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Rahman Siregar A, Gärtner S, Götting J, Stegen P, Kaul A, Schulz TF, Pöhlmann S, Winkler M. A Recombinant System and Reporter Viruses for Papiine Alphaherpesvirus 2. Viruses 2022; 14:v14010091. [PMID: 35062295 PMCID: PMC8778148 DOI: 10.3390/v14010091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Primate simplex viruses, including Herpes simplex viruses 1 and 2, form a group of closely related herpesviruses, which establish latent infections in neurons of their respective host species. While neuropathogenic infections in their natural hosts are rare, zoonotic transmission of Macacine alphaherpesvirus 1 (McHV1) from macaques to humans is associated with severe disease. Human infections with baboon-derived Papiine alphaherpesvirus 2 (PaHV2) have not been reported, although PaHV2 and McHV1 share several biological properties, including neuropathogenicity in mice. The reasons for potential differences in PaHV2 and McHV1 pathogenicity are presently not understood, and answering these questions will require mutagenic analysis. Here, we report the development of a recombinant system, which allows rescue of recombinant PaHV2. In addition, we used recombineering to generate viruses carrying reporter genes (Gaussia luciferase or enhanced green fluorescent protein), which replicate with similar efficiency as wild-type PaHV2. We demonstrate that these viruses can be used to analyze susceptibility of cells to infection and inhibition of infection by neutralizing antibodies and antiviral compounds. In summary, we created a recombinant system for PaHV2, which in the future will be invaluable for molecular analyses of neuropathogenicity of PaHV2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Rahman Siregar
- German Primate Center, Infection Biology Unit, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, 37077 Gottingen, Germany; (A.R.S.); (S.G.); (P.S.); (A.K.); (S.P.)
- Faculty of Biology and Psychology, University Göttingen, 30073 Gottingen, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
| | - Sabine Gärtner
- German Primate Center, Infection Biology Unit, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, 37077 Gottingen, Germany; (A.R.S.); (S.G.); (P.S.); (A.K.); (S.P.)
| | - Jasper Götting
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (J.G.); (T.F.S.)
| | - Philipp Stegen
- German Primate Center, Infection Biology Unit, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, 37077 Gottingen, Germany; (A.R.S.); (S.G.); (P.S.); (A.K.); (S.P.)
| | - Artur Kaul
- German Primate Center, Infection Biology Unit, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, 37077 Gottingen, Germany; (A.R.S.); (S.G.); (P.S.); (A.K.); (S.P.)
| | - Thomas F. Schulz
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (J.G.); (T.F.S.)
| | - Stefan Pöhlmann
- German Primate Center, Infection Biology Unit, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, 37077 Gottingen, Germany; (A.R.S.); (S.G.); (P.S.); (A.K.); (S.P.)
- Faculty of Biology and Psychology, University Göttingen, 30073 Gottingen, Germany
| | - Michael Winkler
- German Primate Center, Infection Biology Unit, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, 37077 Gottingen, Germany; (A.R.S.); (S.G.); (P.S.); (A.K.); (S.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-551-3851383
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Bilge-Dagalp S, Farzani TA, Dogan F, Akkutay Yoldar Z, Ozkul A, Alkan F, Donofrio G. Development of a BoHV-4 viral vector expressing tgD of BoHV-1 and evaluation of its immunogenicity in mouse model. Braz J Microbiol 2021; 52:1119-1133. [PMID: 34255309 PMCID: PMC8275906 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-021-00525-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, Bovine herpesvirus 4 (BoHV-4) has emerged as an attractive gene delivery viral vector, mainly for vaccination purposes in the veterinary field. In the present study, a new infectious clone of the BoHV-4 genome carrying a bacterial artificial chromosome vector (BoHV-4-BAC) was developed by homologous recombination in mammalian cell culture and bacterial systems, and exploited to express a truncated form of glycoprotein D (tgD) of Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) (BoHV-4-tgD∆TK) as a vaccine candidate. This construct's immunogenicity was compared to a DNA vector expressing the same antigen (pC-tgD) in a BALB/c mouse model. After the mice were immunized, total and specific antibody responses, cytokine responses, total splenocyte cells proliferation/cytotoxicity, and virus neutralization assays were conducted to analyze the immune response elicited by both constructs. Mice from both vaccine groups developed significant humoral and cellular immune responses after a booster dose regime was conducted on day 28 post-injection. In almost all immunological assays, BoHV-4-tgDΔTK induced as high an immune response as pC-tgD. In both vaccine constructs, neutralizing antibodies were a significant determining factor in protection against BoHV-1, even after the first injection. We conclude that a BoHV-4-based viral vector offers an effective immunization strategy as an alternative to DNA-based immunization platforms, at least to combat BoHV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seval Bilge-Dagalp
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Touraj Aligholipour Farzani
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Firat Dogan
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Hatay, Turkey
| | - Zeynep Akkutay Yoldar
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Aykut Ozkul
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey.,Biotechnology Institute, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Feray Alkan
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gaetano Donofrio
- Department of Medical Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
