1
|
Yuan C, Lin Y, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Zhao X, Yuan H, Li T, Song Q. Effects of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus infection on CD21 + B cells activation. Vet Microbiol 2024; 293:110087. [PMID: 38663176 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2024.110087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/15/2024]
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a devastating pathogen of acute- gastrointestinal infectious diseases, which can cause vomiting, diarrhea, dehydration and high morbidity and mortality among neonatal piglets. Humoral immunity plays a vital role in the host anti-PEDV infection process, but the mechanism of PEDV-induced B-cell immune response remains unknown. In this study, the effects of PEDV infection on CD21+ B cell activation were systematically analyzed through animal experiments. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) revealed that low levels of serum-specific IgA, IgM, or IgG were detected in piglets after PEDV infection, respectively. Serum interleukin (IL)-6 levels increased significantly at 4 d after infection, and the levels of IL-4, B-cell activating factor (BAFF), interferon (IFN)-γ, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β and IL-10 decreased at 7 d after infection. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) showed that expression levels of CD21, MHC Ⅱ, CD40, and CD38 on B cell surfaces were significantly higher. In contrast, the proportions of CD21+IgM+ B cells were decreased in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from the infected piglets. No differences were found in the percentage of CD21+CD80+ and CD21+CD27+ B cells in PBMCs from the infected piglets. In addition, the number of CD21+B cells in PBMCs stimulated with PEDV in vitro was significantly lower. No significant change in the mRNA expression of BCR molecules was found while the expression levels of paired immunoglobulin-like receptor B (PIR-B), B cell adaptor molecule of 32 kDa (Bam32) and BAFF were decreased. In conclusion, our research demonstrates that virulent strains of PEDV profoundly impact B cell activation, leading to alterations in phenotypic expression and BCR signaling molecules. Furthermore, this dysregulation results in compromised specific antibody secretion and perturbed cytokine production, highlighting the intricate immunological dysfunctions induced by PEDV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Yuan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, China; Veterinary Biological Technology Innovation Center of Hebei Province, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Yidan Lin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, China; Veterinary Biological Technology Innovation Center of Hebei Province, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Yawen Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, China; Veterinary Biological Technology Innovation Center of Hebei Province, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Yanan Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, China; Veterinary Biological Technology Innovation Center of Hebei Province, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Xue Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, China; Veterinary Biological Technology Innovation Center of Hebei Province, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Hongxing Yuan
- Agriculture and Rural Bureau of Guantao County, Handan, Hebei Province 057750, China
| | - Tanqing Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, China; Veterinary Biological Technology Innovation Center of Hebei Province, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Qinye Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, China; Veterinary Biological Technology Innovation Center of Hebei Province, Baoding 071000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang J, Sun H, Su M, Li Z, Li L, Zhao F, Zhang Y, Bai W, Yu S, Yang X, Qi S, Yang D, Guo D, Li C, Zhu Q, Xing X, Sun D. Natural hyperoside extracted from hawthorn exhibits antiviral activity against porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in vitro and in vivo. Virology 2024; 594:110037. [PMID: 38498965 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2024.110037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) causes severe diarrhea and death in piglets, resulting in significant economic losses for the pork industry. There is an urgent need for new treatment strategies. Here, we focused on optimizing the process of purifying natural hyperoside (nHYP) from hawthorn and evaluating its effectiveness against PEDV both in vitro and in vivo. Our findings demonstrated that nHYP with a purity >98% was successfully isolated from hawthorn with an extraction rate of 0.42 mg/g. Furthermore, nHYP exhibited strong inhibitory effects on PEDV replication in cells, with a selection index of 9.72. nHYP significantly reduced the viral load in the intestines of piglets and protected three of four piglets from death caused by PEDV infection. Mechanistically, nHYP could intervene in the interaction of PEDV N protein and p53. The findings implicate nHYP as having promising therapeutic potential for combating PEDV infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, No. 5 Xinfeng Road, Sartu District, Daqing, 163319, China
| | - Haibo Sun
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, No. 5 Xinfeng Road, Sartu District, Daqing, 163319, China
| | - Mingjun Su
- College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine of Zhejiang A&F University, 666 Wusu Street, Linan District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 311300, China
| | - Zijian Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, No. 5 Xinfeng Road, Sartu District, Daqing, 163319, China
| | - Lu Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, No. 5 Xinfeng Road, Sartu District, Daqing, 163319, China
| | - Feiyu Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, No. 5 Xinfeng Road, Sartu District, Daqing, 163319, China
| | - Yongchen Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, No. 5 Xinfeng Road, Sartu District, Daqing, 163319, China
| | - Wenfei Bai
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, No. 5 Xinfeng Road, Sartu District, Daqing, 163319, China
| | - Shiping Yu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, No. 5 Xinfeng Road, Sartu District, Daqing, 163319, China
| | - Xu Yang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, No. 5 Xinfeng Road, Sartu District, Daqing, 163319, China
| | - Shanshan Qi
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, No. 5 Xinfeng Road, Sartu District, Daqing, 163319, China
| | - Dan Yang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, No. 5 Xinfeng Road, Sartu District, Daqing, 163319, China
| | - Donghua Guo
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, No. 5 Xinfeng Road, Sartu District, Daqing, 163319, China
| | - Chunqiu Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, No. 5 Xinfeng Road, Sartu District, Daqing, 163319, China
| | - Qinghe Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, No. 5 Xinfeng Road, Sartu District, Daqing, 163319, China
| | - Xiaoxu Xing
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, No. 5 Xinfeng Road, Sartu District, Daqing, 163319, China.
| | - Dongbo Sun
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, No. 5 Xinfeng Road, Sartu District, Daqing, 163319, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhang B, Gou H, Shen H, Zhang C, Liu Z, Wuri N, Nie J, Qu Y, Zhang J, Geri L. Display of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus spike protein B-cell linear epitope on Lactobacillus mucosae G01 S-layer surface induce a robust immunogenicity in mice. Microb Cell Fact 2024; 23:142. [PMID: 38773481 PMCID: PMC11110301 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-024-02409-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) presents a substantial risk to the domestic pig industry, resulting in extensive and fatal viral diarrhea among piglets. Recognizing the mucosal stimulation triggered by PEDV and harnessing the regulatory impact of lactobacilli on intestinal function, we have developed a lactobacillus-based vaccine that is carefully designed to elicit a strong mucosal immune response. Through bioinformatics analysis, we examined PEDV S proteins to identify B-cell linear epitopes that meet the criteria of being non-toxic, soluble, antigenic, and capable of neutralizing the virus. In this study, a genetically modified strain of Lactobacillus mucosae G01 (L.mucosae G01) was created by utilizing the S layer protein (SLP) as a scaffold for surface presentation. Chimeric immunodominant epitopes with neutralizing activity were incorporated at various sites on SLP. The successful expression of SLP chimeric immunodominant epitope 1 on the surface of L.mucosae G01 was confirmed through indirect immunofluorescence and transmission electron microscopy, revealing the formation of a transparent membrane. The findings demonstrate that the oral administration of L.mucosae G01, which expresses the SLP chimeric immunodominant gene epitope1, induces the production of secreted IgA in the intestine and feces of mice. Additionally, there is an elevation in IgG levels in the serum. Moreover, the levels of cytokines IL-2, IL-4, IFN-γ, and IL-17 are significantly increased compared to the negative control group. These results suggest that L. mucosae G01 has the ability to deliver exogenous antigens and elicit a specific mucosal immune response against PEDV. This investigation presents new possibilities for immunoprophylaxis against PEDV-induced diarrhea.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010010, China
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention and Treatment of Guangdong Province, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Hongchao Gou
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention and Treatment of Guangdong Province, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Haiyan Shen
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention and Treatment of Guangdong Province, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Chunhong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention and Treatment of Guangdong Province, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Zhicheng Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010010, China
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention and Treatment of Guangdong Province, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Nile Wuri
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010010, China
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention and Treatment of Guangdong Province, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Jingjing Nie
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention and Treatment of Guangdong Province, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Yunzhi Qu
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention and Treatment of Guangdong Province, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Jianfeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention and Treatment of Guangdong Province, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - Letu Geri
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010010, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Amimo JO, Michael H, Chepngeno J, Jung K, Raev SA, Paim FC, Lee MV, Damtie D, Vlasova AN, Saif LJ. Maternal immunization and vitamin A sufficiency impact sow primary adaptive immunity and passive protection to nursing piglets against porcine epidemic diarrhea virus infection. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1397118. [PMID: 38812505 PMCID: PMC11133611 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1397118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) causes a highly contagious enteric disease with major economic losses to swine production worldwide. Due to the immaturity of the neonatal piglet immune system and given the high virulence of PEDV, improving passive lactogenic immunity is the best approach to protect suckling piglets against the lethal infection. We tested whether oral vitamin A (VA) supplementation and PEDV exposure of gestating and lactating VA-deficient (VAD) sows would enhance their primary immune responses and boost passive lactogenic protection against the PEDV challenge of their piglets. We demonstrated that PEDV inoculation of pregnant VAD sows in the third trimester provided higher levels of lactogenic protection of piglets as demonstrated by >87% survival rates of their litters compared with <10% in mock litters and that VA supplementation to VAD sows further improved the piglets' survival rates to >98%. We observed significantly elevated PEDV IgA and IgG antibody (Ab) titers and Ab-secreting cells (ASCs) in VA-sufficient (VAS)+PEDV and VAD+VA+PEDV sows, with the latter maintaining higher Ab titers in blood prior to parturition and in blood and milk throughout lactation. The litters of VAD+VA+PEDV sows also had the highest serum PEDV-neutralizing Ab titers at piglet post-challenge days (PCD) 0 and 7, coinciding with higher PEDV IgA ASCs and Ab titers in the blood and milk of their sows, suggesting an immunomodulatory role of VA in sows. Thus, sows that delivered sufficient lactogenic immunity to their piglets provided the highest passive protection against the PEDV challenge. Maternal immunization during pregnancy (± VA) and VA sufficiency enhanced the sow primary immune responses, expression of gut-mammary gland trafficking molecules, and passive protection of their offspring. Our findings are relevant to understanding the role of VA in the Ab responses to oral attenuated vaccines that are critical for successful maternal vaccination programs against enteric infections in infants and young animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua O. Amimo
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center (OARDC), The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Husheem Michael
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center (OARDC), The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Juliet Chepngeno
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center (OARDC), The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Kwonil Jung
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center (OARDC), The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Sergei A. Raev
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center (OARDC), The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Francine C. Paim
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center (OARDC), The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Marcia V. Lee
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center (OARDC), The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Debasu Damtie
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Anastasia N. Vlasova
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center (OARDC), The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Linda J. Saif
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center (OARDC), The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yang D, Su M, Guo D, Zhao F, Wang M, Liu J, Zhou J, Sun Y, Yang X, Qi S, Li Z, Zhu Q, Xing X, Li C, Cao Y, Feng L, Sun D. Combination of S1-N-Terminal and S1-C-Terminal Domain Antigens Targeting Double Receptor-Binding Domains Bolsters Protective Immunity of a Nanoparticle Vaccine against Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus. ACS NANO 2024; 18:12235-12260. [PMID: 38696217 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c00809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2024]
Abstract
Variants of coronavirus porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) frequently emerge, causing an incomplete match between the vaccine and variant strains, which affects vaccine efficacy. Designing vaccines with rapidly replaceable antigens and high efficacy is a promising strategy for the prevention of infection with PEDV variant strains. In our study, three different types of self-assembled nanoparticles (nps) targeting receptor-binding N-terminal domain (NTD) and C-terminal domain (CTD) of S1 protein, named NTDnps, CTDnps, and NTD/CTDnps, were constructed and evaluated as vaccine candidates against PEDV. NTDnps and CTDnps vaccines mediated significantly higher neutralizing antibody (NAb) titers than NTD and CTD recombinant proteins in mice. The NTD/CTDnps in varying ratios elicited significantly higher NAb titers when compared with NTDnps and CTDnps alone. The NTD/CTDnps (3:1) elicited NAb with titers up to 92.92% of those induced by the commercial vaccine. Piglets immunized with NTD/CTDnps (3:1) achieved a passive immune protection rate of 83.33% of that induced by the commercial vaccine. NTD/CTDnps (3:1) enhanced the capacity of mononuclear macrophages and dendritic cells to take up and present antigens by activating major histocompatibility complex I and II molecules to stimulate humoral and cellular immunity. These data reveal that a combination of S1-NTD and S1-CTD antigens targeting double receptor-binding domains strengthens the protective immunity of nanoparticle vaccines against PEDV. Our findings will provide a promising vaccine candidate against PEDV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Yang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, P. R. China
| | - Mingjun Su
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, P. R. China
| | - Donghua Guo
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, P. R. China
| | - Feiyu Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, P. R. China
| | - Meijiao Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, P. R. China
| | - Jiaying Liu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, P. R. China
| | - Jingxuan Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, P. R. China
| | - Ying Sun
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, P. R. China
| | - Xu Yang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, P. R. China
| | - Shanshan Qi
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, P. R. China
| | - Zhen Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, P. R. China
| | - Qinghe Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxu Xing
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, P. R. China
| | - Chunqiu Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, P. R. China
| | - Yang Cao
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, P. R. China
| | - Li Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, P. R. China
| | - Dongbo Sun
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhao X, Zhang Y, Qu S, Tang W, He T, Li P, Zheng X. SP2509, a specific antagonist of LSD1, exhibits antiviral properties against Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus. BMC Vet Res 2024; 20:187. [PMID: 38730463 PMCID: PMC11084069 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-04052-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), a type of coronavirus, is one of the main pathogens that can infect pigs of all ages. It causes diarrhea and acute death of newborn piglets, resulting in massive economic losses to the worldwide swine industry. While vaccination remains the primary approach in combating PEDV, it often fails to address all the challenges posed by the infection, particularly in light of the emergence of evolving mutant strains. Therefore, there is a critical need to identify potent antiviral drugs that can effectively safeguard pigs against PEDV infection. RESULTS In this study, the antiviral efficacy of SP2509, a specific antagonist of Lysine-specific demethylase 1(LSD1), was evaluated in vitro. The RT-qPCR, Western blot, TCID50, and IFA showed that at a concentration of 1µmol/L, SP2509 significantly inhibited PEDV infection. Additionally, viral life cycle assays showed that SP2509 operates by impeding PEDV internalization and replication rather than attachment and release. Regarding mechanism, in Huh-7 cells, knockdowns LSD1 can suppress PEDV replication. This indicated that the inhibition effect of SP2509 on PEDV largely depends on the activity of its target protein, LSD1. CONCLUSION Our results in vitro show that SP2509 can inhibit PEDV infection during the internalization and replication stage and revealed a role of LSD1 as a restriction factor for PEDV. These imply that LSD1 might be a target for interfering with the viral infection, and SP2509 could be developed as an effective anti-PEDV agent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Yuhang Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Shiyin Qu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Wuyang Tang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Tianqiong He
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Pishun Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.
