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Zhou P, Zhou Z, Huayu M, Wang L, Feng L, Xiao Y, Dai Y, Xin M, Tang F, Li R. A multi-epitope vaccine GILE against Echinococcus Multilocularis infection in mice. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1091004. [PMID: 36733393 PMCID: PMC9887108 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1091004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The objective of this study is to construct a multi-epitope vaccine GILE containing B-cell and T-cell epitopes against Echinococcus Multilocularis (E. multilocularis) infection based on the dominant epitopes of E. multilocularis EMY162, LAP, and GLUT1. Methods The structure and hydrophobicity of GILE were predicted by SWISSMODEL, pyMOL, SOPMA and VMD, and its sequence was optimized by Optimum™ Codon. The GILE gene was inserted into pCzn1 and transformed into Escherichia coli Arctic express competent cells. IPTG was added to induce the expression of recombinant proteins. High-purity GILE recombinant protein was obtained by Ni-NTA Resin. BALB/c mice were immunized with GILE mixed with Freund's adjuvant, and the antibody levels and dynamic changes in the serum were detected by ELISA. Lymphocyte proliferation was detected by MTS. The levels of IFN-g and IL-4 were detected by ELISpot and flow cytometry (FCM). T cells were detected by FCM. The growth of hepatic cysts was evaluated by Ultrasound and their weights were measured to evaluate the immune protective effect of GILE. Results The SWISS-MODEL analysis showed that the optimal model was EMY162 95-104-LAP464-479-LAP495-510-LAP396-410-LAP504-518-EMY162112-126. The SOPMA results showed that there were Alpha helix (14.88%), Extended strand (26.25%), Beta turn (3.73%) and Random coil (45.82%) in the secondary structure of GILE. The restriction enzyme digestion and sequencing results suggested that the plasmid pCzn1-GILE was successfully constructed. The SDSPAGE results indicated that the recombinant protein was 44.68 KD. The ELISA results indicated that mice immunized with GILE showed higher levels of serum antibodies compared to the PBS group. The FCM and ELISpot results indicated that mice immunized with GILE secreted more IFN-g and IL-4. Immunization with GILE also led to a significant decrease in the maximum diameter and weight of cysts and stimulated the production of CD4+ and CD8+ T Cell. Discussion A multi-epitope vaccine GILE with good immunogenicity and antigenicity has been successfully constructed in this study, which may provide important theoretical and experimental bases for the prevention and treatment of E. multilocularis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Zhou
- Qinghai University Medical College, Xining, Qinghai, China,Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai-Utah Joint Research Key Lab for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Plateau Medical Application, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, China
| | - Zhen Zhou
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai-Utah Joint Research Key Lab for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Plateau Medical Application, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, China
| | - Meiduo Huayu
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai-Utah Joint Research Key Lab for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Plateau Medical Application, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Pathology, The Second Xiangya Hospital DE Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lin Feng
- Qinghai University Medical College, Xining, Qinghai, China,Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai-Utah Joint Research Key Lab for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Plateau Medical Application, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, China
| | - Yang Xiao
- Qinghai University Medical College, Xining, Qinghai, China,Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai-Utah Joint Research Key Lab for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Plateau Medical Application, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, China
| | - Yao Dai
- Qinghai University Medical College, Xining, Qinghai, China,Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai-Utah Joint Research Key Lab for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Plateau Medical Application, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, China
| | - Mingyuan Xin
- Qinghai University Medical College, Xining, Qinghai, China
| | - Feng Tang
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai-Utah Joint Research Key Lab for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Plateau Medical Application, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, China,*Correspondence: Feng Tang, ; Runle Li,
| | - Runle Li
- Qinghai University Medical College, Xining, Qinghai, China,Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai-Utah Joint Research Key Lab for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Plateau Medical Application, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, China,*Correspondence: Feng Tang, ; Runle Li,
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The development of HIV vaccines targeting gp41 membrane-proximal external region (MPER): challenges and prospects. Protein Cell 2018; 9:596-615. [PMID: 29667004 PMCID: PMC6019655 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-018-0534-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) vaccine which is able to effectively prevent infection would be the most powerful method of extinguishing pandemic of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Yet, achieving such vaccine remains great challenges. The membrane-proximal external region (MPER) is a highly conserved region of the envelope glycoprotein (Env) gp41 subunit near the viral envelope surface, and it plays a key role in membrane fusion. It is also the target of some reported broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs). Thus, MPER is deemed to be one of the most attractive vaccine targets. However, no one can induce these bNAbs by immunization with immunogens containing the MPER sequence(s). The few attempts at developing a vaccine have only resulted in the induction of neutralizing antibodies with quite low potency and limited breadth. Thus far, vaccine failure can be attributed to various characteristics of MPER, such as those involving structure and immunology; therefore, we will focus on these and review the recent progress in the field from the following perspectives: (1) MPER structure and its role in membrane fusion, (2) the epitopes and neutralization mechanisms of MPER-specific bNAbs, as well as the limitations in eliciting neutralizing antibodies, and (3) different strategies for MPER vaccine design and current harvests.