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Kropp KA, Srivaratharajan S, Ritter B, Yu P, Krooss S, Polten F, Pich A, Alcami A, Viejo-Borbolla A. Identification of the Cleavage Domain within Glycoprotein G of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2. Viruses 2020; 12:v12121428. [PMID: 33322659 PMCID: PMC7763493 DOI: 10.3390/v12121428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycoprotein G (gG) from herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2, respectively) functions as a viral chemokine binding protein (vCKBP). Soluble recombinant forms of gG of HSV-1 and HSV-2 (SgG1 and SgG2, respectively) enhance chemokine-mediated leukocyte migration, in contrast to most known vCKBPs, including those from animal alpha-herpesviruses. Furthermore, both proteins bind to nerve growth factor (NGF), but only SgG2 enhances NGF-dependent neurite outgrowth. The basis and implications of this functional difference between the two proteins are still unknown. While gG1 and gG2 are positional homologues in the genome, they share very limited sequence homology. In fact, US4, the open reading frame encoding gG is the most divergent genetic locus between these viruses. Full-length gG1 and gG2 are type I transmembrane proteins located on the plasma membrane of infected cells and at the viral envelope. However, gG2 is larger than gG1 and is cleaved during protein maturation, secreting the N-terminal domain to the supernatant of infected cells, whereas gG1 is not. The enzyme involved in gG2 cleavage and the functional relevance of gG2 cleavage and secretion are unknown. We aim to identify the gG2 sequence required for cleavage to determine its functional role in future experiments. Our results prove the existence of at least two cleavage motifs in gG2 within the amino acid region 314-343. Transfer of this sequence to a fusion protein results in cleavage. Finally, we show that propeptide convertases like furin are responsible for gG2 cleavage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai A. Kropp
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (K.A.K.); (S.S.); (B.R.); (P.Y.); (S.K.)
| | - Sangar Srivaratharajan
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (K.A.K.); (S.S.); (B.R.); (P.Y.); (S.K.)
| | - Birgit Ritter
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (K.A.K.); (S.S.); (B.R.); (P.Y.); (S.K.)
| | - Pengfei Yu
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (K.A.K.); (S.S.); (B.R.); (P.Y.); (S.K.)
| | - Simon Krooss
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (K.A.K.); (S.S.); (B.R.); (P.Y.); (S.K.)
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Felix Polten
- Core Facility Proteomics, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (F.P.); (A.P.)
| | - Andreas Pich
- Core Facility Proteomics, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (F.P.); (A.P.)
- Institute for Toxicology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Antonio Alcami
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Abel Viejo-Borbolla
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (K.A.K.); (S.S.); (B.R.); (P.Y.); (S.K.)
- Correspondence:
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Herpes Simplex Virus 2 Counteracts Neurite Outgrowth Repulsion during Infection in a Nerve Growth Factor-Dependent Manner. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01370-20. [PMID: 32669337 PMCID: PMC7527038 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01370-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) is a prevalent human pathogen that establishes lifelong latency in neurons of the peripheral nervous system. Colonization of neurons is required for HSV-2 persistence and pathogenesis. The viral and cellular factors required for efficient infection of neurons are not fully understood. We show here that nonneuronal cells repel neurite outgrowth of sensory neurons, while HSV-2 infection overcomes this inhibition and, rather, stimulates neurite outgrowth. HSV-2 glycoprotein G and nerve growth factor contribute to this phenotype, which may attract neurites to sites of infection and facilitate virus spread to neurons. Understanding the mechanisms that modulate neurite outgrowth and facilitate HSV-2 infection of neurons might foster the development of therapeutics to reduce HSV-2 colonization of the nervous system and provide insights on neurite outgrowth and regeneration. During primary infection, herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) replicates in epithelial cells and enters neurites to infect neurons of the peripheral nervous system. Growth factors and attractive and repulsive directional cues influence neurite outgrowth and neuronal survival. We hypothesized that HSV-2 modulates the activity of such cues to increase neurite outgrowth. To test this hypothesis, we exposed sensory neurons to nerve growth factor (NGF) and mock- or HSV-2-infected HEK-293T cells, since they express repellents of neurite outgrowth. We show that HEK-293T cells secrete factors that inhibit neurite outgrowth, while infection with HSV-2 strains MS and 333 reduces this repelling phenotype, increasing neurite numbers. The HSV-2-mediated restoration of neurite outgrowth required the activity of NGF. In the absence of infection, however, NGF did not overcome the repulsion mediated by HEK-293T cells. We previously showed that recombinant, soluble glycoprotein G of HSV-2 (rSgG2) binds and enhances NGF activity, increasing neurite outgrowth. However, the effect of gG2 during infection has not been investigated. Therefore, we addressed whether gG2 contributes to overcoming neurite outgrowth repulsion. To do so, we generated viruses lacking gG2 expression and complemented them by exogenous expression of gG2. Overall, our results suggest that HSV-2 infection of nonneuronal cells reduces their repelling effect on neurite outgrowth in an NGF-dependent manner. gG2 contributed to this phenotype, but it was not the only factor. The enhanced neurite outgrowth may facilitate HSV-2 spread from epithelial cells into neurons expressing NGF receptors and increase HSV-2-mediated pathogenesis. IMPORTANCE Herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) is a prevalent human pathogen that establishes lifelong latency in neurons of the peripheral nervous system. Colonization of neurons is required for HSV-2 persistence and pathogenesis. The viral and cellular factors required for efficient infection of neurons are not fully understood. We show here that nonneuronal cells repel neurite outgrowth of sensory neurons, while HSV-2 infection overcomes this inhibition and, rather, stimulates neurite outgrowth. HSV-2 glycoprotein G and nerve growth factor contribute to this phenotype, which may attract neurites to sites of infection and facilitate virus spread to neurons. Understanding the mechanisms that modulate neurite outgrowth and facilitate HSV-2 infection of neurons might foster the development of therapeutics to reduce HSV-2 colonization of the nervous system and provide insights on neurite outgrowth and regeneration.
