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Pang F, Long Q, Wei M. Immune evasion strategies of bovine viral diarrhea virus. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1282526. [PMID: 37900320 PMCID: PMC10613064 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1282526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is a significant pathogen that causes great economic losses in the global livestock industry. During the long-term interactions between BVDV and its hosts, the virus has evolved multiple strategies to evade the host's innate immunity and adaptive immunity, thereby promoting viral survival and replication. This review focuses on the most recent research on immune evasion strategies employed by BVDV, including evading type I IFN signaling pathway, evading host adaptive immunity, mediating NF-κB signaling pathway, mediating cell apoptosis and inducing autophagy. Unraveling BVDV's immune evasion strategies will enhance our understanding of the pathogenesis of BVDV and contribute to the development of more effective therapies for the prevention, control and eradication of BVDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Pang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
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2
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Yao Y, Zhang Z, Yang Z. The combination of vaccines and adjuvants to prevent the occurrence of high incidence of infectious diseases in bovine. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1243835. [PMID: 37885619 PMCID: PMC10598632 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1243835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
As the global population grows, the demand for beef and dairy products is also increasing. The cattle industry is facing tremendous pressures and challenges. The expanding cattle industry has led to an increased risk of disease in cattle. These diseases not only cause economic losses but also pose threats to public health and safety. Hence, ensuring the health of cattle is crucial. Vaccination is one of the most economical and effective methods of preventing bovine infectious diseases. However, there are fewer comprehensive reviews of bovine vaccines available. In addition, the variable nature of bovine infectious diseases will result in weakened or even ineffective immune protection from existing vaccines. This shows that it is crucial to improve overall awareness of bovine vaccines. Adjuvants, which are crucial constituents of vaccines, have a significant role in enhancing vaccine response. This review aims to present the latest advances in bovine vaccines mainly including types of bovine vaccines, current status of development of commonly used vaccines, and vaccine adjuvants. In addition, this review highlights the main challenges and outstanding problems of bovine vaccines and adjuvants in the field of research and applications. This review provides a theoretical and practical basis for the eradication of global bovine infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyang Yao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zhipeng Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zhangping Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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Riitho V, Strong R, Larska M, Graham SP, Steinbach F. Bovine Pestivirus Heterogeneity and Its Potential Impact on Vaccination and Diagnosis. Viruses 2020; 12:v12101134. [PMID: 33036281 PMCID: PMC7601184 DOI: 10.3390/v12101134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine Pestiviruses A and B, formerly known as bovine viral diarrhoea viruses (BVDV)-1 and 2, respectively, are important pathogens of cattle worldwide, responsible for significant economic losses. Bovine viral diarrhoea control programmes are in effect in several high-income countries but less so in low- and middle-income countries where bovine pestiviruses are not considered in disease control programmes. However, bovine pestiviruses are genetically and antigenically diverse, which affects the efficiency of the control programmes. The emergence of atypical ruminant pestiviruses (Pestivirus H or BVDV-3) from various parts of the world and the detection of Pestivirus D (border disease virus) in cattle highlights the challenge that pestiviruses continue to pose to control measures including the development of vaccines with improved cross-protective potential and enhanced diagnostics. This review examines the effect of bovine pestivirus diversity and emergence of atypical pestiviruses in disease control by vaccination and diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Riitho
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, APHA-Weybridge, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK; (V.R.); (R.S.)
| | - Rebecca Strong
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, APHA-Weybridge, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK; (V.R.); (R.S.)
| | - Magdalena Larska
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Al. Partyzantów 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland;
| | - Simon P. Graham
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright GU24 0NF, UK;
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guilford GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Falko Steinbach
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, APHA-Weybridge, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK; (V.R.); (R.S.)
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guilford GU2 7XH, UK
- Correspondence:
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4
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Jia S, Huang X, Li H, Zheng D, Wang L, Qiao X, Jiang Y, Cui W, Tang L, Li Y, Xu Y. Immunogenicity evaluation of recombinant Lactobacillus casei W56 expressing bovine viral diarrhea virus E2 protein in conjunction with cholera toxin B subunit as an adjuvant. Microb Cell Fact 2020; 19:186. [PMID: 33004035 PMCID: PMC7527787 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-020-01449-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is one of the main causes of infectious diseases in cattle and causes large financial losses to the cattle industry worldwide. In this study, Lactobacillus casei strain W56 (Lc W56) was used as antigen deliver carrier to construct a recombinant Lactobacillus vaccine pPG-E2-ctxB/Lc W56 constitutively expressing BVDV E2 protein fused with cholera toxin B subunit (ctxB) as an adjuvant, and its immunogenicity against BVDV infection in mice model by oral route was explored. RESULTS Our results suggested that pPG-E2-ctxB/Lc W56 can effectively activate dendritic cells (DCs) in the Peyer's patches, up-regulate the expression of Bcl-6, and promote T-follicular helper (Tfh) cells differentiation, as well as enhance B lymphocyte proliferation and promote them differentiate into specific IgA-secreting plasma cells, secreting anti-E2 mucosal sIgA antibody with BVDV-neutralizing activity. Moreover, significant levels (p < 0.01) of BVDV-neutralizing antigen-specific serum antibodies were induced in the pPG-E2-ctxB/LC W56 group post-vaccination. The recombinant Lactobacillus vaccine can induce cellular immune responses, and significant levels (p < 0.01) of Th1-associated cytokines (IL-2, IL-12, and IFN-γ), Th2-associated cytokines (IL-4, IL-10) and Th17-associated cytokine (IL-17) were determined in the serum of vaccinated mice. Significantly, the recombinant Lactobacillus vaccine provides immune protection against BVDV infection, which can be cleared effectively by the vaccine post-challenge in orally vaccinated animals. CONCLUSIONS The genetically engineered Lactobacillus vaccine constructed in this study is immunogenic in mice and can induce mucosal, humoral, and cellular immune responses, providing effective anti-BVDV immune protection. It thus represents a promising strategy for vaccine development against BVDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Jia
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, P. R. China
| | - Xinning Huang
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, P. R. China
| | - Hua Li
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, P. R. China
| | - Dianzhong Zheng
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, P. R. China
| | - Li Wang
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, P. R. China
| | - Xinyuan Qiao
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, P. R. China
| | - Yanping Jiang
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, P. R. China
| | - Wen Cui
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, P. R. China
| | - Lijie Tang
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, P. R. China.,Northeast Science Inspection Station, Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen Biology of Ministry of Agriculture of China, Harbin, P. R. China
| | - Yijing Li
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, P. R. China.,Northeast Science Inspection Station, Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen Biology of Ministry of Agriculture of China, Harbin, P. R. China
| | - Yigang Xu
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, P. R. China. .,Northeast Science Inspection Station, Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen Biology of Ministry of Agriculture of China, Harbin, P. R. China.