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Ajamian L, Melnychuk L, Jean-Pierre P, Zaharatos GJ. DNA Vaccine-Encoded Flagellin Can Be Used as an Adjuvant Scaffold to Augment HIV-1 gp41 Membrane Proximal External Region Immunogenicity. Viruses 2018; 10:E100. [PMID: 29495537 PMCID: PMC5869493 DOI: 10.3390/v10030100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Flagellin's potential as a vaccine adjuvant has been increasingly explored over the last three decades. Monomeric flagellin proteins are the only known agonists of Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5). This interaction evokes a pro-inflammatory state that impacts upon both innate and adaptive immunity. While pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) like flagellin have been used as stand-alone adjuvants that are co-delivered with antigen, some investigators have demonstrated a distinct advantage to incorporating antigen epitopes within the structure of flagellin itself. This approach has been particularly effective in enhancing humoral immune responses. We sought to use flagellin as both scaffold and adjuvant for HIV gp41 with the aim of eliciting antibodies to the membrane proximal external region (MPER). Accordingly, we devised a straightforward step-wise approach to select flagellin-antigen fusion proteins for gene-based vaccine development. Using plasmid DNA vector-based expression in mammalian cells, we demonstrate robust expression of codon-optimized full length and hypervariable region-deleted constructs of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhi flagellin (FliC). An HIV gp41 derived sequence including the MPER (gp41607-683) was incorporated into various positions of these constructs and the expressed fusion proteins were screened for effective secretion, TLR5 agonist activity and adequate MPER antigenicity. We show that incorporation of gp41607-683 into a FliC-based scaffold significantly augments gp41607-683 immunogenicity in a TLR5 dependent manner and elicits modest MPER-specific humoral responses in a mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Ajamian
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada.
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada.
| | - Luca Melnychuk
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada.
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada.
| | - Patrick Jean-Pierre
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada.
| | - Gerasimos J Zaharatos
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada.
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine & Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada.
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Melnychuk L, Ajamian L, Jean-Pierre P, Liang J, Gheorghe R, Wainberg MA, Zaharatos GJ. Development of a DNA vaccine expressing a secreted HIV-1 gp41 ectodomain that includes the membrane-proximal external region. Vaccine 2017; 35:2736-2744. [PMID: 28392143 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A limited number of sites on the HIV-1 Envelope protein are vulnerable to broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs). One of these sites, the membrane proximal external region (MPER), is located at the C-terminus of the gp41 ectodomain (gp41ecto). This highly conserved sequence is bound by several well-characterized bnAbs. Efforts to produce a gp41 immunogen are in part hampered by the MPER's hydrophobicity and propensity to induce aggregation. We sought to produce a DNA vaccine expressing a gp41ecto that is both secreted from mammalian cells and maintains binding by bnAbs to the MPER. Through in silico analysis, we predicted regions of gp41ecto that could induce aggregation and possibly hinder secretion. We generated deletion mutants of gp41ecto and tested their ability to be secreted by mammalian cells. Upon deletion of regions in either the fusion peptide (FP) or MPER, secretion of the gp41ecto increased. In an effort to both augment secretion and maintain binding by bnAbs, we developed constructs with the FP deletion and introduced point mutations in the MPER. Two constructs (gp41 ΔFP and gp41 ΔFP+I682E) maintained binding by gp41 MPER-specific bnAbs (4E10, Z13e1 and 10E8). These were evaluated as DNA vaccines in a mouse model. Both vaccines proved to be immunogenic and appeared to elicit some MPER-specific antibodies that bound gp41 ectodomain-derived proteins but not short peptides spanning the MPER. No neutralizing capacity was detected against a clade C virus containing a homologous MPER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Melnychuk
- Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Lara Ajamian
- Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Jiaming Liang
- Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Romina Gheorghe
- Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Mark A Wainberg
- Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Gerasimos J Zaharatos
- Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
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Live attenuated Salmonella displaying HIV-1 10E8 epitope on fimbriae: systemic and mucosal immune responses in BALB/c mice by mucosal administration. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29556. [PMID: 27411313 PMCID: PMC4944174 DOI: 10.1038/srep29556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The HIV-1 membrane proximal external region (MPER) that is targeted by several broadly neutralizing antibodies (BNAbs) has been considered a potential immunogen for vaccine development. However, to date the immunogenicity of these BNAb epitopes has not been made sufficiently adequate. In the present work, we used live attenuated Salmonella as a platform to present the HIV-1 MPER 10E8 epitope in the fimbriae. The insertion of the 10E8 epitope into the fimbriae had no significant influence on the expression and the absorption capacity of bacterial fimbriae, nor on the virulence and invasiveness of the attenuated Salmonella. After oral administration of the vaccine construct to mice followed by 10E8 epitope peptide boost, specific antibody responses in serum and mucosa as well as memory lymphocytes in spleen and plasma cells in bone marrow were induced. We also found that the live attenuated Salmonella vector directed the immunity toward Th1 bias, induced Th1 and Th2 cytokine responses and stimulated significant B cell differentiation into GC B, memory B and plasma cells. Therefore, we propose that the live attenuated Salmonella constitutively expressing HIV-1 BNAb epitopes on the fimbriae will be an effective approach to improving immune microenvironment and enhancing the immunogenicity of HIV-1 epitope vaccines.
