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Steinhoff JS, Wagner C, Dähnhardt HE, Košić K, Meng Y, Taschler U, Pajed L, Yang N, Wulff S, Kiefer MF, Petricek KM, Flores RE, Li C, Dittrich S, Sommerfeld M, Guillou H, Henze A, Raila J, Wowro SJ, Schoiswohl G, Lass A, Schupp M. Adipocyte HSL is required for maintaining circulating vitamin A and RBP4 levels during fasting. EMBO Rep 2024:10.1038/s44319-024-00158-x. [PMID: 38769419 DOI: 10.1038/s44319-024-00158-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Vitamin A (retinol) is distributed via the blood bound to its specific carrier protein, retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4). Retinol-loaded RBP4 is secreted into the circulation exclusively from hepatocytes, thereby mobilizing hepatic retinoid stores that represent the major vitamin A reserves in the body. The relevance of extrahepatic retinoid stores for circulating retinol and RBP4 levels that are usually kept within narrow physiological limits is unknown. Here, we show that fasting affects retinoid mobilization in a tissue-specific manner, and that hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) in adipose tissue is required to maintain serum concentrations of retinol and RBP4 during fasting in mice. We found that extracellular retinol-free apo-RBP4 induces retinol release by adipocytes in an HSL-dependent manner. Consistently, global or adipocyte-specific HSL deficiency leads to an accumulation of retinoids in adipose tissue and a drop of serum retinol and RBP4 during fasting, which affects retinoid-responsive gene expression in eye and kidney and lowers renal retinoid content. These findings establish a novel crosstalk between liver and adipose tissue retinoid stores for the maintenance of systemic vitamin A homeostasis during fasting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia S Steinhoff
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Max Rubner Center (MRC) for Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carina Wagner
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Henriette E Dähnhardt
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Max Rubner Center (MRC) for Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kristina Košić
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Yueming Meng
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Max Rubner Center (MRC) for Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrike Taschler
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Laura Pajed
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Na Yang
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Max Rubner Center (MRC) for Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sascha Wulff
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Max Rubner Center (MRC) for Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marie F Kiefer
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Max Rubner Center (MRC) for Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Konstantin M Petricek
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Max Rubner Center (MRC) for Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Roberto E Flores
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Max Rubner Center (MRC) for Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Chen Li
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Max Rubner Center (MRC) for Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sarah Dittrich
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Max Rubner Center (MRC) for Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Manuela Sommerfeld
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Max Rubner Center (MRC) for Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hervé Guillou
- Toxalim (Research Center in Food Toxicology), INRAE, ENVT, INP- PURPAN, UMR 1331, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Andrea Henze
- Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Halle, Germany
- Junior Research Group ProAID, Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Jens Raila
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Sylvia J Wowro
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Max Rubner Center (MRC) for Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gabriele Schoiswohl
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Achim Lass
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
- BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria.
| | - Michael Schupp
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Max Rubner Center (MRC) for Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal Research, Berlin, Germany.