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5
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Khulape SA, Maity HK, Pathak DC, Ramamurthy N, Ramakrishnan S, Chellappa MM, Dey S. Evaluation of a fusion gene-based DNA prime-protein boost vaccination strategy against Newcastle disease virus. Trop Anim Health Prod 2019; 51:2529-2538. [PMID: 31209691 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-019-01967-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The low potency of genetic immunization has to date impeded development of commercial vaccines against major infectious diseases. The aim of this study was to develop and evaluate a fusion gene-based DNA prime-protein boost vaccination strategy to improve the efficacy of both DNA and subunit vaccines against Newcastle disease virus (NDV). The fusion (F) protein, a viral surface glycoprotein, is responsible for the cell membrane fusion and spread, also is one of the major targets for immune response. In this study, groups of chickens were vaccinated twice intramuscularly at 14-day interval either with plasmid DNA encoding F protein gene of NDV or with recombinant F protein alone or with plasmid DNA and boosted with the recombinant F protein and compared with birds that were vaccinated with live NDV vaccine. The immune response was evaluated by indirect ELISA, lymphocyte transformation test, virus neutralization test, cytokine analysis, immunophenotyping of peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and protective efficacy study against virulent NDV challenge virus infection. Chickens in prime-boost group developed a higher level of humoral and cellular immune responses as compared with those immunized with plasmid or protein alone. The DNA prime-protein boost using F protein of NDV yielded 91.6% protection against virulent NDV challenge infection better than immunization with DNA vaccine (66.6%) or rF protein (83.3%) alone. These findings suggest that the "DNA prime-protein boost" approach using full-length F gene could enhance the immune response against NDV in the chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagar A Khulape
- Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease Virus, Mukteshwar-Kumaon, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Hemanta Kumar Maity
- Recombinant DNA Laboratory, Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP, 243122, India
| | - Dinesh Chandra Pathak
- Recombinant DNA Laboratory, Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP, 243122, India
| | - Narayan Ramamurthy
- Recombinant DNA Laboratory, Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP, 243122, India
| | - Saravanan Ramakrishnan
- Immunology Section, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP, 243 122, India
| | - Madhan Mohan Chellappa
- Recombinant DNA Laboratory, Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP, 243122, India.
| | - Sohini Dey
- Recombinant DNA Laboratory, Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP, 243122, India.
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Yao Y, Wang H, Chen J, Shao Z, He B, Chen J, Lan J, Chen Q, Chen Z. Protection against homo and hetero-subtypic influenza A virus by optimized M2e DNA vaccine. Emerg Microbes Infect 2019; 8:45-54. [PMID: 30866759 PMCID: PMC6455129 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2018.1558962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Current influenza vaccines provide hemagglutinin strain-specific protection, but rarely provide cross-protection against divergent strains. It is, therefore, particularly important to develop a universal vaccine against conserved proteins or conserved regions of the virus. In this study, we used N-terminal extracellular region of the influenza virus M2 protein (M2e) as the target antigen and constructed two optimized M2e DNA vaccines (p-tPA-p3M2e and p-p3M2e) with increased antigenic epitope density and enhanced antigen secretion. Both vaccines induced high M2e-specific humoral and cellular immune responses in the vaccinated mice. These two vaccines also conferred protection against a lethal infection of homo-subtypic H1N1 virus, with p-tPA-p3M2e being the most effective. In addition, p-tPA-p3M2e also showed cross-protection against different subtypes of the influenza virus (H9N2, H6N6, and H10N8) at varying rates (80%, 40%, and 20%, respectively). After passive immunization, M2e DNA vaccine-induced antibodies in the sera provided complete protection against homologous virus challenge. An analysis of the mechanism underlying this immunization-mediated protection indicates that M2e-specific IgG and T-cell immune responses may play critical roles in the prevention of infection and viral clearance. Taken together, our results indicate that this optimized M2e DNA vaccine is a promising candidate for the development of a universal, broad-spectrum influenza virus vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfeng Yao
- National Biosafety Laboratory, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Wuhan Academy of Agricultural Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huadong Wang
- Center for Brain Science, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems and State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianjun Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhiyong Shao
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Wuhan Academy of Agricultural Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bin He
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Wuhan Academy of Agricultural Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie Chen
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Wuhan Academy of Agricultural Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiaming Lan
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Quanjiao Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ze Chen
- College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
- Shanghai Institute of Biological Products, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
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7
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Enhanced immune responses to E2 protein and DNA formulated with ISA 61 VG administered as a DNA prime–protein boost regimen against bovine viral diarrhea virus. Vaccine 2018; 36:5591-5599. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.07.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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8
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Sadat SM, Snider M, Garg R, Brownlie R, van Drunen Littel-van den Hurk S. Local innate responses and protective immunity after intradermal immunization with bovine viral diarrhea virus E2 protein formulated with a combination adjuvant in cattle. Vaccine 2017; 35:3466-3473. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2017] [Revised: 04/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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9
