, IBDM, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Solene Song
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, LAI, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Xuan Luo
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, LAI, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Martine Biarnes-Pelicot
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, LAI, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Rémi Galland
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, IINS, UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France
| | - Jean-Baptiste Sibarita
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, IINS, UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France
| | - Alphée Michelot
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, IBDM, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Claire Hivroz
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, Integrative analysis of T cell activation team, Paris, France
| | - Salima Rafai
- University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, LIPhy, Grenoble, France
| | - Marie-Pierre Valignat
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, LAI, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Chaouqi Misbah
- University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, LIPhy, Grenoble, France.
| | - Olivier Theodoly
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, LAI, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France.
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15
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Alimohamadi H, Smith AS, Nowak RB, Fowler VM, Rangamani P. Non-uniform distribution of myosin-mediated forces governs red blood cell membrane curvature through tension modulation. PLoS Comput Biol 2020; 16:e1007890. [PMID: 32453720 PMCID: PMC7274484 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1007890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The biconcave disk shape of the mammalian red blood cell (RBC) is unique to the RBC and is vital for its circulatory function. Due to the absence of a transcellular cytoskeleton, RBC shape is determined by the membrane skeleton, a network of actin filaments cross-linked by spectrin and attached to membrane proteins. While the physical properties of a uniformly distributed actin network interacting with the lipid bilayer membrane have been assumed to control RBC shape, recent experiments reveal that RBC biconcave shape also depends on the contractile activity of nonmuscle myosin IIA (NMIIA) motor proteins. Here, we use the classical Helfrich-Canham model for the RBC membrane to test the role of heterogeneous force distributions along the membrane and mimic the contractile activity of sparsely distributed NMIIA filaments. By incorporating this additional contribution to the Helfrich-Canham energy, we find that the RBC biconcave shape depends on the ratio of forces per unit volume in the dimple and rim regions of the RBC. Experimental measurements of NMIIA densities at the dimple and rim validate our prediction that (a) membrane forces must be non-uniform along the RBC membrane and (b) the force density must be larger in the dimple than the rim to produce the observed membrane curvatures. Furthermore, we predict that RBC membrane tension and the orientation of the applied forces play important roles in regulating this force-shape landscape. Our findings of heterogeneous force distributions on the plasma membrane for RBC shape maintenance may also have implications for shape maintenance in different cell types. The spectrin-actin network of the membrane skeleton plays an important role in controlling specialized cell membrane morphology. In the paradigmatic red blood cell (RBC), where actin filaments are present exclusively in the membrane skeleton, recent experiments reveal that nonmuscle myosin IIA (NMIIA) motor contractility maintains the RBC biconcave disk shape. In this study, we have identified criteria for micron-scale distributions of NMIIA forces at the membrane required to maintain the biconcave disk shape of an RBC in the resting condition. Supported by experimental measurements of RBC NMIIA distribution, we showed that a heterogeneous force distribution with a larger force density at the dimple is able to capture the experimentally observed biconcave morphology of an RBC with better accuracy compared to previous models that did not consider the heterogeneity in the force distribution. Furthermore, we showed that the biconcave geometry of the RBC is closely regulated by the effective membrane tension and the direction of applied forces on the membrane. These findings can be generalized to any force-mediated membrane shape, providing insight into the role of actomyosin forces in prescribing and maintaining the morphology of different cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haleh Alimohamadi
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Alyson S. Smith
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Roberta B. Nowak
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Velia M. Fowler
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, United States of America
| | - Padmini Rangamani
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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16
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Pulido Companys P, Norris A, Bischoff M. Coordination of cytoskeletal dynamics and cell behaviour during Drosophila abdominal morphogenesis. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs235325. [PMID: 32229579 PMCID: PMC7132776 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.235325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
During morphogenesis, cells exhibit various behaviours, such as migration and constriction, which need to be coordinated. How this is achieved remains elusive. During morphogenesis of the Drosophila adult abdominal epidermis, larval epithelial cells (LECs) migrate directedly before constricting apically and undergoing apoptosis. Here, we study the mechanisms underlying the transition from migration to constriction. We show that LECs possess a pulsatile apical actomyosin network, and that a change in network polarity correlates with behavioural change. Exploring the properties of the contractile network, we find that cell contractility, as determined by myosin activity, has an impact on the behaviour of the network, as well as on cytoskeletal architecture and cell behaviour. Pulsed contractions occur only in cells with intermediate levels of contractility. Furthermore, increasing levels of the small Rho GTPase Rho1 disrupts pulsing, leading to cells that cycle between two states, characterised by a junctional cortical and an apicomedial actin network. Our results highlight that behavioural change relies on tightly controlled cellular contractility. Moreover, we show that constriction can occur without pulsing, raising questions why constricting cells pulse in some contexts but not in others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pau Pulido Companys
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Anneliese Norris
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Marcus Bischoff
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9ST, UK
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17
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Yadav V, Banerjee DS, Tabatabai AP, Kovar DR, Kim T, Banerjee S, Murrell MP. Filament Nucleation Tunes Mechanical Memory in Active Polymer Networks. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2019; 29:1905243. [PMID: 32523502 PMCID: PMC7286550 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201905243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Incorporating growth into contemporary material functionality presents a grand challenge in materials design. The F-actin cytoskeleton is an active polymer network which serves as the mechanical scaffolding for eukaryotic cells, growing and remodeling in order to determine changes in cell shape. Nucleated from the membrane, filaments polymerize and grow into a dense network whose dynamics of assembly and disassembly, or 'turnover', coordinates both fluidity and rigidity. Here, we vary the extent of F-actin nucleation from a membrane surface in a biomimetic model of the cytoskeleton constructed from purified protein. We find that nucleation of F-actin mediates the accumulation and dissipation of polymerization-induced F-actin bending energy. At high and low nucleation, bending energies are low and easily relaxed yielding an isotropic material. However, at an intermediate critical nucleation, stresses are not relaxed by turnover and the internal energy accumulates 100-fold. In this case, high filament curvatures template further assembly of F-actin, driving the formation and stabilization of vortex-like topological defects. Thus, nucleation coordinates mechanical and chemical timescales to encode shape memory into active materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikrant Yadav
