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Shao J, Liu W, Gao S, Chang H, Guo H. A recombinant multi-epitope trivalent vaccine for foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype O in pigs. Virology 2024; 596:110103. [PMID: 38781710 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2024.110103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
In order to develop a safe and effective broad-spectrum vaccine for foot-and-mouth disease (FMDV), here, we developed a recombinant FMD multiple-epitope trivalent vaccine based on three distinct topotypes of FMDV. Potency of the vaccine was evaluated by immune efficacy in pigs. The results showed that the vaccine with no less than 25 μg of antigen elicited FMDV serotype O specific antibodies and neutralization antibodies by primary-booster regime, and offered immune protection to pigs. More importantly, the vaccine elicited not only the same level of neutralization antibodies against the three distinct topotypes of FMDV, but also provided complete protection in pigs from the three corresponding virus challenge. None of the fully protected pigs were able to generate anti-3ABC antibodies throughout the experiment, which implied the vaccine can offer sterilizing immunity. The vaccine elicited lasting-long high-level antibodies and effectively protected pigs from virulent challenge within six months of immunization. Therefore, we consider that this vaccine may be used in the future for the prevention and control of FMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjun Shao
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, WOAH/China National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, China.
| | - Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, WOAH/China National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, China
| | - Shandian Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, WOAH/China National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, China
| | - Huiyun Chang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, WOAH/China National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, China.
| | - Huichen Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, WOAH/China National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, China
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KAWAGUCHI R, NISHI T, FUKAI K, IKEZAWA M, KOKUHO T, MORIOKA K. Effect of doubled dose administration of foot-and-mouth disease vaccine against heterologous virus infection in cattle. J Vet Med Sci 2024; 86:777-786. [PMID: 38719616 PMCID: PMC11251812 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.24-0115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Vaccination is a feasible approach for controlling foot-and-mouth disease (FMD). In FMD-free countries, vaccines are stored as a precautionary measure to control potential outbreaks. However, the challenge lies in pre-stocking optimal vaccines against the newly emerging strains. This study examined the potency of pre-stocked vaccines administered at elevated doses during emergencies. We vaccinated the cows with either a single or double trivalent vaccine dose containing two serotype O and one serotype A strains. Subsequently, vaccinated and unvaccinated cows were exposed to virulent strains of serotype O (O/JPN/2010; topotype Southeast Asia/Mya-98 lineage) or A (A/IRN/2016; topotype ASIA/G-VII lineage), which were genetically and antigenically distinct from the vaccine strains. Following challenge infections, all cows that received a single dose vaccination exhibited vesicular lesions with excreted viruses in the oral and nasal discharges. However, a substantial reduction was observed in the total clinical scores and virus titers in the sera and nasal discharges compared to those in the unvaccinated group. Cows receiving a doubled dose vaccination were completely protected from infection with O/JPN/2010 or demonstrated a significant decrease in viral shedding and clinical scores against A/IRN/2016. To note, vesicular lesions harbor significant amounts of viruses; thus, by mitigating their formation, viral transmission can be impeded, thereby slowing viral spread in the field. Furthermore, increasing the vaccine dose induced higher neutralizing antibody titers against heterologous strains. These findings suggest an alternative strategy for the effective management of future epidemics using pre-stocked vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rie KAWAGUCHI
- Division of Transboundary Animal Disease Research, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuya NISHI
- Division of Transboundary Animal Disease Research, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko FUKAI
- Division of Transboundary Animal Disease Research, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mitsutaka IKEZAWA
- Division of Transboundary Animal Disease Research, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takehiro KOKUHO
- Division of Transboundary Animal Disease Research, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuki MORIOKA
- Division of Transboundary Animal Disease Research, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tokyo, Japan
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Kim SW, Lee SH, Kim HH, Shin SH, Park SH, Park JH, Kim J, Park CK. Evaluation of Swine Protection with Three Commercial Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccines against Heterologous Challenge with Type A ASIA/G-VII Lineage Viruses. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:476. [PMID: 38793727 PMCID: PMC11125601 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12050476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Outbreaks caused by foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) A/ASIA/G-VII lineage viruses have often occurred in Middle Eastern and Southeast Asian countries since 2015. Because A/ASIA/G-VII lineage viruses are reported to have distinct antigenic relatedness with available commercial FMD vaccine strains, it is necessary to investigate whether inoculation with vaccines used in Korea could confer cross-protection against A/ASIA/G-VII lineage viruses. In the present study, we conducted two vaccination challenge trials to evaluate the efficacy of three commercial FMD vaccines (O/Manisa + O/3039 + A/Iraq, O/Campos + A/Cruzeiro + A/2001, and O/Primorsky + A/Zabaikalsky) against heterologous challenge with ASIA/G-VII lineage viruses (A/TUR/13/2017 or A/BHU/3/2017 strains) in pigs. In each trial, clinical signs, viremia, and salivary shedding of virus were measured for 7 days after challenge. In summary, the O/Campos + A/Cruzeiro + A/2001 vaccine provided full protection against two A/ASIA/G-VII lineage viruses in vaccinated pigs, where significant protection was observed. Although unprotected animals were observed in groups vaccinated with O/Manisa + O/3039 + A/Iraq or O/Primorsky + A/Zabaikalsky vaccines, the clinical scores and viral RNA levels in the sera and oral swabs of vaccinated animals were significantly lower than those of unvaccinated controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon Woo Kim
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon City 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea; (S.W.K.); (S.H.L.); (S.-H.S.); (S.-H.P.); (J.-H.P.)