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Gupta J, Misra S, Misra-Bhattacharya S. Immunization with Brugia malayi Myosin as Heterologous DNA Prime Protein Boost Induces Protective Immunity against B. malayi Infection in Mastomys coucha. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164991. [PMID: 27828973 PMCID: PMC5102438 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The current control strategies employing chemotherapy with diethylcarbamazine, ivermectin and albendazole have reduced transmission in some filaria-endemic areas, there is growing interest for complementary approaches, such as vaccines especially in light of threat of parasite developing resistance to mainstay drugs. We earlier demonstrated recombinant heavy chain myosin of B. malayi (Bm-Myo) as a potent vaccine candidate whose efficacy was enhanced by heterologous DNA prime/protein boost (Myo-pcD+Bm-Myo) vaccination in BALB/c mice. BALB/c mouse though does not support the full developmental cycle of B. malayi, however, the degree of protection may be studied in terms of transformation of challenged infective larvae (L3) to next stage (L4) with an ease of delineating the generated immunological response of host. In the current investigation, DNA vaccination with Bm-Myo was therefore undertaken in susceptible rodent host, Mastomys coucha (M. coucha) which sustains the challenged L3 and facilitates their further development to sexually mature adult parasites with patent microfilaraemia. Immunization schedule consisted of Myo-pcD and Myo-pcD+Bm-Myo followed by B. malayi L3 challenge and the degree of protection was evaluated by observing microfilaraemia as well as adult worm establishment. Myo-pcD+Bm-Myo immunized animals not only developed 78.5% reduced blood microfilarial density but also decreased adult worm establishment by 75.3%. In addition, 75.4% of the recovered live females revealed sterilization over those of respective control animals. Myo-pcD+Bm-Myo triggered higher production of specific IgG and its isotypes which induced marked cellular adhesion and cytotoxicity (ADCC) to microfilariae (mf) and L3 in vitro. Both Th1 and Th2 cytokines were significantly up-regulated displaying a mixed immune response conferring considerable protection against B. malayi establishment by engendering a long-lasting effective immune response and therefore emerges as a potential vaccination method against LF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Gupta
- Division of Parasitology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, BS 10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow-226031, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Sweta Misra
- Division of Parasitology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, BS 10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow-226031, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Shailja Misra-Bhattacharya
- Division of Parasitology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, BS 10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow-226031, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi, India
- * E-mail: ;
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10
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Abstract
In approaching the development of a veterinary vaccine, researchers must choose from a bewildering array of options that can be combined to enhance benefit. The choice and combination of options is not just driven by efficacy, but also consideration of the cost, practicality, and challenges faced in licensing the product. In this review we set out the different choices faced by veterinary vaccine developers, highlight some issues, and propose some pressing needs to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Chambers
- Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7AL, UK.
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK.
| | - Simon P Graham
- Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7AL, UK
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Roberto M La Ragione
- Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7AL, UK
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R El-Attar LM, Thomas C, Luke J, A Williams J, Brownlie J. Enhanced neutralising antibody response to bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) induced by DNA vaccination in calves. Vaccine 2015; 33:4004-12. [PMID: 26079613 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Revised: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
DNA vaccination is effective in inducing potent immunity in mice; however it appears to be less so in large animals. Increasing the dose of DNA plasmid to activate innate immunity has been shown to improve DNA vaccine adaptive immunity. Retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) is a critical cytoplasmic double-stranded RNA pattern receptor required for innate immune activation in response to viral infection. RIG-I recognise viral RNA and trigger antiviral response, resulting in type I interferon (IFN) and inflammatory cytokine production. In an attempt to enhance the antibody response induced by BVDV DNA in cattle, we expressed BVDV truncated E2 (E2t) and NS3 codon optimised antigens from antibiotic free-plasmid vectors expressing a RIG-I agonist and designated either NTC E2t(co) and NTC NS3(co). To evaluate vaccine efficacy, groups of five BVDV-free calves were intramuscularly injected three times with NTC E2t(co) and NTC NS3(co) vaccine plasmids individually or in combination. Animals vaccinated with our (previously published) conventional DNA vaccines pSecTag/E2 and pTriExNS3 and plasmids expressing RIG-I agonist only presented both the positive and mock-vaccine groups. Our results showed that vaccines coexpressing E2t with a RIG-I agonist induced significantly higher E2 antigen specific antibody response (p<0.05). Additionally, E2t augmented the immune response to NS3 when the two vaccines were delivered in combination. Despite the lack of complete protection, on challenge day 4/5 calves vaccinated with NTC E2t(co) alone or NTC E2t(co) plus NTC NS3(co) had neutralising antibody titres exceeding 1/240 compared to 1/5 in the mock vaccine control group. Based on our results we conclude that co-expression of a RIG-I agonist with viral antigen could enhance DNA vaccine potency in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laila M R El-Attar
- Pathology & Pathogen Biology, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield AL9 7TA, Hertfordshire, UK.
| | - Carole Thomas
- Pathology & Pathogen Biology, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield AL9 7TA, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Jeremy Luke
- Nature Technology Corporation, 4701 Innovation Drive, Lincoln, NE 68521, USA
| | - James A Williams
- Nature Technology Corporation, 4701 Innovation Drive, Lincoln, NE 68521, USA
| | - Joe Brownlie
- Pathology & Pathogen Biology, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield AL9 7TA, Hertfordshire, UK
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12
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Song Y, Zhou Y, van Drunen Littel-van den Hurk S, Chen L. Cellulose-based polyelectrolyte complex nanoparticles for DNA vaccine delivery. Biomater Sci 2014; 2:1440-1449. [DOI: 10.1039/c4bm00202d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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13
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Li H, Taus NS, Oaks JL. Sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever virus: prospects for vaccine development. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 5:133-41. [PMID: 16451115 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.5.1.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever is emerging as a significant problem for several ruminant species worldwide. The inability to propagate the causative agent, ovine herpesvirus 2, in vitro has seriously hindered research efforts in the development of effective programs for control of the disease in clinically susceptible hosts. Recent molecular technologic advances have provided powerful tools for investigating this difficult-to-study virus. Identification of the infectious virus source, establishment of experimental animal models and completion of sequencing the genome for ovine herpesvirus 2 have put us in a position to pursue the development of vaccines for control of the disease. In this review, the authors briefly describe the current understanding of ovine herpesvirus 2 and prospectively discuss vaccine development against the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Li
- Animal Disease Research Unit, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, 3003 ADBF, WSU, Pullman, WA 99164, USA.