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, 10 Hillhouse Avenue, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Deb S Banerjee
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - A Pasha Tabatabai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, 10 Hillhouse Avenue, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - David R Kovar
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, 920 E. 58th St., CSLC 212, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Taeyoon Kim
- 206 S Martin Jischke Drive, MJIS 3031, Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University ,West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Shiladitya Banerjee
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Michael P Murrell
- Systems Biology Institute, 850 West Campus Drive, West Haven, CT, USA
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18
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Bornens M. A moment at the cell centre. Biol Cell 2019; 111:294-307. [PMID: 31621092 DOI: 10.1111/boc.201900068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
I have been invited by the board of the French Society of Cell Biology (SBCF) to write a text around my presentation in the Symposium 'A day at the Cell Centre', held at the Curie Institute on May 17, 2019, and organized by four of my former students, namely Juliette Azimzadeh, Nathalie Delgehyr, Matthieu Piel and Manuel Théry. I have to thank them warmly for the quality of the science during this day. It was also a moving day for me indeed to listen to so many figures in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Bornens
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, Paris, France
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19
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Kim S, Kalappurakkal JM, Mayor S, Rosen MK. Phosphorylation of nephrin induces phase separated domains that move through actomyosin contraction. Mol Biol Cell 2019; 30:2996-3012. [PMID: 31599693 PMCID: PMC6857567 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e18-12-0823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The plasma membrane of eukaryotic cells is organized into lipid and protein microdomains, whose assembly mechanisms and functions are incompletely understood. We demonstrate that proteins in the nephrin/Nck/N-WASP actin-regulatory pathway cluster into micron-scale domains at the basal plasma membrane upon triggered phosphorylation of transmembrane protein nephrin. The domains are persistent but readily exchange components with their surroundings, and their formation is dependent on the number of Nck SH3 domains, suggesting they are phase separated polymers assembled through multivalent interactions among the three proteins. The domains form independent of the actin cytoskeleton, but acto-myosin contractility induces their rapid lateral movement. Nephrin phosphorylation induces larger clusters at the cell periphery, which are associated with extensive actin assembly and dense filopodia. Our studies illustrate how multivalent interactions between proteins at the plasma membrane can produce micron-scale organization of signaling molecules, and how the resulting clusters can both respond to and control the actin cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soyeon Kim
- Department of Biophysics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390.,The HHMI/MBL Summer Institute, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543
| | - Joseph M Kalappurakkal
- The HHMI/MBL Summer Institute, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543.,National Centre for Biological Sciences, Bangalore 560065, India
| | - Satyajit Mayor
- The HHMI/MBL Summer Institute, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543.,National Centre for Biological Sciences, Bangalore 560065, India
| | - Michael K Rosen
- Department of Biophysics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390.,The HHMI/MBL Summer Institute, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543
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20
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Fujita M, Somasundaram V, Basudhar D, Cheng RYS, Ridnour LA, Higuchi H, Imadome K, No JH, Bharadwaj G, Wink DA. Role of nitric oxide in pancreatic cancer cells exhibiting the invasive phenotype. Redox Biol 2019; 22:101158. [PMID: 30852389 PMCID: PMC6409427 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2019.101158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is a highly metastatic tumor with an extremely low 5-year survival rate. Lack of efficient diagnostics and dearth of effective therapeutics that can target the cancer as well as the microenvironment niche are the reasons for limited success in treatment and management of this disease. Cell invasion through extracellular matrix (ECM) involves the complex regulation of adhesion to and detachment from ECM and its understanding is critical to metastatic potential of pancreatic cancer. To understand the characteristics of these cancer cells and their ability to metastasize, we compared human pancreatic cancer cell line, PANC-1 and its invading phenotype (INV) collected from transwell inserts. The invasive cell type, INV, exhibited higher resistance to Carbon-ion radiation compared to whole cultured (normally dish-cultured) PANC-1 (WCC), and had more efficient in vitro spheroid formation capability. Invasiveness of INV was hampered by nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitors, suggesting that nitric oxide (NO) plays a cardinal role in PANC-1 invasion. In addition, in vitro studies indicated that a MEK-ERK-dependent, JAK independent mechanism through which NOS/NO modulate PANC-1 invasiveness. Suspended INV showed enhanced NO production as well as induction of several pro-metastatic, and stemness-related genes. NOS inhibitor, l-NAME, reduced the expression of these pro-metastatic or stemness-related genes, and dampened spheroid formation ability, suggesting that NO can potentially influence pancreatic cancer aggressiveness. Furthermore, xenograft studies with INV and WCC in NSG mouse model revealed a greater ability of INV compared to WCC, to metastasize to the liver and l-NAME diminished the metastatic lesions in mice injected with INV. Overall, data suggest that NO is a key player associated with resistance to radiation and metastasis of pancreatic cancer; and inhibition of NOS demonstrates therapeutic potential as observed in the animal model by specifically targeting the metastatic cells that harbor stem-like features and are potentially responsible for relapse. Highly invasive pancreatic cancer cell line, collected from transwell inserts showed increased resistance to C-ion radiation. NO is a key player in pancreatic cancer aggressiveness inducing pro-metastatic and stemness-related genes. NOS/NO modulate invasiveness through a MEK-ERK dependent, JAK signaling independent mechanism. NOS inhibition showed promising therapeutic potential in mouse model by reversing the pro-metastatic phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayumi Fujita
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, MD, USA; Department of Basic Medical Sciences for Radiation Damages, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan.
| | - Veena Somasundaram
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, MD, USA
| | - Debashree Basudhar
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, MD, USA
| | - Robert Y S Cheng
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, MD, USA
| | - Lisa A Ridnour
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, MD, USA
| | - Harumi Higuchi
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences for Radiation Damages, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kaori Imadome
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences for Radiation Damages, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Jae Hong No
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, MD, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Gaurav Bharadwaj
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, MD, USA
| | - David A Wink
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, MD, USA.