| | - Xiaofeng Zheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wei MZ, Chen L, Zhang R, Chen Z, Shen YJ, Zhou BJ, Wang KG, Shan CL, Zhu EP, Cheng ZT. Overview of the recent advances in porcine epidemic diarrhea vaccines. Vet J 2024; 304:106097. [PMID: 38479492 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2024.106097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Vaccination is the most effective means of preventing and controlling porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED). Conventional vaccines developed from porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) GI-a subtypes (CV777 and SM98) have played a vital role in preventing classical PED. However, with the emergence of PEDV mutants in 2010, conventional PEDV GI-a subtype-targeting vaccines no longer provide adequate protection against PEDV GII mutants, thereby making novel-type PED vaccine development an urgent concern to be addressed. Novel vaccines, including nucleic acid vaccines, genetically engineered subunit vaccines, and live vector vaccines, are associated with several advantages, such as high safety and stability, clear targeting, high yield, low cost, and convenient usage. These vaccines can be combined with corresponding ELISA kits to differentiate infected from vaccinated animals, which is beneficial for disease confirmation. This review provides a detailed overview of the recent advancements in PED vaccines, emphasizing on the research and application evaluation of novel PED vaccines. It also considers the future directions and challenges in advancing these vaccines to widespread use in clinics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miao-Zhan Wei
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Lan Chen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Ze Chen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Yan-Juan Shen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Bi-Jun Zhou
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Veterinary Public Health of Guizhou Province, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Kai-Gong Wang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Veterinary Public Health of Guizhou Province, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Chun-Lan Shan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Veterinary Public Health of Guizhou Province, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Er-Peng Zhu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Veterinary Public Health of Guizhou Province, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China.
| | - Zhen-Tao Cheng
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Veterinary Public Health of Guizhou Province, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
García-Cambrón JB, Cerriteño-Sánchez JL, Lara-Romero R, Quintanar-Guerrero D, Blancas-Flores G, Sánchez-Gaytán BL, Herrera-Camacho I, Cuevas-Romero JS. Development of Glycyrrhizinic Acid-Based Lipid Nanoparticle (LNP-GA) as An Adjuvant That Improves the Immune Response to Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Spike Recombinant Protein. Viruses 2024; 16:431. [PMID: 38543796 PMCID: PMC10974312 DOI: 10.3390/v16030431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) has affected the pork industry worldwide and during outbreaks the mortality of piglets has reached 100%. Lipid nanocarriers are commonly used in the development of immunostimulatory particles due to their biocompatibility and slow-release delivery properties. In this study, we developed a lipid nanoparticle (LNP) complex based on glycyrrhizinic acid (GA) and tested its efficacy as an adjuvant in mice immunized with the recombinant N-terminal domain (NTD) of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) spike (S) protein (rNTD-S). The dispersion stability analysis (Z-potential -27.6 mV) confirmed the size and charge stability of the LNP-GA, demonstrating that the particles were homogeneously dispersed and strongly anionic, which favors nanoparticles binding with the rNTD-S protein, which showed a slightly positive charge (2.11 mV) by in silico analysis. TEM image of LNP-GA revealed nanostructures with a spherical-bilayer lipid vesicle (~100 nm). The immunogenicity of the LNP-GA-rNTD-S complex induced an efficient humoral response 14 days after the first immunization (p < 0.05) as well as an influence on the cellular immune response by decreasing serum TNF-α and IL-1β concentrations, which was associated with an anti-inflammatory effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José Bryan García-Cambrón
- Programa de Doctorado en Biología Experimental, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Iztapalapa, Ciudad de México 09089, Mexico;
| | - José Luis Cerriteño-Sánchez
- Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales Agrícolas y Pecuarias, Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Salud Animal e Inocuidad, Cuajimalpa, Ciudad de México 05110, Mexico
| | - Rocío Lara-Romero
- Programa de Estancia Posdoctoral, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico;
| | - David Quintanar-Guerrero
- División de Estudios de Posgrado (Tecnología Farmacéutica), Facultad de Estudios Superiores, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuautitlán Izcalli, Estado de México 54740, Mexico;
| | - Gerardo Blancas-Flores
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, División de Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Iztapalapa, Ciudad de México 09089, Mexico;
| | - Brenda L. Sánchez-Gaytán
- Centro de Química ICUAP, Laboratorio de Bioinorgánica Aplicada, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla 72592, Mexico;
| | - Irma Herrera-Camacho
- Centro de Química ICUAP, Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Edificio IC7, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla 72592, Mexico;
| | - Julieta Sandra Cuevas-Romero
- Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales Agrícolas y Pecuarias, Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Salud Animal e Inocuidad, Cuajimalpa, Ciudad de México 05110, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ye M, Zhu H, Yang Z, Gao Y, Bai J, Jiang P, Liu X, Wang X. Identification of Three Novel Linear B-Cell Epitopes in Non-Structural Protein 3 of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Using Monoclonal Antibodies. Viruses 2024; 16:424. [PMID: 38543789 PMCID: PMC10975687 DOI: 10.3390/v16030424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a highly pathogenic swine coronavirus that causes diarrhea and high mortality in piglets, resulting in significant economic losses within the global swine industry. Nonstructural protein 3 (Nsp3) is the largest in coronavirus, playing critical roles in viral replication, such as the processing of polyproteins and the formation of replication-transcription complexes (RTCs). In this study, three monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), 7G4, 5A3, and 2D7, targeting PEDV Nsp3 were successfully generated, and three distinct linear B-cell epitopes were identified within these mAbs by using Western blotting analysis with 24 truncations of Nsp3. The epitope against 7G4 was located on amino acids 31-TISQDLLDVE-40, the epitope against 5A3 was found on amino acids 141-LGIVDDPAMG-150, and the epitope against 2D7 was situated on amino acids 282-FYDAAMAIDG-291. Intriguingly, the epitope 31-TISQDLLDVE-40 recognized by the mAb 7G4 appears to be a critical B-cell linear epitope due to its high antigenic index and exposed location on the surface of Nsp3 protein. In addition, bioinformatics analysis unveiled that these three epitopes were highly conserved in most genotypes of PEDV. These findings present the first characterization of three novel linear B-cell epitopes in the Nsp3 protein of PEDV and provide potential tools of mAbs for identifying host proteins that may facilitate viral infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingjun Ye
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Diagnostics and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (M.Y.); (H.Z.); (Z.Y.); (Y.G.); (J.B.); (P.J.); (X.L.)
| | - Huixin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Diagnostics and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (M.Y.); (H.Z.); (Z.Y.); (Y.G.); (J.B.); (P.J.); (X.L.)
| | - Zhen Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Diagnostics and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (M.Y.); (H.Z.); (Z.Y.); (Y.G.); (J.B.); (P.J.); (X.L.)
| | - Yanni Gao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Diagnostics and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (M.Y.); (H.Z.); (Z.Y.); (Y.G.); (J.B.); (P.J.); (X.L.)
| | - Juan Bai
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Diagnostics and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (M.Y.); (H.Z.); (Z.Y.); (Y.G.); (J.B.); (P.J.); (X.L.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Ping Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Diagnostics and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (M.Y.); (H.Z.); (Z.Y.); (Y.G.); (J.B.); (P.J.); (X.L.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Diagnostics and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (M.Y.); (H.Z.); (Z.Y.); (Y.G.); (J.B.); (P.J.); (X.L.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xianwei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Diagnostics and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (M.Y.); (H.Z.); (Z.Y.); (Y.G.); (J.B.); (P.J.); (X.L.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Li M, Sun X, Chen Y, Wang S, Li Q, Wang Y, Wang Y, Li R, Ding P, Zhang G. Enhancing humoral and mucosal immune response of PED vaccine candidate by fusing S1 protein to nanoparticle multimerization. Vet Microbiol 2024; 290:110003. [PMID: 38262114 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2024.110003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a highly infectious pathogen with a high mortality rate, which poses a serious threat to newborn piglets. A rapid, safe and effective vaccine is necessary for protecting pigs from PED infection. Nanoparticles have become molecular scaffolds for displaying soluble antigens due to their unique physical and chemical properties. Here, a vaccine candidate was based on the display of PEDV S1 protein on a mi3 nanoparticle platform using SpyTag/SpyCatcher technology. The size, zeta potential and microstructure of the S1-mi3 NPs were investigated, and their effects on the uptake of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and maturation of dendritic cells (DCs) were analyzed. Mice were immunized via muscular and intranasal administrations, and the levels of humoral, cellular and mucosal immune responses were analyzed. As a result, S1 proteins were surface-displayed on NPs successfully, which self-assembled into nanoparticles composed of 60 subunits and showed superior safety and stability. In addition, mi3 NPs promoted antigen internalization and dendritic cell (DCs) maturation. In the mouse model, S1-mi3 NPs significantly increased the PEDV-specific antibody including serum IgG, secretory IgA (SIgA) and neutralizing antibodies (NAb). Furthermore, S1-mi3 NPs elicited more CD3+CD4+ and CD3+CD8+ T cell and cellular immune-related cytokines (IFN-γ and IL-4) compared to monomeric S1. In particular, it can induce an effective germinal center-specific (GC) B cell response, which is closely related to the production of neutralizing antibodies. Overall, S1-mi3 NPs are a promising subunit vaccine candidate against PEDV, and this self-assembly NPs also provide an attractive platform for improving vaccine efficacy against emerging pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Xueke Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Yilan Chen
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Siqiao Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Qin Li
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Yanan Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Yue Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Ruiqi Li
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Peiyang Ding
- College of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Longhu Laboratory, Zhengzhou, China.
| | - Gaiping Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China; College of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Longhu Laboratory, Zhengzhou, China; School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100080, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Park JE. Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea: Insights and Progress on Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:212. [PMID: 38400195 PMCID: PMC10892315 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12020212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) is a swine-wasting disease caused by coronavirus infection. It causes great economic damage to the swine industry worldwide. Despite the continued use of vaccines, PED outbreaks continue, highlighting the need to review the effectiveness of current vaccines and develop additional vaccines based on new platforms. Here, we review existing vaccine technologies for preventing PED and highlight promising technologies that may help control PED virus in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Eun Park
- Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Rosas-Murrieta NH, Rodríguez-Enríquez A, Herrera-Camacho I, Millán-Pérez-Peña L, Santos-López G, Rivera-Benítez JF. Comparative Review of the State of the Art in Research on the Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus and SARS-CoV-2, Scope of Knowledge between Coronaviruses. Viruses 2024; 16:238. [PMID: 38400014 PMCID: PMC10892376 DOI: 10.3390/v16020238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
This review presents comparative information corresponding to the progress in knowledge of some aspects of infection by the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) coronaviruses. PEDV is an alphacoronavirus of great economic importance due to the million-dollar losses it generates in the pig industry. PEDV has many similarities to the SARS-CoV-2 betacoronavirus that causes COVID-19 disease. This review presents possible scenarios for SARS-CoV-2 based on the collected literature on PEDV and the tools or strategies currently developed for SARS-CoV-2 that would be useful in PEDV research. The speed of the study of SARS-CoV-2 and the generation of strategies to control the pandemic was possible due to the knowledge derived from infections caused by other human coronaviruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and middle east respiratory syndrome (MERS). Therefore, from the information obtained from several coronaviruses, the current and future behavior of SARS-CoV-2 could be inferred and, with the large amount of information on the virus that causes COVID-19, the study of PEDV could be improved and probably that of new emerging and re-emerging coronaviruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nora H. Rosas-Murrieta
- Centro de Química, Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla 72570, Mexico; (A.R.-E.); (I.H.-C.); (L.M.-P.-P.)
| | - Alan Rodríguez-Enríquez
- Centro de Química, Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla 72570, Mexico; (A.R.-E.); (I.H.-C.); (L.M.-P.-P.)