| | - Seung Heon Lee
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon City 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea; (S.W.K.); (S.H.L.); (S.-H.S.); (S.-H.P.); (J.-H.P.)
| | - Ha-Hyun Kim
- Laboratory Animal Facility, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun-gun 58128, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea;
| | - Sung-Ho Shin
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon City 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea; (S.W.K.); (S.H.L.); (S.-H.S.); (S.-H.P.); (J.-H.P.)
| | - Sang-Hyun Park
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon City 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea; (S.W.K.); (S.H.L.); (S.-H.S.); (S.-H.P.); (J.-H.P.)
| | - Jong-Hyeon Park
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon City 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea; (S.W.K.); (S.H.L.); (S.-H.S.); (S.-H.P.); (J.-H.P.)
| | - Jaejo Kim
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon City 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea; (S.W.K.); (S.H.L.); (S.-H.S.); (S.-H.P.); (J.-H.P.)
| | - Choi-Kyu Park
- Animal Disease Intervention Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 80, Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
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Shin SH, Hwang SY, Kim HM, Shin SH, Ko MK, Lee MJ, Kim SM, Park JH. Evaluation of a Vaccine Candidate Designed for Broad-Spectrum Protection against Type A Foot-and-Mouth Disease in Asia. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:64. [PMID: 38250877 PMCID: PMC10819240 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12010064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) vaccines are currently the most powerful protective and preventive measures used to control FMD. In this study, the chimeric vaccine strain containing antigenic epitopes from the FMD virus serotype A, which belongs to the ASIA topotype, was produced and evaluated. The chimeric vaccine strains contain sea-97/G1 (VP4, VP2, VP3) and A22 Iraq (VP1) or G-VII (VP1) for use in FMD vaccines in Asia. The 50% protective dose was determined in mice. Vaccinated mice were challenged with three different type A viruses (Sea-97/G1, Sea-97/G2, G-VII clade) seven days post-vaccination (dpv), and mice that received the vaccine candidates were protected against the three viruses. The protective capability of one of the vaccine candidates was evaluated in pigs. Vaccinated pigs were challenged with three different type A viruses (Sea-97/G1, Sea-97/G2, G-VII clade) at 28 dpv, and pigs that received the vaccine candidate were protected against the three viruses. The results showed that this vaccine candidate, which was designed to provide protection against FMD in Asia, efficiently protected pigs against virus challenge and thus has potential as a broad-spectrum vaccine for various epidemic FMD viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Ho Shin
- Center for Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon City 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea; (S.H.S.); (S.Y.H.); (H.-M.K.); (M.-K.K.); (M.J.L.); (S.-M.K.)
| | - Seong Yun Hwang
- Center for Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon City 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea; (S.H.S.); (S.Y.H.); (H.-M.K.); (M.-K.K.); (M.J.L.); (S.-M.K.)
| | - Hyun-Mi Kim
- Center for Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon City 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea; (S.H.S.); (S.Y.H.); (H.-M.K.); (M.-K.K.); (M.J.L.); (S.-M.K.)
| | - Se Hee Shin
- VAXDIGM, Room 335, 3rd Floor, 11, Bongeunsa-ro 63-gil, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 060097, Republic of Korea;
| | - Mi-Kyeong Ko
- Center for Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon City 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea; (S.H.S.); (S.Y.H.); (H.-M.K.); (M.-K.K.); (M.J.L.); (S.-M.K.)
| | - Min Ja Lee
- Center for Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon City 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea; (S.H.S.); (S.Y.H.); (H.-M.K.); (M.-K.K.); (M.J.L.); (S.-M.K.)
| | - Su-Mi Kim
- Center for Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon City 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea; (S.H.S.); (S.Y.H.); (H.-M.K.); (M.-K.K.); (M.J.L.); (S.-M.K.)
| | - Jong-Hyeon Park
- Center for Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon City 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea; (S.H.S.); (S.Y.H.); (H.-M.K.); (M.-K.K.); (M.J.L.); (S.-M.K.)
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Kim J, Lee SH, Kim HH, Shin SH, Park SH, Park JH, Park CK. An Alternative Serological Measure for Assessing Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine Efficacy against Homologous and Heterologous Viral Challenges in Pigs. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 12:10. [PMID: 38276669 PMCID: PMC10820997 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
To analyze the relationship between homologous and heterologous serological titers of immunized pigs and their protection statuses against FMD virus challenges, in the present study, the correlation between the virus neutralization titers at 21 and 28 dpv and the protection statuses at 28 dpv against challenge with FMD virus was analyzed using data sets comprising five different combinations of homologous or heterologous challenge experiments in pigs vaccinated with type O (n = 96), A (n = 69), and Asia 1 (n = 74). As a result, the experiments were divided into three groups (21D-1, 21D-2, and 21D-3) in the 21-dpv model and two groups (28D-1 and 28D-2) in the 28-dpv model. Each response curve of groups 21D-1 and 21D-2 in the 21-dpv model was very similar to each curve of groups 28D-1 and 28D-2 in the 28-dpv model, respectively, even though there was an exceptional extra group (21D-3) in the 21-dpv model. The average titers estimating 0.75 probability of protection ranged from 1.06 to 1.62 log10 in the 21-dpv model and from 1.26 to 1.64 log10 in the 28-dpv model. In summary, we demonstrated that the serological method is useful for predicting the homologous and heterologous protection statuses of vaccinated pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaejo Kim
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon City 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea; (J.K.); (S.H.L.); (H.-H.K.); (S.-H.S.); (S.-H.P.)