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21
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Krüger-Genge A, Dietze S, Yan W, Liu Y, Fang L, Kratz K, Lendlein A, Jung F. Endothelial cell migration, adhesion and proliferation on different polymeric substrates. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2019; 70:511-529. [DOI: 10.3233/ch-189317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Krüger-Genge
- Institute of Biomaterial Science and Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Teltow, Germany
| | - Stefanie Dietze
- Institute of Biomaterial Science and Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Teltow, Germany
| | - Wan Yan
- Institute of Biomaterial Science and Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Teltow, Germany
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Yue Liu
- Institute of Biomaterial Science and Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Teltow, Germany
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Liang Fang
- Institute of Biomaterial Science and Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Teltow, Germany
| | - Karl Kratz
- Institute of Biomaterial Science and Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Teltow, Germany
| | - Andreas Lendlein
- Institute of Biomaterial Science and Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Teltow, Germany
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Friedrich Jung
- Institute of Biomaterial Science and Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Teltow, Germany
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22
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Dekraker C, Boucher E, Mandato CA. Regulation and Assembly of Actomyosin Contractile Rings in Cytokinesis and Cell Repair. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2018; 301:2051-2066. [PMID: 30312008 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Cytokinesis and single-cell wound repair both involve contractile assemblies of filamentous actin (F-actin) and myosin II organized into characteristic ring-like arrays. The assembly of these actomyosin contractile rings (CRs) is specified spatially and temporally by small Rho GTPases, which trigger local actin polymerization and myosin II contractility via a variety of downstream effectors. We now have a much clearer view of the Rho GTPase signaling cascade that leads to the formation of CRs, but some factors involved in CR positioning, assembly, and function remain poorly understood. Recent studies show that this regulation is multifactorial and goes beyond the long-established Ca2+ -dependent processes. There is substantial evidence that the Ca2+ -independent changes in cell shape, tension, and plasma membrane composition that characterize cytokinesis and single-cell wound repair also regulate CR formation. Elucidating the regulation and mechanistic properties of CRs is important to our understanding of basic cell biology and holds potential for therapeutic applications in human disease. In this review, we present a primer on the factors influencing and regulating CR positioning, assembly, and contraction as they occur in a variety of cytokinetic and single-cell wound repair models. Anat Rec, 301:2051-2066, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corina Dekraker
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Eric Boucher
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Craig A Mandato
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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23
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Durkin CH, Leite F, Cordeiro JV, Handa Y, Arakawa Y, Valderrama F, Way M. RhoD Inhibits RhoC-ROCK-Dependent Cell Contraction via PAK6. Dev Cell 2017; 41:315-329.e7. [PMID: 28486133 PMCID: PMC5425256 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2017.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
RhoA-mediated regulation of myosin-II activity in the actin cortex controls the ability of cells to contract and bleb during a variety of cellular processes, including cell migration and division. Cell contraction and blebbing also frequently occur as part of the cytopathic effect seen during many different viral infections. We now demonstrate that the vaccinia virus protein F11, which localizes to the plasma membrane, is required for ROCK-mediated cell contraction from 2 hr post infection. Curiously, F11-induced cell contraction is dependent on RhoC and not RhoA signaling to ROCK. Moreover, RhoC-driven cell contraction depends on the upstream inhibition of RhoD signaling by F11. This inhibition prevents RhoD from regulating its downstream effector Pak6, alleviating the suppression of RhoC by the kinase. Our observations with vaccinia have now demonstrated that RhoD recruits Pak6 to the plasma membrane to antagonize RhoC signaling during cell contraction and blebbing. Vaccinia F11 protein is required for virus-induced cell contraction and blebbing F11-induced cell contraction depends on RhoC, but not RhoA, signaling to ROCK RhoD recruits Pak6 to the plasma membrane to antagonize RhoC signaling F11 inhibits RhoD signaling to its downstream effector Pak6
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte H Durkin
- Cellular Signalling and Cytoskeletal Function Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Flavia Leite
- Cellular Signalling and Cytoskeletal Function Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - João V Cordeiro
- Cellular Signalling and Cytoskeletal Function Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Yutaka Handa
- Cellular Signalling and Cytoskeletal Function Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Yoshiki Arakawa
- Cellular Signalling and Cytoskeletal Function Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Ferran Valderrama
- Cellular Signalling and Cytoskeletal Function Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Michael Way
- Cellular Signalling and Cytoskeletal Function Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK.
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24
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Imam ZI, Kenyon LE, Ashby G, Nagib F, Mendicino M, Zhao C, Gadok AK, Stachowiak JC. Phase-Separated Liposomes Enhance the Efficiency of Macromolecular Delivery to the Cellular Cytoplasm. Cell Mol Bioeng 2017; 10:387-403. [PMID: 29104698 DOI: 10.1007/s12195-017-0489-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION From viruses to organelles, fusion of biological membranes is used by diverse biological systems to deliver macromolecules across membrane barriers. Membrane fusion is also a potentially efficient mechanism for the delivery of macromolecular therapeutics to the cellular cytoplasm. However, a key shortcoming of existing fusogenic liposomal systems is that they are inefficient, requiring a high concentration of fusion-promoting lipids in order to cross cellular membrane barriers. OBJECTIVES Toward addressing this limitation, our experiments explore the extent to which membrane fusion can be amplified by using the process of lipid membrane phase separation to concentrate fusion-promoting lipids within distinct regions of the membrane surface. METHODS We used confocal fluorescence microscopy to investigate the integration of fusion-promoting lipids into a ternary lipid membrane system that separated into liquid-ordered and liquid-disordered membrane phases. Additionally, we quantified the impact of membrane phase separation on the efficiency with which liposomes transferred lipids and encapsulated macromolecules to cells, using a combination of confocal fluorescence imaging and flow cytometry. RESULTS Here we report that concentrating fusion-promoting lipids within phase-separated lipid domains on the surfaces of liposomes significantly increases the efficiency of liposome fusion with model membranes and cells. In particular, membrane phase separation enhanced the delivery of lipids and model macromolecules to the cytoplasm of tumor cells by at least 4-fold in comparison to homogenous liposomes. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate that phase separation can enhance membrane fusion by locally concentrating fusion-promoting lipids on the surface of liposomes. This work represents the first application of lipid membrane phase separation in the design of biomaterials-based delivery systems. Additionally, these results lay the ground work for developing fusogenic liposomes that are triggered by physical and molecular cues associated with target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary I Imam
- The University of Texas at Austin, Department of Biomedical Engineering
| | - Laura E Kenyon
- The University of Texas at Austin, Department of Biomedical Engineering
| | - Grant Ashby
- The University of Texas at Austin, Department of Biomedical Engineering
| | - Fatema Nagib
- The University of Texas at Austin, Department of Biomedical Engineering
| | - Morgan Mendicino
- The University of Texas at Austin, Department of Biomedical Engineering
| | - Chi Zhao
- The University of Texas at Austin, Department of Biomedical Engineering
| | - Avinash K Gadok
- The University of Texas at Austin, Department of Biomedical Engineering
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25
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Ayala YA, Pontes B, Hissa B, Monteiro ACM, Farina M, Moura-Neto V, Viana NB, Nussenzveig HM. Effects of cytoskeletal drugs on actin cortex elasticity. Exp Cell Res 2017; 351:173-181. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2016.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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26