- Posgrado en Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla 72570, Mexico
| | - Irma Herrera-Camacho
- Centro de Química, Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla 72570, Mexico; (A.R.-E.); (I.H.-C.); (L.M.-P.-P.)
| | - Lourdes Millán-Pérez-Peña
- Centro de Química, Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla 72570, Mexico; (A.R.-E.); (I.H.-C.); (L.M.-P.-P.)
| | - Gerardo Santos-López
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Oriente, Laboratorio de Biología Molecular y Virología, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Metepec 74360, Mexico;
| | - José F. Rivera-Benítez
- Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Salud Animal e Inocuidad, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias, Ciudad de México 38110, Mexico;
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Lei J, Miao Y, Bi W, Xiang C, Li W, Zhang R, Li Q, Yang Z. Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus: Etiology, Epidemiology, Antigenicity, and Control Strategies in China. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:294. [PMID: 38254462 PMCID: PMC10812628 DOI: 10.3390/ani14020294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a porcine enteric coronavirus, which is one of the main causative agents of porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED), with 100% morbidity and 80-100% mortality in neonatal piglets. Since 2010, large-scale PED caused by highly pathogenic variants of PEDV has occurred successively in China and other countries in the world, posing a great threat to the global pig industry. It has been demonstrated in many investigations that the classic attenuated vaccine strain, PEDV CV777, is insufficient to fully protect against the PEDV variants. Moreover, the maternally derived antibodies elicited by inactivated vaccines also cannot completely protect piglets from infection. In addition, feedback feeding poses a risk of periodic PEDV recurrence in pig farms, making it challenging to successfully limit the spread of PEDV in China. This review focuses on the etiology, epidemiology, antigenicity, and control strategies of PEDV in China and provides information for the formulation of effective control measures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianlin Lei
- College of Agriculture and Forestry Science and Technology, Longdong University, Qingyang 745000, China;
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (Y.M.); (W.B.); (C.X.); (W.L.); (R.Z.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Yongqiang Miao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (Y.M.); (W.B.); (C.X.); (W.L.); (R.Z.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Wenrui Bi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (Y.M.); (W.B.); (C.X.); (W.L.); (R.Z.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Chaohui Xiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (Y.M.); (W.B.); (C.X.); (W.L.); (R.Z.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Wei Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (Y.M.); (W.B.); (C.X.); (W.L.); (R.Z.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Riteng Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (Y.M.); (W.B.); (C.X.); (W.L.); (R.Z.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Qian Li
- College of Agriculture and Forestry Science and Technology, Longdong University, Qingyang 745000, China;
| | - Zengqi Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (Y.M.); (W.B.); (C.X.); (W.L.); (R.Z.); (Z.Y.)
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Song X, Zhou Q, Zhang J, Chen T, Deng G, Yue H, Tang C, Wu X, Yu J, Zhang B. Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of recombinant adenovirus expressing a novel genotype G2b PEDV spike protein in protecting newborn piglets against PEDV. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0240323. [PMID: 38047650 PMCID: PMC10783080 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02403-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) is a highly infectious and economically significant gastrointestinal disorder that affects pigs of all ages. Preventing and controlling PED is achieved by immunizing sows with vaccines, enabling passive piglet immunization via colostrum. The prevalence of G2b porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) continues in China despite the use of commercial vaccines, raising questions regarding current vaccine efficacy and the need for novel vaccine development. Adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5) has several advantages, including high transduction efficiency, a wide range of host cells, and the ability to infect cells at various stages. In this study, we expressed the immunogenic proteins of spike (S) using an Ad5 vector and generated a PED vaccine candidate by inducing significant humoral immunity. The rAd5-PEDV-S prevented PED-induced weight loss, diarrhea, and intestinal damage in piglets. This novel vaccine candidate strain possesses the potential for use in the pig breeding industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Song
- College of Animal & Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qun Zhou
- College of Animal & Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiaqi Zhang
- College of Animal & Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Taoyun Chen
- College of Animal & Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Gunan Deng
- College of Animal & Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hua Yue
- College of Animal & Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education and Sichuan Province for Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization, Chengdu, China
| | - Cheng Tang
- College of Animal & Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education and Sichuan Province for Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuejing Wu
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Chengdu, China
| | - Jifeng Yu
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Chengdu, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- College of Animal & Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education and Sichuan Province for Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Wang T, Zheng G, Chen Z, Wang Y, Zhao C, Li Y, Yuan Y, Duan H, Zhu H, Yang X, Li W, Du W, Li Y, Li D. Drug repurposing screens identify Tubercidin as a potent antiviral agent against porcine nidovirus infections. Virus Res 2024; 339:199275. [PMID: 38008220 PMCID: PMC10730850 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of new coronaviruses poses a significant threat to animal husbandry and human health. Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is considered a re-emerging porcine enteric coronavirus, which causes fatal watery diarrhea in piglets. Currently, there are no effective drugs to combat PEDV. Drug repurposing screens have emerged as an attractive strategy to accelerate antiviral drug discovery and development. Here, we screened 206 natural products for antiviral activity using live PEDV infection in Vero cells and identified ten candidate antiviral agents. Among them, Tubercidin, a nucleoside analog derived from Streptomyces tubercidicus, showed promising antiviral activity against PEDV infection. Furthermore, we demonstrated that Tubercidin exhibited significant antiviral activity against both classical and variant PEDV. Time of addition assay showed that Tubercidin displayed a significant inhibitory effect on viral post-entry events but not during other periods. Molecular docking analysis indicated that Tubercidin had better docking efficiency and formed hydrophobic interactions with the active pocket of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) of PEDV and other nidoviruses. Additionally, Tubercidin can effectively suppress other porcine nidoviruses, such as SADS-CoV and PRRSV, demonstrating its broad-spectrum antiviral properties. In summary, our findings provide valuable evidence for the antiviral activity of Tubercidin and offer insights into the development of new strategies for the prevention and treatment of coronavirus infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tianliang Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Guanmin Zheng
- School of Medicine, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Zilu Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Yue Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Chenxu Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Yaqin Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Yixin Yuan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Hong Duan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Animal Pathogens and Biosafety, Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China
| | - Hongsen Zhu
- School of Medicine, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Xia Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Animal Pathogens and Biosafety, Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China
| | - Wentao Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Wenjuan Du
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584CL, the Netherlands
| | - Yongtao Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Animal Pathogens and Biosafety, Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China.
| | - Dongliang Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Animal Pathogens and Biosafety, Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Li J, Zhao S, Zhang B, Huang J, Peng Q, Xiao L, Yuan X, Guo R, Zhou J, Fan B, Xue T, Zhu X, Liu C, Zhu X, Ren L, Li B. A novel recombinant S-based subunit vaccine induces protective immunity against porcine deltacoronavirus challenge in piglets. J Virol 2023; 97:e0095823. [PMID: 37846983 PMCID: PMC10688320 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00958-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE As an emerging porcine enteropathogenic coronavirus that has the potential to infect humans, porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) is receiving increasing attention. However, no effective commercially available vaccines against this virus are available. In this work, we designed a spike (S) protein and receptor-binding domain (RBD) trimer as a candidate PDCoV subunit vaccine. We demonstrated that S protein induced more robust humoral and cellular immune responses than the RBD trimer in mice. Furthermore, the protective efficacy of the S protein was compared with that of inactivated PDCoV vaccines in piglets and sows. Of note, the immunized piglets and suckling pig showed a high level of NAbs and were associated with reduced virus shedding and mild diarrhea, and the high level of NAbs was maintained for at least 4 months. Importantly, we demonstrated that S protein-based subunit vaccines conferred significant protection against PDCoV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jizong Li
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
- School of Pharmacy, Linyi University, Linyi, China
- Institute of Life Sciences, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonose, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuqing Zhao
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, China
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Baotai Zhang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, China
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Jin Huang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qi Peng
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, China
| | - Li Xiao
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, China
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Xuesong Yuan
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Rongli Guo
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinzhu Zhou
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, China
| | - Baochao Fan
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, China
- Institute of Life Sciences, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonose, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tao Xue
- School of Pharmacy, Linyi University, Linyi, China
| | - Xuejiao Zhu
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, China
- Institute of Life Sciences, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonose, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chuanmin Liu
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, China
- School of Pharmacy, Linyi University, Linyi, China
- Institute of Life Sciences, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xing Zhu
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Lili Ren
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bin Li
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, China
- Institute of Life Sciences, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonose, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Du P, Yan Q, Zhang XA, Zeng W, Xie K, Yuan Z, Liu X, Liu X, Zhang L, Wu K, Li X, Fan S, Zhao M, Chen J. Virus-like particle vaccines with epitopes from porcine epidemic virus and transmissible gastroenteritis virus incorporated into self-assembling ADDomer platform provide clinical immune responses in piglets. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1251001. [PMID: 37942329 PMCID: PMC10628522 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1251001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) and transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) are major intestinal coronaviruses that cause vomiting, diarrhea, dehydration, and mortality in piglets. These viruses coexist and lead to significant economic losses in the swine industry. Virus-like particles (VLPs) have emerged as promising alternatives to conventional inactivated vaccines due to their exceptional safety, efficacy, and ability to provide multi-disease protection with a single dose. Methods Our study focused on specific antigenic epitopes from the PEDV S protein (SS2 and 2C10 regions) and the TGEV S protein (A and D sites) as target candidates. These epitopes were integrated into the ADDomer framework, and we successfully generated recombinant proteins AD, AD-P, AD-T, and AD-PT using the baculovirus expression vector system (BEVS). By meticulously optimizing conditions in High Five cells, we successfully expressed and purified the recombinant proteins. Subsequently, we developed the recombinant ADDomer-VLP vaccine and conducted a comprehensive evaluation of its efficacy in piglets. Results Following ultrafiltration concentration and sucrose gradient centrifugation purification, the recombinant proteins self-assembled into VLPs as observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Administration of the vaccine did not result in any adverse reactions in the immunized piglets. Additionally, no significant instances of fever were detected in any of the experimental groups, and there were no notable changes in average daily weight gain compared to the control group that received PBS. The recombinant ADDomer-VLP vaccines demonstrated strong immunogenicity, effectively stimulating the production of neutralizing antibodies against both PEDV and TGEV. Moreover, the recombinant ADDomer-VLP vaccine induced elevated levels of IFN-γ, IL-2, and IL-4, and enhanced cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) activity in the peripheral blood of piglets. Discussion These recombinant VLPs have demonstrated the ability to induce strong cellular and humoral immune responses in piglets, making them an incredibly promising platform for the rapid and simplified development of epitope vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Du
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Quanhui Yan
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiao-Ai Zhang
- Agro-Biological Gene Research Center, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weijun Zeng
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Kaiyuan Xie
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhongmao Yuan
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaodi Liu
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xueyi Liu
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lihong Zhang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Keke Wu
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaowen Li
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shuangqi Fan
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Mingqiu Zhao
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jinding Chen
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Shi X, Luo Y, Yan H, Tian G, Yang S, He Z, Zhang F, Wang Y, Guo L, Chen H. Gold nanoparticle dimer-based immunochromatography for in situ ultrasensitive detection of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus. Mikrochim Acta 2023; 190:430. [PMID: 37804452 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-023-06013-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
The low detection sensitivity of lateral-flow immunochromatography assay (LFIA) based on spherical gold nanoparticle (AuNP) limits its wide applications. In the present study, AuNP dimers with strong plasma scattering and robust signal output were synthesized via the Ag ion soldering (AIS) strategy and used as labeled probes in LFIA to boost the sensitivity without any extra operation process and equipment. The established LFIA exhibited high sensitivity with a limit of detection (LOD) of 2.0 × 102 TCID50/mL for PEDV, which provides 50 times higher sensitivity than commercial LFIA based on spherical colloidal gold. In addition, the AuNP dimer-based LFIA showed strong specificity, good reproducibility, high stability, and good accordance to reverse transcription polymer chain reaction (RT-PCR) when detecting 109 clinical samples. Thus, the AuNP dimers is a promising probe for LFIA and the developed AuNP dimer-based LFIA is suitable for the rapid detection of PEDV in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinrui Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, Guangxi, China
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Yaxiang Luo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, Guangxi, China
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Hao Yan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, Guangxi, China
- Jiaxing Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Sensing, College of Biological, Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, 314001, China
| | - Guangzhao Tian
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, Guangxi, China
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Songxin Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, Guangxi, China
- Jiaxing Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Sensing, College of Biological, Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, 314001, China
| | - Zhaoyuan He
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, Guangxi, China
| | - Fuxin Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, Guangxi, China
- Jiaxing Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Sensing, College of Biological, Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, 314001, China
| | - Yueliang Wang
- Jiaxing Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Sensing, College of Biological, Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, 314001, China.
| | - Longhua Guo
- Jiaxing Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Sensing, College of Biological, Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, 314001, China.
| | - Hailan Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, Guangxi, China.
- Jiaxing Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Sensing, College of Biological, Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, 314001, China.