| | - Seung Heon Lee
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon City 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea; (J.K.); (S.H.L.); (H.-H.K.); (S.-H.S.); (S.-H.P.)
| | - Ha-Hyun Kim
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon City 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea; (J.K.); (S.H.L.); (H.-H.K.); (S.-H.S.); (S.-H.P.)
| | - Sung-Ho Shin
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon City 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea; (J.K.); (S.H.L.); (H.-H.K.); (S.-H.S.); (S.-H.P.)
| | - Sang-Hyun Park
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon City 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea; (J.K.); (S.H.L.); (H.-H.K.); (S.-H.S.); (S.-H.P.)
| | - Jong-Hyeon Park
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon City 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea; (J.K.); (S.H.L.); (H.-H.K.); (S.-H.S.); (S.-H.P.)
| | - Choi-Kyu Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Animal Disease Intervention Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
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Mohapatra JK, Dahiya SS, Subramaniam S, Rout M, Biswal JK, Giri P, Nayak V, Singh RP. Emergence of a novel genetic lineage 'A/ASIA/G-18/2019' of foot and mouth disease virus serotype A in India: A challenge to reckon with. Virus Res 2023; 333:199140. [PMID: 37268276 PMCID: PMC10352718 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Foot and mouth disease (FMD) has engendered large scale socioeconomic crises on numerous occasions owing to its extreme contagiousness, transboundary nature, complicated epidemiology, negative impact on productivity, trade embargo, and need for intensive surveillance and expensive control measures. Emerging FMD virus variants have been predicted to have originated and spread from endemic Pool 2, native to South Asia, to other parts of the globe. In this study, 26 Indian serotype A isolates sampled between the year 2015 and 2022 were sequenced for the VP1 region. BLAST and maximum likelihood phylogeny suggest emergence of a novel genetic group within genotype 18, named here as 'A/ASIA/G-18/2019' lineage, that is restricted so far only to India and its eastern neighbour, Bangladesh. The lineage subsequent to its first appearance in 2019 seems to have displaced all other prevalent strains, in support of the phenomenon of 'genotype/lineage turnover'. It has diversified into two distinct sub-clusters, reflecting a phase of active evolution. The rate of evolution of the VP1 region for the Indian serotype A dataset was estimated to be 6.747 × 10-3 substitutions/site/year. India is implementing a vaccination centric FMD control programme. The novel lineage showed good antigenic match with the proposed vaccine candidate A IND 27/2011 when tested in virus neutralization test, while the existing vaccine strain A IND 40/2000 showed homology with only 31% of the isolates. Therefore, in order to combat this challenge of antigenic divergence, A IND 27/2011 could be the preferred strain in the Indian vaccine formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jajati Keshari Mohapatra
- ICAR-National Institute on Foot and Mouth Disease, International Centre for FMD, Arugul, Bhubaneswar 752050, Odisha, India.
| | - Shyam Singh Dahiya
- ICAR-National Institute on Foot and Mouth Disease, International Centre for FMD, Arugul, Bhubaneswar 752050, Odisha, India
| | - Saravanan Subramaniam
- ICAR-National Institute on Foot and Mouth Disease, International Centre for FMD, Arugul, Bhubaneswar 752050, Odisha, India
| | - Manoranjan Rout
- ICAR-National Institute on Foot and Mouth Disease, International Centre for FMD, Arugul, Bhubaneswar 752050, Odisha, India
| | - Jitendra Kumar Biswal
- ICAR-National Institute on Foot and Mouth Disease, International Centre for FMD, Arugul, Bhubaneswar 752050, Odisha, India
| | - Priyabrata Giri
- ICAR-National Institute on Foot and Mouth Disease, International Centre for FMD, Arugul, Bhubaneswar 752050, Odisha, India
| | - Vinayak Nayak
- ICAR-National Institute on Foot and Mouth Disease, International Centre for FMD, Arugul, Bhubaneswar 752050, Odisha, India
| | - Rabindra Prasad Singh
- ICAR-National Institute on Foot and Mouth Disease, International Centre for FMD, Arugul, Bhubaneswar 752050, Odisha, India
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Razak A, Altaf I, Ahmad Anjum A, Raza Awan A. Preparation of purified vaccine from local isolate of foot and mouth disease virus and its immune response in bovine calves. Saudi J Biol Sci 2023; 30:103709. [PMID: 37440959 PMCID: PMC10333673 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2023.103709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) is globally pandemic which badly affect the economics of livestock based countries like Pakistan. There are different types of Foot and Mouth Disease Virus (FMDV) among these types O is most prevalent in Pakistan. Recently Pakistan is producing approximately fifteen million doses of non-purified FMD vaccine against the demand of 160 million doses annually. More over the Pakistan is still striving for the development and optimization of concentration as well as purification of FMDV. The present project was designed to develop the technology for the purification of FMDV indigenously. The locally isolated and adapted FMDV type O virus was propagated on adherent culture of BHK-21cells to get final volume of virus one liter. This virus suspension was concentrated by peggylation as well as ultra-filtration method. The purification and quantification of concentrated virus was done by size exclusion chromatography. The results showed that peggylation is better method of concentration up to 603.75 µg/ml with 82.80 % recovery rate than ultra-filtration with 43.90 % followed by chromatography for purification. The PD50 was calculated in bovines at 24, 12, 6, 3 and 1.5 µg of FMDV Ag/dose and it revealed that antigen load of 1.98 µg is the dose, where the 50 % of inoculated animals showed the protective antibody level based upon percent inhibition through antibody detecting ELISA. According to the British pharmacopeia, the vaccine should contain 3PD50 which found equivalent to our findings about 6 µg/dose. The group of animal injected with 6/dose (3.23PD50) showed protective titer up to 20th week post priming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Razak