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14
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Freitas EB, Henriques AM, Fevereiro M, Prazeres DM, Monteiro GA. Enhancement of DNA vaccine efficacy by intracellular targeting strategies. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1143:33-59. [PMID: 24715281 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0410-5_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Immune response against an encoded antigenic protein can be elicited by including targeting sequences to DNA vaccines that promote protein sorting to processing pathways, related with antigen presentation by major histocompatibility complexes (MHC). Candidate DNA vaccines coding for neuraminidase 3 of the avian influenza virus were designed to encode different sequences that direct the protein to specific cellular compartments such as endoplasmic reticulum (i.e., adenovirus E1A), lysosomes (i.e., LAMP), and the combination of protein targeting to the endoplasmic reticulum and lysosome (i.e., E1A-LAMP). The DNA vaccine prototypes were engineered by biomolecular techniques and subsequently produced in E. coli cells. The biological activity of the vaccines was tested firstly in vitro, in Chinese hamster ovary cells, through flow cytometry and real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis. Then, an essential in vivo study was performed in chickens, in order to evaluate the efficacy of DNA prototype vaccines, by measuring the antibody production by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabete Borges Freitas
- Institute of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre for Chemical and Biological Engineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal
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15
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DNA prime–protein boost vaccination enhances protective immunity against infectious bursal disease virus in chickens. Vet Microbiol 2013; 164:9-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Revised: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Min J, Qu D, Li C, Song X, Zhao Q, Li XA, Yang Y, Liu Q, He S, Zhou H. Enhancement of protective immune responses induced by Toxoplasma gondii dense granule antigen 7 (GRA7) against toxoplasmosis in mice using a prime-boost vaccination strategy. Vaccine 2012; 30:5631-6. [PMID: 22789504 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.06.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Revised: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 06/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Effective vaccines against Toxoplasma gondii may contribute to preventing and controlling the spread of toxoplasmosis, which is important for improving outcomes of infections in humans and livestock animals. The dense granule antigen 7 (GRA7) of T. gondii might be an immunodominant antigen for a vaccine candidate. In the present study, a further exploration of its vaccine effect, a heterologous prime-boost vaccination strategy with a recombinant eukaryotic plasmid pEGFP-GRA7 and a recombinant protein GRA7 expressed from a prokaryotic plasmid pET30-GRA7, was performed in BALB/c mice. The data reveal that a DNA prime-protein boost vaccination induces both humoral and cellular immune responses against T. gondii associated with high levels of total IgG, IgG2a isotype and gamma interferon (IFN-γ). Challenge experiments further show that the DNA prime-protein boost vaccination significantly increases survival rate (60%), compared with controls in which all died within 8 days of challenge. Therefore, the DNA prime-protein boost vaccination based on GRA7 might be a promising regimen for further development of an effective vaccine against T. gondii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Min
- Department of Parasitology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China
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17
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Lan J, Gao Z, Xiong H, Chuai X, Jin Y, Li J, Xian X, Liu G, Xie L, Zhang Y, Wang Y. Generation of protective immune responses against coxsackievirus B3 challenge by DNA prime–protein boost vaccination. Vaccine 2011; 29:6894-902. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.07.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2011] [Revised: 07/13/2011] [Accepted: 07/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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18
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Brun A, Bárcena J, Blanco E, Borrego B, Dory D, Escribano JM, Le Gall-Reculé G, Ortego J, Dixon LK. Current strategies for subunit and genetic viral veterinary vaccine development. Virus Res 2011; 157:1-12. [PMID: 21316403 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2011.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2010] [Revised: 02/03/2011] [Accepted: 02/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Developing vaccines for livestock provides researchers with the opportunity to perform efficacy testing in the natural hosts. This enables the evaluation of different strategies, including definition of effective antigens or antigen combinations, and improvement in delivery systems for target antigens so that protective immune responses can be modulated or potentiated. An impressive amount of knowledge has been generated in recent years on vaccine strategies and consequently a wide variety of antigen delivery systems is now available for vaccine research. This paper reviews several antigen production and delivery strategies other than those based on the use of live viral vectors. Genetic and protein subunit vaccines as well as alternative production systems are considered in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Brun
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Valdeolmos, 28130 Madrid, Spain.
