1
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Bastianello G, Porcella G, Beznoussenko GV, Kidiyoor G, Ascione F, Li Q, Cattaneo A, Matafora V, Disanza A, Quarto M, Mironov AA, Oldani A, Barozzi S, Bachi A, Costanzo V, Scita G, Foiani M. Cell stretching activates an ATM mechano-transduction pathway that remodels cytoskeleton and chromatin. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113555. [PMID: 38088930 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) and ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related (ATR) DNA damage response (DDR) kinases contain elastic domains. ATM also responds to reactive oxygen species (ROS) and ATR to nuclear mechanical stress. Mre11 mediates ATM activation following DNA damage; ATM mutations cause ataxia telangiectasia (A-T). Here, using in vivo imaging, electron microscopy, proteomic, and mechano-biology approaches, we study how ATM responds to mechanical stress. We report that cytoskeleton and ROS, but not Mre11, mediate ATM activation following cell deformation. ATM deficiency causes hyper-stiffness, stress fiber accumulation, Yes-associated protein (YAP) nuclear enrichment, plasma and nuclear membrane alterations during interstitial migration, and H3 hyper-methylation. ATM locates to the actin cytoskeleton and, following cytoskeleton stress, promotes phosphorylation of key cytoskeleton and chromatin regulators. Our data contribute to explain some clinical features of patients with A-T and pinpoint the existence of an integrated mechano-response in which ATM and ATR have distinct roles unrelated to their canonical DDR functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Bastianello
- IFOM, the FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, 20139 Milan, Italy; Oncology and Haemato-Oncology Department, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy.
| | | | | | - Gururaj Kidiyoor
- IFOM, the FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Flora Ascione
- IFOM, the FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Qingsen Li
- IFOM, the FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Andrea Disanza
- IFOM, the FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Micaela Quarto
- IFOM, the FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | | | - Amanda Oldani
- IFOM, the FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Barozzi
- IFOM, the FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Angela Bachi
- IFOM, the FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Costanzo
- IFOM, the FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, 20139 Milan, Italy; Oncology and Haemato-Oncology Department, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Giorgio Scita
- IFOM, the FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, 20139 Milan, Italy; Oncology and Haemato-Oncology Department, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Foiani
- IFOM, the FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, 20139 Milan, Italy; Oncology and Haemato-Oncology Department, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy.
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2
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Quiroga X, Walani N, Disanza A, Chavero A, Mittens A, Tebar F, Trepat X, Parton RG, Geli MI, Scita G, Arroyo M, Le Roux AL, Roca-Cusachs P. A mechanosensing mechanism controls plasma membrane shape homeostasis at the nanoscale. eLife 2023; 12:e72316. [PMID: 37747150 PMCID: PMC10569792 DOI: 10.7554/elife.72316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
As cells migrate and experience forces from their surroundings, they constantly undergo mechanical deformations which reshape their plasma membrane (PM). To maintain homeostasis, cells need to detect and restore such changes, not only in terms of overall PM area and tension as previously described, but also in terms of local, nanoscale topography. Here, we describe a novel phenomenon, by which cells sense and restore mechanically induced PM nanoscale deformations. We show that cell stretch and subsequent compression reshape the PM in a way that generates local membrane evaginations in the 100 nm scale. These evaginations are recognized by I-BAR proteins, which triggers a burst of actin polymerization mediated by Rac1 and Arp2/3. The actin polymerization burst subsequently re-flattens the evagination, completing the mechanochemical feedback loop. Our results demonstrate a new mechanosensing mechanism for PM shape homeostasis, with potential applicability in different physiological scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xarxa Quiroga
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, the Barcelona Institute of Technology (BIST)BarcelonaSpain
- Departament de Biomedicina, Unitat de Biofísica i Bioenginyeria, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Nikhil Walani
- Department of Applied Mechanics, IIT DelhiNew DelhiIndia
| | - Andrea Disanza
- IFOM ETS - The AIRC Institute of Molecular OncologyMilanItaly
| | - Albert Chavero
- Departament de Biomedicina, Unitat de Biologia Cel·lular, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Centre de Recerca Biomèdica CELLEX, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Alexandra Mittens
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, the Barcelona Institute of Technology (BIST)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Francesc Tebar
- Departament de Biomedicina, Unitat de Biologia Cel·lular, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Centre de Recerca Biomèdica CELLEX, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Xavier Trepat
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, the Barcelona Institute of Technology (BIST)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Robert G Parton
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, University of QueenslandBrisbaneAustralia
| | | | - Giorgio Scita
- IFOM ETS - The AIRC Institute of Molecular OncologyMilanItaly
- Department of Oncology and Haemato-Oncology, University of MilanMilanItaly
| | - Marino Arroyo
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, the Barcelona Institute of Technology (BIST)BarcelonaSpain
- Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Campus Nord, Carrer de Jordi GironaBarcelonaSpain
- Centre Internacional de Mètodes Numèrics en Enginyeria (CIMNE)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Anabel-Lise Le Roux
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, the Barcelona Institute of Technology (BIST)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Pere Roca-Cusachs
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, the Barcelona Institute of Technology (BIST)BarcelonaSpain
- Departament de Biomedicina, Unitat de Biofísica i Bioenginyeria, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
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3
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Pokrant T, Hein JI, Körber S, Disanza A, Pich A, Scita G, Rottner K, Faix J. Ena/VASP clustering at microspike tips involves lamellipodin but not I-BAR proteins, and absolutely requires unconventional myosin-X. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023. [PMID: 36598940 DOI: 10.1101/2022.05.12.491613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Sheet-like membrane protrusions at the leading edge, termed lamellipodia, drive 2D-cell migration using active actin polymerization. Microspikes comprise actin-filament bundles embedded within lamellipodia, but the molecular mechanisms driving their formation and their potential functional relevance have remained elusive. Microspike formation requires the specific activity of clustered Ena/VASP proteins at their tips to enable processive actin assembly in the presence of capping protein, but the factors and mechanisms mediating Ena/VASP clustering are poorly understood. Systematic analyses of B16-F1 melanoma mutants lacking potential candidate proteins revealed that neither inverse BAR-domain proteins, nor lamellipodin or Abi is essential for clustering, although they differentially contribute to lamellipodial VASP accumulation. In contrast, unconventional myosin-X (MyoX) identified here as proximal to VASP was obligatory for Ena/VASP clustering and microspike formation. Interestingly, and despite the invariable distribution of other relevant marker proteins, the width of lamellipodia in MyoX-KO mutants was significantly reduced as compared with B16-F1 control, suggesting that microspikes contribute to lamellipodium stability. Consistently, MyoX removal caused marked defects in protrusion and random 2D-cell migration. Strikingly, Ena/VASP-deficiency also uncoupled MyoX cluster dynamics from actin assembly in lamellipodia, establishing their tight functional association in microspike formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Pokrant
- Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Jens Ingo Hein
- Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Sarah Körber
- Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Andrea Disanza
- IFOM ETS (Istituto Fondazione di Oncologia Molecolare ETS), - The AIRC (Italian Association for Cancer Research) Institute of Molecular Oncology, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Andreas Pich
- Research Core Unit Proteomics, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Giorgio Scita
- IFOM ETS (Istituto Fondazione di Oncologia Molecolare ETS), - The AIRC (Italian Association for Cancer Research) Institute of Molecular Oncology, 20139 Milan, Italy
- Department of Oncology and Haemato-Oncology, University of Milan, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Klemens Rottner
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
- Molecular Cell Biology Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jan Faix
- Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
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4
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Green BJ, Marazzini M, Hershey B, Fardin A, Li Q, Wang Z, Giangreco G, Pisati F, Marchesi S, Disanza A, Frittoli E, Martini E, Magni S, Beznoussenko GV, Vernieri C, Lobefaro R, Parazzoli D, Maiuri P, Havas K, Labib M, Sigismund S, Di Fiore PP, Gunby RH, Kelley SO, Scita G. PillarX: A Microfluidic Device to Profile Circulating Tumor Cell Clusters Based on Geometry, Deformability, and Epithelial State. Small 2022; 18:e2206567. [PMID: 36453561 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202206567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
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5
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Green BJ, Marazzini M, Hershey B, Fardin A, Li Q, Wang Z, Giangreco G, Pisati F, Marchesi S, Disanza A, Frittoli E, Martini E, Magni S, Beznoussenko GV, Vernieri C, Lobefaro R, Parazzoli D, Maiuri P, Havas K, Labib M, Sigismund S, Fiore PPD, Gunby RH, Kelley SO, Scita G. PillarX: A Microfluidic Device to Profile Circulating Tumor Cell Clusters Based on Geometry, Deformability, and Epithelial State. Small 2022; 18:e2106097. [PMID: 35344274 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202106097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Circulating tumor cell (CTC) clusters are associated with increased metastatic potential and worse patient prognosis, but are rare, difficult to count, and poorly characterized biophysically. The PillarX device described here is a bimodular microfluidic device (Pillar-device and an X-magnetic device) to profile single CTCs and clusters from whole blood based on their size, deformability, and epithelial marker expression. Larger, less deformable clusters and large single cells are captured in the Pillar-device and sorted according to pillar gap sizes. Smaller, deformable clusters and single cells are subsequently captured in the X-device and separated based on epithelial marker expression using functionalized magnetic nanoparticles. Clusters of established and primary breast cancer cells with variable degrees of cohesion driven by different cell-cell adhesion protein expression are profiled in the device. Cohesive clusters exhibit a lower deformability as they travel through the pillar array, relative to less cohesive clusters, and have greater collective invasive behavior. The ability of the PillarX device to capture clusters is validated in mouse models and patients of metastatic breast cancer. Thus, this device effectively enumerates and profiles CTC clusters based on their unique geometrical, physical, and biochemical properties, and could form the basis of a novel prognostic clinical tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda J Green