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Saleh M, Hummel K, Schlosser S, Razzazi-Fazeli E, Bartholomew JL, Holzer A, Secombes CJ, El-Matbouli M. The myxozoans Myxobolus cerebralis and Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae modulate rainbow trout immune responses: quantitative shotgun proteomics at the portals of entry after single and co-infections. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1369615. [PMID: 38803570 PMCID: PMC11129561 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1369615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Little is known about the proteomic changes at the portals of entry in rainbow trout after infection with the myxozoan parasites, Myxobolus cerebralis, and Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae. Whirling disease (WD) is a severe disease of salmonids, caused by the myxosporean M. cerebralis, while, proliferative kidney disease (PKD) is caused by T. bryosalmonae, which instead belongs to the class Malacosporea. Climate change is providing more suitable conditions for myxozoan parasites lifecycle, posing a high risk to salmonid aquaculture and contributing to the decline of wild trout populations in North America and Europe. Therefore, the aim of this study was to provide the first proteomic profiles of the host in the search for evasion strategies during single and coinfection with M. cerebralis and T. bryosalmonae. Methods One group of fish was initially infected with M. cerebralis and another group with T. bryosalmonae. After 30 days, half of the fish in each group were co-infected with the other parasite. Using a quantitative proteomic approach, we investigated proteomic changes in the caudal fins and gills of rainbow trout before and after co-infection. Results In the caudal fins, 16 proteins were differentially regulated post exposure to M. cerebralis, whereas 27 proteins were differentially modulated in the gills of the infected rainbow trout post exposure to T. bryosalmonae. After co-infection, 4 proteins involved in parasite recognition and the regulation of host immune responses were differentially modulated between the groups in the caudal fin. In the gills, 11 proteins involved in parasite recognition and host immunity, including 4 myxozoan proteins predicted to be virulence factors, were differentially modulated. Discussion The results of this study increase our knowledge on rainbow trout co-infections by myxozoan parasites and rainbow trout immune responses against myxozoans at the portals of entry, supporting a better understanding of these host-parasite interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Saleh
- Division of Fish Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Karin Hummel
- VetCore, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Jerri L. Bartholomew
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Astrid Holzer
- Division of Fish Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christopher J. Secombes
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom
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Łasut-Szyszka B, Gdowicz-Kłosok A, Małachowska B, Krześniak M, Będzińska A, Gawin M, Pietrowska M, Rusin M. Transcriptomic and proteomic study of cancer cell lines exposed to actinomycin D and nutlin-3a reveals numerous, novel candidates for p53-regulated genes. Chem Biol Interact 2024; 392:110946. [PMID: 38460933 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2024.110946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
Transcriptomic analyses have revealed hundreds of p53-regulated genes; however, these studies used a limited number of cell lines and p53-activating agents. Therefore, we searched for candidate p53-target genes by employing stress factors and cell lines never before used in a high-throughput search for p53-regulated genes. We performed RNA-Seq on A549 cells exposed to camptothecin, actinomycin D, nutlin-3a, as well as a combination of actinomycin D and nutlin-3a (A + N). The latter two substances synergise upon the activation of selected p53-target genes. A similar analysis was performed on other cell lines (U-2 OS, NCI-H460, A375) exposed to A + N. To identify proteins in cell lysates or those secreted into a medium of A549 cells in control conditions or treated with A + N, we employed mass spectrometry. The expression of selected genes strongly upregulated by A + N or camptothecin was examined by RT-PCR in p53-deficient cells and their controls. We found that p53 participates in the upregulation of: ACP5, APOL3, CDH3, CIBAR2, CRABP2, CTHRC1, CTSH, FAM13C, FBXO2, FRMD8, FRZB, GAST, ICOSLG, KANK3, KCNK6, KLRG2, MAFB, MR1, NDRG4, PTAFR, RETSAT, TMEM52, TNFRSF14, TRANK1, TYSND1, WFDC2, WFDC5, WNT4 genes. Twelve of these proteins were detected in the secretome and/or proteome of treated cells. Our data generated new hypotheses concerning the functioning of p53. Many genes activated by A + N or camptothecin are also activated by interferons, indicating a noticeable overlap between transcriptional programs of p53 and these antiviral cytokines. Moreover, several identified genes code for antagonists of WNT/β-catenin signalling pathways, which suggests new connections between these two cancer-related signalling systems. One of these antagonists is DRAXIN. Previously, we found that its gene is activated by p53. In this study, using mass spectrometry and Western blotting, we detected expression of DRAXIN in a medium of A549 cells exposed to A + N. Thus, this protein functions not only in the development of the nervous system, but it may also have a new cancer-related function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Łasut-Szyszka
- Center for Translational Research and Molecular Biology of Cancer, Maria Skłodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, 44-101, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Gdowicz-Kłosok
- Center for Translational Research and Molecular Biology of Cancer, Maria Skłodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, 44-101, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Beata Małachowska
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Małgorzata Krześniak
- Center for Translational Research and Molecular Biology of Cancer, Maria Skłodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, 44-101, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Będzińska
- Center for Translational Research and Molecular Biology of Cancer, Maria Skłodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, 44-101, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Marta Gawin
- Center for Translational Research and Molecular Biology of Cancer, Maria Skłodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, 44-101, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Monika Pietrowska
- Center for Translational Research and Molecular Biology of Cancer, Maria Skłodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, 44-101, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Marek Rusin
- Center for Translational Research and Molecular Biology of Cancer, Maria Skłodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, 44-101, Gliwice, Poland.
