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Jeong YJ, Kim KI. A New Cell Line Derived from the Caudal Fin of the Dwarf Gourami ( Trichogaster lalius) and Its Susceptibility to Fish Viruses. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:829. [PMID: 37372114 DOI: 10.3390/biology12060829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
The detection of megalocytiviruses, especially the infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV), in ornamental fish has increased with the rapid growth of the ornamental fish industry. In this study, dwarf gourami fin (DGF) cells derived from the caudal fin of the dwarf gourami (Trichogaster lalius), which is highly susceptible to red sea bream iridovirus (RSIV) and ISKNV, were established and characterized. The DGF cells were grown at temperatures ranging from 25 °C to 30 °C in Leibovitz's L-15 medium supplemented with 15% fetal bovine serum and were subcultured for more than 100 passages, predominantly with epithelial-like cells. DGF cells had a diploid chromosome number of 2n = 44. Although the initial purpose of this study was to establish a cell line for the causative agents of red sea bream iridoviral disease (RSIV and ISKNV), DGF cells were also susceptible to rhabdoviruses (viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus, hirame rhabdovirus, and spring viraemia of carp virus), exhibiting a significant cytopathic effect characterized by cell rounding and lysis. Additionally, viral replication and virion morphology were confirmed using virus-specific conventional polymerase chain reaction and transmission electron microscopy. Furthermore, both RSIV and ISKNV were replicated at high concentrations in DGF cells compared to other cell lines. Notably, the DGF cells maintained a monolayer during ISKNV infection, indicating the possibility of persistent infection. Thus, DGF can be used for viral diagnosis and may play a critical role in advancing our understanding of ISKNV pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye-Jin Jeong
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Il Kim
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
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Jeong MA, Jeong YJ, Kim KI. Virulence difference between red sea bream iridovirus mixed subtype I/II and subtype II and the expression of viral and apoptosis-related genes in infected rock bream (Oplegnathus fasciatus). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 127:195-202. [PMID: 35643355 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the virulence of the red sea bream iridovirus (RSIV) subtype II (17RbGs isolate) and a novel RSIV mixed subtype I/II (17SbTy isolate), which was genetically characterized in a previous study, were compared. The infectivity to rock bream (Oplegnathus fasciatus) determined by infectious dose (ID50) revealed that 17RbGs isolate was significantly more infective than 17SbTy isolate using both intraperitoneal injection and bath immersion. In a cohabitation challenge test that mimicked natural conditions, the cumulative mortality of the donor (RSIV-injected rock bream) and the recipient (cohabited naïve rock bream) was significantly higher in the 17RbGs group than in the 17SbTy group, regardless of RSIV injected doses, supporting the correlation between genetic mutation and pathogenicity. In addition, the maximum viral shedding ratio identified from RSIV-infected rock bream suggested that viral transmission through infection with the 17SbTy isolate could have a lower relative risk than that of infection with the 17RbGs isolate. In particular, the odds ratio based on the spleen index after 17RbGs infection was 55.00, which was inconsistent with that of 17SbTy infection (19.38), hence supporting the virulence difference between RSIVs. Furthermore, the expression of viral genes, including DNA membrane and myristoylated protein genes with insertion and deletion mutations, and that of caspase-8, which is related to caspase-dependent apoptosis induced by RSIV infection, were significantly upregulated at 11 days post 17RbGs-infection compared to that following 17SbTy infection. Notably, although viral genes were highly expressed in the early infection stage and caspase-8 was upregulated, the low caspase-3 expression may have inhibited apoptosis, reflecting the difference in virulence between different RSIV isolates. Several virulence factors, including pathogenicity, viral shedding ratio, odds ratio, and gene expression, support that RSIV mixed subtype I/II may be a less pathogenic RSIV isolate compared with general RSIV subtype II in a natural environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min A Jeong
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye Jin Jeong
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Il Kim
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Busan, Republic of Korea.
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How to select the appropriate method(s) of cytotoxicity analysis of mammalian cells at biointerfaces: A tutorial. Biointerphases 2020; 15:031201. [DOI: 10.1116/6.0000136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Kim A, Yoon D, Lim Y, Roh HJ, Kim S, Park CI, Kim HS, Cha HJ, Choi YH, Kim DH. Co-Expression Network Analysis of Spleen Transcriptome in Rock Bream ( Oplegnathus fasciatus) Naturally Infected with Rock Bream Iridovirus (RBIV). Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21051707. [PMID: 32131541 PMCID: PMC7084886 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Rock bream iridovirus (RBIV) is a notorious agent that causes high mortality in aquaculture of rock bream (Oplegnathus fasciatus). Despite severity of this virus, no transcriptomic studies on RBIV-infected rock bream that can provide fundamental information on protective mechanism against the virus have been reported so far. This study aimed to investigate physiological mechanisms between host and RBIV through transcriptomic changes in the spleen based on RNA-seq. Depending on infection intensity and sampling time point, fish were divided into five groups: uninfected healthy fish at week 0 as control (0C), heavy infected fish at week 0 (0H), heavy mixed RBIV and bacterial infected fish at week 0 (0MH), uninfected healthy fish at week 3 (3C), and light infected fish at week 3 (3L). We explored clusters from 35,861 genes with Fragments Per Kilo-base of exon per Million mapped fragments (FPKM) values of 0.01 or more through signed co-expression network analysis using WGCNA package. Nine of 22 modules were highly correlated with viral infection (|gene significance (GS) vs. module membership (MM) |> 0.5, p-value < 0.05). Expression patterns in selected modules were divided into two: heavy infected (0H and 0MH) and control and light-infected groups (0C, 3C, and 3L). In functional analysis, genes in two positive modules (5448 unigenes) were enriched in cell cycle, DNA replication, transcription, and translation, and increased glycolysis activity. Seven negative modules (3517 unigenes) built in this study showed significant decreases in the expression of genes in lymphocyte-mediated immune system, antigen presentation, and platelet activation, whereas there was significant increased expression of endogenous apoptosis-related genes. These changes lead to RBIV proliferation and failure of host defense, and suggests the importance of blood cells such as thrombocytes and B cells in rock bream in RBIV infection. Interestingly, a hub gene, pre-mRNA processing factor 19 (PRPF19) showing high connectivity (kME), and expression of this gene using qRT-PCR was increased in rock bream blood cells shortly after RBIV was added. It might be a potential biomarker for diagnosis and vaccine studies in rock bream against RBIV. This transcriptome approach and our findings provide new insight into the understanding of global rock bream-RBIV interactions including immune and pathogenesis mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahran Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Proteome Biophysics, and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea; (A.K.); (D.Y.); (S.K.)
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, College of Fisheries Science, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea; (Y.L.); (H.J.R.)
| | - Dahye Yoon
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Proteome Biophysics, and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea; (A.K.); (D.Y.); (S.K.)
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA, Eumseong 27709, Korea
| | - Yunjin Lim
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, College of Fisheries Science, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea; (Y.L.); (H.J.R.)