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Ibo M, Srivastava V, Robinson DN, Gagnon ZR. Cell Blebbing in Confined Microfluidic Environments. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163866. [PMID: 27706201 PMCID: PMC5051935 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Migrating cells can extend their leading edge by forming myosin-driven blebs and F-actin-driven pseudopods. When coerced to migrate in resistive environments, Dictyostelium cells switch from using predominately pseudopods to blebs. Bleb formation has been shown to be chemotactic and can be influenced by the direction of the chemotactic gradient. In this study, we determine the blebbing responses of developed cells of Dictyostelium discoideum to cAMP gradients of varying steepness produced in microfluidic channels with different confining heights, ranging between 1.7 μm and 3.8 μm. We show that microfluidic confinement height, gradient steepness, buffer osmolarity and Myosin II activity are important factors in determining whether cells migrate with blebs or with pseudopods. Dictyostelium cells were observed migrating within the confines of microfluidic gradient channels. When the cAMP gradient steepness is increased from 0.7 nM/μm to 20 nM/μm, cells switch from moving with a mixture of blebs and pseudopods to moving only using blebs when chemotaxing in channels with confinement heights less than 2.4 μm. Furthermore, the size of the blebs increases with gradient steepness and correlates with increases in myosin-II localization at the cell cortex. Reduction of intracellular pressure by high osmolarity buffer or inhibition of myosin-II by blebbistatin leads to a decrease in bleb formation and bleb size. Together, our data reveal that the protrusion type formed by migrating cells can be influenced by the channel height and the steepness of the cAMP gradient, and suggests that a combination of confinement-induced myosin-II localization and cAMP-regulated cortical contraction leads to increased intracellular fluid pressure and bleb formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markela Ibo
- Johns Hopkins University, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Baltimore, MD, 21218, United States of America
| | - Vasudha Srivastava
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of Cell Biology, Baltimore, MD, 21205, United States of America
| | - Douglas N. Robinson
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of Cell Biology, Baltimore, MD, 21205, United States of America
| | - Zachary R. Gagnon
- Johns Hopkins University, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Baltimore, MD, 21218, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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27
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Zhao C, Busch DJ, Vershel CP, Stachowiak JC. Multifunctional Transmembrane Protein Ligands for Cell-Specific Targeting of Plasma Membrane-Derived Vesicles. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2016; 12:3837-48. [PMID: 27294846 PMCID: PMC5523125 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201600493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Liposomes and nanoparticles that bind selectively to cell-surface receptors can target specific populations of cells. However, chemical conjugation of ligands to these particles is difficult to control, frequently limiting ligand uniformity and complexity. In contrast, the surfaces of living cells are decorated with highly uniform populations of sophisticated transmembrane proteins. Toward harnessing cellular capabilities, here it is demonstrated that plasma membrane vesicles (PMVs) derived from donor cells can display engineered transmembrane protein ligands that precisely target cells on the basis of receptor expression. These multifunctional targeting proteins incorporate (i) a protein ligand, (ii) an intrinsically disordered protein spacer to make the ligand sterically accessible, and (iii) a fluorescent protein domain that enables quantification of the ligand density on the PMV surface. PMVs that display targeting proteins with affinity for the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) bind at increasing concentrations to breast cancer cells that express increasing levels of EGFR. Further, as an example of the generality of this approach, PMVs expressing a single-domain antibody against green fluorescence protein (eGFP) bind to cells expressing eGFP-tagged receptors with a selectivity of ≈50:1. The results demonstrate the versatility of PMVs as cell targeting systems, suggesting diverse applications from drug delivery to tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - David J Busch
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Connor P Vershel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Jeanne C Stachowiak
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, 78712, USA
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28
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Nguyen T, Mège RM. N-Cadherin and Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptors crosstalk in the control of developmental and cancer cell migrations. Eur J Cell Biol 2016; 95:415-426. [PMID: 27320194 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell migrations are diverse. They constitutemajor morphogenetic driving forces during embryogenesis, but they contribute also to the loss of tissue homeostasis and cancer growth. Capabilities of cells to migrate as single cells or as collectives are controlled by internal and external signalling, leading to the reorganisation of their cytoskeleton as well as by the rebalancing of cell-matrix and cell-cell adhesions. Among the genes altered in numerous cancers, cadherins and growth factor receptors are of particular interest for cell migration regulation. In particular, cadherins such as N-cadherin and a class of growth factor receptors, namely FGFRs cooperate to regulate embryonic and cancer cell behaviours. In this review, we discuss on reciprocal crosstalk between N-cadherin and FGFRs during cell migration. Finally, we aim at clarifying the synergy between N-cadherin and FGFR signalling that ensure cellular reorganization during cell movements, mainly during cancer cell migration and metastasis but also during developmental processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thao Nguyen
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - René Marc Mège
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France.
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29
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Huang C, Kratzer MC, Wedlich D, Kashef J. E-cadherin is required for cranial neural crest migration in Xenopus laevis. Dev Biol 2016; 411:159-171. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Alert R, Casademunt J. Bleb Nucleation through Membrane Peeling. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2016; 116:068101. [PMID: 26919015 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.116.068101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We study the nucleation of blebs, i.e., protrusions arising from a local detachment of the membrane from the cortex of a cell. Based on a simple model of elastic linkers with force-dependent kinetics, we show that bleb nucleation is governed by membrane peeling. By this mechanism, the growth or shrinkage of a detached membrane patch is completely determined by the linker kinetics, regardless of the energetic cost of the detachment. We predict the critical nucleation radius for membrane peeling and the corresponding effective energy barrier. These may be typically smaller than those predicted by classical nucleation theory, implying a much faster nucleation. We also perform simulations of a continuum stochastic model of membrane-cortex adhesion to obtain the statistics of bleb nucleation times as a function of the stress on the membrane. The determinant role of membrane peeling changes our understanding of bleb nucleation and opens new directions in the study of blebs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricard Alert
- Departament d'Estructura i Constituents de la Matèria, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jaume Casademunt
- Departament d'Estructura i Constituents de la Matèria, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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31
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Cytoskeletal Symmetry Breaking and Chirality: From Reconstituted Systems to Animal Development. Symmetry (Basel) 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/sym7042062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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32
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Two-Phase Acto-Cytosolic Fluid Flow in a Moving Keratocyte: A 2D Continuum Model. Bull Math Biol 2015; 77:1813-32. [PMID: 26403420 DOI: 10.1007/s11538-015-0105-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The F-actin network and cytosol in the lamellipodia of crawling cells flow in a centripetal pattern and spout-like form, respectively. We have numerically studied this two-phase flow in the realistic geometry of a moving keratocyte. Cytosol has been treated as a low viscosity Newtonian fluid flowing through the high viscosity porous medium of F-actin network. Other involved phenomena including myosin activity, adhesion friction, and interphase interaction are also discussed to provide an overall view of this problem. Adopting a two-phase coupled model by myosin concentration, we have found new accurate perspectives of acto-cytosolic flow and pressure fields, myosin distribution, as well as the distribution of effective forces across the lamellipodia of a keratocyte with stationary shape. The order of magnitude method is also used to determine the contribution of forces in the internal dynamics of lamellipodia.