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Davis SN, Grindel SH, Viola JM, Liu GY, Liu J, Qian G, Porter CM, Hughes AJ. Nephron progenitors rhythmically alternate between renewal and differentiation phases that synchronize with kidney branching morphogenesis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.11.21.568157. [PMID: 38045273 PMCID: PMC10690271 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.21.568157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian kidney achieves massive parallelization of function by exponentially duplicating nephron-forming niches during development. Each niche caps a tip of the ureteric bud epithelium (the future urinary collecting duct tree) as it undergoes branching morphogenesis, while nephron progenitors within niches balance self-renewal and differentiation to early nephron cells. Nephron formation rate approximately matches branching rate over a large fraction of mouse gestation, yet the nature of this apparent pace-maker is unknown. Here we correlate spatial transcriptomics data with branching 'life-cycle' to discover rhythmically alternating signatures of nephron progenitor differentiation and renewal across Wnt, Hippo-Yap, retinoic acid (RA), and other pathways. We then find in human stem-cell derived nephron progenitor organoids that Wnt/β-catenin-induced differentiation is converted to a renewal signal when it temporally overlaps with YAP activation. Similar experiments using RA activation indicate a role in setting nephron progenitor exit from the naive state, the spatial extent of differentiation, and nephron segment bias. Together the data suggest that nephron progenitor interpretation of consistent Wnt/β-catenin differentiation signaling in the niche may be modified by rhythmic activity in ancillary pathways to set the pace of nephron formation. This would synchronize nephron formation with ureteric bud branching, which creates new sites for nephron condensation. Our data bring temporal resolution to the renewal vs. differentiation balance in the nephrogenic niche and inform new strategies to achieve self-sustaining nephron formation in synthetic human kidney tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin N Davis
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104, PA, USA
- Bioengineering Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104, PA, USA
| | - Samuel H Grindel
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104, PA, USA
- Bioengineering Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104, PA, USA
| | - John M Viola
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104, PA, USA
- Bioengineering Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104, PA, USA
| | - Grace Y Liu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104, PA, USA
- Bioengineering Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104, PA, USA
| | - Jiageng Liu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104, PA, USA
- Bioengineering Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104, PA, USA
| | - Grace Qian
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104, PA, USA
- Bioengineering Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104, PA, USA
| | - Catherine M Porter
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104, PA, USA
- Bioengineering Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104, PA, USA
| | - Alex J Hughes
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104, PA, USA
- Bioengineering Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104, PA, USA
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104, PA, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104, PA, USA
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104, PA, USA
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104, PA, USA
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5
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Li C, Kiefer MF, Dittrich S, Flores RE, Meng Y, Yang N, Wulff S, Gohlke S, Sommerfeld M, Wowro SJ, Petricek KM, Dürbeck D, Spranger L, Mai K, Scholz H, Schulz TJ, Schupp M. Adipose retinol saturase is regulated by β-adrenergic signaling and its deletion impairs lipolysis in adipocytes and acute cold tolerance in mice. Mol Metab 2024; 79:101855. [PMID: 38128827 PMCID: PMC10784691 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2023.101855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Retinol saturase (RetSat) is an endoplasmic reticulum-localized oxidoreductase highly expressed in organs involved in lipid metabolism such as white (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT). Cold exposure was shown to increase RETSAT protein in BAT but its relevance for non-shivering thermogenesis, a process with beneficial effects on metabolic health, is unknown. METHODS We analyzed the regulation of RetSat expression in white and brown adipocytes and different murine adipose tissue depots upon β-adrenergic stimulation and cold exposure. RetSat function during the differentiation and β-adrenergic stimulation of brown adipocytes was dissected by loss-of-function experiments. Mice with BAT-specific deletion of RetSat were generated and exposed to cold. Gene expression in human