- Hazardous Substances Analysis Division, Gwangju Regional Office of Food and Drug Safety, Gwangju 61012, Korea
| | - Heyong Jin Roh
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, College of Fisheries Science, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea; (Y.L.); (H.J.R.)
| | - Suhkmann Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Proteome Biophysics, and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea; (A.K.); (D.Y.); (S.K.)
| | - Chan-Il Park
- Department of Marine Biology and Aquaculture, College of Marine Science, Gyeongsang National University, Tongyeong 53064, Korea;
| | - Heui-Soo Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea;
| | - Hee-Jae Cha
- Department of Parasitology and Genetics, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan 49267, Korea;
| | - Yung Hyun Choi
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Oriental Medicine, Dongeui University, Busan 47227, Korea;
| | - Do-Hyung Kim
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, College of Fisheries Science, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea; (Y.L.); (H.J.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-51-629-5945
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Li Y, Jiang N, Fan Y, Zhou Y, Liu W, Xue M, Meng Y, Zeng L. Chinese Giant Salamander ( Andrias davidianus) Iridovirus Infection Leads to Apoptotic Cell Death through Mitochondrial Damage, Caspases Activation, and Expression of Apoptotic-Related Genes. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20246149. [PMID: 31817556 PMCID: PMC6940751 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20246149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Chinese giant salamander iridovirus (GSIV) is the causative pathogen of Chinese giant salamander (Andrias davidianus) iridovirosis, leading to severe infectious disease and huge economic losses. However, the infection mechanism by GSIV is far from clear. In this study, a Chinese giant salamander muscle (GSM) cell line is used to investigate the mechanism of cell death during GSIV infection. Microscopy observation and DNA ladder analysis revealed that DNA fragmentation happens during GSIV infection. Flow cytometry analysis showed that apoptotic cells in GSIV-infected cells were significantly higher than that in control cells. Caspase 8, 9, and 3 were activated in GSIV-infected cells compared with the uninfected cells. Consistently, mitochondria membrane potential (MMP) was significantly reduced, and cytochrome c was released into cytosol during GSIV infection. p53 expression increased at an early stage of GSIV infection and then slightly decreased late in infection. Furthermore, mRNA expression levels of pro-apoptotic genes participating in the extrinsic and intrinsic pathway were significantly up-regulated during GSIV infection, while those of anti-apoptotic genes were restrained in early infection and then rose in late infection. These results collectively indicate that GSIV induces GSM apoptotic cell death involving mitochondrial damage, caspases activation, p53 expression, and pro-apoptotic molecules up-regulation.
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Li S, Li J, Peng W, Hao G, Sun J. Characterization of the responses of the caspase 2, 3, 6 and 8 genes to immune challenges and extracellular ATP stimulation in the Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:20. [PMID: 30621683 PMCID: PMC6325855 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1763-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Caspases are a family of conserved intracellular cysteine-dependent aspartate-specific cysteine proteases that play important roles in regulating cell death and inflammation. Our previous study revealed the importance of the inflammatory caspase 1 gene in extracellular ATP-mediated immune signaling in Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus. To explore the potential roles of other caspases in P. olivaceus innate immunity, we extended our study by characterizing of the responses of four additional P. olivaceus caspase genes, termed JfCaspase 2, 3, 6 and 8, to inflammatory challenge and extracellular ATP stimulation. RESULTS Sequence analysis revealed that the domain structures of all the Japanese flounder caspase proteins are evolutionarily conserved. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis showed that the JfCaspase 2, 3, 6 and 8 genes were expressed ubiquitously but at unequal levels in all examined Japanese flounder normal tissues. In addition, the basal gene expression levels of JfCaspase 2, 3, 6 and 8 were higher than those of JfCaspase 1 in both Japanese flounder head kidney macrophages (HKMs) and peripheral blood leukocytes (PBLs). Furthermore, immune challenge experiments showed that the inflammatory stimuli LPS and poly(I:C) significantly modulated the expression of the JfCaspase 2, 3, 6 and 8 genes in Japanese flounder immune cells. Finally, DNA fragmentation, associated with increased extracellular ATP-induced JfCaspase 2, 3, 6 and 8 gene expression and enzymatic activity, was inhibited by the caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK in the HKMs. CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrate broad participation of multiple caspase genes in response to inflammatory stimulation in Japanese flounder immune cells and provide new evidence for the involvement of caspase(s) in extracellular ATP-induced apoptosis in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, 393 West Binshui Road, Tianjin, 300387 Xiqing District China
| | - Jiafang Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, 393 West Binshui Road, Tianjin, 300387 Xiqing District China
| | - Weijiao Peng
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, 393 West Binshui Road, Tianjin, 300387 Xiqing District China
| | - Gaixiang Hao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, 393 West Binshui Road, Tianjin, 300387 Xiqing District China
| | - Jinsheng Sun
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, 393 West Binshui Road, Tianjin, 300387 Xiqing District China
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Koda SA, Subramaniam K, Francis-Floyd R, Yanong RP, Frasca S, Groff JM, Popov VL, Fraser WA, Yan A, Mohan S, Waltzek TB. Phylogenomic characterization of two novel members of the genus Megalocytivirus from archived ornamental fish samples. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2018; 130:11-24. [PMID: 30154268 DOI: 10.3354/dao03250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The genus Megalocytivirus is the most recently described member of the family Iridoviridae; as such, little is known about the genetic diversity of this genus of globally emerging viral fish pathogens. We sequenced the genomes of 2 megalocytiviruses (MCVs) isolated from epizootics involving South American cichlids (oscar Astronotus ocellatus and keyhole cichlid Cleithracara maronii) and three spot gourami Trichopodus trichopterus sourced through the ornamental fish trade during the early 1990s. Phylogenomic analyses revealed the South American cichlid iridovirus (SACIV) and three spot gourami iridovirus (TSGIV) possess 116 open reading frames each, and form a novel clade within the turbot reddish body iridovirus genotype (TRBIV Clade 2). Both genomes displayed a unique truncated paralog of the major capsid protein gene located immediately upstream of the full-length parent gene. Histopathological examination of archived oscar tissue sections that were PCR-positive for SACIV revealed numerous cytomegalic cells characterized by basophilic intracytoplasmic inclusions within various organs, particularly the anterior kidney, spleen, intestinal lamina propria and submucosa. TSGIV-infected grunt fin (GF) cells grown in vitro displayed cytopathic effects (e.g. cytomegaly, rounding, and refractility) as early as 96 h post-infection. Ultrastructural examination of infected GF cells revealed unenveloped viral particles possessing hexagonal nucleocapsids (120 to 144 nm in diameter) and electron-dense cores within the cytoplasm, consistent with the ultrastructural morphology of a MCV. Sequencing of SACIV and TSGIV provides the first complete TRBIV Clade 2 genome sequences and expands the known host and geographic range of the TRBIV genotype to include freshwater ornamental fishes traded in North America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha A Koda