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33
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Rassokhin MA, Pakhomov AG. Cellular regulation of extension and retraction of pseudopod-like blebs produced by nanosecond pulsed electric field (nsPEF). Cell Biochem Biophys 2015; 69:555-66. [PMID: 24488232 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-014-9831-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Recently we described a new phenomenon of anodotropic pseudopod-like blebbing in U937 cells exposed to nanosecond pulsed electric field (nsPEF). In Ca(2+)-free buffer such exposure initiates formation of pseudopod-like blebs (PLBs), protrusive cylindrical cell extensions that are distinct from apoptotic and necrotic blebs. PLBs nucleate predominantly on anode-facing cell pole and extend toward anode during nsPEF exposure. Bleb extension depends on actin polymerization and availability of actin monomers. Inhibition of intracellular Ca(2+), cell contractility, and RhoA produced no effect on PLB initiation. Meanwhile, inhibition of WASP by wiskostatin causes dose-dependent suppression of PLB growth. Soon after the end of nsPEF exposure PLBs lose directionality of growth and then retract. Microtubule toxins nocodazole and paclitaxel did not show immediate effect on PLBs; however, nocodazole increased mobility of intracellular components during PLB extension and retraction. Retraction of PLBs is produced by myosin activation and the corresponding increase in PLB cortex contractility. Inhibition of myosin by blebbistatin reduces retraction while inhibition of RhoA-ROCK pathway by Y-27632 completely prevents retraction. Contraction of PLBs can produce cell translocation resembling active cell movement. Overall, the formation, properties, and life cycle of PLBs share common features with protrusions associated with ameboid cell migration. PLB life cycle may be controlled through activation of WASP by its upstream effectors such as Cdc42 and PIP2, and main ROCK activator-RhoA. Parallels between pseudopod-like blebbing and motility blebbing may provide new insights into their underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail A Rassokhin
- Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, 4211 Monarch Way Ste 300, Norfolk, VA, 23508, USA,
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34
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Elastic properties of epithelial cells probed by atomic force microscopy. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2015; 1853:3075-82. [PMID: 26193077 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cellular mechanics plays a crucial role in many biological processes such as cell migration, cell growth, embryogenesis, and oncogenesis. Epithelia respond to environmental cues comprising biochemical and physical stimuli through defined changes in cell elasticity. For instance, cells can differentiate between certain properties such as viscoelasticity or topography of substrates by adapting their own elasticity and shape. A living cell is a complex viscoelastic body that not only exhibits a shell architecture composed of a membrane attached to a cytoskeleton cortex but also generates contractile forces through its actomyosin network. Here we review cellular mechanics of single cells in the context of epithelial cell layers responding to chemical and physical stimuli. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Mechanobiology.
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35
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Bang J, Jang M, Huh JH, Na JW, Shim M, Carlson BA, Tobe R, Tsuji PA, Gladyshev VN, Hatfield DL, Lee BJ. Deficiency of the 15-kDa selenoprotein led to cytoskeleton remodeling and non-apoptotic membrane blebbing through a RhoA/ROCK pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 456:884-90. [PMID: 25529450 PMCID: PMC4758352 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.12.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The 15-kDa selenoprotein (Sep15) has been implicated in etiology of some types of cancer. Herein, inducible RNAi cell lines were established and cell morphology and motility were analyzed. The majority of Sep15-deficient cells (>95%) formed membrane blebs in a dynamic manner. Blebbing cells transformed cell morphology from a normal flat spindle shape to a spherical morphology. In blebbing cells, actin fibers moved to the cell periphery, covering and obscuring visualization of α-tubulin. Bleb formation was suppressed by the inhibitors of Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK), RhoA or myosin light chain (MLC), restoring blebbing cells to wild-type morphology. RhoA activation and phosphorylation of myosin phosphatase target subunit 1 was induced by Sep15 knockdown. Sep15-deficient cells were non-apoptotic, and displayed a distinct relative localization of F-actin and α-tubulin from typical apoptotic blebbing cells. Our data suggest that Sep15 in Chang liver cells regulates the pathway that antagonizes RhoA/ROCK/MLC-dependent non-apoptotic bleb formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeyoung Bang
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea; Interdisciplinary Program in Bioinformatics, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Mihyun Jang
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Jang Hoe Huh
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Woon Na
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoungsup Shim
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea; Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Bradley A Carlson
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ryuta Tobe
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Petra A Tsuji
- Department of Biological Sciences, Towson University, Towson, MD 21252, USA
| | - Vadim N Gladyshev
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Dolph L Hatfield
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Byeong Jae Lee
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea; Interdisciplinary Program in Bioinformatics, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea; Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea.
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37
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Pettee KM, Dvorak KM, Nestor-Kalinoski AL, Eisenmann KM. An mDia2/ROCK signaling axis regulates invasive egress from epithelial ovarian cancer spheroids. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90371. [PMID: 24587343 PMCID: PMC3938721 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Multi-cellular spheroids are enriched in ascites of epithelial ovarian cancer (OvCa) patients. They represent an invasive and chemoresistant cellular population fundamental to metastatic dissemination. The molecular mechanisms triggering single cell invasive egress from spheroids remain enigmatic. mDia formins are Rho GTPase effectors that are key regulators of F-actin cytoskeletal dynamics. We hypothesized that mDia2-driven F-actin dynamics promote single cell invasive transitions in clinically relevant three-dimensional (3D) OvCa spheroids. The current study is a dissection of the contribution of the F-actin assembly factor mDia2 formin in invasive transitions and using a clinically relevant ovarian cancer spheroid model. We show that RhoA-directed mDia2 activity is required for tight spheroid organization, and enrichment of mDia2 in the invasive cellular protrusions of collagen-embedded OVCA429 spheroids. Depleting mDia2 in ES-2 spheroids enhanced invasive dissemination of single amoeboid-shaped cells. This contrasts with spheroids treated with control siRNA, where a mesenchymal invasion program predominated. Inhibition of another RhoA effector, ROCK, had no impact on ES-2 spheroid formation but dramatically inhibited spheroid invasion through induction of a highly elongated morphology. Concurrent inhibition of ROCK and mDia2 blocked single cell invasion from ES-2 spheroids more effectively than inhibition of either protein alone, indicating that invasive egress of amoeboid cells from mDia2-depleted spheroids is ROCK-dependent. Our findings indicate that multiple GTPase effectors must be suppressed in order to fully block invasive egress from ovarian cancer spheroids. Furthermore, tightly regulated interplay between ROCK and mDia2 signaling pathways dictates the invasive capacities and the type of invasion program utilized by motile spheroid-derived ovarian cancer cells. As loss of the gene encoding mDia2, DRF3, has been linked to cancer progression and metastasis, our results set the stage for understanding molecular mechanisms involved in mDia2-dependent egress of invasive cells from primary epithelial tumors.