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Brunnemann AK, Hoffmann A, Deinhardt-Emmer S, Nagel CH, Rose R, Fickenscher H, Sauerbrei A, Krumbholz A. Relevance of non-synonymous thymidine kinase mutations for antiviral resistance of recombinant herpes simplex virus type 2 strains. Antiviral Res 2018; 152:53-57. [PMID: 29427675 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Therapy or prophylaxis of herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) infections with the nucleoside analog aciclovir (ACV) can lead to the emergence of drug-resistant HSV-2 strains, particularly in immunocompromised patients. In this context, multiple amino acid (aa) changes can accumulate in the ACV-converting viral thymidine kinase (TK) which hampers sequence-based diagnostics significantly. In this study, the so far unknown or still doubted relevance of several individual aa changes for drug resistance in HSV-2 was clarified. For this purpose, ten recombinant fluorescent HSV-2 strains differing in the respective aa within their TK were constructed using the bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) pHSV2(MS)Lox. Similar TK expression levels and similar replication behavior patterns were demonstrated for the mutants as compared to the unmodified BAC-derived HSV-2 strain. Subsequently, the resulting strains were tested for their susceptibility to ACV as well as penciclovir (PCV) in parallel to a modified cytopathic effect (CPE) inhibition assay and by determining the relative fluorescence intensity (quantified using units, RFU) as a measure for the viral replication capacity. While aa changes Y53N and R221H conferred ACV resistance with cross-resistance to PCV, the aa changes G25A, G39E, T131M, Y133F, G150D, A157T, R248W, and L342W maintained a susceptible phenotype against both antivirals. The CPE inhibition assay and the measurement of relative fluorescence intensity yielded comparable results for the phenotypic testing of recombinant viruses. The latter test showed some technical advantages. In conclusion, the significance of single aa changes in HSV-2 TK on ACV/PCV resistance was clarified by the construction and phenotypic testing of recombinant viral strains. This was facilitated by the fluorescence based method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Kathrin Brunnemann
- Institute for Infection Medicine, Christian-Albrecht University of Kiel and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Brunswiker Straße 4, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Anja Hoffmann
- Section of Experimental Virology, Institute for Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital, Hans-Knöll-Straße 2, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Stefanie Deinhardt-Emmer
- Section of Experimental Virology, Institute for Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital, Hans-Knöll-Straße 2, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Claus-Henning Nagel
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz-Institute for Experimental Virology, Martinistraße 52, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ruben Rose
- Institute for Infection Medicine, Christian-Albrecht University of Kiel and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Brunswiker Straße 4, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Helmut Fickenscher
- Institute for Infection Medicine, Christian-Albrecht University of Kiel and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Brunswiker Straße 4, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Andreas Sauerbrei
- Section of Experimental Virology, Institute for Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital, Hans-Knöll-Straße 2, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Andi Krumbholz
- Institute for Infection Medicine, Christian-Albrecht University of Kiel and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Brunswiker Straße 4, 24105 Kiel, Germany.