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
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Kim KI, Hwang SD, Cho MY, Jung SH, Kim YC, Jeong HD. A natural infection by the red sea bream iridovirus-type Megalocytivirus in the golden mandarin fish Siniperca scherzeri. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2018; 41:1229-1233. [PMID: 29806082 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
An outbreak of a Megalocytivirus infection was found in the golden mandarin fish Siniperca scherzeri during September and October 2016, in Korea. Phylogeny and genetic diversity based on the major capsid protein (MCP) and adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) genes showed a new strain. Designated as GMIV, this strain derived from the golden mandarin fish was suggested to belong to the red sea bream iridovirus (RSIV)-subgroup I. Additionally, this train clustered with the ehime-1 strain from red sea bream Pagrus major in Japan and was distinguished from circulating isolates (RSIV-type subgroup II and turbot reddish body iridovirus [TRBIV] type) in Korea. The infection level, evaluated by qPCR, ranged from 8.18 × 102 to 7.95 × 106 copies/mg of tissue individually, suggesting that the infected fish were in the disease-transmitting stage. The diseased fish showed degenerative changes associated with cytomegaly in the spleen as general sign of Megalocytivirus infection. The results confirm that the RSIV-type Megalocytivirus might have crossed the environmental and species barriers to cause widespread infection in freshwater fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- K I Kim
- Pathology Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan, Korea
| | - S D Hwang
- Aquatic Disease Control Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan, Korea
| | - M Y Cho
- Pathology Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan, Korea
| | - S H Jung
- Pathology Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan, Korea
| | - Y C Kim
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Busan, Korea
| | - H D Jeong
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Busan, Korea
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Khazaei S, Ramachandran V, Abdul hamid R, Mohd Esa N, Etemad A, Moradipoor S, Ismail P. Flower extract of Allium atroviolaceum triggered apoptosis, activated caspase-3 and down-regulated antiapoptotic Bcl-2 gene in HeLa cancer cell line. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 89:1216-1226. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.02.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2016] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
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Oh SY, Nishizawa T. Multiple Passages of Grunt Fin Cells Persistently Infected with Red Seabream Iridovirus (RSIV) at 15ºC or 30ºC to Yield Uninfected Cells. JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH 2016; 28:214-221. [PMID: 27737618 DOI: 10.1080/08997659.2016.1208120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Red seabream iridovirus (RSIV), a member within genus Megalocytivirus (Iridoviridae), causes serious economic losses to marine fish aquaculture industry in East Asia. In this study, we established a Blue Striped Grunt Haemulon sciurus fin (grunt fin; GF) cell line persistently infected with RSIV (PI-GFRSIV) by subculturing GF cells that survived RSIV inoculation. PI-GFRSIV cells were morphologically indistinguishable from naive GF cells. They could stably produce RSIV at approximately 104.9 ± 0.5 genomes per microliter after 24 passages over 18 months. The optimum temperature to produce RSIV in PI-GFRSIV cells was 25°C. These cells also produced RSIV at 15, 20, and 30°C with multiple subcultures. The amount of RSIV yielded from PI-GFRSIV cells decreased gradually by multiple subculturing at 15°C or 30°C. Red seabream iridovirus was no longer detected from PI-GFRSIV cells after subcultures at these temperatures. These PI-GFRSIV cells freed from RSIV infection exhibited a level of RSIV productivity similar to those of naive GF cells after inoculation with RSIV. Therefore, we consider that these PI-GFRSIV cells were no longer infected with RSIV after multiple subculturing at 15°C or 30°C. Received October 15, 2015; accepted June 27, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- So-Young Oh
- a Department of Aqualife Medicine , Chonnam National University , Daehak-ro 50, Yeosu 59626 , South Korea
| | - Toyohiko Nishizawa
- a Department of Aqualife Medicine , Chonnam National University , Daehak-ro 50, Yeosu 59626 , South Korea
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Yu XB, Chen XH, Shan LP, Hao K, Wang GX. In vitro antiviral efficacy of moroxydine hydrochloride and ribavirin against grass carp reovirus and giant salamander iridovirus. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2016; 121:189-199. [PMID: 27786157 DOI: 10.3354/dao03053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Moroxydine hydrochloride (Mor) and ribavirin (Rib) have been reported to exhibit multi-antiviral activities against DNA and RNA viruses, but their antiviral activities and pharmacologies have seldom been studied in aquaculture. This paper has selected 3 aquatic viruses including a double-stranded RNA virus (grass carp reovirus, GCRV), a single-stranded RNA virus (spring viraemia of carp virus, SVCV) and a DNA virus (giant salamander iridovirus, GSIV) for antiviral testing. The results showed that Mor and Rib can effectively control the infection of GCRV and GSIV in respective host cells. Further study was undertaken to explore the antivirus efficiencies and pharmacological mechanisms of Mor and Rib on GCRV and GSIV in vitro. Briefly, compounds showed over 50% protective effects at 15.9 µg ml-1 except for the group of GSIV-infected epithelioma papulosum cyprinid (EPC) cells treated with Mor. Moreover, Mor and Rib blocked the virus-induced cytopathic effects and apoptosis in host cells to keep the normal cellular structure. The expression of VP1 (GCRV) and major capsid protein (MCP; GSIV) gene was also significantly inhibited in the virus-infected cells when treated with Mor and Rib. Cytotoxicity assay verified the 2 compounds had no toxic effects on grass carp ovary (GCO) cells and EPC cells at ≤96 µg ml-1. In conclusion, these results indicated that exposing GCRV-infected GCO cells and GSIV-infected EPC cells to Mor and Rib could elicit significant antiviral responses, and the 2 compounds have been shown to be promising agents for viral control in the aquaculture industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Bo Yu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
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Zhang J, Yamada S, Ogihara E, Kurita M, Banno N, Qu W, Feng F, Akihisa T. Biological Activities of Triterpenoids and Phenolic Compounds from Myrica cerifera Bark. Chem Biodivers 2016; 13:1601-1609. [PMID: 27492128 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201600247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Seven triterpenoids, 1 - 7, two diarylheptanoids, 8 and 9, four phenolic compounds, 10 - 13, and three other compounds, 14 - 16, were isolated from the hexane and MeOH extracts of the bark of Myrica cerifera L. (Myricaceae). Among these compounds, betulin (1), ursolic acid (3), and myricanol (8) exhibited cytotoxic activities against HL60 (leukemia), A549 (lung), and SK-BR-3 (breast) human cancer cell lines (IC50 3.1 - 24.2 μm). Compound 8 induced apoptotic cell death in HL60 cells (IC50 5.3 μm) upon evaluation of the apoptosis-inducing activity by flow cytometric analysis and by Hoechst 33342 staining method. Western blot analysis on HL60 cells revealed that 8 activated caspases-3, -8, and -9 suggesting that 8 induced apoptosis via both mitochondrial and death receptor pathways in HL60. Upon evaluation of the melanogenesis-inhibitory activity in B16 melanoma cells induced with α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH), erythrodiol (7), 4-hydroxy-2-methoxyphenyl β-d-glucopyranoside (13), and butyl quinate (15) exhibited inhibitory effects (65.4 - 86.0% melanin content) with no, or almost no, toxicity to the cells (85.9 - 107.4% cell viability) at 100 μm concentration. In addition, 8, myricanone (9), myricitrin (10), protocatechuic acid (11), and gallic acid (12) revealed potent DPPH radical-scavenging activities (IC50 6.9 - 20.5 μm).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- Department of Natural Medicine Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, P. R. China