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Banerjee S, Shi H, Habte HH, Qin Y, Cho MW. Modulating immunogenic properties of HIV-1 gp41 membrane-proximal external region by destabilizing six-helix bundle structure. Virology 2016; 490:17-26. [PMID: 26803471 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The C-terminal alpha-helix of gp41 membrane-proximal external region (MPER; (671)NWFDITNWLWYIK(683)) encompassing 4E10/10E8 epitopes is an attractive target for HIV-1 vaccine development. We previously reported that gp41-HR1-54Q, a trimeric protein comprised of the MPER in the context of a stable six-helix bundle (6HB), induced strong immune responses against the helix, but antibodies were directed primarily against the non-neutralizing face of the helix. To better target 4E10/10E8 epitopes, we generated four putative fusion intermediates by introducing double point mutations or deletions in the heptad repeat region 1 (HR1) that destabilize 6HB in varying degrees. One variant, HR1-∆10-54K, elicited antibodies in rabbits that targeted W672, I675 and L679, which are critical for 4E10/10E8 recognition. Overall, the results demonstrated that altering structural parameters of 6HB can influence immunogenic properties of the MPER and antibody targeting. Further exploration of this strategy could allow development of immunogens that could lead to induction of 4E10/10E8-like antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saikat Banerjee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine; and Center for Advanced Host Defenses, Immunobiotics and Translational Comparative Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, United States
| | - Heliang Shi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine; and Center for Advanced Host Defenses, Immunobiotics and Translational Comparative Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, United States
| | - Habtom H Habte
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine; and Center for Advanced Host Defenses, Immunobiotics and Translational Comparative Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, United States
| | - Yali Qin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine; and Center for Advanced Host Defenses, Immunobiotics and Translational Comparative Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, United States
| | - Michael W Cho
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine; and Center for Advanced Host Defenses, Immunobiotics and Translational Comparative Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, United States.
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Kajikawa A, Zhang L, LaVoy A, Bumgardner S, Klaenhammer TR, Dean GA. Mucosal Immunogenicity of Genetically Modified Lactobacillus acidophilus Expressing an HIV-1 Epitope within the Surface Layer Protein. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141713. [PMID: 26509697 PMCID: PMC4624987 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Surface layer proteins of probiotic lactobacilli are theoretically efficient epitope-displaying scaffolds for oral vaccine delivery due to their high expression levels and surface localization. In this study, we constructed genetically modified Lactobacillus acidophilus strains expressing the membrane proximal external region (MPER) from human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) within the context of the major S-layer protein, SlpA. Intragastric immunization of mice with the recombinants induced MPER-specific and S-layer protein-specific antibodies in serum and mucosal secretions. Moreover, analysis of systemic SlpA-specific cytokines revealed that the responses appeared to be Th1 and Th17 dominant. These findings demonstrated the potential use of the Lactobacillus S-layer protein for development of oral vaccines targeting specific peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akinobu Kajikawa
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemistry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Alora LaVoy
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Sara Bumgardner
- Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Todd R. Klaenhammer
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing, & Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Gregg A. Dean
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Habte HH, Banerjee S, Shi H, Qin Y, Cho MW. Immunogenic properties of a trimeric gp41-based immunogen containing an exposed membrane-proximal external region. Virology 2015; 486:187-97. [PMID: 26454663 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The membrane-proximal external region (MPER) of HIV-1 gp41 is an attractive target for vaccine development. Thus, better understanding of its immunogenic properties in various structural contexts is important. We previously described the crystal structure of a trimeric protein complex named gp41-HR1-54Q, which consists of the heptad repeat regions 1 and 2 and the MPER. The protein was efficiently recognized by broadly neutralizing antibodies. Here, we describe its immunogenic properties in rabbits. The protein was highly immunogenic, especially the C-terminal end of the MPER containing 4E10 and 10E8 epitopes ((671)NWFDITNWLWYIK(683)). Although antibodies exhibited strong competition activity against 4E10 and 10E8, neutralizing activity was not detected. Detailed mapping analyses indicated that amino acid residues critical for recognition resided on faces of the alpha helix that are either opposite of or perpendicular to the epitopes recognized by 4E10 and 10E8. These results provide critical information for designing the next generation of MPER-based immunogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Habtom H Habte
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Advanced Host Defenses, Immunobiotics and Translational Comparative Medicine, Iowa State University, 1600 S 16th Street, Ames, IA 50011-1250, USA
| | - Saikat Banerjee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Advanced Host Defenses, Immunobiotics and Translational Comparative Medicine, Iowa State University, 1600 S 16th Street, Ames, IA 50011-1250, USA
| | - Heliang Shi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Advanced Host Defenses, Immunobiotics and Translational Comparative Medicine, Iowa State University, 1600 S 16th Street, Ames, IA 50011-1250, USA
| | - Yali Qin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Advanced Host Defenses, Immunobiotics and Translational Comparative Medicine, Iowa State University, 1600 S 16th Street, Ames, IA 50011-1250, USA
| | - Michael W Cho
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Advanced Host Defenses, Immunobiotics and Translational Comparative Medicine, Iowa State University, 1600 S 16th Street, Ames, IA 50011-1250, USA.