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Syed Abdul Qadir Jillani (Out Fall) Road, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Imran Altaf
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Syed Abdul Qadir Jillani (Out Fall) Road, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Aftab Ahmad Anjum
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Syed Abdul Qadir Jillani (Out Fall) Road, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Ali Raza Awan
- Institute of Biochemistry, and Biotechnology, University of Veterinary, and Animal Sciences, Syed Abdul Qadir Jillani (Out Fall) Road, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
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Assessment of the potency and effectiveness of a heptavalent oil-adjuvanted (ISA 206) foot-and-mouth disease vaccine in Egypt. Arch Virol 2023; 168:62. [PMID: 36633687 PMCID: PMC9836974 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-022-05624-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a serious highly contagious viral disease affecting all cloven-hoofed animals, and outbreaks can have a severe economic impact. An inactivated heptavalent oil-adjuvanted FMD vaccine (Aphtovac-7, MEVAC) was prepared from the foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) strains A-Iran05, A-Africa-IV, O-PanAsia2, O-Manisa, O-EA3, SAT-2 Gharbia, and SAT-2 LIB-12. The vaccine potency and effectiveness were evaluated in three groups of 6- to 8-month-old calves and 200 adult dairy cattle under field conditions. All animals were vaccinated with the vaccine preparation, and the three groups of calves were challenged after 28 days by intradermolingual inoculation with 104 50% tissue culture infective dose (TCID50) of FMDV serotype A, O, or SAT-2. Mock-vaccinated calves (two per group) served as unvaccinated controls during the challenge test. Adult dairy cattle were tested for seroconversion using a virus neutralization test at 30, 60, and 120 days post-vaccination. All calves displayed complete protection against challenge with the different serotypes of FMDV when compared to the control groups. Serum samples collected after the primary and booster immunizations at 30 days post-vaccination contained high titers of protective antibodies (≥ 1/32; i.e. 1.5 log10). Antibodies persisted until the end of the study period (120 days), with a peak value around 60 days post-vaccination. The heptavalent FMD vaccine preparation was found to be potent and capable of providing a protective immune response under both experimental and field conditions.
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Ludi AB, McLaws M, Armson B, Clark J, Di Nardo A, Parekh K, Henstock M, Muellner P, Muellner UJ, Rosso F, Prada JM, Horton DL, Paton DJ, Sumption K, King DP. PRAGMATIST: A tool to prioritize foot-and-mouth disease virus antigens held in vaccine banks. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1029075. [PMID: 36590816 PMCID: PMC9798001 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1029075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigen banks have been established to supply foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) vaccines at short notice to respond to incursions or upsurges in cases of FMDV infection. Multiple vaccine strains are needed to protect against specific FMDV lineages that circulate within six viral serotypes that are unevenly distributed across the world. The optimal selection of distinct antigens held in a bank must carefully balance the desire to cover these risks with the costs of purchasing and maintaining vaccine antigens. PRAGMATIST is a semi-quantitative FMD vaccine strain selection tool combining three strands of evidence: (1) estimates of the risk of incursion from specific areas (source area score); (2) estimates of the relative prevalence of FMD viral lineages in each specific area (lineage distribution score); and (3) effectiveness of each vaccine against specific FMDV lineages based on laboratory vaccine matching tests (vaccine coverage score). The output is a vaccine score, which identifies vaccine strains that best address the threats, and consequently which are the highest priority for inclusion in vaccine antigen banks. In this paper, data used to populate PRAGMATIST are described, including the results from expert elicitations regarding FMD risk and viral lineage circulation, while vaccine coverage data is provided from vaccine matching tests performed at the WRLFMD between 2011 and 2021 (n = 2,150). These data were tailored to working examples for three hypothetical vaccine antigen bank perspectives (Europe, North America, and Australia). The results highlight the variation in the vaccine antigens required for storage in these different regions, dependent on risk. While the tool outputs are largely robust to uncertainty in the input parameters, variation in vaccine coverage score had the most noticeable impact on the estimated risk covered by each vaccine, particularly for vaccines that provide substantial risk coverage across several lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna B. Ludi
- Vesicular Disease Reference Laboratory, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
| | - Melissa McLaws
- The European Commission for the Control of Foot and Mouth Disease (EuFMD), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy,*Correspondence: Melissa McLaws
| | - Bryony Armson
- The European Commission for the Control of Foot and Mouth Disease (EuFMD), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
| | - Jessica Clark
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Antonello Di Nardo
- Vesicular Disease Reference Laboratory, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
| | - Krupali Parekh
- Vesicular Disease Reference Laboratory, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Henstock