| | - Satoshi Yamada
- College of Science and Technology, Nihon University, 1-8-14 Kanda Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-8308, Japan
| | - Eri Ogihara
- College of Science and Technology, Nihon University, 1-8-14 Kanda Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-8308, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kurita
- College of Science and Technology, Nihon University, 1-8-14 Kanda Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-8308, Japan
| | - Norihiro Banno
- Ichimaru Pharcos Company Ltd., 318-1 Asagi, Motosu-shi, Gifu, 501-0475, Japan
| | - Wei Qu
- Department of Natural Medicine Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, P. R. China
| | - Feng Feng
- Department of Natural Medicine Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, P. R. China
| | - Toshihiro Akihisa
- Akihisa Medical Clinic, 1086-3 Kamo, Sanda-shi, Hyogo, 669-1311, Japan
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Chen XY, Wen CM, Wu JL, Su YC, Hong JR. Giant seaperch iridovirus (GSIV) induces mitochondria-mediated cell death that is suppressed by bongkrekic acid and cycloheximide in a fish cell line. Virus Res 2015; 213:37-45. [PMID: 26548846 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Giant seaperch iridovirus (GSIV) induces cell death by an unknown mechanism. We postulated that this mechanism involves mitochondria-mediated cell death. Cell viability assays revealed a steady increase in dead grouper fin cells (GF-1) after GSIV infection, from 11% at 2 days post-infection (dpi) to 67% at 5 dpi. Annexin V/PI staining revealed GSIV infection induced apoptosis in a steadily increasing fraction of cells, from 4% at 1 dpi to 29% at 5 dpi. Furthermore, post-apoptotic necrosis was apparent at 4 and 5 dpi in the late replication stage. In the early replication stage, JC-1 dye revealed mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) loss in 42% of infected cells at 1 dpi, increasing to 98% at 3 dpi. Phosphatidylserine (PS) exposure and loss of ΔΨm from apoptosis/necrosis was attenuated by treatment with the adenine nucleotide translocase inhibitor bongkrekic acid (BKA) and the protein synthesis inhibitor cyclohexamide (CHX). These data suggest GSIV induces GF-1 apoptotic/necrotic cell death through pathways that require newly synthesized protein and involve the mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yu Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Chiu-Ming Wen
- Department of Life Sciences, National University of Kaohsiung, Kaohsiung 811, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Leih Wu
- Laboratory of Marine Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chin Su
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Jiann-Ruey Hong
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan.
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14
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Reshi L, Wu JL, Wang HV, Hong JR. Aquatic viruses induce host cell death pathways and its application. Virus Res 2015; 211:133-44. [PMID: 26494167 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2015.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Revised: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Virus infections of mammalian and animal cells consist of a series of events. As intracellular parasites, viruses rely on the use of host cellular machinery. Through the use of cell culture and molecular approaches over the past decade, our knowledge of the biology of aquatic viruses has grown exponentially. The increase in aquaculture operations worldwide has provided new approaches for the transmission of aquatic viruses that include RNA and DNA viruses. Therefore, the struggle between the virus and the host for control of the cell's death machinery is crucial for survival. Viruses are obligatory intracellular parasites and, as such, must modulate apoptotic pathways to control the lifespan of their host to complete their replication cycle. This paper updates the discussion on the detailed mechanisms of action that various aquatic viruses use to induce cell death pathways in the host, such as Bad-mediated, mitochondria-mediated, ROS-mediated and Fas-mediated cell death circuits. Understanding how viruses exploit the apoptotic pathways of their hosts may provide great opportunities for the development of future potential therapeutic strategies and pathogenic insights into different aquatic viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Latif Reshi
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Biotechnology, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, No 1. University Road, Tainan City 701, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Life Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1. University Road, Tainan City 701, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jen-Leih Wu
- Laboratory of Marine Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hao-Ven Wang
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1. University Road, Tainan City 701, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jiann-Ruey Hong
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Biotechnology, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, No 1. University Road, Tainan City 701, Taiwan, ROC.
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15
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Chen XY, Wen CM, Hui CF, Chen MC, Wu JL, Hsueh TC, Lei WH, Hong JR. Giant seaperch iridovirus infection upregulates Bas and Bak expression, leading to apoptotic death of fish cells. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 45:848-857. [PMID: 26067170 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Revised: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The giant seaperch iridovirus (GSIV) induces host cell apoptosis by a poorly-understood process. In this study, GSIV is shown to upregulate the pro-apoptotic death genes Bax and Bak at the middle replication stage, and factors in the grouper fin cell line (GF-1) are shown to modulate this process. Studying the mechanism of cell death, we found that upregulated, de novo-synthesized Bax and Bak proteins formed heterodimers. This up-regulation process correlated with mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) loss, increased caspase-3 activity, and increased apoptotic cell death. All effects were diminished by treatment of infected GF-1 cells with the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide. Interestingly, overexpression of the anti-apoptotic gene Bcl-xL also diminished GSIV-induced mitochondria-mediated cell death, increasing host cell viability and decreasing MMP loss at the early replication stage. Our data suggest that GSIV induces GF-1 apoptotic cell death through up-regulation of the pro-apoptotic genes Bax and Bak, which are regulated by Bcl-xL overexpression on mitochondria in GF-1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yu Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Chiu-Ming Wen
- Department of Life Sciences, National University of Kaohsiung, Kaohsiung 811, Taiwan
| | - Cho-Fat Hui
- Laboratory of Marine Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chyuan Chen
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, National Kaohsiung Marine University, Kaohsiung 811, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Leih Wu
- Laboratory of Marine Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Tsai-Ching Hsueh
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Han Lei
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Jiann-Ruey Hong
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan.