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MESH Headings
- Actin Cytoskeleton/chemistry
- Actin Cytoskeleton/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Ovarian Epithelial
- Carrier Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Carrier Proteins/genetics
- Carrier Proteins/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Movement
- Female
- Formins
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Neoplasms, Glandular and Epithelial/genetics
- Neoplasms, Glandular and Epithelial/metabolism
- Neoplasms, Glandular and Epithelial/pathology
- Ovarian Neoplasms/genetics
- Ovarian Neoplasms/metabolism
- Ovarian Neoplasms/pathology
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- RNA, Small Interfering/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Spheroids, Cellular/metabolism
- Spheroids, Cellular/pathology
- rho-Associated Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- rho-Associated Kinases/genetics
- rho-Associated Kinases/metabolism
- rhoA GTP-Binding Protein/genetics
- rhoA GTP-Binding Protein/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista M. Pettee
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Kaitlyn M. Dvorak
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Andrea L. Nestor-Kalinoski
- Department of Surgery, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Kathryn M. Eisenmann
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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38
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Blanchoin L, Boujemaa-Paterski R, Sykes C, Plastino J. Actin dynamics, architecture, and mechanics in cell motility. Physiol Rev 2014; 94:235-63. [PMID: 24382887 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00018.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 833] [Impact Index Per Article: 83.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tight coupling between biochemical and mechanical properties of the actin cytoskeleton drives a large range of cellular processes including polarity establishment, morphogenesis, and motility. This is possible because actin filaments are semi-flexible polymers that, in conjunction with the molecular motor myosin, can act as biological active springs or "dashpots" (in laymen's terms, shock absorbers or fluidizers) able to exert or resist against force in a cellular environment. To modulate their mechanical properties, actin filaments can organize into a variety of architectures generating a diversity of cellular organizations including branched or crosslinked networks in the lamellipodium, parallel bundles in filopodia, and antiparallel structures in contractile fibers. In this review we describe the feedback loop between biochemical and mechanical properties of actin organization at the molecular level in vitro, then we integrate this knowledge into our current understanding of cellular actin organization and its physiological roles.
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39
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Schwartz MP, Rogers RE, Singh SP, Lee JY, Loveland SG, Koepsel JT, Witze ES, Montanez-Sauri SI, Sung KE, Tokuda EY, Sharma Y, Everhart LM, Nguyen EH, Zaman MH, Beebe DJ, Ahn NG, Murphy WL, Anseth KS. A quantitative comparison of human HT-1080 fibrosarcoma cells and primary human dermal fibroblasts identifies a 3D migration mechanism with properties unique to the transformed phenotype. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81689. [PMID: 24349113 PMCID: PMC3857815 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, we describe an engineering approach to quantitatively compare migration, morphologies, and adhesion for tumorigenic human fibrosarcoma cells (HT-1080s) and primary human dermal fibroblasts (hDFs) with the aim of identifying distinguishing properties of the transformed phenotype. Relative adhesiveness was quantified using self-assembled monolayer (SAM) arrays and proteolytic 3-dimensional (3D) migration was investigated using matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-degradable poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogels (“synthetic extracellular matrix” or “synthetic ECM”). In synthetic ECM, hDFs were characterized by vinculin-containing features on the tips of protrusions, multipolar morphologies, and organized actomyosin filaments. In contrast, HT-1080s were characterized by diffuse vinculin expression, pronounced β1-integrin on the tips of protrusions, a cortically-organized F-actin cytoskeleton, and quantitatively more rounded morphologies, decreased adhesiveness, and increased directional motility compared to hDFs. Further, HT-1080s were characterized by contractility-dependent motility, pronounced blebbing, and cortical contraction waves or constriction rings, while quantified 3D motility was similar in matrices with a wide range of biochemical and biophysical properties (including collagen) despite substantial morphological changes. While HT-1080s were distinct from hDFs for each of the 2D and 3D properties investigated, several features were similar to WM239a melanoma cells, including rounded, proteolytic migration modes, cortical F-actin organization, and prominent uropod-like structures enriched with β1-integrin, F-actin, and melanoma cell adhesion molecule (MCAM/CD146/MUC18). Importantly, many of the features observed for HT-1080s were analogous to cellular changes induced by transformation, including cell rounding, a disorganized F-actin cytoskeleton, altered organization of focal adhesion proteins, and a weakly adherent phenotype. Based on our results, we propose that HT-1080s migrate in synthetic ECM with functional properties that are a direct consequence of their transformed phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P. Schwartz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MPS); (KSA)
| | - Robert E. Rogers
- College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, Texas, United States of America
| | - Samir P. Singh
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Justin Y. Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Samuel G. Loveland
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Justin T. Koepsel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Eric S. Witze
- Department of Cancer Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, , United States of America
| | - Sara I. Montanez-Sauri
- Materials Science Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Paul P. Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Kyung E. Sung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Paul P. Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Emi Y. Tokuda
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Yasha Sharma
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Lydia M. Everhart
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Dayton, Dayton, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Eric H. Nguyen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Muhammad H. Zaman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - David J. Beebe
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Paul P. Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Natalie G. Ahn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - William L. Murphy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Materials Science Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Kristi S. Anseth
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MPS); (KSA)
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Miyoshi H, Tsubota KI, Hoyano T, Adachi T, Liu H. Three-dimensional modulation of cortical plasticity during pseudopodial protrusion of mouse leukocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 438:594-9. [PMID: 23939049 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Leukocytes can rapidly migrate virtually within any substrate found in the body at speeds up to 100 times faster than mesenchymal cells that remain firmly attached to a substrate even when migrating. To understand the flexible migration strategy utilized by leukocytes, we experimentally investigated the three-dimensional modulation of cortical plasticity during the formation of pseudopodial protrusions by mouse leukocytes isolated from blood. The surfaces of viable leukocytes were discretely labeled with fluorescent beads that were covalently conjugated with concanavalin A receptors. The movements of these fluorescent beads were different at the rear, central, and front surfaces. The beads initially present on the rear and central dorsal surfaces of the cell body flowed linearly toward the rear peripheral surface concomitant with a significant collapse of the cell body in the dorsal-ventral direction. In contrast, those beads initially on the front surface moved into a newly formed pseudopodium and exhibited rapid, random movements within this pseudopodium. Bead movements at the front surface were hypothesized to have resulted from rupture of the actin cytoskeleton and detachment of the plasma membrane from the actin cytoskeletal cortex, which allowed leukocytes to migrate while being minimally constrained by a substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromi Miyoshi
- Ultrahigh Precision Optics Technology Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, Saitama, Japan
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41
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Nishigami Y, Ichikawa M, Kazama T, Kobayashi R, Shimmen T, Yoshikawa K, Sonobe S. Reconstruction of active regular motion in amoeba extract: dynamic cooperation between sol and gel states. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70317. [PMID: 23940560 PMCID: PMC3734023 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Amoeboid locomotion is one of the typical modes of biological cell migration. Cytoplasmic sol–gel conversion of an actomyosin system is thought to play an important role in locomotion. However, the mechanisms underlying sol–gel conversion, including trigger, signal, and regulating factors, remain unclear. We developed a novel model system in which an actomyosin fraction moves like an amoeba in a cytoplasmic extract. Rheological study of this model system revealed that the actomyosin fraction exhibits shear banding: the sol–gel state of actomyosin can be regulated by shear rate or mechanical force. Furthermore, study of the living cell indicated that the shear-banding property also causes sol–gel conversion with the same order of magnitude as that of shear rate. Our results suggest that the inherent sol–gel transition property plays an essential role in the self-regulation of autonomous translational motion in amoeba.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukinori Nishigami