- Vesicular Disease Reference Laboratory, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
| | - Petra Muellner
- Epi-Interactive, Miramar, Wellington, New Zealand,School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | | | - Fabrizio Rosso
- The European Commission for the Control of Foot and Mouth Disease (EuFMD), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
| | - Joaquin M. Prada
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel L. Horton
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - David J. Paton
- Vesicular Disease Reference Laboratory, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom,The European Commission for the Control of Foot and Mouth Disease (EuFMD), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
| | - Keith Sumption
- The European Commission for the Control of Foot and Mouth Disease (EuFMD), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
| | - Donald P. King
- Vesicular Disease Reference Laboratory, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
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10
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Gubbins S, Paton DJ, Dekker A, Ludi AB, Wilsden G, Browning CFJ, Eschbaumer M, Barnabei J, Duque H, Pauszek LL, King DP. Predicting cross-protection against foot-and-mouth disease virus strains by serology after vaccination. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1027006. [PMID: 36532344 PMCID: PMC9751447 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1027006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Serology is widely used to predict whether vaccinated individuals and populations will be protected against infectious diseases, including foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), which affects cloven-hoofed animals. Neutralising antibody titres to FMD challenge viruses correlate to protection against FMD, for vaccinated cattle that are infected with the same strain as in the vaccine (homologous protection). Similar relationships exist for cross-strain protection between different vaccine and challenge viruses, although much less data are available for these heterologous studies. Poor inter-laboratory reproducibility of the virus neutralisation test (VNT) also hampers comparisons between studies. Therefore, day-of-challenge sera (n = 180) were assembled from 13 previous FMD cross-protection experiments for serotypes O (n = 2), A (n = 10), and SAT 2 (n = 1). These were tested by VNT against the challenge viruses at the FMD FAO World Reference Laboratory (WRLFMD) and the titres were compared to challenge outcomes (protected or not). This dataset was combined with equivalent serology and protection data for 61 sera from four cross-protection experiments carried out at WRLFMD for serotypes O (n = 2), A (n = 1), and Asia 1 (n = 1). VNT results and protection outcomes were also analysed for a serotype O cross-protection experiment involving 39 cattle, where the sera were not available for retesting at WRLFMD. Three categories of association between heterologous neutralising antibody titre and heterologous protection were found (Group 1-3). The log10 reciprocal titres associated on average with 75% protection (with 95% credible limits) were: Group 1: 2.46 (2.11-2.97); Group 2: 1.67 (1.49-1.92); Group 3: 1.17 (1.06-1.30). Further cross-protection data are needed to understand the factors that underpin this variability and to develop more robust antibody thresholds. Establishing cut-off serological titres that can be used to score the adequacy of vaccine-induced immunity will facilitate the monitoring and thereby the performance of FMD vaccination in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Aldo Dekker
- Laboratory Vesicular Diseases, Department of Virology and Molecular Biology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, Netherlands
| | - Anna B. Ludi
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Michael Eschbaumer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jamie Barnabei
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, United States
| | - Hernando Duque
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, United States
| | - Lisa L. Pauszek
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, United States
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11
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Establishing an In Vitro System to Assess How Specific Antibodies Drive the Evolution of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus. Viruses 2022; 14:v14081820. [PMID: 36016442 PMCID: PMC9412381 DOI: 10.3390/v14081820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses can evolve to respond to immune pressures conferred by specific antibodies generated after vaccination and/or infection. In this study, an in vitro system was developed to investigate the impact of serum-neutralising antibodies upon the evolution of a foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) isolate. The presence of sub-neutralising dilutions of specific antisera delayed the onset of virus-induced cytopathic effect (CPE) by up to 44 h compared to the untreated control cultures. Continued virus passage with sub-neutralising dilutions of these sera resulted in a decrease in time to complete CPE, suggesting that FMDV in these cultures adapted to escape immune pressure. These phenotypic changes were associated with three separate consensus-level non-synonymous mutations that accrued in the viral RNA-encoding amino acids at positions VP266, VP280 and VP1155, corresponding to known epitope sites. High-throughput sequencing also identified further nucleotide substitutions within the regions encoding the leader (Lpro), VP4, VP2 and VP3 proteins. While association of the later mutations with the adaptation to immune pressure must be further verified, these results highlight the multiple routes by which FMDV populations can escape neutralising antibodies and support the application of a simple in vitro approach to assess the impact of the humoral immune system on the evolution of FMDV and potentially other viruses.