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, China.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Wang Y, Qin P, Zhao C, Li Y, Li S, Fan F, Li D, Huang H, Duan H, Yang X, Du W, Li Y. Evaluating anti-viral effect of Ivermectin on porcine epidemic diarrhea virus and analyzing the related genes and signaling pathway by RNA-seq in vitro. Virology 2023; 587:109877. [PMID: 37688922 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.109877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) has catastrophic impacts on the global pig industry. However, there remains no effective drugs for PEDV infection. Ivermectin is an FDA-approved anthelmintic drug used to treat worm infections. In this study, we reported the broad-spectrum antiviral activity of Ivermectin in vitro. Ivermectin can inhibit PEDV infections of different genotypes. Avermectin derivatives can also inhibit PEDV infections. A time of addition assay showed that Ivermectin exhibited potent anti-PEDV activity when added simultaneously with or post virus infection. Furthermore, Ivermectin significantly inhibited the late stage of viral infection by affecting viral release. RNA sequencing indicates Ivermectin induces cell cycle arrest, which may be related to its ability to inhibit viral release. Interestingly, when combined with Niclosamide, Ivermectin demonstrated an enhanced anti-PEDV effect. These findings highlight Ivermectin as a novel antiviral agent with potential for the development of drugs against PEDV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.
| | - Panpan Qin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.
| | - Chenxu Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.
| | - Yaqin Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.
| | - Shuai Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.
| | - Fangfang Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.
| | - Dongliang Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Animal Pathogens and Biosafety, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.
| | - Huimin Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, 6 Long-zi-hu Street, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.
| | - Hong Duan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Animal Pathogens and Biosafety, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.
| | - Xia Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Animal Pathogens and Biosafety, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.
| | - Wenjuan Du
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3584, CL, the Netherlands.
| | - Yongtao Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Animal Pathogens and Biosafety, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3584, CL, the Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Liu S, Yu Q, Li S, Li M, Yang L, Wang Q, Tu Z, Tao F, Yang P, Kong L, Xin X. Expression and immunogenicity of recombinant porcine epidemic diarrhea virus Nsp9. Virology 2023; 587:109861. [PMID: 37572518 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.109861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) causes acute diarrhea, vomiting, dehydration, and high mortality in newborn piglets, which leads to significant economic losses. Coronavirus nonstructural protein 9 (Nsp9) is an essential RNA binding protein for coronavirus replication, which renders it a promising candidate for developing antiviral drugs and diagnosis targeting PEDV. In this study, PEDV Nsp9 protein fused with MBP protein and His-tag were expressed and purified in Escherichia coli. Furthermore, immunization of MBP-Nsp9 enhances both humoral and cellular immunity responses as compared with that of His-Nsp9 protein. Finally, the swine immunization showed that Nsp9 protein could stimulate the swine immunity system to carry out humoral immunity, and the generated antibody could inhibit the proliferation of PEDV in Vero cells. Altogether, our data provide direct evidence for the immunogenicity of PEDV Nsp9, which sheds light on the future developments of anti-PEDV drugs and vaccines for PED prevention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shiguo Liu
- Institute of Pathogenic Microorganism and College of Bioscience and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China; Nanchang Key Laboratory of Animal Virus and Genetic Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
| | - Qijia Yu
- Institute of Pathogenic Microorganism and College of Bioscience and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China; Nanchang Key Laboratory of Animal Virus and Genetic Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
| | - Sha Li
- Institute of Pathogenic Microorganism and College of Bioscience and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China; Nanchang Key Laboratory of Animal Virus and Genetic Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
| | - Mingzhi Li
- Institute of Pathogenic Microorganism and College of Bioscience and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China; Nanchang Key Laboratory of Animal Virus and Genetic Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
| | - Li Yang
- Institute of Pathogenic Microorganism and College of Bioscience and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China; Nanchang Key Laboratory of Animal Virus and Genetic Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
| | - Quansheng Wang
- Institute of Pathogenic Microorganism and College of Bioscience and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China; Nanchang Key Laboratory of Animal Virus and Genetic Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
| | - Zewen Tu
- Institute of Pathogenic Microorganism and College of Bioscience and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China; Nanchang Key Laboratory of Animal Virus and Genetic Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
| | - Feifei Tao
- Institute of Pathogenic Microorganism and College of Bioscience and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China; Nanchang Key Laboratory of Animal Virus and Genetic Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
| | - Pingping Yang
- Institute of Pathogenic Microorganism and College of Bioscience and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China; Nanchang Key Laboratory of Animal Virus and Genetic Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
| | - Lingbao Kong
- Institute of Pathogenic Microorganism and College of Bioscience and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China; Nanchang Key Laboratory of Animal Virus and Genetic Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
| | - Xiu Xin
- Institute of Pathogenic Microorganism and College of Bioscience and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China; Nanchang Key Laboratory of Animal Virus and Genetic Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Hou W, Wu H, Wang S, Wang W, Wang B, Wang H. Designing a multi-epitope vaccine to control porcine epidemic diarrhea virus infection using immunoinformatics approaches. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1264612. [PMID: 37779715 PMCID: PMC10538973 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1264612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), a continuously evolving pathogen, causes severe diarrhea in piglets with high mortality rates. However, current vaccines cannot provide complete protection against PEDV, so vaccine development is still necessary and urgent. Here, with the help of immunoinformatics approaches, we attempted to design a multi-epitope vaccine named rPMEV to prevent and control PEDV infection. The epitopes of rPMEV were constructed by 9 cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitopes (CTLs), 11 helper T lymphocyte epitopes (HTLs), 6 linear B cell epitopes (LBEs), and 4 conformational B cell epitopes (CBEs) based on the S proteins from the four representative PEDV G2 strains. To enhance immunogenicity, porcine β-defensin-2 (PBD-2) was adjoined to the N-terminal of the vaccine as an adjuvant. All of the epitopes and PBD-2 were joined by corresponding linkers and recombined into the multivalent vaccine, which is stable, antigenic, and non-allergenic. Furthermore, we adopted molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation methods to analyze the interaction of rPMEV with the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4): a stable interaction between them created by 13 hydrogen bonds. In addition, the results of the immune simulation showed that rPMEV could stimulate both cellular and humoral immune responses. Finally, to raise the expression efficiency, the sequence of the vaccine protein was cloned into the pET28a (+) vector after the codon optimization. These studies indicate that the designed multi-epitope vaccine has a potential protective effect, providing a theoretical basis for further confirmation of its protective effect against PEDV infection in vitro and in vivo studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Hou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
| | - Heqiong Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
| | - Sibei Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
| | - Wenting Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
| | - Bin Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
- Single Molecule Nanometry Laboratory (Sinmolab), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Haidong Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Wang H, Yi W, Qin H, Wang Q, Guo R, Pan Z. A Genetically Engineered Bivalent Vaccine Coexpressing a Molecular Adjuvant against Classical Swine Fever and Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11954. [PMID: 37569329 PMCID: PMC10419043 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241511954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Classical swine fever (CSF) and porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) are highly contagious viral diseases that pose a significant threat to piglets and cause substantial economic losses in the global swine industry. Therefore, the development of a bivalent vaccine capable of targeting both CSF and PED simultaneously is crucial. In this study, we genetically engineered a recombinant classical swine fever virus (rCSFV) expressing the antigenic domains of the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) based on the modified infectious cDNA clone of the vaccine strain C-strain. The S1N and COE domains of PEDV were inserted into C-strain cDNA clone harboring the mutated 136th residue of Npro and substituted 3'UTR to generate the recombinant chimeric virus vC/SM3'UTRN-S1NCOE. To improve the efficacy of the vaccine, we introduced the tissue plasminogen activator signal (tPAs) and CARD domain of the signaling molecule VISA into vC/SM3'UTRN-S1NCOE to obtain vC/SM3'UTRN-tPAsS1NCOE and vC/SM3'UTRN-CARD/tPAsS1NCOE, respectively. We characterized three vaccine candidates in vitro and investigated their immune responses in rabbits and pigs. The NproD136N mutant exhibited normal autoprotease activity and mitigated the inhibition of IFN-β induction. The introduction of tPAs and the CARD domain led to the secretory expression of the S1NCOE protein and upregulated IFN-β induction in infected cells. Immunization with recombinant CSFVs expressing secretory S1NCOE resulted in a significantly increased in PEDV-specific antibody production, and coexpression of the CARD domain of VISA upregulated the PEDV-specific IFN-γ level in the serum of vaccinated animals. Notably, vaccination with vC/SM3'UTRN-CARD/tPAsS1NCOE conferred protection against virulent CSFV and PEDV challenge in pigs. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that the engineered vC/SM3'UTRN-CARD/tPAsS1NCOE is a promising bivalent vaccine candidate against both CSFV and PEDV infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; (H.W.); (W.Y.); (H.Q.)
| | - Weicheng Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; (H.W.); (W.Y.); (H.Q.)
| | - Huan Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; (H.W.); (W.Y.); (H.Q.)
| | - Qin Wang
- World Organization for Animal Health Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing 100081, China;
| | - Rui Guo
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control Agents for Animal Bacteriosis (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogenic Microbiology, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China;
| | - Zishu Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; (H.W.); (W.Y.); (H.Q.)
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Sohn EJ, Kang H, Min K, Park M, Kim JH, Seo HW, Lee SJ, Kim H, Tark D, Cho HS, Choi BH, Oh Y. A Plant-Derived Maternal Vaccine against Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Protects Piglets through Maternally Derived Immunity. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11050965. [PMID: 37243069 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11050965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Newborn piglets are susceptible to a highly contagious enteritis caused by the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), associated with high levels of mortality worldwide. There is pressing need for a rapid, safe, and cost-effective vaccine to safeguard pigs from getting infected by PEDV. PEDV belongs to the coronavirus family and is characterized by high levels of mutability. The primary goal of a PEDV vaccine is to provide immunity to newborn piglets through vaccination of sows. Plant-based vaccines are becoming more popular because they have low manufacturing costs, are easily scalable, have high thermostability, and a long shelf life. This is in contrast to conventional vaccines which include inactivated, live, and/or recombinant types that can be expensive and have limited ability to respond to rapidly mutating viruses. The binding of the virus to host cell receptors is primarily facilitated by the N-terminal subunit of the viral spike protein (S1), which also contains several epitopes that are recognized by virus-neutralizing antibodies. As a result, we generated a recombinant S1 protein using a plant-based vaccine platform. We found that the recombinant protein was highly glycosylated, comparable to the native viral antigen. Vaccination of pregnant sows at four and two weeks before farrowing led to the development of humoral immunity specific to S1 in the suckling piglets. In addition, we noted significant viral neutralization titers in both vaccinated sows and piglets. When challenged with PEDV, piglets born from vaccinated sows displayed less severe clinical symptoms and significantly lower mortality rates compared to piglets born from non-vaccinated sows.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Ju Sohn
- BioApplications Inc., Pohang Techno Park Complex, 394 Jigok-ro, Pohang 37668, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyangju Kang
- BioApplications Inc., Pohang Techno Park Complex, 394 Jigok-ro, Pohang 37668, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungmin Min
- BioApplications Inc., Pohang Techno Park Complex, 394 Jigok-ro, Pohang 37668, Republic of Korea
| | - Minhee Park
- BioApplications Inc., Pohang Techno Park Complex, 394 Jigok-ro, Pohang 37668, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Hun Kim
- BioApplications Inc., Pohang Techno Park Complex, 394 Jigok-ro, Pohang 37668, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwi-Won Seo
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Joon Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Heeyeon Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongseob Tark
- Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54531, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Seong Cho
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo-Hwa Choi
- BioApplications Inc., Pohang Techno Park Complex, 394 Jigok-ro, Pohang 37668, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonsu Oh
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Feng B, Li C, Qiu Y, Qi W, Qiu M, Li J, Lin H, Zheng W, Zhu J, Chen N. Genomic Characterizations of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Viruses (PEDV) in Diarrheic Piglets and Clinically Healthy Adult Pigs from 2019 to 2022 in China. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13091562. [PMID: 37174599 PMCID: PMC10177568 DOI: 10.3390/ani13091562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a major causative pathogen of diarrheic disease. In this study, the prevalence and evolution of PEDV was evaluated using intestinal samples collected from six provinces of China in 2019-2022. PEDV could not only be detected in diarrheic piglets but also in adult pigs without enteric diseases. The complete genomes of five temporal and geographical representative PEDV strains were determined. Genome-based phylogenetic analysis indicated that XJ1904-700 belongs to the G2-a subgroup, while the other strains are clustered within the S-INDEL subgroup. Recombination analyses supported that JSNJ2004-919 is an inter-subgroup recombinant from SD2014-like (G2-b), CHZ-2013-like (G2-b) and CV777-like (G1-b) isolates, while FJFZ2004-1017 is an intra-subgroup recombinant from XM1-2-like (S-INDEL) and LYG-2014-like (S-INDEL) isolates. Both JSNJ2004-919 and FJFZ2004-1017 were from adult pigs, providing evidence that adult pigs may also serve as the host of PEDV reservoirs for virus evolution. Overall, this study provides new insights into PEDV's prevalence and evolution in both diseased piglets and clinically healthy adult pigs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Binghui Feng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Chen Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yuejia Qiu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Wenhao Qi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Ming Qiu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Jixiang Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Hong Lin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Wanglong Zheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Jianzhong Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou 225009, China