- Department of Life Science, Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo, Harima Science Park City, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Ichikawa
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- * E-mail: (MI); (SS)
| | - Toshiya Kazama
- Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Ryo Kobayashi
- Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Teruo Shimmen
- Department of Life Science, Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo, Harima Science Park City, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Kenichi Yoshikawa
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Seiji Sonobe
- Department of Life Science, Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo, Harima Science Park City, Hyogo, Japan
- * E-mail: (MI); (SS)
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Pietuch A, Janshoff A. Mechanics of spreading cells probed by atomic force microscopy. Open Biol 2013; 3:130084. [PMID: 23864554 PMCID: PMC3728925 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.130084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular adhesion and motility are fundamental processes in biological systems such as morphogenesis and tissue homeostasis. During these processes, cells heavily rely on the ability to deform and supply plasma membrane from pre-existing membrane reservoirs, allowing the cell to cope with substantial morphological changes. While morphological changes during single cell adhesion and spreading are well characterized, the accompanying alterations in cellular mechanics are scarcely addressed. Using the atomic force microscope, we measured changes in cortical and plasma membrane mechanics during the transition from early adhesion to a fully spread cell. During the initial adhesion step, we found that tremendous changes occur in cortical and membrane tension as well as in membrane area. Monitoring the spreading progress by means of force measurements over 2.5 h reveals that cortical and membrane tension become constant at the expense of excess membrane area. This was confirmed by fluorescence microscopy, which shows a rougher plasma membrane of cells in suspension compared with spread ones, allowing the cell to draw excess membrane from reservoirs such as invaginations or protrusions while attaching to the substrate and forming a first contact zone. Concretely, we found that cell spreading is initiated by a transient drop in tension, which is compensated by a decrease in excess area. Finally, all mechanical parameters become almost constant although morphological changes continue. Our study shows how a single cell responds to alterations in membrane tension by adjusting its overall membrane area. Interference with cytoskeletal integrity, membrane tension and excess surface area by administration of corresponding small molecular inhibitors leads to perturbations of the spreading process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andreas Janshoff
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 6, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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Woolley TE, Gaffney EA, Oliver JM, Baker RE, Waters SL, Goriely A. Cellular blebs: pressure-driven, axisymmetric, membrane protrusions. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2013; 13:463-76. [PMID: 23857038 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-013-0509-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Blebs are cellular protrusions that are used by cells for multiple purposes including locomotion. A mechanical model for the problem of pressure-driven blebs based on force and moment balances of an axisymmetric shell model is proposed. The formation of a bleb is initiated by weakening the shell over a small region, and the deformation of the cellular membrane from the cortex is obtained during inflation. However, simply weakening the shell leads to an area increase of more than 4%, which is physically unrealistic. Thus, the model is extended to include a reconfiguration process that allows large blebs to form with small increases in area. It is observed that both geometric and biomechanical constraints are important in this process. In particular, it is shown that although blebs are driven by a pressure difference across the cellular membrane, it is not the limiting factor in determining bleb size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E Woolley
- Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, 24-29 St Giles, Oxford, OX1 3LB, UK,
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Fritzsche M, Lewalle A, Duke T, Kruse K, Charras G. Analysis of turnover dynamics of the submembranous actin cortex. Mol Biol Cell 2013; 24:757-67. [PMID: 23345594 PMCID: PMC3596247 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e12-06-0485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Two filament subpopulations with very different turnover rates make up the actin cortex in living cells: one with fast turnover dynamics and polymerization resulting from addition of monomers to free barbed ends, and one with slow turnover dynamics with polymerization resulting from formin-mediated filament growth. The cell cortex is a thin network of actin, myosin motors, and associated proteins that underlies the plasma membrane in most eukaryotic cells. It enables cells to resist extracellular stresses, perform mechanical work, and change shape. Cortical structural and mechanical properties depend strongly on the relative turnover rates of its constituents, but quantitative data on these rates remain elusive. Using photobleaching experiments, we analyzed the dynamics of three classes of proteins within the cortex of living cells: a scaffold protein (actin), a cross-linker (α-actinin), and a motor (myosin). We found that two filament subpopulations with very different turnover rates composed the actin cortex: one with fast turnover dynamics and polymerization resulting from addition of monomers to free barbed ends, and one with slow turnover dynamics with polymerization resulting from formin-mediated filament growth. Our data suggest that filaments in the second subpopulation are on average longer than those in the first and that cofilin-mediated severing of formin-capped filaments contributes to replenishing the filament subpopulation with free barbed ends. Furthermore, α-actinin and myosin minifilaments turned over significantly faster than F-actin. Surprisingly, only one-fourth of α-actinin dimers were bound to two actin filaments. Taken together, our results provide a quantitative characterization of essential mechanisms underlying actin cortex homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Fritzsche
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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Werner A, Disanza A, Reifenberger N, Habeck G, Becker J, Calabrese M, Urlaub H, Lorenz H, Schulman B, Scita G, Melchior F. SCFFbxw5 mediates transient degradation of actin remodeller Eps8 to allow proper mitotic progression. Nat Cell Biol 2013; 15:179-88. [PMID: 23314863 DOI: 10.1038/ncb2661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Eps8, a bi-functional actin cytoskeleton remodeller, is a positive regulator of cell proliferation and motility. Here, we describe an unrecognized mechanism regulating Eps8 that is required for proper mitotic progression: whereas Eps8 is stable in G1 and S phase, its half-life drops sharply in G2. This requires G2-specific proteasomal degradation mediated by the ubiquitin E3 ligase SCF(Fbxw5). Consistent with a short window of degradation, Eps8 disappears from the cell cortex early in mitosis, but reappears at the midzone of dividing cells. Failure to reduce Eps8 levels in G2 prolongs its localization at the cell cortex and markedly delays cell rounding and prometaphase duration. However, during late stages of mitosis and cytokinesis, Eps8 capping activity is required to prevent membrane blebbing and cell-shape deformations. Our findings identify SCF(Fbxw5)-driven fluctuation of Eps8 levels as an important mechanism that contributes to cell-shape changes during entry into-and exit from-mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achim Werner
- Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Germany.
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Roubinet C, Tran PT, Piel M. Common mechanisms regulating cell cortex properties during cell division and cell migration. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2012; 69:957-72. [PMID: 23125194 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2012] [Revised: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Single cell morphogenesis results from a balance of forces involving internal pressure (also called turgor pressure in plants and fungi) and the plastic and dynamic outer shell of the cell. Dominated by the cell wall in plants and fungi, mechanical properties of the outer shell of animal cells arise from the cell cortex, which is mostly composed of the plasma membrane (and membrane proteins) and the underlying meshwork of actin filaments and myosin motors (and associated proteins). In this review, following Bray and White [1988; Science 239:883-889], we draw a parallel between the regulation of the cell cortex during cell division and cell migration in animal cells. Starting from the similarities in shape changes and underlying mechanical properties, we further propose that the analogy between cell division and cell migration might run deeper, down to the basic molecular mechanisms driving cell cortex remodeling. We focus our attention on how an heterogeneous and dynamic cortex can be generated to allow cell shape changes while preserving cell integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantal Roubinet
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, Centre de Biologie du Développement, Bâtiment 4R3, 118 route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse, France.