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Zhao F, Shen ZZ, Liu ZY, Zeng WB, Cheng S, Ma YP, Rayner S, Yang B, Qiao GH, Jiang HF, Gao S, Zhu H, Xu FQ, Ruan Q, Luo MH. Identification and BAC construction of Han, the first characterized HCMV clinical strain in China. J Med Virol 2015; 88:859-70. [PMID: 26426373 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is the leading infectious cause of birth defects, and may lead to severe or lethal diseases in immunocompromised individuals. Several HCMV strains have been identified and widely applied in research, but no isolate from China has been characterized. In the present study, we isolated, characterized and sequenced the first Chinese HCMV clinical strain Han, and constructed the novel and functional HCMV infectious clone Han-BAC-2311. HCMV Han was isolated from the urine sample of a Chinese infant with multiple developmental disorders. It expresses HCMV specific proteins and contains a representative HCMV genome with minor differences compared to other strains. By homologous recombination using mini-F derived BAC vector pUS-F6, the infectious clone Han-BAC-2311 was constructed containing representative viral genes across the HCMV genome. The insertion site and orientation of BAC sequence were confirmed by restriction enzyme digestion and Southern blotting. The reconstituted recombinant virus HanBAC-2311 expresses typical viral proteins with the same pattern as that of wild-type Han, and also displayed a similar growth kinetics to wild-type Han. The identification of the first clinical HCMV strain in China and the construction of its infectious clone will greatly facilitate the pathogenesis studies and vaccine development in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhang-Zhou Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhong-Yang Liu
- Virus Laboratory, The Affiliated Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wen-Bo Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan-Ping Ma
- Virus Laboratory, The Affiliated Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Simon Rayner
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Bo Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Guan-Hua Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Hai-Fei Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuang Gao
- Virus Laboratory, The Affiliated Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hua Zhu
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Fu-Qiang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems and State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiang Ruan
- Virus Laboratory, The Affiliated Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Min-Hua Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
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Gu Z, Dong J, Wang J, Hou C, Sun H, Yang W, Bai J, Jiang P. A novel inactivated gE/gI deleted pseudorabies virus (PRV) vaccine completely protects pigs from an emerged variant PRV challenge. Virus Res 2014; 195:57-63. [PMID: 25240533 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2014.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2014] [Revised: 09/06/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A highly virulent and antigenic variant of pseudorabies virus (PRV) broke out in China at the end of 2011 and caused great economic loss in the pig industry. In this study, an infectious bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clone containing the full-length genome of the emerged variant PRV ZJ01 strain was generated. The BAC-derived viruses, vZJ01-GFPΔgE/gI (gE/gI deleted strain, and exhibiting green autofluorescence), vZJ01ΔgE/gI (gE/gI deleted strain), and vZJ01gE/gI-R (gE/gI revertant strain), showed similar in vitro growth to their parent strain. In pigs, inactivated vZJ01ΔgE/gI vaccine generated significantly high levels of neutralizing antibodies against ZJ01 compared with Bartha-K61 live vaccine (p<0.05). After fatal ZJ01 challenge, all five animals in the inactivated vZJ01ΔgE/gI vaccine group survived without exhibiting any clinical sings, but two of five animals exhibited central nervous signs in the Bartha-K61 group. Meanwhile, all the non-vaccinated control animals died at 7 days post-challenge. This indicates that the inactivated vZJ01ΔgE/gI vaccine is a promising vaccine candidate for controlling the variant strains of PRV now circulating in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenqing Gu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jing Dong
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jichun Wang
- National Veterinary Biological Medicine Engineering Research Center, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Chengcai Hou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Haifeng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Wenping Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Juan Bai
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ping Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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Nagel CH, Pohlmann A, Sodeik B. Construction and characterization of bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) containing herpes simplex virus full-length genomes. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1144:43-62. [PMID: 24671676 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0428-0_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) are suitable vectors not only to maintain the large genomes of herpesviruses in Escherichia coli but also to enable the traceless introduction of any mutation using modern tools of bacterial genetics. To clone a herpes simplex virus genome, a BAC replication origin is first introduced into the viral genome by homologous recombination in eukaryotic host cells. As part of their nuclear replication cycle, genomes of herpesviruses circularize and these replication intermediates are then used to transform bacteria. After cloning, the integrity of the recombinant viral genomes is confirmed by restriction length polymorphism analysis and sequencing. The BACs may then be used to design virus mutants. Upon transfection into eukaryotic cells new herpesvirus strains harboring the desired mutations can be recovered and used for experiments in cultured cells as well as in animal infection models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claus-Henning Nagel
- Heinrich Pette Institute-Leibniz-Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
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9
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A herpes simplex virus 2 glycoprotein D mutant generated by bacterial artificial chromosome mutagenesis is severely impaired for infecting neuronal cells and infects only Vero cells expressing exogenous HVEM. J Virol 2012; 86:12891-902. [PMID: 22993162 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01055-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We constructed a herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clone, bHSV2-BAC38, which contains full-length HSV-2 inserted into a BAC vector. Unlike previously reported HSV-2 BAC clones, the virus genome inserted into this BAC clone has no known gene disruptions. Virus derived from the BAC clone had a wild-type phenotype for growth in vitro and for acute infection, latency, and reactivation in mice. HVEM, expressed on epithelial cells and lymphocytes, and nectin-1, expressed on neurons and epithelial cells, are the two principal receptors used by HSV to enter cells. We used the HSV-2 BAC clone to construct an HSV-2 glycoprotein D mutant (HSV2-gD27) with point mutations in amino acids 215, 222, and 223, which are critical for the interaction of gD with nectin-1. HSV2-gD27 infected cells expressing HVEM, including a human epithelial cell line. However, the virus lost the ability to infect cells expressing only nectin-1, including neuronal cell lines, and did not infect ganglia in mice. Surprisingly, we found that HSV2-gD27 could not infect Vero cells unless we transduced the cells with a retrovirus expressing HVEM. High-level expression of HVEM in Vero cells also resulted in increased syncytia and enhanced cell-to-cell spread in cells infected with wild-type HSV-2. The inability of the HSV2-gD27 mutant to infect neuronal cells in vitro or sensory ganglia in mice after intramuscular inoculation suggests that this HSV-2 mutant might be an attractive candidate for a live attenuated HSV-2 vaccine.