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12
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Singanallur NB, Eblé PL, Ludi AB, Statham B, Bin-Tarif A, King DP, Dekker A, Vosloo W. A Vaccine Based on the A/ASIA/G-VII Lineage of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Offers Low Levels of Protection against Circulating Viruses from the A/ASIA/Iran-05 lineage. Viruses 2022; 14:97. [PMID: 35062300 PMCID: PMC8781018 DOI: 10.3390/v14010097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent emergence and circulation of the A/ASIA/G-VII (A/G-VII) lineage of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) in the Middle East has resulted in the development of homologous vaccines to ensure susceptible animals are sufficiently protected against clinical disease. However, a second serotype A lineage called A/ASIA/Iran-05 (A/IRN/05) continues to circulate in the region and it is therefore imperative to ensure vaccine strains used will protect against both lineages. In addition, for FMDV vaccine banks that usually hold a limited number of strains, it is necessary to include strains with a broad antigenic coverage. To assess the cross protective ability of an A/G-VII emergency vaccine (formulated at 43 (95% CI 8-230) PD50/dose as determined during homologous challenge), we performed a heterologous potency test according to the European Pharmacopoeia design using a field isolate from the A/IRN/05 lineage as the challenge virus. The estimated heterologous potency in this study was 2.0 (95% CI 0.4-6.0) PD50/dose, which is below the minimum potency recommended by the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE). Furthermore, the cross-reactive antibody titres against the heterologous challenge virus were poor (≤log10 0.9), even in those cattle that had received the full dose of vaccine. The geometric mean r1-value was 0.2 (95% CI 0.03-0.8), similar to the potency ratio of 0.04 (95% CI 0.004-0.3). Vaccination decreased viraemia and virus excretion compared to the unvaccinated controls. Our results indicate that this A/G-VII vaccine does not provide sufficient protection against viruses belonging to the A/IRN/05 lineage and therefore the A/G-VII vaccine strain cannot replace the A/IRN/05 vaccine strain but could be considered an additional strain for use in vaccines and antigen banks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Phaedra Lydia Eblé
- Laboratory Vesicular Diseases, Department of Virology and Molecular Biology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Houtribweg 39, 8221 RA Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | | | - Bob Statham
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 ONF, UK
| | | | - Donald P King
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 ONF, UK
| | - Aldo Dekker
- Laboratory Vesicular Diseases, Department of Virology and Molecular Biology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Houtribweg 39, 8221 RA Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Wilna Vosloo
- Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, CSIRO-Health & Biosecurity, 5 Portarlington Road, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
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13
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Peta FRM, Sirdar MM, van Bavel P, Mutowembwa PB, Visser N, Olowoyo J, Seheri M, Heath L. Evaluation of Potency and Duration of Immunity Elicited by a Multivalent FMD Vaccine for Use in South Africa. Front Vet Sci 2022; 8:750223. [PMID: 34977205 PMCID: PMC8714748 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.750223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
South Africa (SA) experiences sporadic foot and mouth disease (FMD) outbreaks irrespective of routine prophylactic vaccinations of cattle using imported commercial vaccines. The problem could be mitigated by preparation of vaccines from local virus strains related to those circulating in the endemically infected buffalo populations in the Kruger National Park (KNP). This study demonstrates the individual number of protective doses (PD) of five vaccine candidate strains after homologous virus challenge, as well as the vaccines safety and onset of humoral immunity in naïve cattle. Furthermore, the duration of post-vaccination immunity over a 12-month period is shown, when a multivalent vaccine prepared from the five strains is administered as a primary dose with or without booster vaccinations. The five monovalent vaccines were shown to contain a 50% PD between 4 and 32, elicit humoral immunity with antibody titers ≥2.0 log10 from day 7 post-vaccination, and cause no adverse reactions. Meanwhile, the multivalent vaccine elicited antibody titers ≥2.0 log10 and clinical protection up to 12 months when one or two booster vaccinations were administered within 6 months of the primary vaccination. An insignificant difference between the application of one or two booster vaccinations was revealed. Owing to the number of PDs, we anticipate that the multivalent vaccine could be used successfully for prophylactic and emergency vaccinations without adjustment of the antigen payloads. Furthermore, a prophylactic vaccination regimen comprising primary vaccination of naïve cattle followed by two booster vaccinations 1.5 and 6 months later could potentially maintain herd immunity over a period of 12 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faith R M Peta
- Transboundary Animal Diseases: Vaccine Production Programme, Onderstepoort Veterinary Research Institute, Agricultural Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa.,Department of Medical Virology, School of Medicine, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - M M Sirdar
- Transboundary Animal Diseases: Vaccine Production Programme, Onderstepoort Veterinary Research Institute, Agricultural Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Peter van Bavel
- Transboundary Animal Diseases: Vaccine Production Programme, Onderstepoort Veterinary Research Institute, Agricultural Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa.,Private Consultants, Boxmeer, Netherlands
| | - P B Mutowembwa
- Transboundary Animal Diseases: Vaccine Production Programme, Onderstepoort Veterinary Research Institute, Agricultural Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - N Visser
- Transboundary Animal Diseases: Vaccine Production Programme, Onderstepoort Veterinary Research Institute, Agricultural Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa.,Private Consultants, Boxmeer, Netherlands
| | - J Olowoyo
- Department of Biology, School of Science and Technology, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - M Seheri
- Department of Medical Virology, School of Medicine, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Livio Heath
- Transboundary Animal Diseases: Vaccine Production Programme, Onderstepoort Veterinary Research Institute, Agricultural Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa
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14
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Xu W, Yang M. Genetic variation and evolution of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype A in relation to vaccine matching. Vaccine 2021; 39:1420-1427. [PMID: 33526282 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a severe, highly contagious viral disease that affects a wide variety of domestic and wild cloven-hoofed animals. FMD vaccines can play a vital role in disease control and are very widely used globally each year. However, due to the diversity of FMDV, the choice of FMD vaccine is still a huge challenge. In this study, 45 FMDV/A isolates were phylogenetically categorized into three topotypes: ASIA (n = 31), AFRICA (n = 10), and EURO-SA (n = 4). Three sera collected from vaccinated cattle with FMDV A22/IRQ/24/64, A/IRN/05, and A/ARG/01 were used to evaluate their antigenic relationship (r1) with the field isolates. The IRQ/24/64 serum demonstrated a 39% (17/44) match (r1 ≥ 0.3) to the field isolates, whereas IRN/05 serum and ARG/01serum showed an 18% (8/44) and a 2% (1/44) match (r1 ≥ 0.3) to the field isolates, respectively. The A22/IRQ/24/64 matched with isolates mainly from topotype ASIA, with limited cross-topotype match with isolates from topotypes AFRICA and EURO-SA. However, the A/IRN/05 did not show a cross-topotype match with topotype AFRICA isolates and A/ARG/01 failed to match any isolates from topotypes ASIA and AFRICA. After analyzing the amino acid variation of the known antigenic sites of 45 strains of FMDV/A, it was found that together antigenic sites 1 and 3 contributed about 71% of the amino acid changes to the vaccine evaluated. Based on the capsid sequences, the FMDV/A evolved unequally among topotypes. The topotypes of ASIA and AFRICA evolves faster than that of EURO-SA. The FMDV/A continues to show a high level of genetic diversity driven by a high substitution rate, purifying selection, and positive selection concentrated on antigenic sites or near antigenic sites. The current research shows the challenges of the FMDV/A vaccine selection and emphasizes the importance of continuous monitoring of antigenic evolution for the selection of effective vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanhong Xu
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 3M4, Canada
| | - Ming Yang
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 3M4, Canada.