- IFOM-FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello, 16, Milan, 20139, Italy
| | - Margherita Marazzini
- IFOM-FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello, 16, Milan, 20139, Italy
| | - Ben Hershey
- IFOM-FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello, 16, Milan, 20139, Italy
| | - Amir Fardin
- IEO, Istituto Europeo di Oncologia IRCCS, Via Ripamonti 435, Milan, 20141, Italy
| | - Qingsen Li
- IFOM-FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello, 16, Milan, 20139, Italy
| | - Zongjie Wang
- Institute for Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 144 College St, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Giovanni Giangreco
- IEO, Istituto Europeo di Oncologia IRCCS, Via Ripamonti 435, Milan, 20141, Italy
- Tumour Cell Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Rd, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Federica Pisati
- IFOM-FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello, 16, Milan, 20139, Italy
| | - Stefano Marchesi
- IFOM-FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello, 16, Milan, 20139, Italy
| | - Andrea Disanza
- IFOM-FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello, 16, Milan, 20139, Italy
| | - Emanuela Frittoli
- IFOM-FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello, 16, Milan, 20139, Italy
| | - Emanuele Martini
- IFOM-FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello, 16, Milan, 20139, Italy
| | - Serena Magni
- IFOM-FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello, 16, Milan, 20139, Italy
| | | | - Claudio Vernieri
- IFOM-FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello, 16, Milan, 20139, Italy
- Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via G. Venezian 1, Milan, 20133, Italy
| | - Riccardo Lobefaro
- IFOM-FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello, 16, Milan, 20139, Italy
- Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via G. Venezian 1, Milan, 20133, Italy
| | - Dario Parazzoli
- IFOM-FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello, 16, Milan, 20139, Italy
| | - Paolo Maiuri
- IFOM-FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello, 16, Milan, 20139, Italy
| | - Kristina Havas
- IFOM-FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello, 16, Milan, 20139, Italy
| | - Mahmoud Labib
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Sara Sigismund
- IEO, Istituto Europeo di Oncologia IRCCS, Via Ripamonti 435, Milan, 20141, Italy
- Department of Oncology and Haemato-Oncology, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Festa del Perdono, 7, Milan, 20122, Italy
| | - Pier Paolo Di Fiore
- IEO, Istituto Europeo di Oncologia IRCCS, Via Ripamonti 435, Milan, 20141, Italy
- Department of Oncology and Haemato-Oncology, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Festa del Perdono, 7, Milan, 20122, Italy
| | - Rosalind H Gunby
- IEO, Istituto Europeo di Oncologia IRCCS, Via Ripamonti 435, Milan, 20141, Italy
| | - Shana O Kelley
- Institute for Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 144 College St, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3M2, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Giorgio Scita
- IFOM-FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello, 16, Milan, 20139, Italy
- Department of Oncology and Haemato-Oncology, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Festa del Perdono, 7, Milan, 20122, Italy
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6
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Moreno-Layseca P, Jäntti NZ, Godbole R, Sommer C, Jacquemet G, Al-Akhrass H, Conway JRW, Kronqvist P, Kallionpää RE, Oliveira-Ferrer L, Cervero P, Linder S, Aepfelbacher M, Zauber H, Rae J, Parton RG, Disanza A, Scita G, Mayor S, Selbach M, Veltel S, Ivaska J. Cargo-specific recruitment in clathrin- and dynamin-independent endocytosis. Nat Cell Biol 2021; 23:1073-1084. [PMID: 34616024 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-021-00767-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Spatially controlled, cargo-specific endocytosis is essential for development, tissue homeostasis and cancer invasion. Unlike cargo-specific clathrin-mediated endocytosis, the clathrin- and dynamin-independent endocytic pathway (CLIC-GEEC, CG pathway) is considered a bulk internalization route for the fluid phase, glycosylated membrane proteins and lipids. While the core molecular players of CG-endocytosis have been recently defined, evidence of cargo-specific adaptors or selective uptake of proteins for the pathway are lacking. Here we identify the actin-binding protein Swiprosin-1 (Swip1, EFHD2) as a cargo-specific adaptor for CG-endocytosis. Swip1 couples active Rab21-associated integrins with key components of the CG-endocytic machinery-Arf1, IRSp53 and actin-and is critical for integrin endocytosis. Through this function, Swip1 supports integrin-dependent cancer-cell migration and invasion, and is a negative prognostic marker in breast cancer. Our results demonstrate a previously unknown cargo selectivity for the CG pathway and a role for specific adaptors in recruitment into this endocytic route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Moreno-Layseca
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland.,University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Niklas Z Jäntti
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Rashmi Godbole
- National Centre for Biological Science (TIFR), Bangalore, India.,The University of Trans-Disciplinary Health Sciences and Technology (TDU), Bangalore, India
| | - Christian Sommer
- Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Guillaume Jacquemet
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland.,Faculty of Science and Engineering, Cell Biology, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Hussein Al-Akhrass
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - James R W Conway
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Pauliina Kronqvist
- Institute of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Roosa E Kallionpää
- Auria Biobank, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Pasquale Cervero
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Linder
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Henrik Zauber
- Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - James Rae
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Robert G Parton
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Andrea Disanza
- IFOM, Fondazione Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare and University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Giorgio Scita
- IFOM, Fondazione Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare and University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Satyajit Mayor
- National Centre for Biological Science (TIFR), Bangalore, India
| | - Matthias Selbach
- Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Veltel
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany. .,Hochschule Bremen, City University of Applied Sciences, Bremen, Germany.
| | - Johanna Ivaska
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland. .,Department of Life Sciences, University of Turku, Turku, Finland. .,InFLAMES Research Flagship Center, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
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7
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Bisi S, Marchesi S, Rizvi A, Carra D, Beznoussenko GV, Ferrara I, Deflorian G, Mironov A, Bertalot G, Pisati F, Oldani A, Cattaneo A, Saberamoli G, Pece S, Viale G, Bachi A, Tripodo C, Scita G, Disanza A. IRSp53 controls plasma membrane shape and polarized transport at the nascent lumen in epithelial tubules. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3516. [PMID: 32665580 PMCID: PMC7360740 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17091-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
It is unclear whether the establishment of apical–basal cell polarity during the generation of epithelial lumens requires molecules acting at the plasma membrane/actin interface. Here, we show that the I-BAR-containing IRSp53 protein controls lumen formation and the positioning of the polarity determinants aPKC and podocalyxin. Molecularly, IRSp53 acts by regulating the localization and activity of the small GTPase RAB35, and by interacting with the actin capping protein EPS8. Using correlative light and electron microscopy, we further show that IRSp53 ensures the shape and continuity of the opposing plasma membrane of two daughter cells, leading to the formation of a single apical lumen. Genetic removal of IRSp53 results in abnormal renal tubulogenesis, with altered tubular polarity and architectural organization. Thus, IRSp53 acts as a membrane curvature-sensing platform for the assembly of multi-protein complexes that control the trafficking of apical determinants and the integrity of the luminal plasma membrane. The I-BAR protein IRSp53 senses membrane curvature but its physiological role is unclear. Here, the authors show that during early lumen morphogenesis, IRSp53 controls the shape of the apical plasma membrane and polarized trafficking and ensures the correct epithelial tubular architecture and if deleted, affects renal tubules morphogenesis in various organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Bisi
- IFOM, the FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Marchesi
- IFOM, the FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139, Milan, Italy
| | - Abrar Rizvi
- IFOM, the FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139, Milan, Italy
| | - Davide Carra
- IFOM, the FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139, Milan, Italy
| | - Galina V Beznoussenko
- IFOM, the FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139, Milan, Italy
| | - Ines Ferrara
- Department of Health Sciences, Human Pathology Section, University of Palermo School of Medicine, Via del Vespro 129, 90127, Palermo, Italy
| | | | - Alexander Mironov
- IFOM, the FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Bertalot
- European Institute of Oncology (IEO) IRCCS, Via Ripamonti 435, 20141, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Amanda Oldani
- IFOM, the FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Ghazaleh Saberamoli
- IFOM, the FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139, Milan, Italy
| | - Salvatore Pece
- European Institute of Oncology (IEO) IRCCS, Via Ripamonti 435, 20141, Milan, Italy.,Department of Oncology and Haemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Via Santa Sofia 9/1, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Viale
- European Institute of Oncology (IEO) IRCCS, Via Ripamonti 435, 20141, Milan, Italy
| | - Angela Bachi
- IFOM, the FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudio Tripodo
- IFOM, the FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139, Milan, Italy.,Department of Health Sciences, Human Pathology Section, University of Palermo School of Medicine, Via del Vespro 129, 90127, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giorgio Scita
- IFOM, the FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139, Milan, Italy. .,Department of Oncology and Haemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Via Santa Sofia 9/1, 20122, Milan, Italy.