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16
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Yi Y, Qi H, Yuan J, Wang R, Weng S, He J, Dong C. Functional characterization of viral tumor necrosis factor receptors encoded by cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV3) genome. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 45:757-770. [PMID: 26052019 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV3) is a large double-stranded DNA virus of Alloherpesviridae family in the order Herpesvirales. It causes significant morbidity and mortality in common carp and its ornamental koi variety, and threatens the aquaculture industries worldwide. Mimicry of cytokines and cytokine receptors is a particular strategy for large DNA viruses in modulating the host immune response. Here, we report the identification and characterization of two novel viral homologues of tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) encoded by CyHV3-ORF4 and -ORF12, respectively. CyHV3-ORF4 was identified as a homologue of HVEM and CyHV3-ORF12 as a homologue of TNFRSF1. Overexpression of ORF4 and ORF12 in zebrafish embryos results in embryonic lethality, morphological defects and increased apoptosis. Although we failed to identify any interaction between the two vTNFRs and their potential ligands in zebrafish TNF superfamily by yeast two-hybrid system, the expression of some genes in TNF superfamily or TNFR superfamily were mis-regulated in ORF4 or ORF12-overexpressing embryos, especially the death receptor zHDR and its cognate ligand DL1b. Further studies showed that the apoptosis induced by the both CyHV3 vTNFRs is mainly activated through the intrinsic apoptotic pathway and requires the crosstalk between the intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathway. Additionally, using RT-qPCR and Western blot assays, the expression patterns of the both vTNFRs were also analyzed during CyHV3 productive infection. Collectively, this is the first functional study of two unique vTNFRs encoded by a herpesvirus infecting non-mammalian vertebrates, which may provide novel insights into viral immune regulation mechanism and the pathogenesis of CyHV3 infection.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Carps
- Cell Line
- Female
- Fish Diseases/genetics
- Fish Diseases/metabolism
- Fish Diseases/virology
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Herpesviridae/genetics
- Herpesviridae/physiology
- Herpesviridae Infections/genetics
- Herpesviridae Infections/metabolism
- Herpesviridae Infections/veterinary
- Herpesviridae Infections/virology
- Male
- Open Reading Frames
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Member 14/chemistry
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Member 14/genetics
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Member 14/metabolism
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I/chemistry
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I/genetics
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I/metabolism
- Sequence Alignment/veterinary
- Viral Proteins/chemistry
- Viral Proteins/genetics
- Viral Proteins/metabolism
- Zebrafish
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yi
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Food Safety/State Key Laboratory for Bio-control, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Hemei Qi
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Food Safety/State Key Laboratory for Bio-control, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Jimin Yuan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Food Safety/State Key Laboratory for Bio-control, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Food Safety/State Key Laboratory for Bio-control, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaoping Weng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Food Safety/State Key Laboratory for Bio-control, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China; Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianguo He
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Food Safety/State Key Laboratory for Bio-control, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China; Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingang Road West, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuanfu Dong
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Food Safety/State Key Laboratory for Bio-control, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China; Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China.
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17
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Imajoh M, Fujioka H, Furusawa K, Tamura K, Yamasaki K, Kurihara S, Yamane J, Kawai K, Oshima S. Establishment of a new cell line susceptible to Cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3) and possible latency of CyHV-3 by temperature shift in the cells. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2015; 38:507-514. [PMID: 24820532 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Revised: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A new cell line named CCF-K104 predominantly consisting of fibroblastic cells showed optimal growth at temperatures from 25 °C to 30 °C. Serial morphological changes in the cells induced by Cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3) included cytoplasmic vacuolar formation, cell rounding and detachment. Mature virions were purified from CyHV-3-infected CCF-K104 cells by sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation and had a typical herpesvirus structure on electron microscopy. Infectious CyHV-3 was produced stably in CCF-K104 cells over 30 viral passages. Our findings showed that CCF-K104 is a useful cell line for isolation and productive replication of CyHV-3. A temperature shift from 25 °C to 15 °C or 35 °C did not allow serial morphological changes as observed at 25 °C for 14 days. Under the same conditions, real-time PCR showed that CyHV-3 was present with low viral DNA loads, suggesting that CyHV-3 may establish latent infection in CCF-K104 cells. Amplification of the left and right terminal repeat sequences of the CyHV-3 genome arranged in a head-to-tail manner was detected by nested PCR following an upshift in temperature from 25 °C to 35 °C. The PCR results suggested that the circular genome may represent a latent form of CyHV-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Imajoh
- Laboratory of Fish Disease, Faculty of Agriculture, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi, Japan
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18
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Liu Y, Wang Z, Wang X. AFM-Based Study of Fullerenol (C 60 (OH) 24 )-Induced Changes of Elasticity in Living SMCC-7721 Cells. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2015; 45:65-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2014.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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19
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ISAV infection promotes apoptosis of SHK-1 cells through a ROS/p38 MAPK/Bad signaling pathway. Mol Immunol 2015; 64:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2014.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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20
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Fu X, Li N, Lai Y, Luo X, Wang Y, Shi C, Huang Z, Wu S, Su J. A novel fish cell line derived from the brain of Chinese perch Siniperca chuatsi: development and characterization. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2015; 86:32-45. [PMID: 25376532 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.12540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a continuous cell line (named as CPB) was established from Siniperca chuatsi brain and has been subcultured >140 times. CPB cell line predominantly consisted of fibroblast-like cells that could grow better in Leibovitz's L-15 supplemented with 10% foetal bovine serum at 28° C. Polymerase chain reaction amplification of 18s recombinant (r)RNA confirmed the origin of this cell line from S. chuatsi. The CPB cell line was cryopreserved at different passage levels and revived successfully with 80-90% survival. The cell line was further characterized by chromosome number and transfection. The CPB cells were highly susceptible to infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV) with a titre of 6·58-6·62 log TCID50 ml(-1) and numerous ISKNV particles were observed in the cytoplasm by transmission electron microscopy. At the same time, ISKNV infection was confirmed by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, immunodot blot and individual challenge experiments. The development and characterization of a new brain cell line from S. chuatsi were described in this study and it could be used as an in vitro tool for propagation of ISKNV and gene expression studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Fu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, Yangling 712100, China; Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510380, China; Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, China
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21
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Huang X, Wang W, Huang Y, Xu L, Qin Q. Involvement of the PI3K and ERK signaling pathways in largemouth bass virus-induced apoptosis and viral replication. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 41:371-379. [PMID: 25260912 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2014.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Increased reports demonstrated that largemouth Bass, Micropterus salmoides in natural and artificial environments were always suffered from an emerging iridovirus disease, largemouth Bass virus (LMBV). However, the underlying mechanism of LMBV pathogenesis remained largely unknown. Here, we investigated the cell signaling events involved in virus induced cell death and viral replication in vitro. We found that LMBV infection in epithelioma papulosum cyprini (EPC) cells induced typical apoptosis, evidenced by the appearance of apoptotic bodies, cytochrome c release, mitochondrial membrane permeabilization (MMP) destruction and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Two initiators of apoptosis, caspase-8 and caspase-9, and the executioner of apoptosis, caspase-3, were all significantly activated with the infection time, suggested that not only mitochondrion-mediated, but also death receptor-mediated apoptosis were involved in LMBV infection. Reporter gene assay showed that the promoter activity of transcription factors including p53, NF-κB, AP-1 and cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) were decreased during LMBV infection. After treatment with different signaling pathway inhibitors, virus production were significantly suppressed by the inhibition of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway and extracellular-signal-regulated kinases (ERK) signaling pathway. Furthermore, LMBV infection induced apoptosis was enhanced by PI3K inhibitor LY294002, but decreased by addition of ERK inhibitor UO126. Therefore, we speculated that apoptosis was sophisticatedly regulated by a series of cell signaling events for efficient virus propagation. Taken together, our results provided new insights into the molecular mechanism of ranavirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Huang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou 510301, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou 510301, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Youhua Huang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou 510301, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Liwen Xu