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15
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Cross-Protection Induced by a A/MAY/97 Emergency Vaccine Against Intra-Serotype Heterologous Challenge with a Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus from the A/ASIA/G-VII Lineage. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8010024. [PMID: 31947514 PMCID: PMC7157754 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8010024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Since 2015, outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in the Middle East have been caused by a new emerging viral lineage, A/ASIA/G-VII. Invitro vaccine matching data indicated that this virus poorly matched (low r1-value) with vaccines that were being used in the region as well as most other commercially available vaccines. The aim of this study was to assess the performance of two candidate vaccines against challenge with a representative field virus from the A/ASIA/G-VII lineage. The results from an initial full dose protection study provided encouraging data for the A/MAY/97 vaccine, while the A22/IRQ/64 vaccine only protected 2/7 vaccinated animals. In view of these promising results, this vaccine was tested in a potency test (PD50) experiment in which 5 cattle were vaccinated with a full dose, 5 cattle with a 1/3 dose and 5 cattle with a 1/9 dose of vaccine. At 21 days post vaccination these vaccinated cattle and 3 control cattle were challenged intradermolingually with a field isolate from the A/ASIA/G-VII lineage. The intra-serotype heterologous potency test resulted in an intra-serotype heterologous potency of 6.5 PD50/dose. These data support previous studies showing that a high potency emergency vaccine can protect against clinical disease when challenged with a heterologous strain of the same serotype, indicating that not only the r1-value of the vaccine, but also the homologous potency of a vaccine should be taken into account when advising vaccines to control an outbreak.
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16
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Armson B, Gubbins S, Mioulet V, Qasim IA, King DP, Lyons NA. Foot-and-Mouth Disease Surveillance Using Pooled Milk on a Large-Scale Dairy Farm in an Endemic Setting. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:264. [PMID: 32537458 PMCID: PMC7267466 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pooled milk is used for the surveillance of several diseases of livestock. Previous studies demonstrated the detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) in the milk of infected animals at high dilutions, and consequently, the collection of pooled milk samples could be used to enhance FMD surveillance. This study evaluated pooled milk for FMDV surveillance on a large-scale dairy farm that experienced two FMD outbreaks caused by the A/ASIA/G-VII and O/ME-SA/Ind-2001d lineages, despite regular vaccination and strict biosecurity practices. FMDV RNA was detected in 42 (5.7%) of the 732 pooled milk samples, and typing information was concordant with diagnostic reports of clinical disease. The FMDV positive milk samples were temporally clustered around reports of new clinical cases, but with a wider distribution. For further investigation, a model was established to predict real-time RT-PCR (rRT-PCR) CT values using individual cattle movement data, clinical disease records and virus excretion data from previous experimental studies. The model explained some of the instances where there were positive results by rRT-PCR, but no new clinical cases and suggested that subclinical infection occurred during the study period. Further studies are required to investigate the effect of vaccination on FMDV excretion in milk, and to evaluate more representative sampling methods. However, the results from this pilot study indicate that testing pooled milk by rRT-PCR may be valuable for FMD surveillance and has provided evidence of subclinical virus infection in vaccinated herds that could be important in the epidemiology of FMD in endemic countries where vaccination is used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryony Armson
- Vesicular Disease Reference Laboratory, The Pirbright Institute, Surrey, United Kingdom.,Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Gubbins
- Vesicular Disease Reference Laboratory, The Pirbright Institute, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Valérie Mioulet
- Vesicular Disease Reference Laboratory, The Pirbright Institute, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Ibrahim A Qasim
- Directorate of Animal Resources Services, Ministry of Environment, Water and Agriculture, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Donald P King
- Vesicular Disease Reference Laboratory, The Pirbright Institute, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas A Lyons
- Vesicular Disease Reference Laboratory, The Pirbright Institute, Surrey, United Kingdom.,European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease (EuFMD), Animal Production and Health Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
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17
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Paton DJ, Reeve R, Capozzo AV, Ludi A. Estimating the protection afforded by foot-and-mouth disease vaccines in the laboratory. Vaccine 2019; 37:5515-5524. [PMID: 31405637 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.07.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) vaccines must be carefully selected and their application closely monitored to optimise their effectiveness. This review covers serological techniques for FMD vaccine quality control, including potency testing, vaccine matching and post-vaccination monitoring. It also discusses alternative laboratory procedures, such as antigen quantification and nucleotide sequencing, and briefly compares the approaches for FMD with those for measuring protection against influenza virus, where humoral immunity is also important. Serology is widely used to predict the protection afforded by vaccines and has great practical utility but also limitations. Animals differ in their responses to vaccines and in the protective mechanisms that they develop. Antibodies have a variety of properties and tests differ in what they measure. Antibody-virus interactions may vary between virus serotypes and strains and protection may be affected by the vaccination regime and the nature and timing of field virus challenge. Finally, tests employing biological reagents are difficult to standardise, whilst cross-protection data needed for test calibration and validation are scarce. All of this is difficult to reconcile with the desire for simple and universal criteria and thresholds for evaluating vaccines and vaccination responses and means that oversimplification of test procedures and their interpretation can lead to poor predictions. A holistic approach is therefore recommended, considering multiple sources of field, experimental and laboratory data. New antibody avidity and isotype tests seem promising alternatives to evaluate cross-protective, post-vaccination serological responses, taking account of vaccine potency as well as match. After choosing appropriate serological tests or test combinations and cut-offs, results should be interpreted cautiously and in context. Since opportunities for experimental challenge studies of cross-protection are limited and the approaches incompletely reflect real life, more field studies are needed to quantify cross-protection and its correlation to in vitro measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Paton
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK.