| | - Andrea Disanza
- IFOM, the FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139, Milan, Italy
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8
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Disanza A, Bisi S, Frittoli E, Malinverno C, Marchesi S, Palamidessi A, Rizvi A, Scita G. Is cell migration a selectable trait in the natural evolution of cancer development? Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019; 374:20180224. [PMID: 31431177 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2018.0224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Selective evolutionary pressure shapes the processes and genes that enable cancer survival and expansion in a tumour-suppressive environment. A distinguishing lethal feature of malignant cancer is its dissemination and seeding of metastatic foci. A key requirement for this process is the acquisition of a migratory/invasive ability. However, how the migratory phenotype is selected for during the natural evolution of cancer and what advantage, if any, it might provide to the growing malignant cells remain open issues. In this opinion piece, we discuss three possible answers to these issues. We will examine lines of evidence from mathematical modelling of cancer evolution that indicate that migration is an intrinsic selectable property of malignant cells that directly impacts on growth dynamics and cancer geometry. Second, we will argue that migratory phenotypes can emerge as an adaptive response to unfavourable growth conditions and endow cells not only with the ability to move/invade, but also with specific metastatic traits, including drug resistance, self-renewal and survival. Finally, we will discuss the possibility that migratory phenotypes are coincidental events that emerge by happenstance in the natural evolution of cancer. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Forces in cancer: interdisciplinary approaches in tumour mechanobiology'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Disanza
- IFOM, FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Bisi
- IFOM, FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Emanuela Frittoli
- IFOM, FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Malinverno
- IFOM, FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy.,Department of Oncology and Haemato-Oncology-DIPO, School of Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Marchesi
- IFOM, FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Palamidessi
- IFOM, FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Abrar Rizvi
- IFOM, FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy.,Department of Oncology and Haemato-Oncology-DIPO, School of Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Giorgio Scita
- IFOM, FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy.,Department of Oncology and Haemato-Oncology-DIPO, School of Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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9
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Corallino S, Malinverno C, Neumann B, Tischer C, Palamidessi A, Frittoli E, Panagiotakopoulou M, Disanza A, Malet-Engra G, Nastaly P, Galli C, Luise C, Bertalot G, Pece S, Di Fiore PP, Gauthier N, Ferrari A, Maiuri P, Scita G. Author Correction: A RAB35-p85/PI3K axis controls oscillatory apical protrusions required for efficient chemotactic migration. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2085. [PMID: 29789562 PMCID: PMC5964222 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04515-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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10
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Zobel M, Disanza A, Senic-Matuglia F, Franco M, Colaluca IN, Confalonieri S, Bisi S, Barbieri E, Caldieri G, Sigismund S, Pece S, Chavrier P, Di Fiore PP, Scita G. A NUMB-EFA6B-ARF6 recycling route controls apically restricted cell protrusions and mesenchymal motility. J Cell Biol 2018; 217:3161-3182. [PMID: 30061108 PMCID: PMC6123001 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201802023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The endocytic protein NUMB has been implicated in the control of various polarized cellular processes, including the acquisition of mesenchymal migratory traits through molecular mechanisms that have only been partially defined. Here, we report that NUMB is a negative regulator of a specialized set of understudied, apically restricted, actin-based protrusions, the circular dorsal ruffles (CDRs), induced by either PDGF or HGF stimulation. Through its PTB domain, NUMB binds directly to an N-terminal NPLF motif of the ARF6 guanine nucleotide exchange factor, EFA6B, and promotes its exchange activity in vitro. In cells, a NUMB-EFA6B-ARF6 axis regulates the recycling of the actin regulatory cargo RAC1 and is critical for the formation of CDRs that mark the acquisition of a mesenchymal mode of motility. Consistently, loss of NUMB promotes HGF-induced cell migration and invasion. Thus, NUMB negatively controls membrane protrusions and the acquisition of mesenchymal migratory traits by modulating EFA6B-ARF6 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Zobel
- IFOM, the FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Disanza
- IFOM, the FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Michel Franco
- Université Côte d'Azur, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Valbonne, France
| | | | | | - Sara Bisi
- IFOM, the FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Barbieri
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Giusi Caldieri
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Sigismund
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Salvatore Pece
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Philippe Chavrier
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 144, Membrane and Cytoskeleton Dynamics Team, Paris, France
| | - Pier Paolo Di Fiore
- IFOM, the FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Giorgio Scita
- IFOM, the FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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11
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Sathe M, Muthukrishnan G, Rae J, Disanza A, Thattai M, Scita G, Parton RG, Mayor S. Small GTPases and BAR domain proteins regulate branched actin polymerisation for clathrin and dynamin-independent endocytosis. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1835. [PMID: 29743604 PMCID: PMC5943408 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03955-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Using real-time TIRF microscopy imaging, we identify sites of clathrin and dynamin-independent CLIC/GEEC (CG) endocytic vesicle formation. This allows spatio-temporal localisation of known molecules affecting CG endocytosis; GBF1 (a GEF for ARF1), ARF1 and CDC42 which appear sequentially over 60 s, preceding scission. In an RNAi screen for BAR domain proteins affecting CG endocytosis, IRSp53 and PICK1, known interactors of CDC42 and ARF1, respectively, were selected. Removal of IRSp53, a negative curvature sensing protein, abolishes CG endocytosis. Furthermore, the identification of ARP2/3 complex at CG endocytic sites, maintained in an inactive state reveals a function for PICK1, an ARP2/3 inhibitor. The spatio-temporal sequence of the arrival and disappearance of the molecules suggest a mechanism for a clathrin and dynamin-independent endocytic process. Coincident with the loss of PICK1 by GBF1-activated ARF1, CDC42 recruitment leads to the activation of IRSp53 and the ARP2/3 complex, resulting in a burst of F-actin polymerisation potentially powering scission. Several endocytic pathways operate simultaneously at the cell surface, including the clathrin and dynamin-independent CLIC/GEEC (CG) pathway. Here the authors show that small GTPases and BAR domain proteins regulate branched actin to make clathrin and dynamin-independent endocytic vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mugdha Sathe
- National Centre for Biological Science (TIFR), Bellary Road, Bangalore, 560065, India
| | - Gayatri Muthukrishnan
- National Centre for Biological Science (TIFR), Bellary Road, Bangalore, 560065, India
| | - James Rae
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.,Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Andrea Disanza
- IFOM, Fondazione Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare, Milan, 20139, Italy.,Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, 20122, Italy
| | - Mukund Thattai
- National Centre for Biological Science (TIFR), Bellary Road, Bangalore, 560065, India.,Simons Centre for the Study of Living Machines, National Centre for Biological Sciences (TIFR), Bellary Road, Bangalore, 560065, India
| | - Giorgio Scita
- IFOM, Fondazione Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare, Milan, 20139, Italy.,Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, 20122, Italy
| | - Robert G Parton
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.,Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Satyajit Mayor
- National Centre for Biological Science (TIFR), Bellary Road, Bangalore, 560065, India. .,Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Bellary Road, Bangalore, 560065, India.
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12
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Malinverno C, Corallino S, Giavazzi F, Bergert M, Li Q, Leoni M, Disanza A, Frittoli E, Oldani A, Martini E, Lendenmann T, Deflorian G, Beznoussenko GV, Poulikakos D, Haur ONGK, Uroz M, Trepat X, Parazzoli D, Maiuri P, Yu W, Ferrari A, Cerbino R, Scita G. Endocytic reawakening of motility in jammed epithelia. Nat Mater 2017; 16:587-596. [PMID: 28135264 PMCID: PMC5407454 DOI: 10.1038/nmat4848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Dynamics of epithelial monolayers has recently been interpreted in terms of a jamming or rigidity transition. How cells control such phase transitions is, however, unknown. Here we show that RAB5A, a key endocytic protein, is sufficient to induce large-scale, coordinated motility over tens of cells, and ballistic motion in otherwise kinetically arrested monolayers. This is linked to increased traction forces and to the extension of cell protrusions, which align with local velocity. Molecularly, impairing endocytosis, macropinocytosis or increasing fluid efflux abrogates RAB5A-induced collective motility. A simple model based on mechanical junctional tension and an active cell reorientation mechanism for the velocity of self-propelled cells identifies regimes of monolayer dynamics that explain endocytic reawakening of locomotion in terms of a combination of large-scale directed migration and local unjamming. These changes in multicellular dynamics enable collectives to migrate under physical constraints and may be exploited by tumours for interstitial dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Malinverno
- IFOM-FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello, 16 20139, Milan, Italy
| | - Salvatore Corallino
- IFOM-FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello, 16 20139, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Giavazzi
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche e Medicina Traslazionale, I-20090, Segrate, Italy
- Corresponding authors: , or , or , or
| | - Martin Bergert
- ETH Zurich, Laboratory of Thermodynamics in Emerging Technologies Sonneggstrasse 3,8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Qingsen Li
- IFOM-FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello, 16 20139, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Leoni
- Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm 75248 PARIS CEDEX 05 - France
| | - Andrea Disanza
- IFOM-FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello, 16 20139, Milan, Italy
| | - Emanuela Frittoli
- IFOM-FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello, 16 20139, Milan, Italy
| | - Amanda Oldani
- IFOM-FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello, 16 20139, Milan, Italy
| | - Emanuele Martini
- IFOM-FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello, 16 20139, Milan, Italy
| | - Tobias Lendenmann
- ETH Zurich, Laboratory of Thermodynamics in Emerging Technologies Sonneggstrasse 3,8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gianluca Deflorian
- IFOM-FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello, 16 20139, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Dimos Poulikakos
- ETH Zurich, Laboratory of Thermodynamics in Emerging Technologies Sonneggstrasse 3,8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - ONG Kok Haur