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Viral bacterial artificial chromosomes: generation, mutagenesis, and removal of mini-F sequences. J Biomed Biotechnol 2012; 2012:472537. [PMID: 22496607 PMCID: PMC3303620 DOI: 10.1155/2012/472537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2011] [Revised: 10/21/2011] [Accepted: 10/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintenance and manipulation of large DNA and RNA virus genomes had presented an obstacle for virological research. BAC vectors provided a solution to both problems as they can harbor large DNA sequences and can efficiently be modified using well-established mutagenesis techniques in Escherichia coli. Numerous DNA virus genomes of herpesvirus and pox virus were cloned into mini-F vectors. In addition, several reverse genetic systems for RNA viruses such as members of Coronaviridae and Flaviviridae could be established based on BAC constructs. Transfection into susceptible eukaryotic cells of virus DNA cloned as a BAC allows reconstitution of recombinant viruses. In this paper, we provide an overview on the strategies that can be used for the generation of virus BAC vectors and also on systems that are currently available for various virus species. Furthermore, we address common mutagenesis techniques that allow modification of BACs from single-nucleotide substitutions to deletion of viral genes or insertion of foreign sequences. Finally, we review the reconstitution of viruses from BAC vectors and the removal of the bacterial sequences from the virus genome during this process.
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Li Y, Wang S, Zhu H, Zheng C. Cloning of the herpes simplex virus type 1 genome as a novel luciferase-tagged infectious bacterial artificial chromosome. Arch Virol 2011; 156:2267-72. [PMID: 21894520 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-011-1094-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Accepted: 08/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is a ubiquitous human pathogen of skin and mucous membranes. In the present study, the genome of the HSV-1 F strain was cloned as an infectious bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clone without any deletions of the viral genes. Additionally, a firefly luciferase cassette was inserted to generate a novel luciferase-expressing HSV-1 BAC. Importantly, the resulting recombinant HSV-1 BAC Luc behaved indistinguishably from the wild-type virus in Vero cells, and the luciferase activity could be easily quantified in vitro. Thus, this novel HSV-1 BAC system would serve as a powerful tool for gene function profiling.
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Affiliation(s)
- You Li
- Molecular Virology and Viral Immunology Research Group, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuchang, People's Republic of China
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12
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Herpesvirus BACs: past, present, and future. J Biomed Biotechnol 2010; 2011:124595. [PMID: 21048927 PMCID: PMC2965428 DOI: 10.1155/2011/124595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2010] [Accepted: 08/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The herpesviridae are a large family of DNA viruses with large and complicated genomes. Genetic manipulation and the generation of recombinant viruses have been extremely difficult. However, herpesvirus bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) that were developed approximately 10 years ago have become useful and powerful genetic tools for generating recombinant viruses to study the biology and pathogenesis of herpesviruses. For example, BAC-directed deletion mutants are commonly used to determine the function and essentiality of viral genes. In this paper, we discuss the creation of herpesvirus BACs, functional analyses of herpesvirus mutants, and future applications for studies of herpesviruses. We describe commonly used methods to create and mutate herpesvirus BACs (such as site-directed mutagenesis and transposon mutagenesis). We also evaluate the potential future uses of viral BACs, including vaccine development and gene therapy.