WAT was analyzed and the effect of RetSat depletion on adipocyte lipolysis investigated. RESULTS We show that cold exposure induces RetSat expression in both WAT and BAT of mice via β-adrenergic signaling. In brown adipocytes, RetSat has minor effects on differentiation but is required for maximal thermogenic gene and protein expression upon β-adrenergic stimulation and mitochondrial respiration. In mice, BAT-specific deletion of RetSat impaired acute but not long-term adaptation to cold exposure. RetSat expression in subcutaneous WAT of humans correlates with the expression of genes related to mitochondrial function. Mechanistically, we found that RetSat depletion impaired β-agonist-induced lipolysis, a major regulator of thermogenic gene expression in adipocytes. CONCLUSIONS Thus, RetSat expression is under β-adrenergic control and determines thermogenic capacity of brown adipocytes and acute cold tolerance in mice. Modulating RetSat activity may allow for therapeutic interventions towards pathologies with inadequate metabolic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Li
- Institute of Pharmacology, Max Rubner Center (MRC) for Cardiovascular Metabolic Renal Research, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marie F Kiefer
- Institute of Pharmacology, Max Rubner Center (MRC) for Cardiovascular Metabolic Renal Research, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sarah Dittrich
- Institute of Pharmacology, Max Rubner Center (MRC) for Cardiovascular Metabolic Renal Research, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Roberto E Flores
- Institute of Pharmacology, Max Rubner Center (MRC) for Cardiovascular Metabolic Renal Research, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Yueming Meng
- Institute of Pharmacology, Max Rubner Center (MRC) for Cardiovascular Metabolic Renal Research, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Na Yang
- Institute of Pharmacology, Max Rubner Center (MRC) for Cardiovascular Metabolic Renal Research, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sascha Wulff
- Institute of Pharmacology, Max Rubner Center (MRC) for Cardiovascular Metabolic Renal Research, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sabrina Gohlke
- Department of Adipocyte Development and Nutrition, German Institute of Human Nutrition, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Manuela Sommerfeld
- Institute of Pharmacology, Max Rubner Center (MRC) for Cardiovascular Metabolic Renal Research, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sylvia J Wowro
- Institute of Pharmacology, Max Rubner Center (MRC) for Cardiovascular Metabolic Renal Research, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Konstantin M Petricek
- Institute of Pharmacology, Max Rubner Center (MRC) for Cardiovascular Metabolic Renal Research, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dominic Dürbeck
- Institute of Pharmacology, Max Rubner Center (MRC) for Cardiovascular Metabolic Renal Research, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Leonard Spranger
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Max Rubner Center (MRC) for Cardiovascular Metabolic Renal Research, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, And Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Knut Mai
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Max Rubner Center (MRC) for Cardiovascular Metabolic Renal Research, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, And Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Germany
| | - Holger Scholz
- Institute of Translational Physiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tim J Schulz
- Department of Adipocyte Development and Nutrition, German Institute of Human Nutrition, Nuthetal, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany; University of Potsdam, Institute of Nutritional Science, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Michael Schupp
- Institute of Pharmacology, Max Rubner Center (MRC) for Cardiovascular Metabolic Renal Research, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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Liu R, Luo S, Zhang YS, Tsang CK. Plasma metabolomic profiling of patients with transient ischemic attack reveals positive role of neutrophils in ischemic tolerance. EBioMedicine 2023; 97:104845. [PMID: 37890369 PMCID: PMC10630611 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transient ischemic attack (TIA) induces ischemic tolerance that can reduce the subsequent ischemic damage and improve prognosis of patients with stroke. However, the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Recent advances in plasma metabolomics analysis have made it a powerful tool to investigate human pathophysiological phenotypes and mechanisms of diseases. In this study, we aimed to identify the bioactive metabolites from the plasma of patients with TIA for determination of their prophylactic and therapeutic effects on protection against cerebral ischemic stroke, and the mechanism of TIA-induced ischemic tolerance against subsequent stroke. METHODS Metabolomic profiling using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry was performed to identify the