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19
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Monsó M, Tarradas J, de la Torre BG, Sobrino F, Ganges L, Andreu D. Peptide vaccine candidates against classical swine fever virus: T cell and neutralizing antibody responses of dendrimers displaying E2 and NS2-3 epitopes. J Pept Sci 2010; 17:24-31. [DOI: 10.1002/psc.1292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2010] [Revised: 08/03/2010] [Accepted: 08/04/2010] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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20
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van Drunen Littel-van den Hurk S, Lawman Z, Wilson D, Luxembourg A, Ellefsen B, van den Hurk JV, Hannaman D. Electroporation enhances immune responses and protection induced by a bovine viral diarrhea virus DNA vaccine in newborn calves with maternal antibodies. Vaccine 2010; 28:6445-54. [PMID: 20670907 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.07.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2010] [Revised: 07/13/2010] [Accepted: 07/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is one of the major pathogens in cattle. In this study, newborn calves with maternal antibodies were vaccinated with a BVDV DNA vaccine, either by conventional intramuscular (IM) injection or with the TriGrid™ Delivery System for IM delivery (TDS-IM). The calves vaccinated with the TDS-IM developed more rapidly and effectively BVDV-specific humoral and cell-mediated immune responses in the presence of maternal antibodies. Overall, the immune responses induced by delivery with the TDS-IM remained stronger than those elicited by conventional IM injection of the BVDV DNA vaccine. Accordingly, electroporation-mediated delivery of the BVDV DNA vaccine resulted in close to complete protection from clinical signs of disease, while conventional IM administration did not fully prevent morbidity and mortality following challenge with BVDV-2. These results demonstrate the TDS-IM to be effective as a delivery system for a BVDV DNA vaccine in newborn calves in the presence of maternal antibodies, which supports the potential of electroporation as a delivery method for prophylactic DNA vaccines.
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Yang S, Wang C, Fang X, Zhai L, Dong C, Ding L, Meng J, Wang L. Fusion of C3d molecule with neutralization epitope(s) of hepatitis E virus enhances antibody avidity maturation and neutralizing activity following DNA immunization. Virus Res 2010; 151:162-9. [PMID: 20451569 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2010.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2009] [Revised: 04/27/2010] [Accepted: 04/28/2010] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have identified that a hepatits E virus peptide (HEV-p179), spanning amino acids (aa) 439-617 in the 660-aa protein encoded by open reading frame 2(ORF2) of the Chinese epidemic strain (genotype 4), is the minimal size fragment of conformation-dependent neutralization epitope(s). We report here the successful immunization of mice with DNA vaccines expressing the secreted form of HEV-p179 (fused with a human tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) signal sequence) and the tPA-p179-C3d fusion protein (fused with three tandem copies of the murine complement C3d). Analysis of antibody responses in vaccinated mice revealed that immunizations with tPA-p179-C3d3 DNA vaccine dramatically increased both the level and avidity maturation of antibodies against HEV-p179 compared to p179 and tPA-p179 DNA vaccines. In addition, this increased antibody response correlated with neutralizing titers in a PCR-based cell culture neutralization assay. These results indicate that vaccination with C3d conjugated p179 DNA vaccine enhances antibody responses to HEV, and this approach may be applied to overcome the poor immunogenicity of DNA vaccines to generate HEV neutralizing antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shucai Yang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School of Southeast University, 87 Dingjiaqiao Rd., Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China.
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Cellular targeting of engineered heterologous antigens is a determinant factor for bovine herpesvirus 4-based vaccine vector development. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2009; 16:1675-86. [PMID: 19793901 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00224-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
In a previous study, an apathogenic strain of bovine herpesvirus 4 (BoHV-4) cloned as a bacterial artificial chromosome and expressing a chimeric peptide (gE2/gD) as a secreted form was described. Recombinant virus-inoculated animals produced antibodies against bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) gE2 and BoHV-1 gD. However, neutralizing antibodies were produced only against BVDV, not against BoHV-1. In the present work a recombinant BoHV-4 expressing a membrane-linked form of gE2/gD chimeric peptide was constructed, and inoculated rabbits produced serum-neutralizing antibodies against both BVDV and BoHV-1. Protein cell sorting and targeting are a very important issue when immunodominant antigens are engineered for recombinant virus vaccine development.
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23
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Animal health safety of fresh meat derived from pigs vaccinated against Classic Swine Fever. EFSA J 2009. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2009.933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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24
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Alekseeva E, Sominskaya I, Skrastina D, Egorova I, Starodubova E, Kushners E, Mihailova M, Petrakova N, Bruvere R, Kozlovskaya T, Isaguliants M, Pumpens P. Enhancement of the expression of HCV core gene does not enhance core-specific immune response in DNA immunization: advantages of the heterologous DNA prime, protein boost immunization regimen. GENETIC VACCINES AND THERAPY 2009; 7:7. [PMID: 19505299 PMCID: PMC2702340 DOI: 10.1186/1479-0556-7-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2008] [Accepted: 06/08/2009] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis C core protein is an attractive target for HCV vaccine aimed to exterminate HCV infected cells. However, although highly immunogenic in natural infection, core appears to have low immunogenicity in experimental settings. We aimed to design an HCV vaccine prototype based on core, and devise immunization regimens that would lead to potent anti-core immune responses which circumvent the immunogenicity limitations earlier observed. METHODS Plasmids encoding core with no translation initiation signal (pCMVcore); with Kozak sequence (pCMVcoreKozak); and with HCV IRES (pCMVcoreIRES) were designed and expressed in a variety of eukaryotic cells. Polyproteins corresponding to HCV 1b amino acids (aa) 1-98 and 1-173 were expressed in E. coli. C57BL/6 mice were immunized with four 25-microg doses of pCMVcoreKozak, or pCMV (I). BALB/c mice were immunized with 100 microg of either pCMVcore, or pCMVcoreKozak, or pCMVcoreIRES, or empty pCMV (II). Lastly, BALB/c mice were immunized with 20 microg of core aa 1-98 in prime and boost, or with 100 microg of pCMVcoreKozak in prime and 20 microg of core aa 1-98 in boost (III). Antibody response, [3H]-T-incorporation, and cytokine secretion by core/core peptide-stimulated splenocytes were assessed after each immunization. RESULTS Plasmids differed in core-expression capacity: mouse fibroblasts transfected with pCMVcore, pCMVcoreIRES and pCMVcoreKozak expressed 0.22 +/- 0.18, 0.83 +/- 0.5, and 13 +/- 5 ng core per cell, respectively. Single immunization with highly expressing pCMVcoreKozak induced specific IFN-gamma and IL-2, and weak antibody response. Single immunization with plasmids directing low levels of core expression induced similar levels of cytokines, strong T-cell proliferation (pCMVcoreIRES), and antibodies in titer 103(pCMVcore). Boosting with pCMVcoreKozak induced low antibody response, core-specific T-cell proliferation and IFN-gamma secretion that subsided after the 3rd plasmid injection. The latter also led to a decrease in specific IL-2 secretion. The best was the heterologous pCMVcoreKozak prime/protein boost regiment that generated mixed Th1/Th2-cellular response with core-specific antibodies in titer >or= 3 x 10(3). CONCLUSION Thus, administration of highly expressed HCV core gene, as one large dose or repeated injections of smaller doses, may suppress core-specific immune response. Instead, the latter is induced by a heterologous DNA prime/protein boost regiment that circumvents the negative effects of intracellular core expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Alekseeva
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Ratsupites 1, Riga, LV-1067, Latvia.