- International Research Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonotic Diseases of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Nanhua Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou 225009, China
- International Research Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonotic Diseases of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen Infection and Immunology of Fujian Province, Fuzhou 350002, China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Kim DM, Moon SH, Kim SC, Cho HS, Tark D. Development of Effective PEDV Vaccine Candidates Based on Viral Culture and Protease Activity. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11050923. [PMID: 37243027 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11050923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) is a highly contagious disease that has been reported annually in several Asian countries, causing significant economic losses to the swine livestock industry. Although vaccines against the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) are available, their efficacy remains questionable due to limitations such as viral genome mutation and insufficient intestinal mucosal immunity. Therefore, the development of a safe and effective vaccine is necessary. In this study, a virulent Korean strain of PEDV, CKT-7, was isolated from a piglet with severe diarrhea, and six different conditions were employed for serial passage of the strain in a cell culture system to generate effective live attenuated vaccine (LAV) candidates. The characteristics of these strains were analyzed in vitro and in vivo, and the CKT-7 N strain was identified as the most effective vaccine candidate, with a viral titer peak of 8.67 ± 0.29 log10TCID50/mL, and no mortality or diarrhea symptoms were observed in five-day-old piglets. These results indicate that LAV candidates can be generated through serial passage with different culture conditions and provide valuable insights into the development of a highly effective LAV against PEDV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dae-Min Kim
- Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention, Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 545431, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hyun Moon
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Bio-Safety Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Chai Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Bio-Safety Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Seong Cho
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Bio-Safety Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongseob Tark
- Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention, Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 545431, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Su M, Yin B, Xing X, Li Z, Zhang J, Feng S, Li L, Zhao F, Yang X, Yu S, Wang J, Zhang Y, Shi D, Chen J, Feng L, Guo D, Sun D. Octyl gallate targeting the 3C-like protease exhibits highly efficient antiviral activity against swine enteric coronavirus PEDV. Vet Microbiol 2023; 281:109743. [PMID: 37062110 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2023.109743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
Infection with porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) causes severe watery diarrhea in newborn piglets, leading to substantial financial losses for the swine industry. In this study, we screened small molecule drugs targeting 3 C-like protease (3CLpro) by molecular docking, and further evaluated the antiviral activity of the screened drugs against PEDV. Results showed that octyl gallate (OG), a widely used food additive, exhibited strong binding affinity with the 3CLpro active sites of PEDV. Bio-layer interferometry and fluorescence resonance energy transfer revealed that OG directly interacts with PEDV 3CLpro (KD = 549 nM) and inhibits 3CLpro activity (IC50 = 22.15 µM). OG showed a strong inhibition of PEDV replication in vitro. Virus titers were decreased by 0.58 and 0.71 log10 TCID50/mL for the CV777 and HM2017 strains, respectively. In vivo, all piglets in the PEDV-infected group died at 48 h post-infection (hpi), while 75% of piglets in the OG treatment group showed significant relief from the clinical symptoms, pathological damage, and viral loads in the jejunum and ileum. Moreover, the western blotting results showed that OG also has strong antiviral activity against other swine enteric coronaviruses, including transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV), and swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV). Our findings revealed that OG could be developed as a novel antiviral drug against PEDV. The OG exhibited a potential broad-spectrum antiviral drug for control of other swine enteric coronaviruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingjun Su
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, No. 5 Xinfeng Road, Sartu District, Daqing 163319, PR China; College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine of Zhejiang A&F University, 666 Wusu Street, Lin'an District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 311300, PR China
| | - Baishuang Yin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural Science and Technology University, Jilin, PR China
| | - Xiaoxu Xing
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, No. 5 Xinfeng Road, Sartu District, Daqing 163319, PR China
| | - Zijian Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, No. 5 Xinfeng Road, Sartu District, Daqing 163319, PR China
| | - Jiyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, PR China
| | - Shufeng Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, PR China
| | - Lu Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, No. 5 Xinfeng Road, Sartu District, Daqing 163319, PR China
| | - Feiyu Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, No. 5 Xinfeng Road, Sartu District, Daqing 163319, PR China
| | - Xu Yang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, No. 5 Xinfeng Road, Sartu District, Daqing 163319, PR China
| | - Shiping Yu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, No. 5 Xinfeng Road, Sartu District, Daqing 163319, PR China
| | - Jun Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, No. 5 Xinfeng Road, Sartu District, Daqing 163319, PR China
| | - Yongchen Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, No. 5 Xinfeng Road, Sartu District, Daqing 163319, PR China
| | - Da Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, PR China
| | - Jianfei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, PR China
| | - Li Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, PR China
| | - Donghua Guo
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, No. 5 Xinfeng Road, Sartu District, Daqing 163319, PR China
| | - Dongbo Sun
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, No. 5 Xinfeng Road, Sartu District, Daqing 163319, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Li Y, Zhu Y, Wang Y, Feng Y, Li D, Li S, Qin P, Yang X, Chen L, Zhao J, Zhang C, Li Y. Characterization of RNA G-quadruplexes in porcine epidemic diarrhea virus genome and the antiviral activity of G-quadruplex ligands. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 231:123282. [PMID: 36657537 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), an enteropathogenic coronavirus, has catastrophic impacts on the global pig industry. However, there are still no anti-PEDV drugs with accurate targets. G-quadruplexes (G4s) are non-canonical secondary structures formed within guanine-rich regions of DNA or RNA, and have attracted great attention as potential targets for antiviral strategy. In this study, we reported two putative G4-forming sequences (PQS) in S and Nsp5 genes of PEDV genome based on bioinformatic analysis, and identified that S-PQS and Nsp5-PQS were enabled to fold into G4 structure by using circular dichroism spectroscopy and fluorescence turn-on assay. Furthermore, we verified that both S-PQS and Nsp5-PQS PQS could form G4 structure in live cells by immunofluorescence microscopy. In addition, G4-specific compounds, such as TMPyP4 and PDS, could significantly inhibit transcription, translation and proliferation of PEDV in vitro. Importantly, these compounds exert antiviral activity at the post-entry step of PEDV infection cycle, by inhibiting viral genome replication and protein expression. Lastly, we demonstrated that TMPyP4 can inhibit reporter gene expression by targeting G4 structure in Nsp5. Taken together, these findings not only reinforce the presence of viral G-quadruplex sequences in PEDV genome but also provide new insights into developing novel antiviral drugs targeting PEDV RNA G-quadruplexes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaqin Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Yance Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Yue Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Yi Feng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Dongliang Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Shuai Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Panpan Qin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Xia Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Lu Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Jun Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
| | - Yongtao Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Zheng L, Liu H, Tian Z, Kay M, Wang H, Cheng L, Xia W, Zhang J, Wang W, Cao H, Xu X, Gao Z, Geng R, Wu Z, Zhang H. Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) ORF3 protein inhibits cellular type I interferon signaling through down-regulating proteins expression in RLRs-mediated pathway. Res Vet Sci 2023; 159:146-159. [PMID: 37148734 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2023.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is an entero-pathogenic coronavirus, which belongs to the genus Alphacoronavirus in the family Coronaviridae, causing lethal watery diarrhea in piglets. Previous studies have shown that PEDV has developed an antagonistic mechanism by which it evades the antiviral activities of interferon (IFN), such as the sole accessory protein open reading frame 3 (ORF3) being found to inhibit IFN-β promoter activities, but how this mechanism used by PEDV ORF3 inhibits activation of the type I signaling pathway remains not fully understood. Thus, in this present study, we showed that PEDV ORF3 inhibited both polyinosine-polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C))- and IFNα2b-stimulated transcription of IFN-β and interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) mRNAs. The expression levels of antiviral proteins in the retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs)-mediated pathway was down-regulated in cells with over-expression of PEDV ORF3 protein, but global protein translation remained unchanged and the association of ORF3 with RLRs-related antiviral proteins was not detected, implying that ORF3 only specifically suppressed the expression of these signaling molecules. At the same time, we also found that the PEDV ORF3 protein inhibited interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) phosphorylation and poly(I:C)-induced nuclear translocation of IRF3, which further supported the evidence that type I IFN production was abrogated by PEDV ORF3 through interfering with RLRs signaling. Furthermore, PEDV ORF3 counteracted transcription of IFN-β and ISGs mRNAs, which were triggered by over-expression of signal proteins in the RLRs-mediated pathway. However, to our surprise, PEDV ORF3 initially induced, but subsequently reduced the transcription of IFN-β and ISGs mRNAs to normal levels. Additionally, mRNA transcriptional levels of signaling molecules located at IFN-β upstream were not inhibited, but elevated by PEDV ORF3 protein. Collectively, these results demonstrate that inhibition of type I interferon signaling by PEDV ORF3 can be realized through down-regulating the expression of signal molecules in the RLRs-mediated pathway, but not via inhibiting their mRNAs transcription. This study points to a new mechanism evolved by PEDV through blockage of the RLRs-mediated pathway by ORF3 protein to circumvent the host's antiviral immunity.
Collapse
|
29
|
Characterization and epitope mapping of monoclonal antibodies against PEDV N protein. Virology 2023; 579:29-37. [PMID: 36592554 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2022.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) causes acute diarrhea, vomiting, dehydration and high mortality in neonatal piglets. The nucleocapsid (N) protein of PEDV is a highly conserved protein with strong immunogenicity and palys an important role in PEDV diagnosis. However, epitopes on the PEDV N protein have not yet been well characterized. Here, 32 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against the PEDV N protein were produced and identified. Six new epitopes were first identified by using a high-throughput epitope mapping method named AbMap. Sequence analysis revealed that among the six epitopes five epitopes were highly conserved among different PEDV strains. We also confirmed that the mAbs derived from the six epitopes of PEDV N protein, have no cross-reactivity with transmissible gastro enteritis virus or porcine delta coronavirus. These mAbs and their defined epitopes will help to understand the N protein structure and immunological characteristics, and to develop a rapid, accurate PEDV diagnosis method.
Collapse
|
30
|
Yan K, Feng S, Cheng J, Zheng F, Li Z, Deng Z, Yuan X. IFITM3 is a host restriction factor that inhibits porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus infection. Vet Microbiol 2023; 277:109622. [PMID: 36543089 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2022.109622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Interferon-induced transmembrane proteins (IFITMs) play an important role in the innate immune response triggered by viral infection. Transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) causes severe diarrhea, vomiting and dehydration in piglets, resulting in huge economic losses to the swine industry. In this study, we showed that IFITM3 inhibits the replication of TGEV and interferes with the binding of TGEV to PK15 cells. Moreover, the inhibitory effect of IFITM3 on TGEV circumvents the upregulation of inflammatory cytokines. Subsequently, we found that the M22A mutant loses part of the antiviral effect of IFITM3 on TGEV; in contrast, the K24A mutant enhances the antiviral effect of IFITM3. Notably, our data shows a synergistic effect between IFITM3 and CQ, which further amplifies the antiviral effect against TGEV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kexin Yan
- Lab of Animal Disease Prevention & Control and Animal Models, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University (HUNAU), Changsha, Hunan 410128 China
| | - Simeng Feng
- Lab of Animal Disease Prevention & Control and Animal Models, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University (HUNAU), Changsha, Hunan 410128 China; Changsha Luye Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Changsha 410100, China
| | - Jiahao Cheng
- Lab of Animal Disease Prevention & Control and Animal Models, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University (HUNAU), Changsha, Hunan 410128 China
| | - Fan Zheng
- Lab of Animal Disease Prevention & Control and Animal Models, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University (HUNAU), Changsha, Hunan 410128 China
| | - Zhiqiang Li
- Lab of Animal Disease Prevention & Control and Animal Models, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University (HUNAU), Changsha, Hunan 410128 China
| | - Zhibang Deng
- Lab of Animal Disease Prevention & Control and Animal Models, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University (HUNAU), Changsha, Hunan 410128 China
| | - Xiaomin Yuan
- Lab of Animal Disease Prevention & Control and Animal Models, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University (HUNAU), Changsha, Hunan 410128 China; Changsha Luye Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Changsha 410100, China.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Abstract
The existence of coronaviruses has been known for many years. These viruses cause significant disease that primarily seems to affect agricultural species. Human coronavirus disease due to the 2002 outbreak of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome and the 2012 outbreak of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome made headlines; however, these outbreaks were controlled, and public concern quickly faded. This complacency ended in late 2019 when alarms were raised about a mysterious virus responsible for numerous illnesses and deaths in China. As we now know, this novel disease called Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) was caused by Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) and rapidly became a worldwide pandemic. Luckily, decades of research into animal coronaviruses hastened our understanding of the genetics, structure, transmission, and pathogenesis of these viruses. Coronaviruses infect a wide range of wild and domestic animals, with significant economic impact in several agricultural species. Their large genome, low dependency on host cellular proteins, and frequent recombination allow coronaviruses to successfully cross species barriers and adapt to different hosts including humans. The study of the animal diseases provides an understanding of the virus biology and pathogenesis and has assisted in the rapid development of the SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. Here, we briefly review the classification, origin, etiology, transmission mechanisms, pathogenesis, clinical signs, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention strategies, including available vaccines, for coronaviruses that affect domestic, farm, laboratory, and wild animal species. We also briefly describe the coronaviruses that affect humans. Expanding our knowledge of this complex group of viruses will better prepare us to design strategies to prevent and/or minimize the impact of future coronavirus outbreaks.