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), A(∗)STAR, Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Marina Uroz
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, Barcelona, Barcelona, 08028 Spain; Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), 08010, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain; Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Trepat
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, Barcelona, Barcelona, 08028 Spain; Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), 08010, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain; Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dario Parazzoli
- IFOM-FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello, 16 20139, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Maiuri
- IFOM-FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello, 16 20139, Milan, Italy
| | - Weimiao Yu
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), A(∗)STAR, Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Aldo Ferrari
- ETH Zurich, Laboratory of Thermodynamics in Emerging Technologies Sonneggstrasse 3,8092 Zurich, Switzerland
- Corresponding authors: , or , or , or
| | - Roberto Cerbino
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche e Medicina Traslazionale, I-20090, Segrate, Italy
- Corresponding authors: , or , or , or
| | - Giorgio Scita
- IFOM-FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello, 16 20139, Milan, Italy
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Oncologia e Emato-Oncologia , I-20133, Milan, Italy
- Corresponding authors: , or , or , or
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13
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Delage E, Cervantes DC, Pénard E, Schmitt C, Syan S, Disanza A, Scita G, Zurzolo C. Differential identity of Filopodia and Tunneling Nanotubes revealed by the opposite functions of actin regulatory complexes. Sci Rep 2016; 6:39632. [PMID: 28008977 PMCID: PMC5180355 DOI: 10.1038/srep39632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Tunneling Nanotubes (TNTs) are actin enriched filopodia-like protrusions that play a pivotal role in long-range intercellular communication. Different pathogens use TNT-like structures as "freeways" to propagate across cells. TNTs are also implicated in cancer and neurodegenerative diseases, making them promising therapeutic targets. Understanding the mechanism of their formation, and their relation with filopodia is of fundamental importance to uncover their physiological function, particularly since filopodia, differently from TNTs, are not able to mediate transfer of cargo between distant cells. Here we studied different regulatory complexes of actin, which play a role in the formation of both these structures. We demonstrate that the filopodia-promoting CDC42/IRSp53/VASP network negatively regulates TNT formation and impairs TNT-mediated intercellular vesicle transfer. Conversely, elevation of Eps8, an actin regulatory protein that inhibits the extension of filopodia in neurons, increases TNT formation. Notably, Eps8-mediated TNT induction requires Eps8 bundling but not its capping activity. Thus, despite their structural similarities, filopodia and TNTs form through distinct molecular mechanisms. Our results further suggest that a switch in the molecular composition in common actin regulatory complexes is critical in driving the formation of either type of membrane protrusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Delage
- Unité Trafic Membranaire et Pathogenèse, Institut Pasteur, 25-28 Rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris CEDEX 15, France
| | - Diégo Cordero Cervantes
- Unité Trafic Membranaire et Pathogenèse, Institut Pasteur, 25-28 Rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris CEDEX 15, France
| | - Esthel Pénard
- Unité Trafic Membranaire et Pathogenèse, Institut Pasteur, 25-28 Rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris CEDEX 15, France
| | - Christine Schmitt
- Ultrapole, Institut Pasteur, 25-28 Rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris CEDEX 15, France
| | - Sylvie Syan
- Unité Trafic Membranaire et Pathogenèse, Institut Pasteur, 25-28 Rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris CEDEX 15, France
| | - Andrea Disanza
- FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Giorgio Scita
- FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, 20139 Milan, Italy.,Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Zurzolo
- Unité Trafic Membranaire et Pathogenèse, Institut Pasteur, 25-28 Rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris CEDEX 15, France
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14
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Giampietro C, Disanza A, Bravi L, Barrios-Rodiles M, Corada M, Frittoli E, Savorani C, Lampugnani MG, Boggetti B, Niessen C, Wrana JL, Scita G, Dejana E. The actin-binding protein EPS8 binds VE-cadherin and modulates YAP localization and signaling. J Gen Physiol 2016. [DOI: 10.1085/jgp.1472oia9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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15
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Giampietro C, Disanza A, Bravi L, Barrios-Rodiles M, Corada M, Frittoli E, Savorani C, Lampugnani MG, Boggetti B, Niessen C, Wrana JL, Scita G, Dejana E. The actin-binding protein EPS8 binds VE-cadherin and modulates YAP localization and signaling. J Cell Biol 2015; 211:1177-92. [PMID: 26668327 PMCID: PMC4687874 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201501089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin transfers intracellular signals contributing to vascular hemostasis. Signaling through VE-cadherin requires association and activity of different intracellular partners. Yes-associated protein (YAP)/TAZ transcriptional cofactors are important regulators of cell growth and organ size. We show that EPS8, a signaling adapter regulating actin dynamics, is a novel partner of VE-cadherin and is able to modulate YAP activity. By biochemical and imaging approaches, we demonstrate that EPS8 associates with the VE-cadherin complex of remodeling junctions promoting YAP translocation to the nucleus and transcriptional activation. Conversely, in stabilized junctions, 14-3-3-YAP associates with the VE-cadherin complex, whereas Eps8 is excluded. Junctional association of YAP inhibits nuclear translocation and inactivates its transcriptional activity both in vitro and in vivo in Eps8-null mice. The absence of Eps8 also increases vascular permeability in vivo, but did not induce other major vascular defects. Collectively, we identified novel components of the adherens junction complex, and we introduce a novel molecular mechanism through which the VE-cadherin complex controls YAP transcriptional activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Costanza Giampietro
- FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, 20139 Milan, Italy Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Disanza
- FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Bravi
- FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Miriam Barrios-Rodiles
- Center for Systems Biology, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Monica Corada
- FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Maria Grazia Lampugnani
- FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, 20139 Milan, Italy Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Barbara Boggetti
- Department of Dermatology, Cologne Excellence Cluster for Stress Responses in Ageing-Associated Diseases, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Carien Niessen
- Department of Dermatology, Cologne Excellence Cluster for Stress Responses in Ageing-Associated Diseases, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Jeff L Wrana
- Center for Systems Biology, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Giorgio Scita
- FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, 20139 Milan, Italy Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Dejana
- FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, 20139 Milan, Italy Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, 751 05 Uppsala, Sweden
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16
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Matteucci E, Maroni P, Disanza A, Bendinelli P, Desiderio MA. Coordinate regulation of microenvironmental stimuli and role of methylation in bone metastasis from breast carcinoma. Biochim Biophys Acta 2015; 1863:64-76. [PMID: 26481505 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of bone metastasis is unclear, and much focus in metastatic biology and therapy relays on epigenetic alterations. Since DNA-methyltransferase blockade with 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (dAza) counteracts tumour growth, here we utilized dAza to clarify whether molecular events undergoing epigenetic control were critical for bone metastatization. In particular, we investigated the patterns of secreted-protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) and of Endothelin 1, affected by DNA methyltransferases in tumours, with the hypothesis that in bone metastasis a coordinate function of SPARC and Endothelin 1, if any occurs, was orchestrated by DNA methylation. To this purpose, we prepared a xenograft model with the clone 1833, derived from human-MDA-MB231 cells, and dAza administration slowed-down metastasis outgrowth. This seemed consequent to the reductions of SPARC and Endothelin 1 at invasive front and in the bone marrow, mostly due to loss of Twist. In the metastasis bulk Snail, partly reduced by dAza, might sustain Endothelin 1-SPARC cooperativity. Both SPARC and Endothelin 1 underwent post-translational control by miRNAs, a molecular mechanism that might explain the in vivo data. Ectopic miR29a reduced SPARC expression also under long-term dAza exposure, while Endothelin 1 down-regulation occurred in the presence of endogenous-miR98 expression. Notably, dAza effects differed depending on in vivo and in vitro conditions. In 1833 cells exposed to 30-days dAza, SPARC-protein level was practically unaffected, while Endothelin 1 induction depended on the 3'-UTR functionality. The blockade of methyltransferases leading to SPARC reduction in vivo, might represent a promising strategy to hamper early steps of the metastatic process affecting the osteogenic niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Matteucci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Molecular Pathology Laboratory, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
| | - Paola Maroni
- Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - Andrea Disanza
- IFOM (FIRC Institute for Molecular Oncology), Milano, Italy
| | - Paola Bendinelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Molecular Pathology Laboratory, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
| | - Maria Alfonsina Desiderio
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Molecular Pathology Laboratory, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy.
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17
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Menna E, Disanza A, Cagnoli C, Schenk U, Gelsomino G, Frittoli E, Hertzog M, Offenhauser N, Sawallisch C, Kreienkamp HJ, Gertler FB, Di Fiore PP, Scita G, Matteoli M. Correction: eps8 regulates axonal filopodia in hippocampal neurons in response to brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). PLoS Biol 2015; 13:e1002184. [PMID: 26039045 PMCID: PMC4454587 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1002184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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18
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Abstract
Navarro-Lérida et al. (2015) report in this issue of Developmental Cell that RAC1 nuclear accumulation causes actin-dependent deformation of the nuclear envelope and increases nuclear plasticity. It further leads to depletion of cytoplasmic, active RAC1 with a concomitant increase in RHOA signaling driving actomyosin-mediated cell shape changes. These two properties combine to enhance tumor cells invasiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Disanza
- IFOM (FIRC Institute for Molecular Oncology), 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Giorgio Scita
- IFOM (FIRC Institute for Molecular Oncology), 20139 Milan, Italy; Dipartimento di Science della Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20142 Milan, Italy.