TIA-induced differential bioactive metabolites in the plasma samples of 20 patients at day 1 (time for basal metabolites) and day 7 (time for established chronic ischemic tolerance-associated metabolites) after onset of TIA. Mouse middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO)-induced stroke model was used to verify their prophylactic and therapeutic potentials. Transcriptomics changes in circulating neutrophils of patients with TIA were determined by RNA-sequencing. Multivariate statistics and integrative analysis of metabolomics and transcriptomics were performed to elucidate the potential mechanism of TIA-induced ischemic tolerance. FINDINGS Plasma metabolomics analysis identified five differentially upregulated metabolites associated with potentially TIA-induced ischemic tolerance, namely all-trans 13,14 dihydroretinol (atDR), 20-carboxyleukotriene B4, prostaglandin B2, cortisol and 9-KODE. They were associated with the metabolic pathways of retinol, arachidonic acid, and neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction. Prophylactic treatment of MCAO mice with these five metabolites significantly improved neurological functions. Additionally, post-stroke treatment with atDR or 9-KODE significantly reduced the cerebral infarct size and enhanced sensorimotor functions, demonstrating the therapeutic potential of these bioactive metabolites. Mechanistically, we found in patients with TIA that these metabolites were positively correlated with circulating neutrophil counts. Integrative analysis of plasma metabolomics and neutrophil transcriptomics further revealed that TIA-induced metabolites are significantly correlated with specific gene expression in circulating neutrophils which showed prominent enrichment in FoxO signaling pathway and upregulation of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. Finally, we demonstrated that the protective effect of atDR-pretreatment on MCAO mice was abolished when circulating neutrophils were depleted. INTERPRETATION TIA-induced potential ischemic tolerance is associated with upregulation of plasma bioactive metabolites which can protect against cerebral ischemic damage and improve neurological functions through a positive role of circulating neutrophils. FUNDING National Natural Science Foundation of China (81974210), Science and Technology Planning Project of Guangdong Province, China (2020A0505100045), Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province (2019A1515010671), Science and Technology Program of Guangzhou, China (2023A03J0577), and Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi, China(20224BAB216043).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongrong Liu
- Clinical Neuroscience Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Siwei Luo
- Clinical Neuroscience Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; Department of Neurology, The First Clinical Medical School of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu-Sheng Zhang
- Clinical Neuroscience Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; Department of Neurology, The First Clinical Medical School of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Chi Kwan Tsang
- Clinical Neuroscience Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
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7
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Bi G, Liang J, Shan G, Bian Y, Chen Z, Huang Y, Lu T, Li M, Besskaya V, Zhao M, Fan H, Wang Q, Gan B, Zhan C. Retinol Saturase Mediates Retinoid Metabolism to Impair a Ferroptosis Defense System in Cancer Cells. Cancer Res 2023; 83:2387-2404. [PMID: 37184371 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-22-3977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Ferroptosis is an iron-dependent form of regulated cell death induced by the lethal overload of lipid peroxides in cellular membranes. In recent years, modulating ferroptosis has gained attention as a potential therapeutic approach for tumor suppression. In the current study, retinol saturase (RETSAT) was identified as a significant ferroptosis mediator using a publicly accessible CRISPR/Cas9 screening dataset. RETSAT depletion protected tumor cells from lipid peroxidation and subsequent cell death triggered by various ferroptosis inducers. Furthermore, exogenous supplementation with retinoids, including retinol (the substrate of RETSAT) and its derivatives retinal and retinoic acid, also suppressed ferroptosis, whereas the product of RETSAT, 13, 14-dihydroretinol, failed to do so. As effective radical-trapping antioxidant, retinoids protected the lipid membrane from autoxidation and subsequent fragmentation, thus terminating the cascade of ferroptosis. Pseudotargeted lipidomic analysis identified an association between retinoid regulation of ferroptosis and lipid metabolism. Retinoic acid, but not 13, 14-dihydroretinoic acid, interacted with its nuclear receptor and activated transcription of stearoyl-CoA desaturase, which introduces the first double bond into saturated fatty acid and thus catalyzes the generation of monounsaturated fatty acid, a known ferroptosis suppressor. Therefore, RETSAT promotes ferroptosis by transforming retinol to 13, 14-dihydroretinol, thereby turning a strong anti-ferroptosis regulator into a relatively weak one. SIGNIFICANCE Retinoids have ferroptosis-protective properties and can be metabolized by RETSAT to promote ferroptosis, suggesting the possibility of targeting retinoid metabolism in cancer as a treatment strategy to trigger ferroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoshu Bi