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Zhang L, Wang W, Wang S. Effect of vaccine administration modality on immunogenicity and efficacy. Expert Rev Vaccines 2015; 14:1509-23. [PMID: 26313239 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2015.1081067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The many factors impacting the efficacy of a vaccine can be broadly divided into three categories: features of the vaccine itself, including immunogen design, vaccine type, formulation, adjuvant and dosing; individual variations among vaccine recipients and vaccine administration-related parameters. While much literature exists related to vaccines, and recently systems biology has started to dissect the impact of individual subject variation on vaccine efficacy, few studies have focused on the role of vaccine administration-related parameters on vaccine efficacy. Parenteral and mucosal vaccinations are traditional approaches for licensed vaccines; novel vaccine delivery approaches, including needless injection and adjuvant formulations, are being developed to further improve vaccine safety and efficacy. This review provides a brief summary of vaccine administration-related factors, including vaccination approach, delivery route and method of administration, to gain a better understanding of their potential impact on the safety and immunogenicity of candidate vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhang
- a 1 Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.,b 2 China-US Vaccine Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Wei Wang
- c 3 Wang Biologics, LLC, Chesterfield, MO 63017, USA ; Current affiliation: Bayer HealthCare, Berkeley, CA 94710, USA
| | - Shixia Wang
- d 4 Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
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Rodrigues AF, Soares HR, Guerreiro MR, Alves PM, Coroadinha AS. Viral vaccines and their manufacturing cell substrates: New trends and designs in modern vaccinology. Biotechnol J 2015. [PMID: 26212697 PMCID: PMC7161866 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201400387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination is one of the most effective interventions in global health. The worldwide vaccination programs significantly reduced the number of deaths caused by infectious agents. A successful example was the eradication of smallpox in 1979 after two centuries of vaccination campaigns. Since the first variolation administrations until today, the knowledge on immunology has increased substantially. This knowledge combined with the introduction of cell culture and DNA recombinant technologies revolutionized vaccine design. This review will focus on vaccines against human viral pathogens, recent developments on vaccine design and cell substrates used for their manufacture. While the production of attenuated and inactivated vaccines requires the use of the respective permissible cell substrates, the production of recombinant antigens, virus‐like particles, vectored vaccines and chimeric vaccines requires the use – and often the development – of specific cell lines. Indeed, the development of novel modern viral vaccine designs combined with, the stringent safety requirements for manufacture, and the better understanding on animal cell metabolism and physiology are increasing the awareness on the importance of cell line development and engineering areas. A new era of modern vaccinology is arriving, offering an extensive toolbox to materialize novel and creative ideas in vaccine design and its manufacture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana F Rodrigues
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Hugo R Soares
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal.,Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Miguel R Guerreiro
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal.,Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Paula M Alves
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal.,Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Ana S Coroadinha
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal. .,Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal.
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Lai RPJ, Hock M, Radzimanowski J, Tonks P, Hulsik DL, Effantin G, Seilly DJ, Dreja H, Kliche A, Wagner R, Barnett SW, Tumba N, Morris L, LaBranche CC, Montefiori DC, Seaman MS, Heeney JL, Weissenhorn W. A fusion intermediate gp41 immunogen elicits neutralizing antibodies to HIV-1. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:29912-26. [PMID: 25160627 PMCID: PMC4208001 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.569566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Revised: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The membrane-proximal external region (MPER) of the human immunodeficiency virus, type 1 (HIV-1) envelope glycoprotein subunit gp41 is targeted by potent broadly neutralizing antibodies 2F5, 4E10, and 10E8. These antibodies recognize linear epitopes and have been suggested to target the fusion intermediate conformation of gp41 that bridges viral and cellular membranes. Anti-MPER antibodies exert different degrees of membrane interaction, which is considered to be the limiting factor for the generation of such antibodies by immunization. Here we characterize a fusion intermediate conformation of gp41 (gp41(int)-Cys) and show that it folds into an elongated ∼ 12-nm-long extended structure based on small angle x-ray scattering data. Gp41(int)-Cys was covalently linked to liposomes via its C-terminal cysteine and used as immunogen. The gp41(int)-Cys proteoliposomes were administered alone or in prime-boost regimen with trimeric envelope gp140(CA018) in guinea pigs and elicited high anti-gp41 IgG titers. The sera interacted with a peptide spanning the MPER region, demonstrated competition with broadly neutralizing antibodies 2F5 and 4E10, and exerted modest lipid binding, indicating the presence of MPER-specific antibodies. Although the neutralization potency generated solely by gp140(CA018) was higher than that induced by gp41(int)-Cys, the majority of animals immunized with gp41(int)-Cys proteoliposomes induced modest breadth and potency in neutralizing tier 1 pseudoviruses and replication-competent simian/human immunodeficiency viruses in the TZM-bl assay as well as responses against tier 2 HIV-1 in the A3R5 neutralization assay. Our data thus demonstrate that liposomal gp41 MPER formulation can induce neutralization activity, and the strategy serves to improve breadth and potency of such antibodies by improved vaccination protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel P J Lai
- From the Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, United Kingdom
| | - Miriam Hock
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Unit of Virus Host Cell Interactions (UVHCI), F-38000 Grenoble, France, CNRS, UVHCI, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Jens Radzimanowski