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25
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Thomas C, Young NJ, Heaney J, Collins ME, Brownlie J. Evaluation of efficacy of mammalian and baculovirus expressed E2 subunit vaccine candidates to bovine viral diarrhoea virus. Vaccine 2009; 27:2387-93. [PMID: 19428855 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2008] [Revised: 01/15/2009] [Accepted: 02/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) is a worldwide pathogen of cattle causing a wide spectrum of clinical disease. The major envelope glycoprotein of BVDV, E2, induces the production of neutralising antibodies. In this study we compared the protection afforded to cattle after BVDV challenge by two separate E2 vaccine candidates produced by different heterologous protein expression systems. E2 antigen was expressed using the baculovirus expression system (brE2) and a mammalian cell expression system (mrE2). In the first vaccination study the quantity of recombinant protein expressed by the two systems differed. Vaccination of cattle with a higher dose of brE2 or low dose mrE2 gave comparable protection from viral challenge. Immunised animals showed no pyrexia and reduced leucopaenia which contrasted to the unvaccinated controls. In addition virus shedding from the nasal mucosa was decreased in the vaccinated groups and strong humoral responses were evident post-challenge. However, the efficacy of the brE2 vaccine was greatly diminished when a reduced dose was tested, indicating the importance of assessing the type of expression system used in antigen production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole Thomas
- Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, UK.
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26
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27
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van Drunen Littel-van den Hurk S, Luxembourg A, Ellefsen B, Wilson D, Ubach A, Hannaman D, van den Hurk J. Electroporation-based DNA transfer enhances gene expression and immune responses to DNA vaccines in cattle. Vaccine 2008; 26:5503-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.07.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2008] [Revised: 07/16/2008] [Accepted: 07/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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28
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Luo M, Tao P, Li J, Zhou S, Guo D, Pan Z. Immunization with plasmid DNA encoding influenza A virus nucleoprotein fused to a tissue plasminogen activator signal sequence elicits strong immune responses and protection against H5N1 challenge in mice. J Virol Methods 2008; 154:121-7. [PMID: 18789973 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2008.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2008] [Revised: 08/12/2008] [Accepted: 08/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
DNA vaccination is an effective means of eliciting both humoral and cellular immunity. Most of influenza vaccines targeted at hemagglutinin (HA) show efficient immunogenicity for protecting subjects against influenza virus infection. However, major antigenic variations of HA may facilitate the virus in developing resistance against such vaccines. DNA vaccines encoding conserved antigens protect animals against diverse viral subtypes, but their potency requires further improvement. In the present study, a DNA vaccine encoding the conserved nucleoprotein (NP) with a tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) signal sequence (ptPAs/NP) was generated, and immune responses were examined in vaccinated mice. A higher level of NP expression and secretion was observed in lysates and supernatants of the cells transfected with ptPAs/NP when compared to a plasmid encoding the wild-type full-length NP (pflNP). Immunofluorescence studies showed the cytoplasmic localization of the NP protein expressed from ptPAs/NP, but not from pflNP. In mice, the ptPAs/NP vaccine elicited higher levels of the NP-specific IgG and CD8(+) T cell-stimulating responses than that of pflNP. Vaccination with ptPAs/NP efficiently cleared the homologous H5N1 influenza virus in the infected lungs and induced partial cross-protection against heterologous, highly pathogenic H5N1 strains in mice. Our results may contribute to the development of protective immunity against diverse, highly pathogenic H5N1 virus subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengcheng Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
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29
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Liang R, van den Hurk JV, Landi A, Lawman Z, Deregt D, Townsend H, Babiuk LA, van Drunen Littel-van den Hurk S. DNA prime protein boost strategies protect cattle from bovine viral diarrhea virus type 2 challenge. J Gen Virol 2008; 89:453-466. [PMID: 18198376 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.83251-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
At present, infections with bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) type 2 occur nearly as frequently as those with BVDV type 1, so development of vaccines that protect cattle from both type 1 and type 2 BVDV has become critical. In this study, we compared various DNA prime-protein boost vaccination strategies to protect cattle from challenge with BVDV-2 using the major protective antigen of BVDV, glycoprotein E2. Calves were immunized with a plasmid encoding either type 1 E2 (E2.1) or type 2 E2 (E2.2) or with both plasmids (E2.1+E2.2). This was followed by a heterologous boost with E2.1, E2.2 or E2.1 and E2.2 protein formulated with Emulsigen and a CpG oligodeoxynucleotide. Subsequently, the calves were challenged with BVDV-2 strain 1373. All vaccinated calves developed both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses, including virus-neutralizing antibodies and IFN-gamma-secreting cells in the peripheral blood. Depletion studies showed that CD4+ T cells were responsible for IFN-gamma production. Furthermore, the calves vaccinated with either the E2.2 or the E2.1+E2.2 vaccines were very well protected from challenge with BVDV-2, having little leukopenia and showing no weight loss or temperature response. In addition, the animals vaccinated with the E2.1 vaccine were partially protected, so there was a certain level of cross-protection. These data demonstrate that a vaccination strategy consisting of priming with E2.2 or E2.1+E2.2 DNA and boosting with E2.2 or E2.1+E2.2 protein fully protects cattle from BVDV-2 challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Liang
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, SK S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - J V van den Hurk
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, SK S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - A Landi
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, SK S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - Z Lawman
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, SK S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - D Deregt
- Virology Section, Lethbridge Laboratory, Animal Diseases Research Institute, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Lethbridge, AB T1J 3Z4, Canada
| | - H Townsend
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, SK S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - L A Babiuk
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, SK S7N 5E3, Canada
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30