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19
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Kast DJ, Yang C, Disanza A, Boczkowska M, Madasu Y, Scita G, Svitkina T, Dominguez R. Mechanism of IRSp53 inhibition and combinatorial activation by Cdc42 and downstream effectors. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2014; 21:413-22. [PMID: 24584464 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.2781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The Rho family GTPase effector IRSp53 has essential roles in filopodia formation and neuronal development, but its regulatory mechanism is poorly understood. IRSp53 contains a membrane-binding BAR domain followed by an unconventional CRIB motif that overlaps with a proline-rich region (CRIB-PR) and an SH3 domain that recruits actin cytoskeleton effectors. Using a fluorescence reporter assay, we show that human IRSp53 adopts a closed inactive conformation that opens synergistically with the binding of human Cdc42 to the CRIB-PR and effector proteins, such as the tumor-promoting factor Eps8, to the SH3 domain. The crystal structure of Cdc42 bound to the CRIB-PR reveals a new mode of effector binding to Rho family GTPases. Structure-inspired mutations disrupt autoinhibition and Cdc42 binding in vitro and decouple Cdc42- and IRSp53-dependent filopodia formation in cells. The data support a combinatorial mechanism of IRSp53 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Kast
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Changsong Yang
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Malgorzata Boczkowska
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yadaiah Madasu
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Giorgio Scita
- 1] FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy. [2] Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan School of Medicine, Milan, Italy
| | - Tatyana Svitkina
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Roberto Dominguez
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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20
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Bisi S, Disanza A, Malinverno C, Frittoli E, Palamidessi A, Scita G. Membrane and actin dynamics interplay at lamellipodia leading edge. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2013; 25:565-73. [PMID: 23639310 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2013.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Revised: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The multimolecular WAVE regulatory (WRC) and Arp2/3 complexes are primarily responsible to generate pushing forces at migratory leading edges by promoting branch elongation of actin filaments. The architectural complexity of these units betrays the necessity to impose a tight control on their activity. This is exerted through temporally coordinated and coincident signals which limit the intensity and duration of this activity. In addition, interactions of the WRC and Arp2/3 complexes with membrane binding and surprisingly membrane trafficking proteins is also emerging, revealing the existence of an 'endocytic wiring system' that spatially restrict branched actin elongation for the execution of polarized functions during cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Bisi
- IFOM, Fondazione Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare, Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy
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21
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Werner A, Disanza A, Reifenberger N, Habeck G, Becker J, Calabrese M, Urlaub H, Lorenz H, Schulman B, Scita G, Melchior F. SCFFbxw5 mediates transient degradation of actin remodeller Eps8 to allow proper mitotic progression. Nat Cell Biol 2013; 15:179-88. [PMID: 23314863 DOI: 10.1038/ncb2661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Eps8, a bi-functional actin cytoskeleton remodeller, is a positive regulator of cell proliferation and motility. Here, we describe an unrecognized mechanism regulating Eps8 that is required for proper mitotic progression: whereas Eps8 is stable in G1 and S phase, its half-life drops sharply in G2. This requires G2-specific proteasomal degradation mediated by the ubiquitin E3 ligase SCF(Fbxw5). Consistent with a short window of degradation, Eps8 disappears from the cell cortex early in mitosis, but reappears at the midzone of dividing cells. Failure to reduce Eps8 levels in G2 prolongs its localization at the cell cortex and markedly delays cell rounding and prometaphase duration. However, during late stages of mitosis and cytokinesis, Eps8 capping activity is required to prevent membrane blebbing and cell-shape deformations. Our findings identify SCF(Fbxw5)-driven fluctuation of Eps8 levels as an important mechanism that contributes to cell-shape changes during entry into-and exit from-mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achim Werner
- Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Germany.
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22
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Crespi A, Ferrari I, Lonati P, Disanza A, Fornasari D, Scita G, Padovano V, Pietrini G. LIN7 regulates the filopodium- and neurite-promoting activity of IRSp53. J Cell Sci 2012; 125:4543-54. [PMID: 22767515 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.106484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The insulin receptor substrate protein of 53 kDa (IRSp53) is crucially involved in the formation of filopodia and neurites through mechanisms that have only partially been clarified. We have investigated the role of the small scaffold protein LIN7, which interacts with IRSp53. We found that formation of actin-filled protrusions in neuronal NSC34 cells and neurites in neuroblastoma N2A cells depends on motifs mediating the LIN7:IRSp53 association, as both the coexpression of LIN7 with IRSp53 or the expression of the L27-IRSp53 chimera (a fusion protein between IRSp53 and the LIN7L27 domain for plasma membrane protein complexes association) prevented actin-deficient protrusions induced by overexpressed IRSp53, and enhanced the formation of actin-filled protrusions. The regulatory role of LIN7 in IRSp53-mediated extension of filopodia in neuronal N2A cells was demonstrated by live-cell imaging experiments. Moreover, LIN7 silencing prevented the extension of filopodia and neurites, induced by ectopic expression of IRSp53 or serum starvation, respectively, in undifferentiated and differentiated N2A cells. The expression of full-length IRSp53 or the LIN7ΔPDZ mutant lacking the domain for association with IRSp53 was unable to restore neuritogenesis in LIN7-silenced cells. Conversely, defective neuritogenesis could be rescued by the expression of RNAi-resistant full-length LIN7 or chimeric L27-IRSp53. Finally, LIN7 silencing prevented the recruitment of IRSp53 in Triton X-100-insoluble complexes, otherwise occurring in differentiated cells. Collectively these data indicate that LIN7 is a novel regulator of IRSp53, and that the association of these proteins is required to promote the formation of actin-dependent filopodia and neurites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Crespi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan 20129, Italy
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23
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Frittoli E, Matteoli G, Palamidessi A, Mazzini E, Maddaluno L, Disanza A, Yang C, Svitkina T, Rescigno M, Scita G. The signaling adaptor Eps8 is an essential actin capping protein for dendritic cell migration. Immunity 2011; 35:388-99. [PMID: 21835647 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2011.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2011] [Revised: 05/16/2011] [Accepted: 07/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) flexibly adapt to different microenvironments by using diverse migration strategies that are ultimately dependent on the dynamics and structural organization of the actin cytoskeleton. Here, we have shown that DCs require the actin capping activity of the signaling adaptor Eps8 to polarize and to form elongated migratory protrusions. DCs from Eps8-deficient mice are impaired in directional and chemotactic migration in 3D in vitro and are delayed in reaching the draining lymph node (DLN) in vivo after inflammatory challenge. Hence, Eps8-deficient mice are unable to mount a contact hypersensitivity response. We have also shown that the DC migratory defect is cell autonomous and that Eps8 is required for the proper architectural organization of the actin meshwork and dynamics of cell protrusions. Yet, Eps8 is not necessary for antigen uptake, processing, and presentation. Thus, we have identified Eps8 as a unique actin capping protein specifically required for DC migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Frittoli
- IFOM, FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology Foundation at IFOM-IEO Campus, Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy
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24
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Abstract
Cells exhibit propagating membrane waves which involve the actin cytoskeleton. One type of such membranal waves are Circular Dorsal Ruffles (CDR) which are related to endocytosis and receptor internalization. Experimentally, CDRs have been associated with membrane bound activators of actin polymerization of concave shape. We present experimental evidence for the localization of convex membrane proteins in these structures, and their insensitivity to inhibition of myosin II contractility in immortalized mouse embryo fibroblasts cell cultures. These observations lead us to propose a theoretical model which explains the formation of these waves due to the interplay between complexes that contain activators of actin polymerization and membrane-bound curved proteins of both types of curvature (concave and convex). Our model predicts that the activity of both types of curved proteins is essential for sustaining propagating waves, which are abolished when one type of curved activator is removed. Within this model waves are initiated when the level of actin polymerization induced by the curved activators is higher than some threshold value, which allows the cell to control CDR formation. We demonstrate that the model can explain many features of CDRs, and give several testable predictions. This work demonstrates the importance of curved membrane proteins in organizing the actin cytoskeleton and cell shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barak Peleg
- Department of Chemical Physics, the Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Andrea Disanza
- IFOM, the FIRC Institute for Molecular Oncology Foundation, Milan, Italy
| | - Giorgio Scita
- IFOM, the FIRC Institute for Molecular Oncology Foundation, Milan, Italy
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Nir Gov
- Department of Chemical Physics, the Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- * E-mail:
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25
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Manor U, Disanza A, Grati M, Andrade L, Lin H, Di Fiore PP, Scita G, Kachar B. Regulation of stereocilia length by myosin XVa and whirlin depends on the actin-regulatory protein Eps8. Curr Biol 2011; 21:167-72. [PMID: 21236676 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2010.12.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2010] [Revised: 12/01/2010] [Accepted: 12/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Myosin XVa (MyoXVa) and its cargo whirlin are implicated in deafness and vestibular dysfunction and have been shown to localize at stereocilia tips and to be essential for the elongation of these actin protrusions [1-4]. Given that whirlin has no known actin-regulatory activity, it remains unclear how these proteins work together to influence stereocilia length. Here we show that the actin-regulatory protein Eps8 [5] interacts with MyoXVa and that mice lacking Eps8 show short stereocilia compared to MyoXVa- and whirlin-deficient mice. We show that Eps8 fails to accumulate at the tips of stereocilia in the absence of MyoXVa, that overexpression of MyoXVa results in both elongation of stereocilia and increased accumulation of Eps8 at stereocilia tips, and that the exogenous expression of MyoXVa in MyoXVa-deficient hair cells rescues Eps8 tip localization. We find that Eps8 also interacts with whirlin and that the expression of both Eps8 and MyoXVa at stereocilia tips is reduced in whirlin-deficient mice. We conclude that MyoXVa, whirlin, and Eps8 are integral components of the stereocilia tip complex, where Eps8 is a central actin-regulatory element for elongation of the stereocilia actin core.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uri Manor
- Laboratory of Cell Structure and Dynamics, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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26
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Welsch T, Younsi A, Disanza A, Rodriguez JA, Cuervo AM, Scita G, Schmidt J. Eps8 is recruited to lysosomes and subjected to chaperone-mediated autophagy in cancer cells. Exp Cell Res 2010; 316:1914-24. [PMID: 20184880 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2010.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2010] [Revised: 02/13/2010] [Accepted: 02/18/2010] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Eps8 controls actin dynamics directly through its barbed end capping and actin-bundling activity, and indirectly by regulating Rac-activation when engaged into a trimeric complex with Eps8-Abi1-Sos1. Recently, Eps8 has been associated with promotion of various solid malignancies, but neither its mechanisms of action nor its regulation in cancer cells have been elucidated. Here, we report a novel association of Eps8 with the late endosomal/lysosomal compartment, which is independent from actin polymerization and specifically occurs in cancer cells. Endogenous Eps8 localized to large vesicular lysosomal structures in metastatic pancreatic cancer cell lines, such as AsPC-1 and Capan-1 that display high Eps8 levels. Additionally, ectopic expression of Eps8 increased the size of lysosomes. Structure-function analysis revealed that the region encompassing the amino acids 184-535 of Eps8 was sufficient to mediate lysosomal recruitment. Notably, this fragment harbors two KFERQ-like motifs required for chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). Furthermore, Eps8 co-immunoprecipitated with Hsc70 and LAMP-2, which are key elements for the CMA degradative pathway. Consistently, in vitro, a significant fraction of Eps8 bound to (11.9+/-5.1%) and was incorporated into (5.3+/-6.5%) lysosomes. Additionally, Eps8 binding to lysosomes was competed by other known CMA-substrates. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching revealed that Eps8 recruitment to the lysosomal membrane was highly dynamic. Collectively, these results indicate that Eps8 in certain human cancer cells specifically localizes to lysosomes, and is directed to CMA. These results open a new field for the investigation of how Eps8 is regulated and contributes to tumor promotion in human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thilo Welsch
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 110, Heidelberg, Germany.