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Unit of Virus Host Cell Interactions (UVHCI), F-38000 Grenoble, France, CNRS, UVHCI, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Paul Tonks
- From the Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, United Kingdom
| | - David Lutje Hulsik
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Unit of Virus Host Cell Interactions (UVHCI), F-38000 Grenoble, France, CNRS, UVHCI, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Gregory Effantin
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Unit of Virus Host Cell Interactions (UVHCI), F-38000 Grenoble, France, CNRS, UVHCI, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - David J Seilly
- From the Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, United Kingdom
| | - Hanna Dreja
- From the Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander Kliche
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Wagner
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Susan W Barnett
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Nancy Tumba
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Centre for HIV and Sexually Transmitted Infections, 1 Modderfontein Road, Sandringham 2131, South Africa
| | - Lynn Morris
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Centre for HIV and Sexually Transmitted Infections, 1 Modderfontein Road, Sandringham 2131, South Africa
| | - Celia C LaBranche
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, and
| | - David C Montefiori
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, and
| | - Michael S Seaman
- Division of Viral Pathogenesis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Jonathan L Heeney
- From the Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, United Kingdom,
| | - Winfried Weissenhorn
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Unit of Virus Host Cell Interactions (UVHCI), F-38000 Grenoble, France, CNRS, UVHCI, F-38000 Grenoble, France,
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12
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Kinlock BL, Wang Y, Turner TM, Wang C, Liu B. Transcytosis of HIV-1 through vaginal epithelial cells is dependent on trafficking to the endocytic recycling pathway. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96760. [PMID: 24830293 PMCID: PMC4022679 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background While it is accepted that viruses can enter epithelial cells by endocytosis, the lack of an established biological mechanism for the trafficking of infectious virions through vaginal epithelial cells and their release from the plasma membrane has contributed to ongoing controversy about whether endocytosis is a mere artifact of some cell culture systems and whether squamous vaginal epithelial cells are even relevant as it pertains to HIV-1 transmission. Methodology/Principal Findings In this study, we investigated the intracellular trafficking pathway that HIV-1 exploits to transcytose vaginal epithelial cells. The reduction of endosome tubulation by recycling endosome inhibitors blocked transcytosis of HIV-1 in a cell culture and transwell system. In addition, we demonstrate that although heat-inactivated virus was endocytosed as efficiently as native virus, heat-inactivated virus was trafficked exclusively to the lysosomal pathway for degradation following endocytosis. Lysosomal protease-specific inhibitors blocked the degradation of inactivated virions. Immunofluorescence analysis not only demonstrated that HIV-1 was inside the cells but the different colocalization pattern of native vs. heat inactivated virus with transferrin provided conclusive evidence that HIV-1 uses the recycling pathway to get across vaginal epithelial cells. Conclusions/Significance Altogether, our findings demonstrate the precise intracellular trafficking pathway utilized by HIV-1 in epithelial cells, confirms that HIV-1 transcytosis through vaginal epithelial cells is a biological phenomenon and brings to light the differential intracellular trafficking of native vs heat-inactivated HIV-1 which with further exploration could prove to provide valuable insights that could be used in the prevention of transcytosis/transmission of HIV-1 across the mucosal epithelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ballington L. Kinlock
- Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Yudi Wang
- Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Tiffany M. Turner
- Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Chenliang Wang
- Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Institute of Gastroenterology and Institute of Human Virology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, Peoples of Republic of China
| | - Bindong Liu
- Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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13
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Sensitivity of immune response quality to influenza helix 190 antigen structure displayed on a modular virus-like particle. Vaccine 2013; 31:4428-35. [PMID: 23845811 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.06.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Revised: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Biomolecular engineering enables synthesis of improved proteins through synergistic fusion of modules from unrelated biomolecules. Modularization of peptide antigen from an unrelated pathogen for presentation on a modular virus-like particle (VLP) represents a new and promising approach to synthesize safe and efficacious vaccines. Addressing a key knowledge gap in modular VLP engineering, this study investigates the underlying fundamentals affecting the ability of induced antibodies to recognize the native pathogen. Specifically, this quality of immune response is correlated to the peptide antigen module structure. We modularized a helical peptide antigen element, helix 190 (H190) from the influenza hemagglutinin (HA) receptor binding region, for presentation on murine polyomavirus VLP, using two strategies aimed to promote H190 helicity on the VLP. In the first strategy, H190 was flanked by GCN4 structure-promoting elements within the antigen module; in the second, dual H190 copies were arrayed as tandem repeats in the module. Molecular dynamics simulation predicted that tandem repeat arraying would minimize secondary structural deviation of modularized H190 from its native conformation. In vivo testing supported this finding, showing that although both modularization strategies conferred high H190-specific immunogenicity, tandem repeat arraying of H190 led to a strikingly higher immune response quality, as measured by ability to generate antibodies recognizing a recombinant HA domain and split influenza virion. These findings provide new insights into the rational engineering of VLP vaccines, and could ultimately enable safe and efficacious vaccine design as an alternative to conventional approaches necessitating pathogen cultivation.