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Donofrio G, Sartori C, Ravanetti L, Cavirani S, Gillet L, Vanderplasschen A, Taddei S, Flammini CF. Establishment of a bovine herpesvirus 4 based vector expressing a secreted form of the bovine viral diarrhoea virus structural glycoprotein E2 for immunization purposes. BMC Biotechnol 2007; 7:68. [PMID: 17945009 PMCID: PMC2048506 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6750-7-68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2007] [Accepted: 10/18/2007] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The biological characteristics of BoHV-4 make it a good candidate as a gene delivery vector for vaccination purposes. These characteristics include little or no pathogenicity, unlikely oncogenicity, the capability to accommodate large amounts of foreign genetic material, the ability to infect several cell types from different animal species, and the ability to maintain transgene expression in both undifferentiated and differentiated cells. Results A recombinant bovine herpesvirus 4 (BoHV-4CMV-IgKE2-14ΔTK) expressing an enhanced secreted form of the bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) structural glycoprotein E2 (gE2-14), obtained by the removal of the putative transmembrane domain and addition of a 14 amino acids peptide at its carboxyl terminal and an immunoglobulin K signal peptide to the amino terminal, was successfully constructed using a Recombineering (recombination -mediated genetic engineering) approach on BoHV-4 cloned as bacterial artificial chromosome. The galactokinase – based recombineering system was modified by the introduction of a kanamycin expression cassette and a kanamycin selection step that allowed a significant reduction of the untargeted background clones. BoHV-4CMV-IgKE2-14ΔTK infected cell lines highly expressed gE2-14, which maintained native antigenic properties in a serum neutralization inhibition test. When rabbits and sheep were immunized with BoHV-4CMV-IgKE2-14ΔTK, high levels of serum neutralized antibodies against BVDV were generated. Conclusion This work highlights the engineerization of BoHV-4 genome as a vector for vaccine purposes and may provide the basis for BVDV vaccination exploiting the BoHV-4- based vector that delivers an improved secreted version of the BVDV structural glycoprotein E2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaetano Donofrio
- Università di Parma, Facoltà di Medicina Veterinaria, Dipartimento di Salute Animale, Sezione di Malattie Infettive degli Animali, via del Taglio 8, 43100 Parma, Italy.
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31
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Couvreur B, Letellier C, Olivier F, Dehan P, Elouahabi A, Vandenbranden M, Ruysschaert JM, Hamers C, Pastoret PP, Kerkhofs P. Sequence-optimised E2 constructs from BVDV-1b and BVDV-2 for DNA immunisation in cattle. Vet Res 2007; 38:819-34. [PMID: 17727807 DOI: 10.1051/vetres:2007037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2006] [Accepted: 05/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We report DNA immunisation experiments in cattle using plasmid constructs that encoded glycoprotein E2 from bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV)-1 (E2.1) and BVDV-2 (E2.2). The coding sequences were optimised for efficient expression in mammalian cells. A modified leader peptide sequence from protein gD of BoHV1 was inserted upstream of the E2 coding sequences for efficient membrane export of the proteins. Recombinant E2 were efficiently expressed in COS7 cells and they presented the native viral epitopes as judged by differential recognition by antisera from cattle infected with BVDV-1 or BVDV-2. Inoculation of pooled plasmid DNA in young cattle elicited antibodies capable of neutralising viral strains representing the major circulating BVDV genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Couvreur
- Department of Virology, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre, Bruxelles, Belgium.
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32
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Liang R, Babiuk LA, van Drunen Littel-van den Hurk S. Compatibility of plasmids encoding bovine viral diarrhea virus type 1 and type 2 E2 in a single DNA vaccine formulation. Vaccine 2007; 25:5994-6006. [PMID: 17597267 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2007] [Revised: 05/15/2007] [Accepted: 05/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) has become increasingly prevalent worldwide, and currently the ratio of type 2 to type 1 strains in the USA approaches 50%. Although there is cross-reactivity between BVDV type 1 and type 2 strains, BVDV1 vaccine strains poorly protect from type 2 infection, so vaccines against BVDV should contain antigens from both BVDV types. Previously we demonstrated efficacy of a BVDV1 E2 DNA vaccine, and in this study we optimized a BVDV2 E2 DNA vaccine. Furthermore, as an approach to vaccinate with a DNA vaccine against both BVDV types, we compared two strategies, mixing of plasmids encoding type 1 and type 2 E2, and co-expression of type 1 and type 2 E2 from one plasmid with an internal ribosomal entry site (IRES). An evaluation of the IRES-containing plasmids demonstrated that the C-terminally expressed protein is produced at lower levels and induces weaker immune responses than the N-terminally expressed protein, regardless of the position of the type 1 and type 2 E2 genes. In contrast, when both plasmids encoding type 1 and type 2 E2 were administered to mice, the immune responses were similar to those induced by the individual plasmids. Thus, a mixture of plasmids encoding type 1 and type 2 E2 could be a potential DNA vaccine candidate against both BVDV1 and BVDV2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Liang
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, 120 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, Sask. S7N 5E3, Canada
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33
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Makoschey B, Sonnemans D, Bielsa JM, Franken P, Mars M, Santos L, Alvarez M. Evaluation of the induction of NS3 specific BVDV antibodies using a commercial inactivated BVDV vaccine in immunization and challenge trials. Vaccine 2007; 25:6140-5. [PMID: 17336433 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.01.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2006] [Revised: 01/18/2007] [Accepted: 01/29/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In order to evaluate whether cattle vaccinated with an inactivated vaccine against bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) can be differentiated serologically from BVDV infected animals, two different aspects were investigated. Firstly the antibody response against non-structural proteins (NS) was measured after multiple vaccinations of cattle with a single or double dose of a commercially available inactivated BVDV vaccine. In a second study, the animals were first vaccinated with the product, and then infected with BVDV. The antibody response was determined in four different commercial ELISA systems. It can be concluded, that the inactivated BVD vaccine exhibits properties of a marker vaccine when an appropriate antibody NS3 ELISA is applied: after vaccination NS3-specific antibody levels are low or undetectable, but the vaccination does in the present study not show any interference with the development of antibodies against NS3 after subsequent field virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Makoschey
- Intervet International, Wim de Körverstraat 35, 5831 AN Boxmeer, The Netherlands.