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13
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Tang H, Kawabata A, Yoshida M, Oyaizu H, Maeki T, Yamanishi K, Mori Y. Human herpesvirus 6 encoded glycoprotein Q1 gene is essential for virus growth. Virology 2010; 407:360-7. [PMID: 20863544 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2010.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2010] [Revised: 07/23/2010] [Accepted: 08/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) glycoprotein Q1 (gQ1), a unique gene in HHV-6, forms a complex with glycoproteinH (gH) and gL, which is the viral ligand for its cellular receptor, CD46. However, whether gQ1 is essential for virus growth is unknown, because a system is lacking for making gene knockouts for HHV-6. Recently, bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) and E. coli mutagenesis techniques have been applied to herpesvirus investigation. Here we successfully inserted the HHV-6A genome into a BAC, and obtained reconstituted infectious virus from the HHV-6A-containing BAC DNA. Using this system, we generated a gQ1 mutant virus genome, which failed to yield reconstituted infectious virus, whereas its revertant virus could be produced, indicating that the HHV-6 gQ1 gene is essential for virus growth. Therefore, we successfully applied BAC and E. coli mutagenesis techniques to the study of HHV-6, and discovered that HHV-6 gQ1 is an essential gene for virus growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huamin Tang
- Laboratory of Virology and Vaccinology, Division of Biomedical Research, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, 7-6-8, Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
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14
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Cloning human herpes virus 6A genome into bacterial artificial chromosomes and study of DNA replication intermediates. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:19138-43. [PMID: 19858479 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0908504106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cloning of large viral genomes into bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) facilitates analyses of viral functions and molecular mutagenesis. Previous derivations of viral BACs involved laborious recombinations within infected cells. We describe a single-step production of viral BACs by direct cloning of unit length genomes, derived from circular or head-to-tail concatemeric DNA replication intermediates. The BAC cloning is independent of intracellular recombinations and DNA packaging constraints. We introduced the 160-kb human herpes virus 6A (HHV-6A) genome into BACs by digesting the viral DNA replicative intermediates with the Sfil enzyme that cleaves the viral genome in a single site. The recombinant BACs contained also the puromycin selection gene, GFP, and LoxP sites flanking the BAC sequences. The HHV-6A-BAC vectors were retained stably in puromycin selected 293T cells. In the presence of irradiated helper virus, supplying most likely proteins enhancing gene expression they expressed early and late genes in SupT1 T cells. The method is especially attractive for viruses that replicate inefficiently and for viruses propagated in suspension cells. We have used the fact that the BAC cloning "freezes" the viral DNA replication intermediates to analyze their structure. The results revealed that HHV-6A-BACs contained a single direct repeat (DR) rather than a DR-DR sequence, predicted to arise by circularization of parental genomes with a DR at each terminus. HHV-6A DNA molecules prepared from the infected cells also contained DNA molecules with a single DR. Such forms were not previously described for HHV-6 DNA.
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15
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Israyelyan A, Chouljenko VN, Baghian A, David AT, Kearney MT, Kousoulas KG. Herpes simplex virus type-1(HSV-1) oncolytic and highly fusogenic mutants carrying the NV1020 genomic deletion effectively inhibit primary and metastatic tumors in mice. Virol J 2008; 5:68. [PMID: 18518998 PMCID: PMC2453120 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-5-68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2008] [Accepted: 06/02/2008] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The NV1020 oncolytic herpes simplex virus type-1 has shown significant promise for the treatment of many different types of tumors in experimental animal models and human trials. Previously, we described the construction and use of the NV1020-like virus OncSyn to treat human breast tumors implanted in nude mice. The syncytial mutation gKsyn1 (Ala-to-Val at position 40) was introduced into the OncSyn viral genome cloned into a bacterial artificial chromosome using double-red mutagenesis in E. coli to produce the OncdSyn virus carrying syncytial mutations in both gB(syn3) and gK(syn1). Results The OncdSyn virus caused extensive virus-induced cell fusion in cell culture. The oncolytic potential of the OncSyn and OncdSyn viruses was tested in the highly metastatic syngeneic mouse model system, which utilizes 4T1 murine mammary cancer cells implanted within the interscapular region of Balb/c mice. Mice were given three consecutive intratumor injections of OncSyn, OncdSyn, or phosphate buffered saline four days apart. Both OncSyn and OncdSyn virus injections resulted in significant reduction of tumor sizes (p < 0.05) compared to control tumors. Virus treated mice but not controls showed a marked reduction of metastatic foci in lungs and internal organs. Mouse weights were not significantly impacted by any treatment during the course of the entire study (p = 0.296). Conclusion These results show that the attenuated, but highly fusogenic OncSyn and OncdSyn viruses can effectively reduce primary and metastatic breast tumors in immuncompetent mice. The available bac-cloned OncSyn and OncdSyn viral genomes can be rapidly modified to express a number of different anti-tumor and immunomodulatory genes that can further enhance their anti-tumor potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Israyelyan
- Division of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine and Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
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16
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Rupp R, Bernstein DI. The potential impact of a prophylactic herpes simplex vaccine. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 2008; 13:41-52. [DOI: 10.1517/14728214.13.1.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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17