- South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510300, China
| | - Qiwei Qin
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou 510301, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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22
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Huang X, Huang Y, Cai J, Wei S, Gao R, Qin Q. Identification and characterization of a tumor necrosis factor receptor like protein encoded by Singapore grouper iridovirus. Virus Res 2013; 178:340-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2013.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2013] [Revised: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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23
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Dong C, Shuang F, Weng S, He J. Cloning of a new fibroblast cell line from an early primary culture from mandarin fish (Siniperca chuatsi) fry for efficient proliferation of megalocytiviruses. Cytotechnology 2013; 66:883-90. [PMID: 24101440 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-013-9642-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 08/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Megalocytiviruses are important emerging pathogens in both freshwater and marine finfish aquaculture. However, a limited number of piscine cell lines are persistently susceptible to these viruses, which greatly limits the study of megalocytiviruses. In this study, a new fibroblast-like cell line was established from an early primary culture from mandarin fish fry by a single cell cloning and was designated as MFF-8C1. The MFF-8C1 cells grow well in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium supplemented with 10 % fetal bovine serum and had been subcultured more than 60 passages since the initial recovery culture in October 2009. Chromosomal analysis revealed that 91 % of the MFF-8C1 cells maintained a normal diploid chromosome number (2n = 48) in the 46th passage. Infection experiments showed that both freshwater-borne and marine-borne megalocytiviruses induce severe cytopathic effects in infected MFF-8C1 cells characterized by the rounding and enlargement of cells, which are highly consistent with the previous description of the infection in other susceptible cells with megalocytivirus. Megalocytivirus infections were further confirmed by a transmission electron microscopy. Furthermore, the MFF-8C1-cultured megalocytiviral suspension was highly virulent to infected mandarin fish. In summary, a new fibroblast cell line from mandarin fish fry that was highly permissive to megalocytiviruses was established. The MFF-8C1 cell line is a promising cellular substrate candidate for cell-cultured vaccine production of megalocytivirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanfu Dong
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Food Safety/State Key Laboratory for Bio-control, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen (Zhongshan) University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China,
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24
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Ring BA, Ferreira Lacerda A, Drummond DJ, Wangen C, Eaton HE, Brunetti CR. Frog virus 3 open reading frame 97R localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum and induces nuclear invaginations. J Virol 2013; 87:9199-207. [PMID: 23760249 PMCID: PMC3754063 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00637-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Frog virus 3 (FV3) is the type species of the genus Ranavirus, family Iridoviridae. The genome of FV3 is 105,903 bases in length and encodes 97 open reading frames (ORFs). The FV3 ORF 97R contains a B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) homology 1 (BH1) domain and has sequence similarity to the myeloid cell leukemia-1 (Mcl-1) protein, suggesting a potential role in apoptosis. To begin to understand the role of 97R, we characterized 97R through immunofluorescence and mutagenesis. Here we demonstrated that 97R localized to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) at 24 h posttransfection. However, at 35 h posttransfection, 97R localized to the ER but also began to form concentrated pockets continuous with the nuclear membrane. After 48 h posttransfection, 97R was still localized to the ER, but we began to observe the ER and the outer nuclear membrane invaginating into the nucleus. To further explore 97R targeting to the ER, we created a series of C-terminal transmembrane domain deletion mutants. We found that deletion of 29 amino acids from the C terminus of 97R abolished localization to the ER. In contrast, deletion of 12 amino acids from the C terminus of 97R did not affect 97R localization to the ER. In addition, a hybrid protein containing the 97R C-terminal 33 amino acids was similarly targeted to the ER. These data indicate that the C-terminal 33 amino acids of 97R are necessary and sufficient for ER targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke A Ring
- Department of Biology, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada
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25
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Perera S, Krell P, Demirbag Z, Nalçacioğlu R, Arif B. Induction of apoptosis by the Amsacta moorei entomopoxvirus. J Gen Virol 2013; 94:1876-1887. [DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.051888-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
CF-70-B2 cells derived from the spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana) undergo apoptosis when infected with Amsacta moorei entomopoxvirus (AMEV), as characterized by membrane blebbing, formation of apoptotic bodies, TdT-mediated dUTP nick-end labelling (TUNEL) staining, condensed chromatin and induction of caspase-3/7 activity. The apoptotic response was reduced when cells were infected with UV-inactivated AMEV, but not when infected in the presence of the DNA synthesis inhibitor, cytosine β-d-arabinofuranoside. Hence, only pre-DNA replication events were involved in inducing the antiviral response in CF-70-B2 cells. The virus eventually overcame the host’s antiviral response and replicated to high progeny virus titres accompanied by high levels of caspase-3/7 activity. The CF-70-B2 cells were less productive of progeny virus in comparison to LD-652, a Lymantria dispar cell line routinely used for propagation of AMEV. At late stages of infection, LD-652 cells also showed characteristics of apoptosis such as oligosomal DNA fragmentation, TUNEL staining, condensed chromatin and increased caspase-3/7 activity. Induction of apoptosis in LD-652 cells was dependent on viral DNA replication and/or late gene expression. A significantly reduced rate of infection was observed in the presence of general caspase inhibitors Q-VD-OPH and Z-VAD-FMK, indicating caspases may be involved in productive virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srini Perera
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada
- Laboratory for Molecular Virology, Great Lakes Forestry Centre, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Canada
| | - Peter Krell
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zihni Demirbag
- Department of Biology, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | | | - Basil Arif
- Laboratory for Molecular Virology, Great Lakes Forestry Centre, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Canada
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26
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Wen CM, Ku CC, Wang CS. Viral susceptibility, transfection and growth of SPB--a fish neural progenitor cell line from the brain of snubnose pompano, Trachinotus blochii (Lacépède). JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2013; 36:657-667. [PMID: 23305502 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Revised: 11/08/2012] [Accepted: 11/11/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the susceptibilities of the SPB cell line to fish viruses including giant seaperch iridovirus (GSIV-K1), red sea bream iridovirus (RSIV-Ku), grouper nervous necrosis virus (GNNV-K1), chum salmon reovirus (CSV) and eel herpesvirus (HVA). GSIV-K1, RSIV-Ku and CSV replicated well in SPB cells, with a significant cytopathic effect and virus production. However, the cells were HVA and GNNV refractory. To examine the ability of SPB cells to stably express foreign protein, expression vectors encoding GNNV B1 and B2 fused to enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) and GSIV ORF35L fused to DsRed were constructed and introduced by transfection into SPB cells. Stable transfectants displayed different morphologies compared with SPB and with each other. EGFP-B1 was predominantly localized in the nuclei, EFPF-B2 was distributed throughout the cytoplasm and nucleus, and granular 35L-DsRed was localized with secreted vesicles. The expression of EFPF-B2 in SPB cells produced blebs on the surface, but the cells showing stable expression of EGFP, EGFP-B1 or 35L-DsRed showed normal morphologies. Results show the SPB cells and the transfected cells grow well at temperatures between 20 and 35 °C and with serum-dependent growth. SPB cells are suitable for studies on foreign protein expression and virology.