| | - R Reeve
- Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - A V Capozzo
- Instituto de Virología, CICVyA, INTA, N Repetto y De Los Reseros s/n, Hurlingham (1686), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas, CONICET, Godoy Cruz 2290 (C1454FQB), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - A Ludi
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
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18
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Versatility of the adenovirus-vectored foot-and-mouth disease vaccine platform across multiple foot-and-mouth disease virus serotypes and topotypes using a vaccine dose representative of the AdtA24 conditionally licensed vaccine. Vaccine 2018; 36:7345-7352. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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19
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Mahapatra M, Parida S. Foot and mouth disease vaccine strain selection: current approaches and future perspectives. Expert Rev Vaccines 2018; 17:577-591. [PMID: 29950121 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2018.1492378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Lack of cross protection between foot and mouth disease (FMD) virus (FMDV) serotypes as well as incomplete protection between some subtypes of FMDV affect the application of vaccine in the field. Further, the emergence of new variant FMD viruses periodically makes the existing vaccine inefficient. Consequently, periodical vaccine strain selection either by in vivo methods or in vitro methods become an essential requirement to enable utilization of appropriate and efficient vaccines. AREAS COVERED Here we describe the cross reactivity of the existing vaccines with the global pool of circulating viruses and the putative selected vaccine strains for targeting protection against the two major circulating serotype O and A FMD viruses for East Africa, the Middle East, South Asia and South East Asia. EXPERT COMMENTARY Although in vivo cross protection studies are more appropriate methods for vaccine matching and selection than in vitro neutralization test or ELISA, in the face of an outbreak both in vivo and in vitro methods of vaccine matching are not easy, and time consuming. The FMDV capsid contains all the immunogenic epitopes, and therefore vaccine strain prediction models using both capsid sequence and serology data will likely replace existing tools in the future.
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20
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Lyons NA, Ludi AB, Wilsden G, Hamblin P, Qasim IA, Gubbins S, King DP. Evaluation of a polyvalent foot-and-mouth disease virus vaccine containing A Saudi-95 against field challenge on large-scale dairy farms in Saudi Arabia with the emerging A/ASIA/G-VII viral lineage. Vaccine 2017; 35:6850-6857. [PMID: 29108665 PMCID: PMC5723706 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In 2015, foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) viruses of the A/ASIA/G-VII lineage emerged from the Indian sub-continent to cause outbreaks in the Middle and Near East. A factor which has been proposed to have contributed to the rapid spread of this lineage is the poor in vitro vaccine-match of field isolates to vaccine strains that are commonly used in the region. This study used data from outbreaks on four large-scale dairy farms using routine vaccination in Saudi Arabia, to evaluate the impact of vaccination and learn how to manage outbreaks more effectively in this setting. This evaluation also included an assessment of vaccine-induced neutralisation titres to the vaccine and field strains on a related farm with no history of FMD that employed an identical vaccination schedule. The incidence risk among exposed groups ranged from 2.6 to 20.1% and was significantly higher among youngstock (18.7%) compared to adults (7.4%). Evidence was found that local isolation of individual sick animals was more effective than whole group isolation and that subclinical infection and undetected circulation may occur on large-scale farms in Saudi Arabia, although both of these points require further evaluation. On the unaffected farm, the mean reciprocal titres for the vaccine and field strains were all above the cut-off supposed to correlate with clinical protection based on evidence from challenge studies. An estimate of vaccination effectiveness was not possible on the affected farms, but the incidence of FMD provides a more realistic estimation of the expected vaccine performance than in vivo studies or r1 value as it is based on field conditions and natural exposure. This study shows that analysis of field data from FMD outbreaks are a useful addition to more conventional challenge and in vitro based evaluations of vaccines and suggests further work is necessary to validate correlates of protection in field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Lyons
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK; European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease (EuFMD), Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.
| | - Anna B Ludi
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Ginette Wilsden
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Pip Hamblin
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Ibrahim Ahmed Qasim
- Directorate of Animal Resources Services, Ministry of Environment, Water and Agriculture, Saudi Arabia
| | - Simon Gubbins
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Donald P King
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK
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