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27
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Chauhan BK, Disanza A, Choi SY, Faber SC, Lou M, Beggs HE, Scita G, Zheng Y, Lang RA. Cdc42- and IRSp53-dependent contractile filopodia tether presumptive lens and retina to coordinate epithelial invagination. Development 2009; 136:3657-67. [PMID: 19820184 DOI: 10.1242/dev.042242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The vertebrate lens provides an excellent model with which to study the mechanisms required for epithelial invagination. In the mouse, the lens forms from the head surface ectoderm. A domain of ectoderm first thickens to form the lens placode and then invaginates to form the lens pit. The epithelium of the lens placode remains in close apposition to the epithelium of the presumptive retina as these structures undergo a coordinated invagination. Here, we show that F-actin-rich basal filopodia that link adjacent presumptive lens and retinal epithelia function as physical tethers that coordinate invagination. The filopodia, most of which originate in the presumptive lens, form at E9.5 when presumptive lens and retinal epithelia first come into close contact, and have retracted by E11.5 when invagination is complete. At E10.5--the lens pit stage--there is approximately one filopodium per epithelial cell. Formation of filopodia is dependent on the Rho family GTPase Cdc42 and the Cdc42 effector IRSp53 (Baiap2). Loss of filopodia results in reduced lens pit invagination. Pharmacological manipulation of the actin-myosin contraction pathway showed that the filopodia can respond rapidly in length to change inter-epithelial distance. These data suggest that the lens-retina inter-epithelial filopodia are a fine-tuning mechanism to assist in lens pit invagination by transmitting the forces between presumptive lens and retina. Although invagination of the archenteron in sea urchins and dorsal closure in Drosophila are known to be partly dependent on filopodia, this mechanism of morphogenesis has not previously been identified in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharesh K Chauhan
- The Visual Systems Group, Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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28
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Menna E, Disanza A, Cagnoli C, Schenk U, Gelsomino G, Frittoli E, Hertzog M, Offenhauser N, Sawallisch C, Kreienkamp HJ, Gertler FB, Di Fiore PP, Scita G, Matteoli M. Eps8 regulates axonal filopodia in hippocampal neurons in response to brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). PLoS Biol 2009; 7:e1000138. [PMID: 19564905 PMCID: PMC2696597 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1000138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2009] [Accepted: 05/15/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel signaling cascade controlling actin polymerization in response to extracellular signals regulates filopodia formation and likely also neuronal synapse formation. The regulation of filopodia plays a crucial role during neuronal development and synaptogenesis. Axonal filopodia, which are known to originate presynaptic specializations, are regulated in response to neurotrophic factors. The structural components of filopodia are actin filaments, whose dynamics and organization are controlled by ensembles of actin-binding proteins. How neurotrophic factors regulate these latter proteins remains, however, poorly defined. Here, using a combination of mouse genetic, biochemical, and cell biological assays, we show that genetic removal of Eps8, an actin-binding and regulatory protein enriched in the growth cones and developing processes of neurons, significantly augments the number and density of vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP)-dependent axonal filopodia. The reintroduction of Eps8 wild type (WT), but not an Eps8 capping-defective mutant, into primary hippocampal neurons restored axonal filopodia to WT levels. We further show that the actin barbed-end capping activity of Eps8 is inhibited by brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) treatment through MAPK-dependent phosphorylation of Eps8 residues S624 and T628. Additionally, an Eps8 mutant, impaired in the MAPK target sites (S624A/T628A), displays increased association to actin-rich structures, is resistant to BDNF-mediated release from microfilaments, and inhibits BDNF-induced filopodia. The opposite is observed for a phosphomimetic Eps8 (S624E/T628E) mutant. Thus, collectively, our data identify Eps8 as a critical capping protein in the regulation of axonal filopodia and delineate a molecular pathway by which BDNF, through MAPK-dependent phosphorylation of Eps8, stimulates axonal filopodia formation, a process with crucial impacts on neuronal development and synapse formation. Neurons communicate with each other via specialized cell–cell junctions called synapses. The proper formation of synapses (“synaptogenesis”) is crucial to the development of the nervous system, but the molecular pathways that regulate this process are not fully understood. External cues, such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), trigger synaptogenesis by promoting the formation of axonal filopodia, thin extensions projecting outward from a growing axon. Filopodia are formed by elongation of actin filaments, a process that is regulated by a complex set of actin-binding proteins. Here, we reveal a novel molecular circuit underlying BDNF-stimulated filopodia formation through the regulated inhibition of actin-capping factor activity. We show that the actin-capping protein Eps8 down-regulates axonal filopodia formation in neurons in the absence of neurotrophic factors. In contrast, in the presence of BDNF, the kinase MAPK becomes activated and phosphorylates Eps8, leading to inhibition of its actin-capping function and stimulation of filopodia formation. Our study, therefore, identifies actin-capping factor inhibition as a critical step in axonal filopodia formation and likely in new synapse formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Menna
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, National Research Council (CNR) Institute of Neuroscience, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Filarete Foundation, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Disanza
- IFOM Foundation – FIRC (Italian Foundation for Cancer Research) Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Itlay
| | - Cinzia Cagnoli
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, National Research Council (CNR) Institute of Neuroscience, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Ursula Schenk
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, National Research Council (CNR) Institute of Neuroscience, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuliana Gelsomino
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, National Research Council (CNR) Institute of Neuroscience, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Emanuela Frittoli
- IFOM Foundation – FIRC (Italian Foundation for Cancer Research) Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Itlay
| | - Maud Hertzog
- IFOM Foundation – FIRC (Italian Foundation for Cancer Research) Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Itlay
| | - Nina Offenhauser
- IFOM Foundation – FIRC (Italian Foundation for Cancer Research) Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Itlay
| | - Corinna Sawallisch
- Institut für Humangenetik, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Frank B. Gertler
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Koch Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Pier Paolo Di Fiore
- IFOM Foundation – FIRC (Italian Foundation for Cancer Research) Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Itlay
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Istituto Europeo di Oncologia, Milan, Italy
- University of Milan Medical School, Milan, Italy
| | - Giorgio Scita
- IFOM Foundation – FIRC (Italian Foundation for Cancer Research) Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Itlay
- University of Milan Medical School, Milan, Italy
- * E-mail: (GS); (MM)
| | - Michela Matteoli
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, National Research Council (CNR) Institute of Neuroscience, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Filarete Foundation, Milan, Italy
- Institute for Hospitalisation and Scientific Care (IRCCS) Don Gnocchi, Milan, Italy
- * E-mail: (GS); (MM)
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Disanza A, Frittoli E, Palamidessi A, Scita G. Endocytosis and spatial restriction of cell signaling. Mol Oncol 2009; 3:280-96. [PMID: 19570732 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2009.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2009] [Revised: 05/28/2009] [Accepted: 05/28/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Endocytosis and recycling are essential components of the wiring enabling cells to perceive extracellular signals and transduce them in a temporally and spatially controlled fashion, directly influencing not only the duration and intensity of the signaling output, but also their correct location. Here, we will discuss key experimental evidence that support how different internalization routes, the generation of diverse endomembrane platforms, and cycles of internalization and recycling ensure polarized compartmentalization of signals, regulating a number of physiological and pathologically-relevant processes in which the resolution of spatial information is vital for their execution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Disanza
- IFOM, Fondazione Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare, 20139 Milan, Italy
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30
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Ferrai C, Naum-Onganía G, Longobardi E, Palazzolo M, Disanza A, Diaz VM, Crippa MP, Scita G, Blasi F. Induction of HoxB transcription by retinoic acid requires actin polymerization. Mol Biol Cell 2009; 20:3543-51. [PMID: 19477923 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e09-02-0114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We have analyzed the role of actin polymerization in retinoic acid (RA)-induced HoxB transcription, which is mediated by the HoxB regulator Prep1. RA induction of the HoxB genes can be prevented by the inhibition of actin polymerization. Importantly, inhibition of actin polymerization specifically affects the transcription of inducible Hox genes, but not that of their transcriptional regulators, the RARs, nor of constitutively expressed, nor of actively transcribed Hox genes. RA treatment induces the recruitment to the HoxB2 gene enhancer of a complex composed of "elongating" RNAPII, Prep1, beta-actin, and N-WASP as well as the accessory splicing components p54Nrb and PSF. We show that inhibition of actin polymerization prevents such recruitment. We conclude that inducible Hox genes are selectively sensitive to the inhibition of actin polymerization and that actin polymerization is required for the assembly of a transcription complex on the regulatory region of the Hox genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmelo Ferrai