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Jiaqi Liang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Guangyao Shan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Yunyi Bian
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Zhencong Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Yiwei Huang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Tao Lu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Valeria Besskaya
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Mengnan Zhao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Hong Fan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Qun Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Boyi Gan
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Cheng Zhan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
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8
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Murphy A, Vyavahare S, Kumar S, Lee TJ, Sharma A, Adusumilli S, Hamrick M, Isales CM, Fulzele S. Dietary interventions and molecular mechanisms for healthy musculoskeletal aging. Biogerontology 2022; 23:681-698. [PMID: 35727468 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-022-09970-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade, extensive efforts have focused on understanding age-associated diseases and how to prolong a healthy lifespan. The induction of dietary protocols such as caloric restriction (CR) and protein restriction (PR) has positively affected a healthy lifespan. These intervention ideas (nutritional protocols) have been the subject of human cohort studies and clinical trials to evaluate their effectiveness in alleviating age-related diseases (such as type II diabetes, cardiovascular disease, obesity, and musculoskeletal fragility) and promoting human longevity. This study summarizes the literature on the nutritional protocols, emphasizing their impacts on bone and muscle biology. In addition, we analyzed several CR studies using Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database and identified common transcriptome changes to understand the signaling pathway involved in musculoskeletal tissue. We identified nine novel common genes, out of which five were upregulated (Emc3, Fam134b, Fbxo30, Pip5k1a, and Retsat), and four were downregulated (Gstm2, Per2, Fam78a, and Sel1l3) with CR in muscles. Gene Ontology enrichment analysis revealed that CR regulates several signaling pathways (e.g., circadian gene regulation and rhythm, energy reserve metabolic process, thermogenesis) involved in energy metabolism. In conclusion, this study summarizes the beneficiary role of CR and identifies novel genes and signaling pathways involved in musculoskeletal biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Murphy
- Department of Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Sagar Vyavahare
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Tae Jin Lee
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Ashok Sharma
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | | | - Mark Hamrick
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.,Center for Healthy Aging, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Carlos M Isales
- Department of Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.,Center for Healthy Aging, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Sadanand Fulzele
- Department of Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA. .,Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA. .,Center for Healthy Aging, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.
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9
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Tu Q, Liu X, Yao X, Li R, Liu G, Jiang H, Li K, Chen Q, Huang X, Chang Q, Xu G, Zhu H, Shi P, Zhao B. RETSAT associates with DDX39B to promote fork restarting and resistance to gemcitabine based chemotherapy in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2022; 41:274. [PMID: 36109793 PMCID: PMC9476698 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-022-02490-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Severe hypoxia is a prominent character of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) microenvironment. In the process of gemcitabine based chemotherapy, PDAC cells are insulted from replication stresses co-induced by hypoxia and gemcitabine. However, PDAC cells get outstanding abilities to resist to such harsh conditions and keep proliferating, causing a major obstacle for current therapy. RETSAT (Retinol Saturase) is defined as a hypoxia convergent gene recently, with high expression in PDAC hypoxic sectors. This study aimed to explore the roles of RETSAT in replication stress resistance and hypoxia adaptation in PDAC cells, and decipher the underlying mechanism.