Collapse
Key Words
- bcov, bovine coronavirus
- ccov, canine coronavirus
- cov(s), coronavirus(es)
- covid-19, coronavirus disease 2019
- crcov, canine respiratory coronavirus
- e, coronaviral envelope protein
- ecov, equine coronavirus
- fcov, feline coronavirus
- fipv, feline infectious peritonitis virus
- gfcov, guinea fowl coronavirus
- hcov, human coronavirus
- ibv, infectious bronchitis virus
- m, coronaviral membrane protein
- mers, middle east respiratory syndrome-coronavirus
- mhv, mouse hepatitis virus
- pedv, porcine epidemic diarrhea virus
- pdcov, porcine deltacoronavirus
- phcov, pheasant coronavirus
- phev, porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus
- prcov, porcine respiratory coronavirus
- rt-pcr, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction
- s, coronaviral spike protein
- sads-cov, swine acute diarrhea syndrome-coronavirus
- sars-cov, severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus
- sars-cov-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome–coronavirus–2
- tcov, turkey coronavirus
- tgev, transmissible gastroenteritis virus
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso S Gozalo
- Comparative Medicine Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland;,
| | - Tannia S Clark
- Office of Laboratory Animal Medicine, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - David M Kurtz
- Comparative Medicine Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, Durham, North Carolina
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Wang F, Zhang Q, Zhang F, Zhang E, Li M, Ma S, Guo J, Yang Z, Zhu J. Adenovirus vector-mediated single chain variable fragments target the nucleocapsid protein of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus and protect against viral infection in piglets. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1058327. [PMID: 36761768 PMCID: PMC9902916 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1058327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) mainly infects the intestinal epithelial cells of pigs, causing porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED). In particular, the virus causes severe diarrhea, dehydration, and death in neonatal piglets. Maternal immunity effectively protects neonatal piglets from PEDV infection; however, maternal antibodies can only prevent PEDV attachment and entry into target cells, but have no effects on intracellular viruses. Intracellular antibodies targeting virus-encoded proteins are effective in preventing viral infection. We previously identified four single chain variable fragments (scFvs), ZW1-16, ZW3-21, ZW1-41, and ZW4-16, which specifically targeted the PEDV N protein and significantly inhibited PEDV replication and up-regulated interferon-λ1 (IFN-λ1) expression in host cells. In our current study, the four scFvs were subcloned into replication-defective adenovirus vectors to generate recombinant adenoviruses rAdV-ZW1-16, rAdV-ZW3-21, rAdV-ZW1-41, and rAdV-ZW4-16. ScFvs were successfully expressed in Human Embryonic Kidney 293 (HEK293) cells and intestinal porcine epithelial cell line J2 (IPEC-J2) and were biosafe for piglets as indicated by body temperature and weight, scFv excretion in feces, IFN-γ and interleukin-4 (IL-4) expression in jejunum, and pathological changes in porcine tissue after oral administration. Western blotting, immunofluorescence, and immunohistochemical analyses showed that scFvs were expressed in porcine jejunum. The prophylactic effects of rAdV-ZW, a cocktail of the four rAdV-scFvs, on piglet diarrhea caused by PEDV was investigated. Clinical symptoms in piglets orally challenged with PEDV, following a two-time treatment with rAdV-ZW, were significantly reduced when compared with PEDV-infected piglets treated with phosphate buffered saline (PBS) or rAdV-wild-type. Also, no death and jejunal lesions were observed. ScFv co-localization with the PEDV N protein in vivo was also observed. Next, the expression of pro-inflammatory serum cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), IL-6, IL-8, IL-12, and IFN-λ was assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), which showed that scFvs significantly suppressed PEDV-induced pro-inflammatory cytokine expression and restored PEDV-inhibited IFN-λ expression. Therefore, our study supported a promising role for intracellular scFvs targeting the PEDV N protein to prevent and treat diarrhea in PEDV-infected piglets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fengqing Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China,Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication Systems and Networks, Key Laboratory for Laser Plasmas (Ministry of Education), School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China,*Correspondence: Qing Zhang, ; Jianguo Zhu,
| | - Fanqing Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - En Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mei Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shiwei Ma
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianming Guo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhibiao Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianguo Zhu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China,*Correspondence: Qing Zhang, ; Jianguo Zhu,
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Wang Y, Huang H, Li D, Zhao C, Li S, Qin P, Li Y, Yang X, Du W, Li W, Li Y. Identification of niclosamide as a novel antiviral agent against porcine epidemic diarrhea virus infection by targeting viral internalization. Virol Sin 2023; 38:296-308. [PMID: 36702255 PMCID: PMC10176444 DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2023.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), an enteropathogenic coronavirus, has catastrophic impacts on the global pig industry. However, there remain no effective drugs against PEDV infection. In this study, we utilized a recombinant PEDV expressing renilla luciferase (PEDV-Rluc) to screen potential anti-PEDV agents from an FDA-approved drug library in Vero cells. Four compounds were identified that significantly decreased luciferase activity of PEDV-Rluc. Among them, niclosamide was further characterized because it exhibited the most potent antiviral activity with the highest selectivity index. It can efficiently inhibit viral RNA synthesis, protein expression and viral progeny production of classical and variant PEDV strains in a dose-dependent manner. Time of addition assay showed that niclosamide exhibited potent anti-PEDV activity when added simultaneously with or after virus infection. Furthermore, niclosamide significantly inhibited the entry stage of PEDV infection by affecting viral internalization rather than viral attachment to cells. In addition, a combination with other small molecule inhibitors of endosomal acidification enhanced the anti-PEDV effect of niclosamide in vitro. Taken together, these findings suggested that niclosamide is a novel antiviral agent that might provide a basis for the development of novel drug therapies against PEDV and other related pathogenic coronavirus infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Huimin Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Dongliang Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Chenxu Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Shuai Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Panpan Qin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Yaqin Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Xia Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Wenjuan Du
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3584 CL, the Netherlands
| | - Wentao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Yongtao Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3584 CL, the Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Wang PH, Nawal Bahoussi A, Tariq Shah P, Guo YY, Wu C, Xing L. Genetic comparison of transmissible gastroenteritis coronaviruses. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1146648. [PMID: 37138909 PMCID: PMC10150923 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1146648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) is a porcine coronavirus that threatens animal health and remains elusive despite years of research efforts. The systematical analysis of all available full-length genomes of TGEVs (a total of 43) and porcine respiratory coronaviruses PRCVs (a total of 7) showed that TGEVs fell into two independent evolutionary phylogenetic clades, GI and GII. Viruses circulating in China (until 2021) clustered with the traditional or attenuated vaccine strains within the same evolutionary clades (GI). In contrast, viruses latterly isolated in the USA fell into GII clade. The viruses circulating in China have a lower similarity with that isolated latterly in the USA all through the viral genome. In addition, at least four potential genomic recombination events were identified, three of which occurred in GI clade and one in GII clade. TGEVs circulating in China are distinct from the viruses latterly isolated in the USA at either genomic nucleotide or antigenic levels. Genomic recombination serves as a factor driving the expansion of TGEV genomic diversity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Hua Wang
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | | | - Pir Tariq Shah
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yan-Yan Guo
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Changxin Wu
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
- Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Cell Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
- Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Major Infectious Diseases, Taiyuan, China
- The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Li Xing
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
- Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Cell Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
- Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Major Infectious Diseases, Taiyuan, China
- The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
- *Correspondence: Li Xing
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Puente H, Díaz I, Arguello H, Mencía-Ares Ó, Gómez-García M, Pérez-Pérez L, Vega C, Cortey M, Martín M, Rubio P, Carvajal A. Characterization and cross-protection of experimental infections with SeCoV and two PEDV variants. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:3225-3237. [PMID: 35918058 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to characterize the infection of weaned pigs with swine enteric coronavirus (SeCoV) - a chimeric virus most likely originated from a recombination event between porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus (PEDV) and transmissible gastroenteritis virus, or its mutant porcine respiratory coronavirus - and two PEDV G1b variants, including a recently described recombinant PEDV-SeCoV (rPEDV-SeCoV), as well as to determine the degree of cross-protection achieved against the rPEDV-SeCoV. For this purpose, forty-eight 4-week-old weaned pigs were randomly allocated into four groups of 12 animals. Piglets within each group were primary inoculated with one of the investigated viral strains (B: PEDV; C: SeCoV and D: rPEDV-SeCoV) or mock-inoculated (A), and exposed to rPEDV-SeCOV at day 20 post-infection; thus, group A was primary challenged (-/rPEDV-SeCoV), groups B and C were subjected to a heterologous re-challenge (PEDV/rPEDV-SeCoV and SeCoV/rPEDV-SeCoV, respectively), and group D to a homologous re-challenge (rPEDV-SeCoV/rPEDV-SeCoV), Clinical signs, viral shedding, microscopic lesions and specific humoral and cellular immune responses (IgG, IgA, neutralizing antibodies and IgA and IFN-γ-secreting cells) were monitored. After primo-infection, all three viral strains induced an undistinguishable mild-to-moderate clinical disease with diarrhoea as the main sign and villus shortening lesions in the small intestine. In homologous re-challenged pigs, no clinical signs or lesions were observed, and viral shedding was only detected in a single animal. This fact may be explained by the significant high level of rPEDV-SeCoV-specific neutralizing antibodies found in these pigs before the challenge. In contrast, prior exposure to a different PEDV G1b variant or SeCoV only provided partial cross-protection, allowing rPEDV-SeCoV replication and shedding in faeces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Héctor Puente
- Facultad de Veterinaria, Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - Ivan Díaz
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Héctor Arguello
- Facultad de Veterinaria, Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Universidad de León, León, Spain.,INDEGSAL, Instituto de Desarrollo Ganadero, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - Óscar Mencía-Ares
- Facultad de Veterinaria, Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - Manuel Gómez-García
- Facultad de Veterinaria, Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - Lucía Pérez-Pérez
- Facultad de Veterinaria, Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - Clara Vega
- Facultad de Veterinaria, Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - Martí Cortey
- Facultat de Veterinària, Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Margarita Martín
- Facultat de Veterinària, Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Pedro Rubio
- Facultad de Veterinaria, Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Universidad de León, León, Spain.,INDEGSAL, Instituto de Desarrollo Ganadero, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - Ana Carvajal
- Facultad de Veterinaria, Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Universidad de León, León, Spain.,INDEGSAL, Instituto de Desarrollo Ganadero, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Zhu Q, Su M, Wei S, Shi D, Li L, Wang J, Sun H, Wang M, Li C, Guo D, Sun D. Up-regulated 60S ribosomal protein L18 in PEDV N protein-induced S-phase arrested host cells promotes viral replication. Virus Res 2022; 321:198916. [PMID: 36084747 PMCID: PMC9446558 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2022.198916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus subverts the host cell cycle to create a favorable cellular environment that enhances viral replication in host cells. Previous studies have revealed that nucleocapsid (N) protein of the coronavirus porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) interacts with p53 to induce cell cycle arrest in S-phase and promotes viral replication. However, the mechanism by which viral replication is increased in the PEDV N protein-induced S-phase arrested cells remains unknown. In the current study, the protein expression profiles of PEDV N protein-induced S-phase arrested Vero E6 cells and thymidine-induced S-phase arrested Vero E6 cells were characterized by tandem mass tag-labeled quantitative proteomic technology. The effect of differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) on PEDV replication was investigated. The results indicated that a total of 5709 proteins, including 20,560 peptides, were identified, of which 58 and 26 DEPs were identified in the PEDV N group and thymidine group, respectively (P < 0.05; ratio ≥ 1.2 or ≤ 0.8). The unique DEPs identified in the PEDV N group were mainly involved in DNA replication, transcription, and protein synthesis, of which 60S ribosomal protein L18 (RPL18) exhibited significantly up-regulated expression in the PEDV N protein-induced S-phase arrested Vero E6/IPEC-J2 cells and PEDV-infected IPEC-J2 cells (P < 0.05). Further studies revealed that the RPL18 protein could significantly enhance PEDV replication (P < 0.05). Our findings reveal a mechanism regarding increased viral replication when the PEDV N protein-induced host cells are in S-phase arrest. These data also provide evidence that PEDV maintains its own replication by utilizing protein synthesis-associated ribosomal proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qinghe Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, No. 5 Xinfeng Road, Sartu District, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Mingjun Su
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, No. 5 Xinfeng Road, Sartu District, Daqing 163319, China,Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center for Animal Health Diagnostics and Advanced Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology and College of Veterinary Medicine of Zhejiang A&F University, 666 Wusu Street, Lin'an District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China
| | - Shan Wei
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, No. 5 Xinfeng Road, Sartu District, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Da Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Lu Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, No. 5 Xinfeng Road, Sartu District, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Jun Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, No. 5 Xinfeng Road, Sartu District, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Haibo Sun
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, No. 5 Xinfeng Road, Sartu District, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Meijiao Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, No. 5 Xinfeng Road, Sartu District, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Chunqiu Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, No. 5 Xinfeng Road, Sartu District, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Donghua Guo
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, No. 5 Xinfeng Road, Sartu District, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Dongbo Sun
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, No. 5 Xinfeng Road, Sartu District, Daqing 163319, China,Corresponding author
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Wang J, Tian WJ, Li CC, Zhang XZ, Fan K, Li SL, Wang XJ. Small-Molecule RAF265 as an Antiviral Therapy Acts against PEDV Infection. Viruses 2022; 14:v14102261. [PMID: 36298816 PMCID: PMC9611448 DOI: 10.3390/v14102261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), a member of the family Coronaviridae, causes acute diarrhea, vomiting, dehydration, and high mortality in newborn piglets, and has caused significant economic losses in the pig industry. There are currently no specific drugs available to treat PEDV. Viruses depend exclusively on the cellular machinery to ensure an efficient replication cycle. In the present study, we found that small-molecule RAF265, an anticancer drug that has been shown to be a potent inhibitor of RAF, reduced viral loads of PEDV by 4 orders of magnitude in Vero cells, and protected piglets from virus challenge. RAF265 reduced PEDV production by mediating cytoskeleton arrangement and targeting the host cell’s translation machinery. Treatment with RAF265 inhibited viral entry of PEDV S-glycoprotein pseudotyped viral vector particle (PEDV-pp), at half maximal effective concentrations (EC50) of 79.1 nM. RAF265 also presented potent inhibitory activity against viral infection by SARS-CoV-2-pp and SARS-CoV-pp. The present work may provide a starting point for further progress toward the development of antiviral strategies effective against coronavirus PEDV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wen-Jun Tian
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Cui-Cui Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiu-Zhong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Kai Fan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Correspondence: (K.F.); (S.-L.L.); (X.-J.W.)
| | - Song-Li Li
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- Correspondence: (K.F.); (S.-L.L.); (X.-J.W.)
| | - Xiao-Jia Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Correspondence: (K.F.); (S.-L.L.); (X.-J.W.)