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Affiliation(s)
- C-M Wen
- Department of Life Sciences, National University of Kaohsiung, Kaohsiung, Nan-Tzu District, Taiwan.
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Banerjee C, Goswami R, Verma G, Datta M, Mazumder S. Aeromonas hydrophila induced head kidney macrophage apoptosis in Clarias batrachus involves the activation of calpain and is caspase-3 mediated. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 37:323-333. [PMID: 22366184 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2012.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Revised: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism of macrophage cytotoxicity induced by Aeromonas hydrophila is yet unresolved. We observed A. hydrophila induces Head Kidney Macrophage (HKM) apoptosis in Clarias batrachus, as evident from Hoechst 33342 and AnnexinV-Propidium Iodide staining and presence of oligonucleosomal DNA ladder. Initiation of apoptosis required the bacteria to be alive, be actively phagocytosed into HKM and was dependent on host proteins. Elevated cytosolic calcium and consequent calpain activity that declined following pre-incubation with EGTA, verapamil and nifedipine implicates the role of calcium influx through voltage gated calcium channels and calpain in A. hydrophila-induced HKM apoptosis. Though, calpain-1 and -2 were involved, calpain-2 appeared to be more important in the process. EGTA, verapamil, nifedipine and calpain-2 inhibitor reduced caspase-3 activity and apoptosis. We conclude that A. hydrophila alters cytosolic calcium homeostasis initiating the activation of calpains, more specifically calpain-2, which leads to caspase-3 mediated HKM apoptosis in C. batrachus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaitali Banerjee
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi 110 007, India
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Huang X, Huang Y, Ouyang Z, Xu L, Yan Y, Cui H, Han X, Qin Q. Singapore grouper iridovirus, a large DNA virus, induces nonapoptotic cell death by a cell type dependent fashion and evokes ERK signaling. Apoptosis 2011; 16:831-45. [PMID: 21656148 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-011-0616-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Virus induced cell death, including apoptosis and nonapoptotic cell death, plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of viral diseases. Singapore grouper iridovirus (SGIV), a novel iridovirus of genus Ranavirus, causes high mortality and heavy economic losses in grouper aquaculture. Here, using fluorescence microscopy, electron microscopy and biochemical assays, we found that SGIV infection in host (grouper spleen, EAGS) cells evoked nonapoptotic programmed cell death (PCD), characterized by appearance of cytoplasmic vacuoles and distended endoplasmic reticulum, in the absence of DNA fragmentation, apoptotic bodies and caspase activation. In contrast, SGIV induced typical apoptosis in non-host (fathead minnow, FHM) cells, as evidenced by caspase activation and DNA fragmentation, suggesting that SGIV infection induced nonapoptotic cell death by a cell type dependent fashion. Furthermore, viral replication was essential for SGIV induced nonapoptotic cell death, but not for apoptosis. Notably, the disruption of mitochondrial transmembrane potential (ΔΨm) and externalization of phosphatidylserine (PS) were not detected in EAGS cells but in FHM cells after SGIV infection. Moreover, the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling was involved in SGIV infection induced nonapoptotic cell death and viral replication. This is a first demonstration of ERK-mediated nonapoptotic cell death induced by a DNA virus. These findings contribute to understanding the mechanisms of iridovirus pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Huang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Bio-Resources Sustainable Utilization, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
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29
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Abstract
Apoptosis and inhibition of host gene expression are often associated with virus infections. Many viral polypeptides modulate apoptosis by direct interaction with highly conserved apoptotic pathways. Some viruses induce apoptosis during late stages of the infection cycle, while others inhibit apoptosis to facilitate replication or maintain persistent infection. In previous work, we showed that Chilo iridescent virus (CIV) or CIV virion protein extract induces apoptosis in spruce budworm and cotton boll weevil cell cultures. Here, we characterize the product of a CIV gene (iridovirus serine/threonine kinase; istk) with signature sequences for S/T kinase and ATP binding. ISTK appears to belong to the superfamily, vaccinia-related kinases (VRKs). The istk gene was expressed in Pichia pastoris vectors. Purified ISTK (48 kDa) exhibited S/T kinase activity. Treatment with ISTK induced apoptosis in budworm cells. A 35-kDa cleavage product of ISTK retaining key signature sequences was identified during purification. Pichia-expressed 35-kDa polypeptide, designated iridoptin, induced apoptosis and inhibition of host protein synthesis in budworm and boll weevil cells. A mutation in the ATP-binding site eliminated both kinase and apoptosis activity of iridoptin, suggesting that kinase activity is essential for induction of apoptosis. Analysis with custom antibody confirmed that ISTK is a structural component of CIV particles. This is the first demonstration of a viral kinase inducing apoptosis in any virus-host system and the first identification of a factor inducing apoptosis or host protein shutoff for the family Iridoviridae.
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30
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Sepulcre MP, Muñoz I, Roca FJ, López-Muñoz A, Mulero V. Molecular strategies used by fish pathogens to interfere with host-programmed cell death. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 34:603-610. [PMID: 20097221 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2010.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2009] [Revised: 01/13/2010] [Accepted: 01/13/2010] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Cell death is of pivotal importance in the regulation of the immune response and has a direct impact in disease resistance. Fish are becoming an interesting model organism to study the immune response since they hold a key phylogenetic position and many species are of high economic interest. The role of cell death in the immune response has recently been investigated in fish and the molecules and pathways orchestrating cell death in this group of animals have begun to be elucidated. In this study, we will summarize the different molecular strategies displayed by major fish bacterial and viral pathogens to interfere with programmed cell death of the host as well as the relevance of cell death in the resolution of the infectious diseases caused by these pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- María P Sepulcre
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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31
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Wu J, Chan R, Wenk MR, Hew CL. Lipidomic study of intracellular Singapore grouper iridovirus. Virology 2010; 399:248-56. [PMID: 20123143 PMCID: PMC7126382 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2010.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2009] [Revised: 12/18/2009] [Accepted: 01/11/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Singapore grouper iridoviruses (SGIV) infected grouper cells release few enveloped extracellular viruses by budding and many unenveloped intracellular viruses following cell lysis. The lipid composition and function of such unenveloped intracellular viruses remain unknown. Detergent treatment of the intracellular viruses triggered the loss of viral lipids, capsid proteins and infectivity. Enzymatic digestion of the viral lipids with phospholipases and sphingomyelinase retained the viral capsid proteins but reduced infectivity. Over 220 lipid species were identified and quantified from the viruses and its producer cells by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Ten caspid proteins that dissociated from the viruses following the detergent treatments were identified by MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS/MS. Five of them were demonstrated to be lipid-binding proteins. This is the first research detailing the lipidome and lipid–protein interactions of an unenveloped virus. The identified lipid species and lipid-binding proteins will facilitate further studies of the viral assembly, egress and entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlu Wu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore.