Methods
The expression of RETSAT was examined in TCGA (The Cancer Genome Atlas), human pancreatic cancer microarray, clinical specimens and cell lines. Functions of RETSAT were studied by means of DNA fiber assay and comet assay in monolayer cultured PDAC cell lines, three dimensional spheroids, patient derived organoids and cell derived xenograft mouse models. Mechanism was investigated by using iPOND (isolate proteins on nascent DNA) combined with mass spectrometry, immunoprecipitation and immunoblotting.
Results
First, we found the converse relationship of RETSAT expression and PDAC chemotherapy. That is, PDAC patients with high RETSAT expression correlated with poor survival, while ones holding low RETSAT expression were benefitted more in Gemcitabine based chemotherapy. Second, we identified RETSAT as a novel replication fork associated protein. HIF-1α signaling promotes RETSAT expression under hypoxia. Functionally, RETSAT promoted fork restarting under replication stress and maintained genomic stability. Third, we uncovered the interaction of RETSAT and R-loop unwinding helicase DDX39B. RETSAT detained DDX39B on forks to resolve R-loops, through which avoided fork damage and CHK1 initiated apoptosis. Targeting DDX39B using chemical CCT018159 sensitized PDAC cells and organoids to gemcitabine induced apoptosis, highlighting the synergetic application of CCT018159 and gemcitabine in PDAC chemotherapy.
Conclusions
This study identified RETSAT as a novel replication fork protein, which functions through interacting with DDX39B mediated R-loop clearance to promote fork restarting, leading to cellular resistance to replication stresses co-induced by tumor environmental hypoxia and gemcitabine in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.
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10
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Homan RA, Jadhav AM, Conway LP, Parker CG. A Chemical Proteomic Map of Heme-Protein Interactions. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:15013-15019. [PMID: 35960875 PMCID: PMC9811995 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c06104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Heme is an essential cofactor for many human proteins as well as the primary transporter of oxygen in blood. Recent studies have also established heme as a signaling molecule, imparting its effects through binding with protein partners rather than through reactivity of its metal center. However, the comprehensive annotation of such heme-binding proteins in the human proteome remains incomplete. Here, we describe a strategy which utilizes a heme-based photoaffinity probe integrated with quantitative proteomics to map heme-protein interactions across the proteome. In these studies, we identified 350+ unique heme-protein interactions, the vast majority of which were heretofore unknown and consist of targets from diverse functional classes, including transporters, receptors, enzymes, transcription factors, and chaperones. Among these proteins is the immune-related interleukin receptor-associated kinase 1 (IRAK1), where we provide preliminary evidence that heme agonizes its catalytic activity. Our findings should improve the current understanding of heme's regulation as well as its signaling functions and facilitate new insights of its roles in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rick A. Homan
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Appaso M. Jadhav
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Louis P. Conway
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Christopher G. Parker
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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11
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O’Connor C, Varshosaz P, Moise AR. Mechanisms of Feedback Regulation of Vitamin A Metabolism. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14061312. [PMID: 35334970 PMCID: PMC8950952 DOI: 10.3390/nu14061312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin A is an essential nutrient required throughout life. Through its various metabolites, vitamin A sustains fetal development, immunity, vision, and the maintenance, regulation, and repair of adult tissues. Abnormal tissue levels of the vitamin A metabolite, retinoic acid, can result in detrimental effects which can include congenital defects, immune deficiencies, proliferative defects, and toxicity. For this reason, intricate feedback mechanisms have evolved to allow tissues to generate appropriate levels of active retinoid metabolites despite variations in the level and format, or in the absorption and conversion efficiency of dietary vitamin A precursors. Here, we review basic mechanisms that govern vitamin A signaling and metabolism, and we focus on retinoic acid-controlled feedback mechanisms that contribute to vitamin A homeostasis. Several approaches to investigate mechanistic details of the vitamin A homeostatic regulation using genomic, gene editing, and chromatin capture technologies are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine O’Connor
- MD Program, Northern Ontario School of Medicine, 317-MSE Bldg., 935 Ramsey Lake Rd., Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada;