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Shen Y, Yang Y, Zhao J, Geng N, Liu K, Zhao Y, Wang F, Liu S, Li N, Meng F, Liu M. Molecular epidemiological survey of porcine epidemic diarrhea in some areas of Shandong and genetic evolutionary analysis of S gene. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1015717. [PMID: 36246337 PMCID: PMC9562854 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1015717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Responsible for the acute infectious disease porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED), PED virus (PEDV) induces severe diarrhea and high mortality in infected piglets and thus severely harms the productivity and economic efficiency of pig farms. In our study, we aimed to investigate and analyze the recent status and incidence pattern of PEDV infection in some areas of Shandong Province, China. We collected 176 clinical samples of PED from pig farms in different regions of Shandong Province during 2019–2021. PEDV, TGEV, and PORV were detected using RT-PCR. The full-length sequences of positive PEDV S genes were amplified, the sequences were analyzed with MEGA X and DNAStar, and a histopathological examination of typical PEDV-positive cases was performed. RT-PCR revealed positivity rates of 37.5% (66/176) for PEDV, 6.82% (12/176) for transmissible gastroenteritis virus, and 3.98% (7/176) for pig rotavirus. The test results for the years 2019, 2020, and 2021 were counted separately, PEDV positivity rates for the years were 34.88% (15/43), 39.33% (35/89), and 36.36% (16/44), respectively. Histopathological examination revealed atrophied, broken, and detached duodenal and jejunal intestinal villi, as typical of PED, and severe congestion of the intestinal submucosa. Moreover, the results of our study clearly indicate that the G2 subtype is prevalent as the dominant strain of PEDV in Shandong Province, where its rates of morbidity and mortality continue to be high. Based on a systematic investigation and analysis of PEDV's molecular epidemiology across Shandong Province, our results enrich current epidemiological data regarding PEDV and provide some scientific basis for preventing and controlling the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yesheng Shen
- School of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Yudong Yang
- School of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Jun Zhao
- School of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Ningwei Geng
- School of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Kuihao Liu
- School of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Yiran Zhao
- School of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Fangkun Wang
- School of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Sidang Liu
- School of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Ning Li
- School of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
- *Correspondence: Ning Li
| | - Fanliang Meng
- School of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
- Huayun (Shandong) Inspection and Quarantine Service Co., Tai'an, China
- Fanliang Meng
| | - Mengda Liu
- Division of Zoonoses Surveillance, China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
- Mengda Liu
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Zhang Y, Chen H, Yu J, Feng R, Chen Z, Zhang X, Ren Y, Yang G, Huang X, Li G. Comparative transcriptomic analysis of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus epidemic and classical strains in IPEC-J2 cells. Vet Microbiol 2022; 273:109540. [PMID: 35987184 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2022.109540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) has become widespread and caused huge economic losses for the global pig industry. There is growing evidence that frequent outbreaks of diarrhea are caused by the variants of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) with high pathogenicity. Herein, an epidemic strain of PEDV HLJ strain was isolated and characterized from Heilongjiang Province of China, and the whole genomic expression profile of intestinal porcine epithelial cells (IPEC-J2) infected with HLJ strain was investigated in comparison with classical CV777 strain. A total of 26,851 genes were identified, of these, 25,880 were known genes and 971 were novel genes. There were 258 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) identified between PEDV HLJ-infected and uninfected cells at 24 h post infection (hpi), and 201 DEGs between PEDV HLJ and CV777 infection. A comparative analysis revealed that 258 DEGs were enriched in 468 gene ontology (GO) terms and mapped to 179 KEGG pathways, and 201 DEGs in 1120 GO terms and mapped to 115 KEGG pathways for HLJ-infected cells in contrast to the uninfected and CV777-infected cells, respectively. Specifically, PEDV HLJ strain could activate anti-viral innate immune response and inflammation more intensively than CV777, in which mRNA levels of interferon (IFN-β), chemokines (CCL5 and CXCL10) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-8 and TNF-α) were induced earlier and more strongly. Subsequently, 20 DEGs and 5 proteins were selected and validated by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and western blot, and the results were consistent with the transcriptomic analysis. Overall, this study may be helpful for understanding the pathogenesis mechanism of PEDV variants, and contribute to the effective prevention and control of PEDV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhang
- Veterinary Pathology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal and Comparative Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Huijie Chen
- Veterinary Pathology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal and Comparative Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China; College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Jilin Agriculture Science and Technology University, Jilin, China
| | - Jia Yu
- Veterinary Pathology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal and Comparative Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Rui Feng
- Veterinary Pathology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal and Comparative Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhao Chen
- Veterinary Pathology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal and Comparative Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaolin Zhang
- Veterinary Pathology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal and Comparative Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Yudong Ren
- Department of Computer Science and Technology, College of Electrical and Information Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Guijun Yang
- Veterinary Pathology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal and Comparative Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaodan Huang
- Veterinary Pathology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal and Comparative Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.
| | - Guangxing Li
- Veterinary Pathology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal and Comparative Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Thavorasak T, Chulanetra M, Glab-ampai K, Mahasongkram K, Sae-lim N, Teeranitayatarn K, Songserm T, Yodsheewan R, Nilubol D, Chaicumpa W, Sookrung N. Enhancing epitope of PEDV spike protein. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:933249. [PMID: 35935230 PMCID: PMC9355140 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.933249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is the causative agent of a highly contagious enteric disease of pigs characterized by diarrhea, vomiting, and severe dehydration. PEDV infects pigs of all ages, but neonatal pigs during the first week of life are highly susceptible; the mortality rates among newborn piglets may reach 80–100%. Thus, PEDV is regarded as one of the most devastating pig viruses that cause huge economic damage to pig industries worldwide. Vaccination of sows and gilts at the pre-fertilization or pre-farrowing stage is a good strategy for the protection of suckling piglets against PEDV through the acquisition of the lactating immunity. However, vaccination of the mother pigs for inducing a high level of virus-neutralizing antibodies is complicated with unstandardized immunization protocol and unreliable outcomes. Besides, the vaccine may also induce enhancing antibodies that promote virus entry and replication, so-called antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE), which aggravates the disease upon new virus exposure. Recognition of the virus epitope that induces the production of the enhancing antibodies is an existential necessity for safe and effective PEDV vaccine design. In this study, the enhancing epitope of the PEDV spike (S) protein was revealed for the first time, by using phage display technology and mouse monoclonal antibody (mAbG3) that bound to the PEDV S1 subunit of the S protein and enhanced PEDV entry into permissive Vero cells that lack Fc receptor. The phages displaying mAbG3-bound peptides derived from the phage library by panning with the mAbG3 matched with several regions in the S1-0 sub-domain of the PEDV S1 subunit, indicating that the epitope is discontinuous (conformational). The mAbG3-bound phage sequence also matched with a linear sequence of the S1-BCD sub-domains. Immunological assays verified the phage mimotope results. Although the molecular mechanism of ADE caused by the mAbG3 via binding to the newly identified S1 enhancing epitope awaits investigation, the data obtained from this study are helpful and useful in designing a safe and effective PEDV protein subunit/DNA vaccine devoid of the enhancing epitope.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Techit Thavorasak
- Graduate Program in Immunology, Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Research Excellence in Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Monrat Chulanetra
- Center of Research Excellence in Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kittirat Glab-ampai
- Center of Research Excellence in Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kodchakorn Mahasongkram
- Center of Research Excellence in Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nawannaporn Sae-lim
- Center of Research Excellence in Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Thaweesak Songserm
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Rungrueang Yodsheewan
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Dachrit Nilubol
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Swine Viral Evolution and Vaccine Development Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wanpen Chaicumpa
- Center of Research Excellence in Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nitat Sookrung
- Center of Research Excellence in Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Biomedical Research Incubation Unit, Department of Research, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- *Correspondence: Nitat Sookrung,
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Mechanisms of host type I interferon response modulation by the nucleocapsid proteins of alpha- and betacoronaviruses. Arch Virol 2022; 167:1925-1930. [PMID: 35763067 PMCID: PMC9244355 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-022-05513-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Coronaviruses can have a devastating impact on the health of humans and animals. Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) causes extremely high fatality rates in neonatal piglets, whereas severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is responsible for the current COVID-19 pandemic in humans. As a critical component of the host antiviral innate immune response, type I interferon production and signaling play a very important role, especially in the initial phase of the antiviral responses. Coronaviruses have evolved multiple ways to counteract type I interferon responses. Although the primary functions of the nucleocapsid protein are to facilitate viral RNA replication and package viral genomic RNA into virions, recent studies have shown that the nucleocapsid protein is also involved in virus-host interactions. The aim of this review is to summarize our current understanding of how the nucleocapsid proteins of PEDV and SARS-CoV-2 modulate type I interferon responses. This knowledge will be useful for developing strategies to combat coronavirus infections.
Collapse
|
42
|
Epidemic and Evolutionary Characteristics of Swine Enteric Viruses in South-Central China from 2018 to 2021. Viruses 2022; 14:v14071420. [PMID: 35891398 PMCID: PMC9323342 DOI: 10.3390/v14071420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Swine enteric viruses are a major cause of piglet diarrhea, causing a devastating impact on the pork industry. To further understand the molecular epidemiology and evolutionary diversity of swine enteric viruses, we carried out a molecular epidemiological investigation of swine enteric viruses (PEDV, PDCoV, PoRVA, and TGEV) on 7107 samples collected from pig farms in south-central China. The results demonstrated that PEDV is the predominant pathogen causing piglet diarrhea, and its infection occurs mainly in relatively cold winter and spring in Hunan and Hubei provinces. The positive rate of PEDV showed an abnormal increase from 2020 to 2021, and that of PoRVA and PDCoV exhibited gradual increases from 2018 to 2021. PEDV-PoRVA and PEDV-PDCoV were the dominant co-infection modes. A genetic evolution analysis based on the PEDV S1 gene and ORF3 gene revealed that the PEDV GII-a is currently epidemic genotype, and the ORF3 gene of DY2020 belongs to a different clade relative to other GII-a strains isolated in this study. Overall, our results indicated that the variant PEDV GII-a is the main pathogen of piglet diarrhea with a trend of outbreak. G9 is the dominant PoRVA genotype and has the possibility of outbreak as well. It is therefore critical to strengthen the surveillance of PEDV and PoRVA, and to provide technical reserves for the prevention and control of piglet diarrhea.
Collapse
|
43
|
Zeng S, Li Y, Zhu W, Luo Z, Wu K, Li X, Fang Y, Qin Y, Chen W, Li Z, Zou L, Liu X, Yi L, Fan S. The Advances of Broad-Spectrum and Hot Anti-Coronavirus Drugs. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10071294. [PMID: 35889013 PMCID: PMC9317368 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10071294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses, mainly including severe acute respiratory syndrome virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, Middle East respiratory syndrome virus, human coronavirus OC43, chicken infectious bronchitis virus, porcine infectious gastroenteritis virus, porcine epidemic diarrhea virus, and murine hepatitis virus, can cause severe diseases in humans and livestock. The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 is infecting millions of human beings with high morbidity and mortality worldwide, and the multiplicity of swine epidemic diarrhea coronavirus in swine suggests that coronaviruses seriously jeopardize the safety of public health and that therapeutic intervention is urgently needed. Currently, the most effective methods of prevention and control for coronaviruses are vaccine immunization and pharmacotherapy. However, the emergence of mutated viruses reduces the effectiveness of vaccines. In addition, vaccine developments often lag behind, making it difficult to put them into use early in the outbreak. Therefore, it is meaningful to screen safe, cheap, and broad-spectrum antiviral agents for coronaviruses. This review systematically summarizes the mechanisms and state of anti-human and porcine coronavirus drugs, in order to provide theoretical support for the development of anti-coronavirus drugs and other antivirals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sen Zeng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, China; (S.Z.); (Y.L.); (W.Z.); (Z.L.); (K.W.); (X.L.); (Y.F.); (Y.Q.); (W.C.); (Z.L.); (L.Z.); (X.L.)
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yuwan Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, China; (S.Z.); (Y.L.); (W.Z.); (Z.L.); (K.W.); (X.L.); (Y.F.); (Y.Q.); (W.C.); (Z.L.); (L.Z.); (X.L.)
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Wenhui Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, China; (S.Z.); (Y.L.); (W.Z.); (Z.L.); (K.W.); (X.L.); (Y.F.); (Y.Q.); (W.C.); (Z.L.); (L.Z.); (X.L.)
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zipeng Luo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, China; (S.Z.); (Y.L.); (W.Z.); (Z.L.); (K.W.); (X.L.); (Y.F.); (Y.Q.); (W.C.); (Z.L.); (L.Z.); (X.L.)
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Keke Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, China; (S.Z.); (Y.L.); (W.Z.); (Z.L.); (K.W.); (X.L.); (Y.F.); (Y.Q.); (W.C.); (Z.L.); (L.Z.); (X.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiaowen Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, China; (S.Z.); (Y.L.); (W.Z.); (Z.L.); (K.W.); (X.L.); (Y.F.); (Y.Q.); (W.C.); (Z.L.); (L.Z.); (X.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yiqi Fang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, China; (S.Z.); (Y.L.); (W.Z.); (Z.L.); (K.W.); (X.L.); (Y.F.); (Y.Q.); (W.C.); (Z.L.); (L.Z.); (X.L.)
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yuwei Qin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, China; (S.Z.); (Y.L.); (W.Z.); (Z.L.); (K.W.); (X.L.); (Y.F.); (Y.Q.); (W.C.); (Z.L.); (L.Z.); (X.L.)
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Wenxian Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, China; (S.Z.); (Y.L.); (W.Z.); (Z.L.); (K.W.); (X.L.); (Y.F.); (Y.Q.); (W.C.); (Z.L.); (L.Z.); (X.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zhaoyao Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, China; (S.Z.); (Y.L.); (W.Z.); (Z.L.); (K.W.); (X.L.); (Y.F.); (Y.Q.); (W.C.); (Z.L.); (L.Z.); (X.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Linke Zou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, China; (S.Z.); (Y.L.); (W.Z.); (Z.L.); (K.W.); (X.L.); (Y.F.); (Y.Q.); (W.C.); (Z.L.); (L.Z.); (X.L.)
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiaodi Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, China; (S.Z.); (Y.L.); (W.Z.); (Z.L.); (K.W.); (X.L.); (Y.F.); (Y.Q.); (W.C.); (Z.L.); (L.Z.); (X.L.)