- San Raffaele Scientific Institute and University Vita Salute San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy
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31
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Yang C, Hoelzle M, Disanza A, Scita G, Svitkina T. Coordination of membrane and actin cytoskeleton dynamics during filopodia protrusion. PLoS One 2009; 4:e5678. [PMID: 19479071 PMCID: PMC2682576 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2009] [Accepted: 05/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Leading edge protrusion of migrating cells involves tightly coordinated changes in the plasma membrane and actin cytoskeleton. It remains unclear whether polymerizing actin filaments push and deform the membrane, or membrane deformation occurs independently and is subsequently stabilized by actin filaments. To address this question, we employed an ability of the membrane-binding I-BAR domain of IRSp53 to uncouple the membrane and actin dynamics and to induce filopodia in expressing cells. Using time-lapse imaging and electron microscopy of IRSp53-I-BAR-expressing B16F1 melanoma cells, we demonstrate that cells are not able to protrude or maintain durable long extensions without actin filaments in their interior, but I-BAR-dependent membrane deformation can create a small and transient space at filopodial tips that is subsequently filled with actin filaments. Moreover, the expressed I-BAR domain forms a submembranous coat that may structurally support these transient actin-free protrusions until they are further stabilized by the actin cytoskeleton. Actin filaments in the I-BAR-induced filopodia, in contrast to normal filopodia, do not have a uniform length, are less abundant, poorly bundled, and display erratic dynamics. Such unconventional structural organization and dynamics of actin in I-BAR-induced filopodia suggests that a typical bundle of parallel actin filaments is not necessary for generation and mechanical support of the highly asymmetric filopodial geometry. Together, our data suggest that actin filaments may not directly drive the protrusion, but only stabilize the space generated by the membrane deformation; yet, such stabilization is necessary for efficient protrusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changsong Yang
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Matthew Hoelzle
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Andrea Disanza
- The Italian Foundation for Cancer Research (FIRC), Institute for Molecular Oncology and Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Giorgio Scita
- The Italian Foundation for Cancer Research (FIRC), Institute for Molecular Oncology and Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Tatyana Svitkina
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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32
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Sawallisch C, Berhörster K, Disanza A, Mantoani S, Kintscher M, Stoenica L, Dityatev A, Sieber S, Kindler S, Morellini F, Schweizer M, Boeckers TM, Korte M, Scita G, Kreienkamp HJ. The insulin receptor substrate of 53 kDa (IRSp53) limits hippocampal synaptic plasticity. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:9225-36. [PMID: 19208628 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m808425200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
IRSp53 is an essential intermediate between the activation of Rac and Cdc42 GTPases and the formation of cellular protrusions; it affects cell shape by coupling membrane-deforming activity with the actin cytoskeleton. IRSp53 is highly expressed in neurons where it is also an abundant component of the postsynaptic density (PSD). Here we analyze the physiological function of this protein in the mouse brain by generating IRSp53-deficient mice. Neurons in the hippocampus of young and adult knock-out (KO) mice do not exhibit morphological abnormalities in vivo. Conversely, primary cultured neurons derived from IRSp53 KO mice display retarded dendritic development in vitro. On a molecular level, Eps8 cooperates with IRSp53 to enhance actin bundling and interacts with IRSp53 in developing neurons. However, postsynaptic Shank proteins which are expressed at high levels in mature neurons compete with Eps8 to block actin bundling. In electrophysiological experiments the removal of IRSp53 increases synaptic plasticity as measured by augmented long term potentiation and paired-pulse facilitation. A primarily postsynaptic role of IRSp53 is underscored by the decreased size of the PSDs, which display increased levels of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor subunits in IRSp53 KO animals. Our data suggest that the incorporation of IRSp53 into the PSD enables the protein to limit the number of postsynaptic glutamate receptors and thereby affect synaptic plasticity rather than dendritic morphology. Consistent with altered synaptic plasticity, IRSp53-deficient mice exhibit cognitive deficits in the contextual fear-conditioning paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinna Sawallisch
- Institut für Humangenetik, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
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Offenhäuser N, Castelletti D, Mapelli L, Soppo BE, Regondi MC, Rossi P, D'Angelo E, Frassoni C, Amadeo A, Tocchetti A, Pozzi B, Disanza A, Guarnieri D, Betsholtz C, Scita G, Heberlein U, Di Fiore PP. Increased ethanol resistance and consumption in Eps8 knockout mice correlates with altered actin dynamics. Cell 2006; 127:213-26. [PMID: 17018287 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2006.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2006] [Revised: 07/30/2006] [Accepted: 09/08/2006] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic modulation of the actin cytoskeleton is critical for synaptic plasticity, abnormalities of which are thought to contribute to mental illness and addiction. Here we report that mice lacking Eps8, a regulator of actin dynamics, are resistant to some acute intoxicating effects of ethanol and show increased ethanol consumption. In the brain, the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor is a major target of ethanol. We show that Eps8 is localized to postsynaptic structures and is part of the NMDA receptor complex. Moreover, in Eps8 null mice, NMDA receptor currents and their sensitivity to inhibition by ethanol are abnormal. In addition, Eps8 null neurons are resistant to the actin-remodeling activities of NMDA and ethanol. We propose that proper regulation of the actin cytoskeleton is a key determinant of cellular and behavioral responses to ethanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Offenhäuser
- Fondazione Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare, Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy.
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35
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Disanza A, Mantoani S, Hertzog M, Gerboth S, Frittoli E, Steffen A, Berhoerster K, Kreienkamp HJ, Milanesi F, Di Fiore PP, Ciliberto A, Stradal TEB, Scita G. Regulation of cell shape by Cdc42 is mediated by the synergic actin-bundling activity of the Eps8–IRSp53 complex. Nat Cell Biol 2006; 8:1337-47. [PMID: 17115031 DOI: 10.1038/ncb1502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2006] [Accepted: 08/04/2006] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Actin-crosslinking proteins organize actin into highly dynamic and architecturally diverse subcellular scaffolds that orchestrate a variety of mechanical processes, including lamellipodial and filopodial protrusions in motile cells. How signalling pathways control and coordinate the activity of these crosslinkers is poorly defined. IRSp53, a multi-domain protein that can associate with the Rho-GTPases Rac and Cdc42, participates in these processes mainly through its amino-terminal IMD (IRSp53 and MIM domain). The isolated IMD has actin-bundling activity in vitro and is sufficient to induce filopodia in vivo. However, the manner of regulation of this activity in the full-length protein remains largely unknown. Eps8 is involved in actin dynamics through its actin barbed-ends capping activity and its ability to modulate Rac activity. Moreover, Eps8 binds to IRSp53. Here, we describe a novel actin crosslinking activity of Eps8. Additionally, Eps8 activates and synergizes with IRSp53 in mediating actin bundling in vitro, enhancing IRSp53-dependent membrane extensions in vivo. Cdc42 binds to and controls the cellular distribution of the IRSp53-Eps8 complex, supporting the existence of a Cdc42-IRSp53-Eps8 signalling pathway. Consistently, Cdc42-induced filopodia are inhibited following individual removal of either IRSp53 or Eps8. Collectively, these results support a model whereby the synergic bundling activity of the IRSp53-Eps8 complex, regulated by Cdc42, contributes to the generation of actin bundles, thus promoting filopodial protrusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Disanza
- Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare (IFOM), Via Adamello 16, 20139, Milan, Italy
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36
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Goicoechea S, Arneman D, Disanza A, Garcia-Mata R, Scita G, Otey CA. Palladin binds to Eps8 and enhances the formation of dorsal ruffles and podosomes in vascular smooth muscle cells. J Cell Sci 2006; 119:3316-24. [PMID: 16868024 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.03076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Palladin is a widely expressed phosphoprotein that plays an important role in organizing the actin cytoskeleton. Palladin is concentrated in multiple actin-based structures involved in cell motility and adhesion, including stress fibers, focal adhesions, cell-cell junctions, growth cones and Z-discs. Here, we show that palladin also localizes to the dorsal, circular ruffles that form transiently in response to growth factor stimulation. More importantly, palladin knockdown results in decreased ruffle formation and decreased Rac activation following PDGF treatment. In addition, we describe a novel interaction between palladin and Eps8, a receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) substrate that participates in the activation of the Rac-specific guanine nucleotide-exchange function of Sos-1. Eps8 was identified as a molecular partner for palladin in a yeast two-hybrid screen, and the interaction was confirmed biochemically in co-immunoprecipitation assays. The two proteins were found to colocalize extensively in dorsal ruffles. Palladin also localizes to podosomes after phorbol ester stimulation, and palladin knockdown results in decreased podosome formation in response to PDBu. Together, these data provide strong evidence for a direct and specific interaction between palladin and Eps8, and suggest that they act together in the rapid and transient remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton, which promotes the formation of highly dynamic membrane protrusions in response to PDGF and phorbol ester treatment.