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34
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Beer M, Reimann I, Hoffmann B, Depner K. Novel marker vaccines against classical swine fever. Vaccine 2007; 25:5665-70. [PMID: 17239502 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2006] [Revised: 12/04/2006] [Accepted: 12/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Classical swine fever (CSF) is one of the most devastating epizootic diseases of pigs worldwide. For eradication and control purposes, CSF vaccination is an important tool, and efficacious and safe attenuated vaccines have been available for many decades (for example, the C-strain vaccines). In addition to administering them parenterally, live attenuated vaccines are also administered orally for the control and eradication of CSF in wild boar populations. However, antibodies against live attenuated vaccines do not allow to differentiate infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA principle) and the mechanism responsible for attenuation is not known. Only a few years ago the first DIVA vaccines based on baculovirus-expressed E2 glycoprotein have been put on the market [Hulst MM, Westra DF, Wensvoort G, Moormann RJ. Glycoprotein E1 of hog cholera virus expressed in insect cells protects swine from hog cholera. J Virol 1993;67(9):5435-42]. However, these subunit E2 marker vaccines are less efficient and more than one parenteral application is necessary. Furthermore, oral vaccination is not possible. Taking these disadvantages into account, the development of novel CSF vaccines has been focussed on five different strategies, mainly based on genetically engineered constructs: (1) immunogenic CSFV peptides, (2) DNA vaccines, (3) viral vectors expressing CSFV proteins, (4) chimeric pestiviruses, and (5) trans-complemented deleted CSFV genomes (replicons).
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Boddenblick 5a, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
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Liang R, van den Hurk JV, Babiuk LA, van Drunen Littel-van den Hurk S. Priming with DNA encoding E2 and boosting with E2 protein formulated with CpG oligodeoxynucleotides induces strong immune responses and protection from Bovine viral diarrhea virus in cattle. J Gen Virol 2006; 87:2971-2982. [PMID: 16963756 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.81737-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to develop an optimal vaccination strategy for Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV). The E2 protein of BVDV plays a major protective role against BVDV infection. In order to be able to compare DNA, protein and DNA prime-protein boost regimens, a plasmid was constructed encoding a secreted form of the NADL strain E2 protein (pMASIA-tPAsDeltaE2). Furthermore, a pure secreted recombinant DeltaE2 (rDeltaE2) protein was produced. The rDeltaE2 protein was formulated with a combination of Emulsigen and CpG oligodeoxynucleotide. Groups of calves were immunized with pMASIA-tPAsDeltaE2 or with rDeltaE2, or first with pMASIA-tPAsDeltaE2 and then with rDeltaE2. To evaluate the protection against BVDV, calves were challenged with BVDV strain NY-1 after the last immunization. Although all immunized calves developed humoral and cellular immune responses, the antibody responses in the DNA prime-protein boost group were stronger than those elicited by either the DNA vaccine or the protein vaccine. In particular, E2-specific antibody titres were enhanced significantly after boosting the DeltaE2 DNA-primed calves with rDeltaE2 protein. Moreover, protection against BVDV challenge was obtained in the calves treated with the DNA prime-protein boost vaccination regimen, as shown by a significant reduction in weight loss, viral excretion and lymphopenia, compared with the unvaccinated calves and the animals immunized with the DNA or protein only. These results demonstrate the advantage of a DNA prime-protein boost vaccination approach in an outbred species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Liang
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, SK S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - Jan V van den Hurk
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, SK S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - Lorne A Babiuk
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, SK S7N 5E3, Canada
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Kerro-Dego O, Prysliak T, Potter AA, Perez-Casal J. DNA-protein immunization against the GapB and GapC proteins of a mastitis isolate of Staphylococcus aureus. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2006; 113:125-38. [PMID: 16777237 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2006.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2006] [Accepted: 04/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
One of the most economically important diseases that affect the dairy industry is bovine mastitis caused by strains of S. aureus. The development of an effective vaccine has been hampered by the antigenic diversity of the bacterium. Immunization with plasmid DNAs, encoding S. aureus antigens either as single molecule or as chimeric products containing at least two antigens, has been proposed as a novel strategy to prevent this costly disease. We continued our studies on a chimeric protein composed of the surface-located GapB and GapC proteins of S. aureus and in this work we tested the effects of DNA vaccination with plasmids encoding the individual antigens as well as the GapC/B protein with or without a boost with the recombinant proteins. The results showed that DNA vaccination alone was unable to elicit a significant humoral response and barely able to elicit a detectable cell-mediated response to the recombinant antigens. These effects were overcome by boosting with the proteins indicating that these DNA vaccines alone were not sufficient to mount an immune response against the S. aureus GapB and GapC proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oudessa Kerro-Dego
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, 120 Veterinary Rd., Saskatoon SK, Canada S7N 5E3
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