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Lin Yi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, China; (S.Z.); (Y.L.); (W.Z.); (Z.L.); (K.W.); (X.L.); (Y.F.); (Y.Q.); (W.C.); (Z.L.); (L.Z.); (X.L.)
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Correspondence: (L.Y.); (S.F.); Fax: +86-20-8528-0245 (S.F.)
| | - Shuangqi Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, China; (S.Z.); (Y.L.); (W.Z.); (Z.L.); (K.W.); (X.L.); (Y.F.); (Y.Q.); (W.C.); (Z.L.); (L.Z.); (X.L.)
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Correspondence: (L.Y.); (S.F.); Fax: +86-20-8528-0245 (S.F.)
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Abstract
The ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic demonstrates the threat posed by novel coronaviruses to human health. Coronaviruses share a highly conserved cell entry mechanism mediated by the spike protein, the sole product of the S gene. The structural dynamics by which the spike protein orchestrates infection illuminate how antibodies neutralize virions and how S mutations contribute to viral fitness. Here, we review the process by which spike engages its proteinaceous receptor, angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), and how host proteases prime and subsequently enable efficient membrane fusion between virions and target cells. We highlight mutations common among severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants of concern and discuss implications for cell entry. Ultimately, we provide a model by which sarbecoviruses are activated for fusion competency and offer a framework for understanding the interplay between humoral immunity and the molecular evolution of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike. In particular, we emphasize the relevance of the Canyon Hypothesis (M. G. Rossmann, J Biol Chem 264:14587-14590, 1989) for understanding evolutionary trajectories of viral entry proteins during sustained intraspecies transmission of a novel viral pathogen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyle A Wolf
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Interdiscipinary Ph.D. Program in Structural and Computational Biology and Quantitative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jason C Kwan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jeremy P Kamil
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA
- Center for Excellence in Emerging Viral Threats, Louisiana State University Health Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Evaluation of the Immunogenicity in Mice Orally Immunized with Recombinant Lactobacillus casei Expressing Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus S1 Protein. Viruses 2022; 14:v14050890. [PMID: 35632632 PMCID: PMC9145290 DOI: 10.3390/v14050890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED), characterized by diarrhea, vomiting, and dehydration, is an acute enteric infectious disease of pigs. The disease is caused by porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), which infects the intestinal mucosal surface. Therefore, mucosal immunization through the oral route is an effective method of immunization. Lactic acid bacteria, which are acid resistant and bile-salt resistant and improve mucosal immunity, are ideal carriers for oral vaccines. The S1 glycoprotein of PEDV mediates binding of the virus with cell receptors and induces neutralizing antibodies against the virus. Therefore, we reversely screened the recombinant strain pPG-SD-S1/Δupp ATCC 393 expressing PEDV S1 glycoprotein by Lactobacillus casei deficient in upp genotype (Δupp ATCC 393). Mice were orally immunized three times with the recombinant bacteria that had been identified for expression, and the changes of anti-PEDV IgG and secreted immunoglobulin A levels were observed over 70 days. The results indicated that the antibody levels notably increased after oral administration of recombinant bacteria. The detection of extracellular cytokines on the 42nd day after immunization indicated high levels of humoral and cellular immune responses in mice. The above results demonstrate that pPG-SD-S1/Δupp ATCC 393 has great potential as an oral vaccine against PEDV.
Collapse
|
46
|
Wang F, Chen C, Wang Z, Han X, Shi P, Zhou K, Liu X, Xiao Y, Cai Y, Huang J, Zhang L, Yang H. The Structure of the Porcine Deltacoronavirus Main Protease Reveals a Conserved Target for the Design of Antivirals. Viruses 2022; 14:v14030486. [PMID: 35336895 PMCID: PMC8949103 DOI: 10.3390/v14030486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The existing zoonotic coronaviruses (CoVs) and viral genetic variants are important microbiological pathogens that cause severe disease in humans and animals. Currently, no effective broad-spectrum antiviral drugs against existing and emerging CoVs are available. The CoV main protease (Mpro) plays an essential role in viral replication, making it an ideal target for drug development. However, the structure of the Deltacoronavirus Mpro is still unavailable. Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) is a novel CoV that belongs to the genus Deltacoronavirus and causes atrophic enteritis, severe diarrhea, vomiting and dehydration in pigs. Here, we determined the structure of PDCoV Mpro complexed with a Michael acceptor inhibitor. Structural comparison showed that the backbone of PDCoV Mpro is similar to those of alpha-, beta- and gamma-CoV Mpros. The substrate-binding pocket of Mpro is well conserved in the subfamily Coronavirinae. In addition, we also observed that Mpros from the same genus adopted a similar conformation. Furthermore, the structure of PDCoV Mpro in complex with a Michael acceptor inhibitor revealed the mechanism of its inhibition of PDCoV Mpro. Our results provide a basis for the development of broad-spectrum antivirals against PDCoV and other CoVs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fenghua Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; (F.W.); (C.C.); (Z.W.); (X.H.); (P.S.); (Y.X.); (J.H.)
- Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biotechnology and Medicine, Tianjin 300457, China; (K.Z.); (X.L.); (Y.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Cheng Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; (F.W.); (C.C.); (Z.W.); (X.H.); (P.S.); (Y.X.); (J.H.)
- Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biotechnology and Medicine, Tianjin 300457, China; (K.Z.); (X.L.); (Y.C.)
| | - Zefang Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; (F.W.); (C.C.); (Z.W.); (X.H.); (P.S.); (Y.X.); (J.H.)
- Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biotechnology and Medicine, Tianjin 300457, China; (K.Z.); (X.L.); (Y.C.)
| | - Xu Han
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; (F.W.); (C.C.); (Z.W.); (X.H.); (P.S.); (Y.X.); (J.H.)
| | - Peidian Shi
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; (F.W.); (C.C.); (Z.W.); (X.H.); (P.S.); (Y.X.); (J.H.)
| | - Kaixuan Zhou
- Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biotechnology and Medicine, Tianjin 300457, China; (K.Z.); (X.L.); (Y.C.)
| | - Xiaomei Liu
- Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biotechnology and Medicine, Tianjin 300457, China; (K.Z.); (X.L.); (Y.C.)
| | - Yunjie Xiao
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; (F.W.); (C.C.); (Z.W.); (X.H.); (P.S.); (Y.X.); (J.H.)
| | - Yan Cai
- Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biotechnology and Medicine, Tianjin 300457, China; (K.Z.); (X.L.); (Y.C.)
| | - Jinhai Huang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; (F.W.); (C.C.); (Z.W.); (X.H.); (P.S.); (Y.X.); (J.H.)
| | - Lei Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; (F.W.); (C.C.); (Z.W.); (X.H.); (P.S.); (Y.X.); (J.H.)
- Correspondence: (L.Z.); (H.Y.)
| | - Haitao Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; (F.W.); (C.C.); (Z.W.); (X.H.); (P.S.); (Y.X.); (J.H.)
- Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biotechnology and Medicine, Tianjin 300457, China; (K.Z.); (X.L.); (Y.C.)
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies and School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai 201210, China
- Correspondence: (L.Z.); (H.Y.)
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Novel Neutralizing Epitope of PEDV S1 Protein Identified by IgM Monoclonal Antibody. Viruses 2022; 14:v14010125. [PMID: 35062329 PMCID: PMC8778753 DOI: 10.3390/v14010125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) causes devastating enteric disease that inflicts huge economic damage on the swine industry worldwide. A safe and highly effective PEDV vaccine that contains only the virus-neutralizing epitopes (not enhancing epitope), as well as a ready-to-use PEDV neutralizing antibody for the passive immunization of PEDV vulnerable piglets (during the first week of life) are needed, particularly for PEDV-endemic farms. In this study, we generated monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to the recombinant S1 domain of PEDV spike (S) protein and tested their PEDV neutralizing activity by CPE-reduction assay. The mAb secreted by one hybrodoma clone (A3), that also bound to the native S1 counterpart from PEDV-infected cells (tested by combined co-immunoprecipitation and Western blotting), neutralized PEDV infectivity. Epitope of the neutralizing mAb (mAbA3) locates in the S1A subdomain of the spike protein, as identified by phage mimotope search and multiple sequence alignment, and peptide binding-ELISA. The newly identified epitope is shared by PEDV G1 and G2 strains and other alphacoronaviruses. In summary, mAbA3 may be useful as a ready-to-use antibody for passive immunization of PEDV-susceptible piglets, while the novel neutralizing epitope, together with other, previously known protective epitopes, have potential as an immunogenic cocktail for a safe, next-generation PEDV vaccine.
Collapse
|
48
|
Antiviral Activities of Carbazole Derivatives against Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus In Vitro. Viruses 2021; 13:v13122527. [PMID: 34960796 PMCID: PMC8703851 DOI: 10.3390/v13122527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), an enteric coronavirus, causes neonatal pig acute gastrointestinal infection with a characterization of severe diarrhea, vomiting, high morbidity, and high mortality, resulting in tremendous damages to the swine industry. Neither specific antiviral drugs nor effective vaccines are available, posing a high priority to screen antiviral drugs. The aim of this study is to investigate anti-PEDV effects of carbazole alkaloid derivatives. Eighteen carbazole derivatives (No.1 to No.18) were synthesized, and No.5, No.7, and No.18 were identified to markedly reduce the replication of enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) inserted-PEDV, and the mRNA level of PEDV N. Flow cytometry assay, coupled with CCK8 assay, confirmed No.7 and No.18 carbazole derivatives displayed high inhibition effects with low cell toxicity. Furthermore, time course analysis indicated No.7 and No.18 carbazole derivatives exerted inhibition at the early stage of the viral life cycle. Collectively, the analysis underlines the benefit of carbazole derivatives as potential inhibitors of PEDV, and provides candidates for the development of novel therapeutic agents.
Collapse
|
49
|
Akter R, Rahman MH, Bhattacharya T, Kaushik D, Mittal V, Parashar J, Kumar K, Kabir MT, Tagde P. Novel coronavirus pathogen in humans and animals: an overview on its social impact, economic impact, and potential treatments. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:68071-68089. [PMID: 34664166 PMCID: PMC8523003 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16809-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
In the light of thousands of infections and deaths, the World Health Organization (WHO) has declared the outbreak of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) a worldwide pandemic. It has spread to about 22 million people worldwide, with a total of 0.45 million expiries, limiting the movement of most people worldwide in the last 6 months. However, COVID-19 became the foremost health, economic, and humanitarian challenge of the twenty-first century. Measures intended to curb the pandemic of COVID-19 included travel bans, lockdowns, and social distances through shelter orders, which will further stop human activities suddenly and eventually impact the world and the national economy. The viral disease is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). After SARS-CoV-2 virus and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)-related CoV, COVID-19 is the third most significant lethal disease to humans. According to WHO, COVID-19 mortality exceeded that of SARS and MERS since COVID-19 was declared an international public health emergency. Genetic sequencing has recently established that COVID-19 is close to SARS-CoV and bat coronavirus which has not yet been recognized as the key cause of this pandemic outbreak, its transmission, and human pathogen mechanism. This review focuses on a brief introduction of novel coronavirus pathogens, including coronavirus in humans and animals, its taxonomic classification, symptoms, pathogenicity, social impact, economic impact, and potential treatment therapy for COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rokeya Akter
- Department of Pharmacy, Jagannath University, Sadarghat, Dhaka-1100, Bangladesh
| | - Md Habibur Rahman
- Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Banani, Dhaka-1213, Bangladesh.
| | - Tanima Bhattacharya
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China, 430062
| | - Deepak Kaushik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, 124001, Haryana, India.
| | - Vineet Mittal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, 124001, Haryana, India
| | - Jatin Parashar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, 124001, Haryana, India
| | - Kuldeep Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab, India
| | - Md Tanvir Kabir
- Department of Pharmacy, Brac University, 66 Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Priti Tagde
- Bhabha Pharmacy Research Institute, Bhabha University, Bhopal, M.P, India
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Maj M, Fake GM, Walker JH, Saltzman R, Howard JA. Oral Administration of Coronavirus Spike Protein Provides Protection to Newborn Pigs When Challenged with PEDV. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9121416. [PMID: 34960163 PMCID: PMC8706244 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9121416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate whether oral administration of maize-produced S antigen can provide passive immunity to piglets against porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), 16 pregnant sows were randomly assigned to one of four treatments: (1) injection of PEDV vaccine (INJ), (2) maize grain without S protein (CON), (3) maize grain containing low dose of S antigen (LOV) and (4) maize grain containing a high dose of S antigen (HOV). Vaccines were administered on days 57, 85 and 110 of gestation. Sows’ serum and colostrum were collected at farrowing and milk on day 6 post-challenge to quantify neutralizing antibodies (NABs) and cytokines. Piglets were challenged with PEDV 3–5 d after farrowing, and severity of disease and mortality assessed on day 11 post-challenge. Disease severity was lower in LOV and INJ compared with HOV and CON, whereas the survival rate increased in piglets from LOV sows compared with HOV and CON (p ≤ 0.001). Higher titers of NABs and lower levels of cytokine granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in sows’ milk were positively correlated with piglet survivability (p ≤ 0.05). These data suggest that feeding S protein in corn to pregnant sows protects nursing piglets against PEDV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Maj
- Department of Biological Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA;
| | - Gina M. Fake
- Applied Biotechnology Institute, Cal Poly Tech Park, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA;
| | - John H. Walker
- Department of Statistics, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA;
| | | | - John A. Howard
- Applied Biotechnology Institute, Cal Poly Tech Park, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA;
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|