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Schmeisser F, Weir JP. Incorporation of a lambda phage recombination system and EGFP detection to simplify mutagenesis of Herpes simplex virus bacterial artificial chromosomes. BMC Biotechnol 2007; 7:22. [PMID: 17501993 PMCID: PMC1885250 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6750-7-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2006] [Accepted: 05/14/2007] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Targeted mutagenesis of the herpesvirus genomes has been facilitated by the use of bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) technology. Such modified genomes have potential uses in understanding viral pathogenesis, gene identification and characterization, and the development of new viral vectors and vaccines. We have previously described the construction of a herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) BAC and the use of an allele replacement strategy to construct HSV-2 recombinants. While the BAC mutagenesis procedure is a powerful method to generate HSV-2 recombinants, particularly in the absence of selective marker in eukaryotic culture, the mutagenesis procedure is still difficult and cumbersome. Results Here we describe the incorporation of a phage lambda recombination system into an allele replacement vector. This strategy enables any DNA fragment containing the phage attL recombination sites to be efficiently inserted into the attR sites of the allele replacement vector using phage lambda clonase. We also describe how the incorporation of EGFP into the allele replacement vector can facilitate the selection of the desired cross-over recombinant BACs when the allele replacement reaction is a viral gene deletion. Finally, we incorporate the lambda phage recombination sites directly into an HSV-2 BAC vector for direct recombination of gene cassettes using the phage lambda clonase-driven recombination reaction. Conclusion Together, these improvements to the techniques of HSV BAC mutagenesis will facilitate the construction of recombinant herpes simplex viruses and viral vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Falko Schmeisser
- Laboratory of DNA Viruses, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jerry P Weir
- Laboratory of DNA Viruses, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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18
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Protection against congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease, conferred by a replication-disabled, bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC)-based DNA vaccine. Vaccine 2006; 24:6175-86. [PMID: 16879902 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.06.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2006] [Revised: 05/30/2006] [Accepted: 06/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
It is unclear if protective immunity can be conferred by a cytomegalovirus (CMV) vaccine encoding a single protein subunit, or if multiple viral genes need to be targeted. Using the guinea pig model of congenital CMV infection, these studies examined the immunogenicity and efficacy of a DNA vaccine based on the guinea pig cytomegalovirus (GPCMV) genome cloned as a non-infectious BAC plasmid, modified by transposon insertion into the homolog of the HCMV tegument protein, UL48. Following vaccination of female Hartley guinea pigs with BAC DNA, adverse GPCMV-related pregnancy outcome were assessed after establishment of pregnancy, followed by GPCMV third-trimester challenge. Animals immunized with recombinant BACmid engendered anti-GPCMV antibodies by ELISA assay. Immunogenicity of BAC plasmid DNA was augmented by inclusion of the lipid adjuvant, DOTMA/DOPE, in the vaccine regimen. Among pups born to 12 control (sham-immunized) dams challenged with GPCMV in the third trimester, mortality was 23/35 (66%). In contrast, among evaluable pregnancy outcomes in pups born to 10 BAC-immunized pregnant dams, preconception immunization resulted in reduced pup mortality, to 10/34 pups (29%; p<0.005 versus control, Fisher's exact test). In addition, vaccinated dams had reduced viral load, compared to controls, as assessed by quantitative, real-time PCR.
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Gierasch WW, Zimmerman DL, Ward SL, Vanheyningen TK, Romine JD, Leib DA. Construction and characterization of bacterial artificial chromosomes containing HSV-1 strains 17 and KOS. J Virol Methods 2006; 135:197-206. [PMID: 16647145 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2006.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2006] [Revised: 03/12/2006] [Accepted: 03/16/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) were constructed containing full-length, infectious DNA of HSV-1 strains 17 and KOS. To generate BACs without altering viral genes, sequences required for selection and propagation of the BAC were placed between the U(L)37 and U(L)38 genes, and flanked by LoxP sites. The system was tested by studying multiple properties of these HSV-1 BAC constructs in vitro and in vivo following propagation in bacteria, virus reconstitution from HSV-BAC DNA in eukaryotic cells, and Cre-recombinase-mediated excision of the BAC backbone. Based on in vitro growth in mouse embryo fibroblasts and in vivo growth in mouse corneas and trigeminal ganglia, the strain KOS BAC-derived virus behaved similarly to wild-type. Small changes in neurovirulence were, however, observed. The strain 17 BAC-derived virus exhibited modest decreases in growth and virulence compared to wild-type. Modest differences were observed in reactivation from latency with both strain KOS and 17 BAC-derived viruses. In addition, the system was further validated by performing mutagenesis of the BACs by allelic exchange in E. coli. These BACs are suitable for the rapid generation of recombinant viruses for pathogenesis and other studies, but as with all mutagenesis systems, care must be taken in their construction and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- William W Gierasch
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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20