| | - Parisa Varshosaz
- Biology and Biomolecular Sciences Ph.D. Program, Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada;
| | - Alexander R. Moise
- Medical Sciences Division, Northern Ontario School of Medicine, 317-MSE Bldg., 935 Ramsey Lake Rd., Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Biology and Biomolecular Sciences Program, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-705-662-7253
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12
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Abstract
Carotenoids constitute an essential dietary component of animals and other non-carotenogenic species which use these pigments in both their modified and unmodified forms. Animals utilize uncleaved carotenoids to mitigate light damage and oxidative stress and to signal fitness and health. Carotenoids also serve as precursors of apocarotenoids including retinol, and its retinoid metabolites, which carry out essential functions in animals by forming the visual chromophore 11-cis-retinaldehyde. Retinoids, such as all-trans-retinoic acid, can also act as ligands of nuclear hormone receptors. The fact that enzymes and biochemical pathways responsible for the metabolism of carotenoids in animals bear resemblance to the ones in plants and other carotenogenic species suggests an evolutionary relationship. We will explore some of the modes of transmission of carotenoid genes from carotenogenic species to metazoans. This apparent relationship has been successfully exploited in the past to identify and characterize new carotenoid and retinoid modifying enzymes. We will review approaches used to identify putative animal carotenoid enzymes, and we will describe methods used to functionally validate and analyze the biochemistry of carotenoid modifying enzymes encoded by animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander R Moise
- Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Sudbury, ON, Canada; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Biology and Biomolecular Sciences Program, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON, Canada.
| | - Sepalika Bandara
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Johannes von Lintig
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
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13
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Casey T, Suarez-Trujillo AM, McCabe C, Beckett L, Klopp R, Brito L, Rocha Malacco VM, Hilger S, Donkin SS, Boerman J, Plaut K. Transcriptome analysis reveals disruption of circadian rhythms in late gestation dairy cows may increase risk for fatty liver and reduced mammary remodeling. Physiol Genomics 2021; 53:441-455. [PMID: 34643103 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00028.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Circadian disruption increased insulin resistance and decreased mammary development in late gestation, nonlactating (dry) cows. The objective was to measure the effect of circadian disruption on transcriptomes of the liver and mammary gland. At 35 days before expected calving (BEC), multiparous dry cows were assigned to either control (CON) or phase-shifted treatments (PS). CON was exposed to 16-h light and 8-h dark. PS was exposed to 16-h light to 8-h dark, but phase of the light-dark cycle was shifted 6 h every 3 days. On day 21 BEC, liver and mammary were biopsied. RNA was isolated (n = 6 CON, n = 6 PS per tissue), and libraries were prepared and sequenced using paired-end reads. Reads mapping to bovine genome averaged 27 ± 2 million and aligned to 14,222 protein-coding genes in liver and 15,480 in mammary analysis. In the liver, 834 genes, and in the mammary gland, 862 genes were different (nominal P < 0.05) between PS and CON. In the liver, genes upregulated in PS functioned in cholesterol biosynthesis, endoplasmic reticulum stress, wound healing, and inflammation. Genes downregulated in liver function in cholesterol efflux. In the mammary gland, genes upregulated functioned in mRNA processing and transcription and downregulated genes encoded extracellular matrix proteins and proteases, cathepsins and lysosomal proteases, lipid transporters, and regulated oxidative phosphorylation. Increased cholesterol synthesis and decreased efflux suggest that circadian disruption potentially increases the risk of fatty liver in cows. Decreased remodeling and lipid transport in mammary may decrease milk production capacity during lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Casey
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | | | - Conor McCabe
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Linda Beckett
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Rebecca Klopp
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Luiz Brito
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | | | - Susan Hilger
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Shawn S Donkin
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Jacquelyn Boerman
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Karen Plaut
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
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