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Saito K, Ozawa Y, Hibino K, Ohta Y. FilGAP, a Rho/Rho-associated protein kinase-regulated GTPase-activating protein for Rac, controls tumor cell migration. Mol Biol Cell 2012; 23:4739-50. [PMID: 23097497 PMCID: PMC3521682 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e12-04-0310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In three-dimensional matrices, tumor cells can move with either an elongated/mesenchymal or a round/amoeboid morphology. This study identifies FilGAP, a Rac GTPase-activating protein (GAP), as a mediator of Rho/Rho-associated protein kinase–dependent amoeboid movement of carcinoma cells. FilGAP may contribute to tumor invasion and metastasis by controlling the amoeboid mode of movement. Tumor cells exhibit two interconvertible modes of cell motility referred to as mesenchymal and amoeboid migration. Mesenchymal mode is characterized by elongated morphology that requires high GTPase Rac activation, whereas amoeboid mode is dependent on actomyosin contractility induced by Rho/Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) signaling. While elongated morphology is driven by Rac-induced protrusion at the leading edge, how Rho/ROCK signaling controls amoeboid movement is not well understood. We identified FilGAP, a Rac GTPase-activating protein (GAP), as a mediator of Rho/ROCK-dependent amoeboid movement of carcinoma cells. We show that depletion of endogenous FilGAP in carcinoma cells induced highly elongated mesenchymal morphology. Conversely, forced expression of FilGAP induced a round/amoeboid morphology that requires Rho/ROCK-dependent phosphorylation of FilGAP. Moreover, depletion of FilGAP impaired breast cancer cell invasion through extracellular matrices and reduced tumor cell extravasation in vivo. Thus phosphorylation of FilGAP by ROCK appears to promote amoeboid morphology of carcinoma cells, and FilGAP contributes to tumor invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Saito
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara 252-0373, Japan
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Eitaki M, Yamamori T, Meike S, Yasui H, Inanami O. Vincristine enhances amoeboid-like motility via GEF-H1/RhoA/ROCK/Myosin light chain signaling in MKN45 cells. BMC Cancer 2012; 12:469. [PMID: 23057787 PMCID: PMC3522013 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-12-469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Anti-cancer drugs are widely used in cancer treatment frequently combined with surgical therapy and/or radiation therapy. Although surgery and radiation have been suggested to facilitate invasion and metastasis of tumor cells in some cases, there is so far little information about the effect of anti-cancer drugs on cellular invasive ability and metastasis. In this study, using four different anti-cancer drugs (vincristine, paclitaxel, cisplatin and etoposide), we examined whether these drugs influence the invasive ability of tumor cells. Methods Human gastric adenocarcinoma MKN45 cells were used to evaluate the effect of anti-cancer drugs. After drug treatment, cellular invasive ability was assessed using the Matrigel invasion chamber. Cytoskeletal changes after treatment were examined microscopically with F-actin staining. In addition, we monitored cellular motility in 3D matrigel environment by time-lapse microscopic analysis. The drug-induced activation of RhoA and ROCK was evaluated by pull-down assay and Western blotting using an antibody against phosphorylated myosin light chain (MLC), respectively. Where necessary, a ROCK inhibitor Y27632 and siRNA for guanine nucleotide exchange factor-H1 (GEF-H1) were applied. Results Among all drugs tested, only vincristine stimulated the invasive ability of MKN45 cells. Microscopic analysis revealed that vincristine induced the formation of non-apoptotic membrane blebs and amoeboid-like motility. Vincristine significantly enhanced RhoA activity and MLC phosphorylation, suggesting the involvement of RhoA/ROCK pathway in the vincristine-induced cytoskeletal reorganization and cellular invasion. Furthermore, we found that Y27632 as well as the siRNA for GEF-H1, a RhoA-specific activator, attenuated MLC phosphorylation, the formation of membrane blebs and the invasive ability after vincristine treatment. Conclusions These results indicate that vincristine activates GEF-H1/RhoA/ROCK/MLC signaling, thereby promoting amoeboid-like motility and the invasive ability of MKN45 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Eitaki
- Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Laboratory of Radiation Biology, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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D'Souza-Schorey C, Clancy JW. Tumor-derived microvesicles: shedding light on novel microenvironment modulators and prospective cancer biomarkers. Genes Dev 2012; 26:1287-99. [PMID: 22713869 DOI: 10.1101/gad.192351.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 401] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in the study of tumor-derived microvesicles reveal new insights into the cellular basis of disease progression and the potential to translate this knowledge into innovative approaches for cancer diagnostics and personalized therapy. Tumor-derived microvesicles are heterogeneous membrane-bound sacs that are shed from the surfaces of tumor cells into the extracellular environment. They have been thought to deposit paracrine information and create paths of least resistance, as well as be taken up by cells in the tumor microenvironment to modulate the molecular makeup and behavior of recipient cells. The complexity of their bioactive cargo-which includes proteins, RNA, microRNA, and DNA-suggests multipronged mechanisms by which microvesicles can condition the extracellular milieu to facilitate disease progression. The formation of these shed vesicles likely involves both a redistribution of surface lipids and the vertical trafficking of cargo to sites of microvesicle biogenesis at the cell surface. Current research also suggests that molecular profiling of these structures could unleash their potential as circulating biomarkers as well as platforms for personalized medicine. Thus, new and improved strategies for microvesicle identification, isolation, and capture will have marked implications in point-of-care diagnostics for cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crislyn D'Souza-Schorey
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA.
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Carloni V, Mazzocca A, Mello T, Galli A, Capaccioli S. Cell fusion promotes chemoresistance in metastatic colon carcinoma. Oncogene 2012; 32:2649-60. [PMID: 22751128 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2012.268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chemoresistance is an important concern in the treatment of metastatic colon cancer. It may emerge through selection of clones that are inherently resistant from the outset or through mechanisms acquired during treatment. Cell fusion represents an efficient means of rapid phenotypic evolution that make cells with new properties at a rate exceeding that achievable by random mutagenesis. Here, we first identified a number of proteins involved in cell fusion using a shotgun proteomics approach, then we investigated the role of these proteins namely tetraspanin CD81/CD9, ADAM10, GTP-binding protein α13, radixin, myosin regulatory light chain and RhoA in the regulation of colon cancer cell fusion. We also found a previously unrecognized role of ADAM10, Gα13 and RhoA in promoting cell fusion. Finally, we show that the occurrence of cell fusion in a metastatic model of colon carcinoma causes the appearance of cells resistant to both 5-fluorouracil and oxaliplatin. These findings highlight the importance of cell fusion in cancer progression and raise significant implications for overcoming chemoresistance in metastatic colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Carloni
- Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Research, Transfer and High Education, DENOthe, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
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