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14
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Chuan YP, Rivera-Hernandez T, Wibowo N, Connors NK, Wu Y, Hughes FK, Lua LHL, Middelberg APJ. Effects of pre-existing anti-carrier immunity and antigenic element multiplicity on efficacy of a modular virus-like particle vaccine. Biotechnol Bioeng 2013; 110:2343-51. [PMID: 23532896 DOI: 10.1002/bit.24907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Revised: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Modularization of a peptide antigen for presentation on a microbially synthesized murine polyomavirus (MuPyV) virus-like particle (VLP) offers a new alternative for rapid and low-cost vaccine delivery at a global scale. In this approach, heterologous modules containing peptide antigenic elements are fused to and displayed on the VLP carrier, allowing enhancement of peptide immunogenicity via ordered and densely repeated presentation of the modules. This study addresses two key engineering questions pertaining to this platform, exploring the effects of (i) pre-existing carrier-specific immunity on modular VLP vaccine effectiveness and (ii) increase in the antigenic element number per VLP on peptide-specific immune response. These effects were studied in a mouse model and with modular MuPyV VLPs presenting a group A streptococcus (GAS) peptide antigen, J8i. The data presented here demonstrate that immunization with a modular VLP could induce high levels of J8i-specific antibodies despite a strong pre-existing anti-carrier immune response. Doubling of the J8i antigenic element number per VLP did not enhance J8i immunogenicity at a constant peptide dose. However, the strategy, when used in conjunction with increased VLP dose, could effectively increase the peptide dose up to 10-fold, leading to a significantly higher J8i-specific antibody titer. This study further supports feasibility of the MuPyV modular VLP vaccine platform by showing that, in the absence of adjuvant, modularized GAS antigenic peptide at a dose as low as 150 ng was sufficient to raise a high level of peptide-specific IgGs indicative of bactericidal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yap P Chuan
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, Centre for Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
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15
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Lutje Hulsik D, Liu YY, Strokappe NM, Battella S, El Khattabi M, McCoy LE, Sabin C, Hinz A, Hock M, Macheboeuf P, Bonvin AMJJ, Langedijk JPM, Davis D, Forsman Quigley A, Aasa-Chapman MMI, Seaman MS, Ramos A, Poignard P, Favier A, Simorre JP, Weiss RA, Verrips CT, Weissenhorn W, Rutten L. A gp41 MPER-specific llama VHH requires a hydrophobic CDR3 for neutralization but not for antigen recognition. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003202. [PMID: 23505368 PMCID: PMC3591319 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The membrane proximal external region (MPER) of the HIV-1 glycoprotein gp41 is targeted by the broadly neutralizing antibodies 2F5 and 4E10. To date, no immunization regimen in animals or humans has produced HIV-1 neutralizing MPER-specific antibodies. We immunized llamas with gp41-MPER proteoliposomes and selected a MPER-specific single chain antibody (VHH), 2H10, whose epitope overlaps with that of mAb 2F5. Bi-2H10, a bivalent form of 2H10, which displayed an approximately 20-fold increased affinity compared to the monovalent 2H10, neutralized various sensitive and resistant HIV-1 strains, as well as SHIV strains in TZM-bl cells. X-ray and NMR analyses combined with mutagenesis and modeling revealed that 2H10 recognizes its gp41 epitope in a helical conformation. Notably, tryptophan 100 at the tip of the long CDR3 is not required for gp41 interaction but essential for neutralization. Thus bi-2H10 is an anti-MPER antibody generated by immunization that requires hydrophobic CDR3 determinants in addition to epitope recognition for neutralization similar to the mode of neutralization employed by mAbs 2F5 and 4E10.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Lutje Hulsik
- Unit of Virus Host Cell Interactions (UVHCI), UMI 3265, Université Joseph Fourier-EMBL-CNRS, Grenoble, France
| | - Ying-ying Liu
- Biomolecular Imaging (BMI), Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Nika M. Strokappe
- Biomolecular Imaging (BMI), Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Simone Battella
- Biomolecular Imaging (BMI), Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mohamed El Khattabi
- Biomolecular Imaging (BMI), Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Laura E. McCoy
- MRC/UCL Centre for Medical Molecular Virology, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Charles Sabin
- Unit of Virus Host Cell Interactions (UVHCI), UMI 3265, Université Joseph Fourier-EMBL-CNRS, Grenoble, France
| | - Andreas Hinz
- Unit of Virus Host Cell Interactions (UVHCI), UMI 3265, Université Joseph Fourier-EMBL-CNRS, Grenoble, France
| | - Miriam Hock
- Unit of Virus Host Cell Interactions (UVHCI), UMI 3265, Université Joseph Fourier-EMBL-CNRS, Grenoble, France
| | - Pauline Macheboeuf
- Unit of Virus Host Cell Interactions (UVHCI), UMI 3265, Université Joseph Fourier-EMBL-CNRS, Grenoble, France
| | - Alexandre M. J. J. Bonvin
- Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - David Davis
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Forsman Quigley
- MRC/UCL Centre for Medical Molecular Virology, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marlén M. I. Aasa-Chapman
- MRC/UCL Centre for Medical Molecular Virology, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael S. Seaman
- Division of Viral Pathogenesis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Alejandra Ramos
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Pascal Poignard
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Adrien Favier
- CNRS, Institut de Biologie Structurale-Jean-Pierre Ebel, Grenoble Cedex, France
- CEA, Institut de Biologie Structurale-Jean-Pierre Ebel, Grenoble Cedex, France
- UJF-Grenoble-1, Institut de Biologie Structurale-Jean-Pierre Ebel, Grenoble Cedex, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Simorre
- CNRS, Institut de Biologie Structurale-Jean-Pierre Ebel, Grenoble Cedex, France
- CEA, Institut de Biologie Structurale-Jean-Pierre Ebel, Grenoble Cedex, France
- UJF-Grenoble-1, Institut de Biologie Structurale-Jean-Pierre Ebel, Grenoble Cedex, France
| | - Robin A. Weiss
- MRC/UCL Centre for Medical Molecular Virology, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - C. Theo Verrips
- Biomolecular Imaging (BMI), Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- QVQ BV, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Winfried Weissenhorn
- Unit of Virus Host Cell Interactions (UVHCI), UMI 3265, Université Joseph Fourier-EMBL-CNRS, Grenoble, France
- * E-mail: (WW); (LR)
| | - Lucy Rutten
- Biomolecular Imaging (BMI), Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- * E-mail: (WW); (LR)
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16
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Buonaguro L, Tagliamonte M, Visciano ML, Tornesello ML, Buonaguro FM. Developments in virus-like particle-based vaccines for HIV. Expert Rev Vaccines 2013; 12:119-127. [PMID: 23414404 DOI: 10.1586/erv.12.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Virus-like particles (VLPs) hold great promise for the development of effective and affordable vaccines. VLPs, indeed, are suitable for presentation and efficient delivery to antigen-presenting cells of linear as well as conformational antigens. This will ultimately result in a crosspresentation with both MHC class I and II molecules to prime CD4(+) T-helper and CD8(+) cytotoxic T cells. This review describes an update on the development and use of VLPs as vaccine approaches for HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Buonaguro