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MESH Headings
- Actins/metabolism
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/genetics
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/physiology
- Animals
- Cell Surface Extensions/physiology
- Cell Surface Extensions/ultrastructure
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytoskeletal Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Cytoskeletal Proteins/genetics
- Cytoskeletal Proteins/metabolism
- Cytoskeletal Proteins/physiology
- Cytoskeleton/metabolism
- Embryo, Mammalian/cytology
- Embryo, Mammalian/metabolism
- Fibroblasts/cytology
- Fibroblasts/metabolism
- HeLa Cells
- Humans
- Immunoprecipitation
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/genetics
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/ultrastructure
- Phorbol Esters/pharmacology
- Phosphoproteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Phosphoproteins/genetics
- Phosphoproteins/metabolism
- Platelet-Derived Growth Factor/pharmacology
- Proteins/genetics
- Proteins/metabolism
- Rats
- SOS1 Protein/metabolism
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae
- Two-Hybrid System Techniques
- rac GTP-Binding Proteins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Goicoechea
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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37
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Khanday FA, Santhanam L, Kasuno K, Yamamori T, Naqvi A, Dericco J, Bugayenko A, Mattagajasingh I, Disanza A, Scita G, Irani K. Sos-mediated activation of rac1 by p66shc. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 172:817-22. [PMID: 16520382 PMCID: PMC2063726 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200506001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The Son of Sevenless 1 protein (sos1) is a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) for either the ras or rac1 GTPase. We show that p66shc, an adaptor protein that promotes oxidative stress, increases the rac1-specific GEF activity of sos1, resulting in rac1 activation. P66shc decreases sos1 bound to the growth factor receptor bound protein (grb2) and increases the formation of the sos1–eps8–e3b1 tricomplex. The NH2-terminal proline-rich collagen homology 2 (CH2) domain of p66shc associates with full-length grb2 in vitro via the COOH-terminal src homology 3 (C-SH3) domain of grb2. A proline-rich motif (PPLP) in the CH2 domain mediates this association. The CH2 domain competes with the proline-rich COOH-terminal region of sos1 for the C-SH3 domain of grb2. P66shc-induced dissociation of sos1 from grb2, formation of the sos1–eps8–e3b1 complex, rac1-specific GEF activity of sos1, rac1 activation, and oxidative stress are also mediated by the PPLP motif in the CH2 domain. This relationship between p66shc, grb2, and sos1 provides a novel mechanism for the activation of rac1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Firdous A Khanday
- Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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38
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Innocenti M, Gerboth S, Rottner K, Lai FPL, Hertzog M, Stradal TEB, Frittoli E, Didry D, Polo S, Disanza A, Benesch S, Di Fiore PP, Carlier MF, Scita G. Abi1 regulates the activity of N-WASP and WAVE in distinct actin-based processes. Nat Cell Biol 2005; 7:969-76. [PMID: 16155590 DOI: 10.1038/ncb1304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2005] [Accepted: 08/18/2005] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Neural Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (N-WASP) and WAVE are members of a family of proteins that use the Arp2/3 complex to stimulate actin assembly in actin-based motile processes. By entering into distinct macromolecular complexes, they act as convergent nodes of different signalling pathways. The role of WAVE in generating lamellipodial protrusion during cell migration is well established. Conversely, the precise cellular functions of N-WASP have remained elusive. Here, we report that Abi1, an essential component of the WAVE protein complex, also has a critical role in regulating N-WASP-dependent function. Consistently, Abi1 binds to N-WASP with nanomolar affinity and, cooperating with Cdc42, potently induces N-WASP activity in vitro. Molecular genetic approaches demonstrate that Abi1 and WAVE, but not N-WASP, are essential for Rac-dependent membrane protrusion and macropinocytosis. Conversely, Abi1 and N-WASP, but not WAVE, regulate actin-based vesicular transport, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) endocytosis, and EGFR and transferrin receptor (TfR) cell-surface distribution. Thus, Abi1 is a dual regulator of WAVE and N-WASP activities in specific processes that are dependent on actin dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Metello Innocenti
- IFOM, Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare, Via Adamello 16, 20134, Milan, Italy
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39
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Disanza A, Steffen A, Hertzog M, Frittoli E, Rottner K, Scita G. Actin polymerization machinery: the finish line of signaling networks, the starting point of cellular movement. Cell Mol Life Sci 2005; 62:955-70. [PMID: 15868099 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-004-4472-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Dynamic assembly of actin filaments generates the forces supporting cell motility. Several recent biochemical and genetic studies have revealed a plethora of different actin binding proteins whose coordinated activity regulates the turnover of actin filaments, thus controlling a variety of actin-based processes, including cell migration. Additionally, emerging evidence is highlighting a scenario whereby the same basic set of actin regulatory proteins is also the convergent node of different signaling pathways emanating from extracellular stimuli, like those from receptor tyrosine kinases. Here, we will focus on the molecular mechanisms of how the machinery of actin polymerization functions and is regulated, in a signaling-dependent mode, to generate site-directed actin assembly leading to cell motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Disanza
- IFOM, Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare, Via Adamello 16, 20134, Milan, Italy
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40
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Croce A, Cassata G, Disanza A, Gagliani MC, Tacchetti C, Malabarba MG, Carlier MF, Scita G, Baumeister R, Di Fiore PP. A novel actin barbed-end-capping activity in EPS-8 regulates apical morphogenesis in intestinal cells of Caenorhabditis elegans. Nat Cell Biol 2004; 6:1173-9. [PMID: 15558032 DOI: 10.1038/ncb1198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2004] [Accepted: 10/13/2004] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Redundant gene function frequently hampers investigations of the physiological roles of mammalian proteins. This is the case for Eps8, a receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) substrate that participates in the activation of the Rac-specific guanine nucleotide-exchange function of Sos1 (refs 2-5), thereby regulating actin remodelling by RTKs. EPS8-knockout mice, however, exhibit no evident phenotype, owing to the redundant function of three other EPS8-related genes. Here we show that in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, only one orthologue of the EPS8 gene exists, which gives rise to two alternatively spliced isoforms, EPS-8A and EPS-8B, differing at their carboxyl termini. In the nematode, eps-8 is essential for embryonic development. Furthermore, EPS-8A, but not EPS-8B, is specifically required for proper apical morphogenesis in the intestinal cells. This latter phenotype could be precisely correlated with a previously unknown actin barbed-end-capping activity, which is present in the C terminus of the EPS-8A isoform. Therefore, nematode genetics allowed not only the unmasking of distinct EPS-8-linked phenotypes, but also the definition of a novel function for this molecule in actin dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assunta Croce
- IFOM Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare, Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy
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41
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Disanza A, Carlier MF, Stradal TEB, Didry D, Frittoli E, Confalonieri S, Croce A, Wehland J, Di Fiore PP, Scita G. Eps8 controls actin-based motility by capping the barbed ends of actin filaments. Nat Cell Biol 2004; 6:1180-8. [PMID: 15558031 DOI: 10.1038/ncb1199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2004] [Accepted: 10/27/2004] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Actin filament barbed-end capping proteins are essential for cell motility, as they regulate the growth of actin filaments to generate propulsive force. One family of capping proteins, whose prototype is gelsolin, shares modular architecture, mechanism of action, and regulation through signalling-dependent mechanisms, such as Ca(2+) or phosphatidylinositol-4,5-phosphate binding. Here we show that proteins of another family, the Eps8 family, also show barbed-end capping activity, which resides in their conserved carboxy-terminal effector domain. The isolated effector domain of Eps8 caps barbed ends with an affinity in the nanomolar range. Conversely, full-length Eps8 is auto-inhibited in vitro, and interaction with the Abi1 protein relieves this inhibition. In vivo, Eps8 is recruited to actin dynamic sites, and its removal impairs actin-based propulsion. Eps8-family proteins do not show any similarity to gelsolin-like proteins. Thus, our results identify a new family of actin cappers, and unveil novel modalities of regulation of capping through protein-protein interactions. One established function of the Eps8-Abi1 complex is to participate in the activation of the small GTPase Rac, suggesting a multifaceted role for this complex in actin dynamics, possibly through the participation in alternative larger complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Disanza
- IFOM Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare Via Adamello 16, 20139, Milan, Italy
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42
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresia E B Stradal
- German Research Centre for Biotechnology, Department of Cell Biology, Mascheroder Weg 1, D-38124 Braunschweig, Germany
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43
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Innocenti M, Zucconi A, Disanza A, Frittoli E, Areces LB, Steffen A, Stradal TEB, Di Fiore PP, Carlier MF, Scita G. Abi1 is essential for the formation and activation of a WAVE2 signalling complex. Nat Cell Biol 2004; 6:319-27. [PMID: 15048123 DOI: 10.1038/ncb1105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 307] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2003] [Accepted: 02/05/2004] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
WAVE2 belongs to a family of proteins that mediates actin reorganization by relaying signals from Rac to the Arp2/3 complex, resulting in lamellipodia protrusion. WAVE2 displays Arp2/3-dependent actin nucleation activity in vitro, and does not bind directly to Rac. Instead, it forms macromolecular complexes that have been reported to exert both positive and negative modes of regulation. How these complexes are assembled, localized and activated in vivo remains to be established. Here we use tandem mass spectrometry to identify an Abi1-based complex containing WAVE2, Nap1 (Nck-associated protein) and PIR121. Abi1 interacts directly with the WHD domain of WAVE2, increases WAVE2 actin polymerization activity and mediates the assembly of a WAVE2-Abi1-Nap1-PIR121 complex. The WAVE2-Abi1-Nap1-PIR121 complex is as active as the WAVE2-Abi1 sub-complex in stimulating Arp2/3, and after Rac activation it is re-localized to the leading edge of ruffles in vivo. Consistently, inhibition of Abi1 by RNA interference (RNAi) abrogates Rac-dependent lamellipodia protrusion. Thus, Abi1 orchestrates the proper assembly of the WAVE2 complex and mediates its activation at the leading edge in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Metello Innocenti
- IFOM Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare Via Adamello 16, 20134, Milan, Italy
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44
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Offenhäuser N, Borgonovo A, Disanza A, Romano P, Ponzanelli I, Iannolo G, Di Fiore PP, Scita G. The eps8 family of proteins links growth factor stimulation to actin reorganization generating functional redundancy in the Ras/Rac pathway. Mol Biol Cell 2003; 15:91-8. [PMID: 14565974 PMCID: PMC307530 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e03-06-0427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Sos-1, a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF), eps8 and Abi1, two signaling proteins, and the lipid kinase phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3-K), assemble in a multimolecular complex required for Rac activation leading to actin cytoskeletal remodeling. Consistently, eps8 -/- fibroblasts fail to form membrane ruffles in response to growth factor stimulation. Surprisingly, eps8 null mice are healthy, fertile, and display no overt phenotype, suggesting the existence of functional redundancy within this pathway. Here, we describe the identification and characterization of a family of eps8-related proteins, comprising three novel gene products, named eps8L1, eps8L2, and eps8L3. Eps8Ls display collinear topology and 27-42% identity to eps8. Similarly to eps8, eps8Ls interact with Abi1 and Sos-1; however, only eps8L1 and eps8L2 activate the Rac-GEF activity of Sos-1, and bind to actin in vivo. Consistently, eps8L1 and eps8L2, but not eps8L3, localize to PDGF-induced, F-actin-rich ruffles and restore receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK)-mediated actin remodeling when expressed in eps8 -/- fibroblasts. Thus, the eps8Ls define a novel family of proteins responsible for functional redundancy in the RTK-activated signaling pathway leading to actin remodeling. Finally, the patterns of expression of eps8 and eps8L2 in mice are remarkably overlapping, thus providing a likely explanation for the lack of overt phenotype in eps8 null mice.
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