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Arii J, Hushur O, Kato K, Kawaguchi Y, Tohya Y, Akashi H. Construction of an infectious clone of canine herpesvirus genome as a bacterial artificial chromosome. Microbes Infect 2006; 8:1054-63. [PMID: 16515874 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2005.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2005] [Revised: 10/31/2005] [Accepted: 10/31/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Canine herpesvirus (CHV) is an attractive candidate not only for use as a recombinant vaccine to protect dogs from a variety of canine pathogens but also as a viral vector for gene therapy in domestic animals. However, developments in this area have been impeded by the complicated techniques used for eukaryotic homologous recombination. To overcome these problems, we used bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) to generate infectious BACs. Our findings may be summarized as follows: (i) the CHV genome (pCHV/BAC), in which a BAC flanked by loxP sites was inserted into the thymidine kinase gene, was maintained in Escherichia coli; (ii) transfection of pCHV/BAC into A-72 cells resulted in the production of infectious virus; (iii) the BAC vector sequence was almost perfectly excisable from the genome of the reconstituted virus CHV/BAC by co-infection with CHV/BAC and a recombinant adenovirus that expressed the Cre recombinase; and (iv) a recombinant virus in which the glycoprotein C gene was deleted was generated by lambda recombination followed by Flp recombination, which resulted in a reduction in viral titer compared with that of the wild-type virus. The infectious clone pCHV/BAC is useful for the modification of the CHV genome using bacterial genetics, and CHV/BAC should have multiple applications in the rapid generation of genetically engineered CHV recombinants and the development of CHV vectors for vaccination and gene therapy in domestic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Arii
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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21
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Gillet L, Daix V, Donofrio G, Wagner M, Koszinowski UH, China B, Ackermann M, Markine-Goriaynoff N, Vanderplasschen A. Development of bovine herpesvirus 4 as an expression vector using bacterial artificial chromosome cloning. J Gen Virol 2005; 86:907-917. [PMID: 15784885 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.80718-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Several features make bovine herpesvirus 4 (BoHV-4) attractive as a backbone for use as a viral expression vector and/or as a model to study gammaherpesvirus biology. However, these developments have been impeded by the difficulty in manipulating its large genome using classical homologous recombination in eukaryotic cells. In the present study, the feasibility of exploiting bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) cloning and prokaryotic recombination technology for production of BoHV-4 recombinants was explored. Firstly, the BoHV-4 genome was BAC cloned using two potential insertion sites. Both sites of insertion gave rise to BoHV-4 BAC clones stably maintained in bacteria and able to regenerate virions when transfected into permissive cells. Reconstituted virus replicated comparably to wild-type parental virus and the loxP-flanked BAC cassette was excised by growing them on permissive cells stably expressing Cre recombinase. Secondly, BoHV-4 recombinants expressing Ixodes ricinus anti-complement protein I or II (IRAC I/II) were produced using a two-step mutagenesis procedure in Escherichia coli. Both recombinants induced expression of high levels of functional IRAC molecules in the supernatant of infected cells. This study demonstrates that BAC cloning and prokaryotic recombination technology are powerful tools for the development of BoHV-4 as an expression vector and for further fundamental studies of this gammaherpesvirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Gillet
- Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases (B43b), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - V Daix
- Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases (B43b), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - G Donofrio
- Dipartimento di Salute Animale, Facoltà di Medicina Veterinaria, Sezione di Malattie Infettive degli Animali, Università degli Studi di Parma, I-43100 Parma, Italy
| | - M Wagner
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - U H Koszinowski
- Department of Virology, Max von Pettenkofer-Institut, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - B China
- Food Sciences Department (B43b), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - M Ackermann
- Institute for Virology, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - N Markine-Goriaynoff
- Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases (B43b), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - A Vanderplasschen
- Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases (B43b), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
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22
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Kawaguchi Y, Tanaka M. [BAC system: A novel method for manipulation of herpesvirus genomes based on bacterial genetics]. Uirusu 2005; 54:255-64. [PMID: 15745165 DOI: 10.2222/jsv.54.255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Although methods for reverse genetics of herpesviruses have been established in early 1980s, the steps are laborious and time-consuming. In 1997, Dr. Koszinwski's group reported a novel approach for the construction of herpesvirus mutants, based on cloning the viral genome as a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) in E. coli. This technique allows the maintenance of viral genomes as plasmid in E. coli and the reconstitution of viral progeny by transfection of the BAC plasmid into eukaryotic cells. Any genetics modification of the viral genome in E. coli using bacterial genetics is possible, thereby facilitating the introduction of mutagenesis into herpesvirus genome. This 'BAC system' has opened new avenues for reverse and forward genetics of herpesviruses in basic research and in vector development for human therapy. Here we describe the principle of the 'BAC system' in herpesvirus researches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Kawaguchi
- Department of Virology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Japan.
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Abstract
This review explores the development of prophylactic genital herpes vaccines and their potential impact on perinatal and oral-facial disease. Vaccine strategies have included the use of whole killed virus, viral subunits, attenuated live virus, viral vectors, and bare DNA. To date, the recombinant subunit vaccine, truncated HSV-2 gD and alum/MPL, has been the most efficacious. The vaccine is 73 to 74 percent effective in preventing genital disease in herpes simplex virus seronegative women but is not effective in men or seropositive women. Models predict a significant impact on genital herpes if it limits viral shedding. Reductions in perinatal and oral-facial disease are likely to occur as well. Once an efficacious herpes vaccine is available, its effectiveness will depend ultimately on vaccine acceptance by professional organizations, healthcare professionals, and parents. Further research is required to improve on and fully understand the implications of prophylactic herpes simplex vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Rupp
- Department of Pediatrics and Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-1119, USA.
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