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Molecular Biology and Viral Oncology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori 'Fond Pascale', Via Mariano Semmola 142, 80131 Napoli, Italy
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17
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Jiang J, Kelly KA. Isolation of lymphocytes from mouse genital tract mucosa. J Vis Exp 2012:e4391. [PMID: 22972306 DOI: 10.3791/4391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal surfaces, including in the gastrointestinal, urogenital, and respiratory tracts, provide portals of entry for pathogens, such as viruses and bacteria. Mucosae are also inductive sites in the host to generate immunity against pathogens, such as the Peyers patches in the intestinal tract and the nasal-associated lymphoreticular tissue in the respiratory tract. This unique feature brings mucosal immunity as a crucial player of the host defense system. Many studies have been focused on gastrointestinal and respiratory mucosal sites. However, there has been little investigation of reproductive mucosal sites. The genital tract mucosa is the primary infection site for sexually transmitted diseases (STD), including bacterial and viral infections. STDs are one of the most critical health challenges facing the world today. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates that there are 19 million new infectious every year in the United States. STDs cost the U.S. health care system $17 billion every year, and cost individuals even more in immediate and life-long health consequences. In order to confront this challenge, a greater understanding of reproductive mucosal immunity is needed and isolating lymphocytes is an essential component of these studies. Here, we present a method to reproducibly isolate lymphocytes from murine female genital tracts for immunological studies that can be modified for adaption to other species. The method described below is based on one mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janina Jiang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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18
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Pastori C, Tudor D, Diomede L, Drillet AS, Jegerlehner A, Röhn TA, Bomsel M, Lopalco L. Virus like particle based strategy to elicit HIV-protective antibodies to the alpha-helic regions of gp41. Virology 2012; 431:1-11. [PMID: 22658900 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2012.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2012] [Revised: 03/23/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Natural antibodies to gp41 inhibit HIV-1 replication through the recognition of two different regions, corresponding to the leucine zipper motif in the HR1 alpha-helix and to another motif within HR2 region, hosting 2F5 and 4E10 epitope. This study aimed at reproducing such protective responses through VLP vaccination. Six regions covering the alpha-helical regions of gp41 were conjugated to the surface of AP205 phage-based VLPs. Once administered in mice via systemic or mucosal route, these immunogens elicited high titers of gp41-specific IgG. Immunogenicity and HIV infectivity reduction were obtained either with HR2 regions or with peptides where aminoacid strings were added to either the C-terminus or N-terminus of core epitope in HR1 region. Antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity (ADCC) activity was induced by one of the HR2 epitopes only. These results may have relevant implications for the development of new vaccinal approaches against HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Pastori
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Stamira D'Ancona 20, 20127 Milan, Italy
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19
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Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity and NK Cell-Driven Immune Escape in HIV Infection: Implications for HIV Vaccine Development. Adv Virol 2012; 2012:637208. [PMID: 22611395 PMCID: PMC3350948 DOI: 10.1155/2012/637208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2012] [Revised: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/13/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The HIV-1 genome is malleable and a difficult target tot vaccinate against. It has long been recognised that cytotoxic T lymphocytes and neutralising antibodies readily select for immune escape HIV variants. It is now also clear that NK cells can also select for immune escape. NK cells force immune escape through both direct Killer-immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR)-mediated killing as well as through facilitating antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). These newer finding suggest NK cells and ADCC responses apply significant pressure to the virus. There is an opportunity to harness these immune responses in the design of more effective HIV vaccines.
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20
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Buonaguro L, Tagliamonte M, Tornesello ML, Buonaguro FM. Developments in virus-like particle-based vaccines for infectious diseases and cancer. Expert Rev Vaccines 2012; 10:1569-83. [PMID: 22043956 DOI: 10.1586/erv.11.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Virus-like particles hold great promise for the development of effective and affordable vaccines. Indeed, virus-like particles are suitable for presentation and efficient delivery of linear as well as conformational antigens to antigen-presenting cells. This will ultimately result in optimal B-cell activation and cross-presentation with both MHC class I and II molecules to prime CD4(+) T-helper as well as CD8(+) cytotoxic T cells. This article provides an update on the development and use of virus-like particles as vaccine approaches for infectious diseases and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Buonaguro
- Molecular Biology and Viral Oncology, Department of Experimental Oncology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori Fond Pascale, Via Mariano Semmola 142, 80131 Napoli, Italy.
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21
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Passively transmitted gp41 antibodies in babies born from HIV-1 subtype C-seropositive women: correlation between fine specificity and protection. J Virol 2012; 86:4129-38. [PMID: 22301151 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.06359-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-exposed, uninfected (EUN) babies born to HIV-infected mothers are examples of natural resistance to HIV infection. In this study, we evaluated the titer and neutralizing potential of gp41-specific maternal antibodies and their correlation with HIV transmission in HIV-infected mother-child pairs. Specific gp41-binding and -neutralizing antibodies were determined in a cohort of 74 first-time mother-child pairs, of whom 40 mothers were infected with HIV subtype C. Within the infected mother cohort, 16 babies were born infected and 24 were PCR negative and uninfected at birth (i.e., exposed but uninfected). Thirty-four HIV-uninfected and HIV-unexposed mother-child pairs were included as controls. All HIV-positive mothers and their newborns showed high IgG titers to linear epitopes within the HR1 region and to the membrane-proximal (MPER) domain of gp41; most sera also recognized the disulfide loop immunodominant epitope (IDE). Antibody titers to the gp41 epitopes were significantly lower in nontransmitting mothers (P < 0.01) and in the EUN babies (P < 0.005) than in HIV-positive mother-child pairs. Three domains of gp41, HR1, IDE, and MPER, elicited antibodies that were effectively transmitted to EUN babies. Moreover, in EUN babies, epitopes overlapping the 2F5 epitope (ELDKWAS), but not the 4E10 epitope, were neutralization targets in two out of four viruses tested. Our findings highlight important epitopes in gp41 that appear to be associated with exposure without infection and would be important to consider for vaccine design.
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22
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Wang J, Xu L, Tong P, Chen YH. Mucosal antibodies induced by tandem repeat of 2F5 epitope block transcytosis of HIV-1. Vaccine 2011; 29:8542-8. [PMID: 21939723 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2011] [Revised: 08/31/2011] [Accepted: 09/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Induction of mucosal antibodies to prevent HIV infection is an important strategy for the HIV-1 prophylaxis. Here we report an epitope-vaccine based antigen that was able to elicit mucosal antibodies capable of blocking HIV-1 transcytosis. Because the ELDKWA epitope of neutralizing antibody 2F5 plays a crucial role in transcytosis, a series of immunogens that contain tandem copies of ELDKWA were prepared. Mice were immunized with these immunogens intranasally, and received intraperitoneal+intranasal boosters. The immunogens that contained more ELDKWA epitopes elicited higher level of mucosal ELDKWA-epitope specific IgAs and systemic IgGs. Although the antisera from the immunized mice exhibited mild neutralizing potency to HIV-1 isolates HXB2 and JRFL, the affinity purified mucosal ELDKWA-epitope specific antibodies could block the transcytosis of cell-free CNE3 (a primary isolate of subtype CRF01_AE) in human tight epithelial models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, People's Republic of China
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23
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The gp41 epitope, QARVLAVERY, is highly conserved and a potent inducer of IgA that neutralizes HIV-1 and inhibits viral transcytosis. Mucosal Immunol 2011; 4:539-53. [PMID: 21525865 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2011.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Mucosal surfaces are the predominant site of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 transmission. For prophylactic approaches to effectively prevent HIV infection and subsequent dissemination, the induction of mucosally relevant protective immunity will be critical. Here, we have characterized the antibody (Ab) response generated by a highly conserved gp41epitope, QARVLAVERY, in an optimized immunization model that elicits potent epitope-specific Abs in the serum, vaginal washes, and fecal secretions of immunized mice. Our results show that QARVLAVERY is indeed a potent inducer of IgA and importantly, QARVLAVERY-specific IgA was effective in neutralizing HIV and inhibiting viral transcytosis. Intriguingly, QARVLAVERY also generated an approximate 1:1 ratio of IgG:IgA in the serum of immunized mice, independent of the delivery regimen and produced early systemic IgA, even before IgG. In light of the significantly high IgA induction by QARVLAVERY and the functionality of epitope-specific Abs in the inhibition of HIV infection and transcytosis, QARVLAVERY is an attractive epitope to be considered in mucosal vaccination strategies against HIV.
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24
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Matoba N, Shah NR, Mor TS. Humoral immunogenicity of an HIV-1 envelope residue 649-684 membrane-proximal region peptide fused to the plague antigen F1-V. Vaccine 2011; 29:5584-90. [PMID: 21693158 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2010] [Revised: 05/09/2011] [Accepted: 06/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The membrane-proximal region spanning residues 649-684 of the HIV-1 envelope protein gp41 (MPR₆₄₉₋₆₈₄) is an attractive vaccine target for humoral immunity that blocks viral transcytosis across the mucosal epithelia. However, induction of high-titer MPR₆₄₉₋₆₈₄-specific antibodies remains a challenging task. To explore potential solutions for this challenge, we tested a new translational fusion protein comprising the plague F1-V antigen and MPR₆₄₉₋₆₈₄ (F1-V-MPR₆₄₉₋₆₈₄). We employed systemic immunization for initial feasibility analyses. Despite strong immunogenicity demonstrated for the immunogen, repeated systemic immunizations of mice with F1-V-MPR₆₄₉₋₆₈₄ hardly induced MPR₆₄₉₋₆₈₄-specific IgG. In contrast, a single immunization with F1-V-MPR₆₄₉₋₆₈₄ mounted a significant anti-MPR₆₄₉₋₆₈₄ IgG response in animals that were primed with another MPR₆₄₉₋₆₈₄ fusion protein based on the cholera toxin B subunit. Additional boost immunizations with F1-V-MPR₆₄₉₋₆₈₄ recalled and maintained the antibody response and expanded the number of specific antibody-secreting B cells. Thus, while F1-V-MPR₆₄₉₋₆₈₄ alone was not sufficiently immunogenic to induce detectable levels of MPR₆₄₉₋₆₈₄-specific antibodies, these results suggest that prime-boost immunization using heterologous antigen-display platforms may overcome the poor humoral immunogenicity of MPR₆₄₉₋₆₈₄ for the induction of durable humoral immunity. Further studies are warranted to evaluate the feasibility of this strategy in mucosal immunization. Lastly, our findings add to a growing body of evidence in support of this strategy for immunogen design for poorly immunogenic epitopes besides the MPR of HIV-1's transmembrane envelope protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Matoba
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology at the Biodesign Institute and School of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 874501, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-4501, USA.
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