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32
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Dong C, Weng S, Luo Y, Huang M, Ai H, Yin Z, He J. A new marine megalocytivirus from spotted knifejaw, Oplegnathus punctatus, and its pathogenicity to freshwater mandarinfish, Siniperca chuatsi. Virus Res 2010; 147:98-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2009.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2009] [Revised: 10/16/2009] [Accepted: 10/22/2009] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Chiou PP, Chen YC, Lai YS. Caspase-dependent induction of apoptosis in barramundi, Lates calcarifer (Bloch), muscle cells by grouper iridovirus. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2009; 32:997-1005. [PMID: 19602096 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2009.01083.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We recently reported that grouper iridovirus (GIV) can induce apoptosis in barramundi, Lates calcarifer, muscle (BM) and swim bladder (BSB) cell lines. In this paper, we further characterize the molecular mechanism underlying apoptotic death in BM cells triggered by GIV. DNA-laddering and apoptotic cells were observed in BM cells infected with UV-irradiated or untreated GIV but was absent in cells infected with heat-inactivated GIV, indicating the involvement of viral protein in the apoptosis event. In GIV-infected BM cells, the conversion of procaspase-3 to caspase-3 was evident and the level of caspase-8 and -9 increased as early as 30 min post-infection. When treated with a pancaspase inhibitor, the GIV-induced apoptosis event was abolished. These observations indicate that GIV-induced apoptosis is caspase-dependent, and that both the external and internal routes in the caspase-dependent pathway are likely involved in the apoptosis process.
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Affiliation(s)
- P P Chiou
- Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Jiaosi, Taiwan
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34
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Development of siRNA expression vector utilizing rock bream β-actin promoter: a potential therapeutic tool against viral infection in fish. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2009; 85:679-90. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-009-2177-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2009] [Revised: 07/27/2009] [Accepted: 07/30/2009] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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36
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Weber ES, Waltzek TB, Young DA, Twitchell EL, Gates AE, Vagelli A, Risatti GR, Hedrick RP, Frasca S. Systemic iridovirus infection in the Banggai cardinalfish (Pterapogon kauderni Koumans 1933). J Vet Diagn Invest 2009; 21:306-20. [PMID: 19407082 DOI: 10.1177/104063870902100302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Iridoviruses infect food and ornamental fish species from a wide range of freshwater to marine habitats across the globe. The objective of the current study was to characterize an iridovirus causing systemic infection of wild-caught Pterapogon kauderni Koumans 1933 (Banggai cardinalfish). Freshly frozen and fixed specimens were processed for histopathologic evaluation, transmission electron microscopic examination, virus culture, molecular virologic testing, microbiology, and in situ hybridization (ISH) using riboprobes. Basophilic granular cytoplasmic inclusions were identified in cytomegalic cells often found beneath endothelium, and hexagonal virus particles typical of iridovirus were identified in the cytoplasm of enlarged cells by transmission electron microscopy. Attempts at virus isolation in cell culture were unsuccessful; however, polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based molecular testing resulted in amplification and sequencing of regions of the DNA polymerase and major capsid protein genes, along with the full-length ATPase gene of the putative iridovirus. Virus gene sequences were then used to infer phylogenetic relationships of the P. kauderni agent to other known systemic iridoviruses from fishes. Riboprobes, which were transcribed from a cloned PCR amplification product from the viral genome generated hybridization signals from inclusions within cytomegalic cells in histologic sections tested in ISH experiments. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of a systemic iridovirus from P. kauderni. The pathologic changes induced and the genomic sequence data confirm placement of the Banggai cardinalfish iridovirus in the genus Megalocytivirus family Iridoviridae. The ISH provides an additional molecular diagnostic technique for confirmation of presumptive infections detected in histologic sections from infected fish.
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37
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Schiøtz BL, Baekkevold ES, Poulsen LC, Mjaaland S, Gjøen T. Analysis of host- and strain-dependent cell death responses during infectious salmon anemia virus infection in vitro. Virol J 2009; 6:91. [PMID: 19566966 PMCID: PMC2715388 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-6-91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2008] [Accepted: 07/01/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Infectious salmon anemia virus (ISAV) is an aquatic orthomyxovirus and the causative agent of infectious salmon anemia (ISA), a disease of great importance in the Atlantic salmon farming industry. In vitro, ISAV infection causes cytophatic effect (CPE) in cell lines from Atlantic salmon, leading to rounding and finally detachment of the cells from the substratum. In this study, we investigated the mode of cell death during in vitro ISAV infection in different Atlantic salmon cell lines, using four ISAV strains causing different mortality in vivo. Results The results show that caspase 3/7 activity increased during the course of infection in ASK and SHK-1 cells, infected cells showed increased surface expression of phosphatidylserine and increased PI uptake, compared to mock infected cells; and morphological alterations of the mitochondria were observed. Expression analysis of immune relevant genes revealed no correlation between in vivo mortality and expression, but good correlation in expression of interferon genes. Conclusion Results from this study indicate that there is both strain and cell type dependent differences in the virus-host interaction during ISAV infection. This is important to bear in mind when extrapolating in vitro findings to the in vivo situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berit L Schiøtz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Norway.
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38
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Phenotypic diversity of infectious red sea bream iridovirus isolates from cultured fish in Japan. Appl Environ Microbiol 2009; 75:3535-41. [PMID: 19346349 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02255-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Megalocytivirus is causing economically serious mass mortality by infecting fish in and around the Pacific region of Asia. The recent emergence of many new iridoviruses has drawn attention to the marked taxonomic variation within this virus family. Most studies of these viruses have not included extensive study of these emergent species. We explored the emergence of red sea bream iridovirus (RSIV) on a fish farm in Japan, and we specifically endeavored to quantify genetic and phenotypic differences between RSIV isolates using in vitro and in vivo methods. The three isolates had identical major capsid protein sequences, and they were closely related to Korean RSIV isolates. In vitro studies revealed that the isolates differed in replication rate, which was determined by real-time quantitative PCR of viral genomes in infected cells and cell culture supernatant, and in cell viability, estimated by the MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay for infected cells. In vivo studies showed that the isolates exhibit different virulence characteristics: infected red sea bream showed either acute death or subacute death according to infection with different isolates. Significant differences were seen in the antigenicity of isolates by a formalin-inactivated vaccine test. These results revealed that variant characteristics exist in the same phylogenetic location in emergent iridoviruses. We suggest that this strain variation would expand the host range in iridoviral epidemics.
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39
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Lai YS, Chiou PP, Chen WJ, Chen YC, Chen CW, Chiu IS, Chen SD, Cheng YH, Chang CY. Characterization of apoptosis induced by grouper iridovirus in two newly established cell lines from barramundi, Lates calcarifer (Bloch). JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2008; 31:825-834. [PMID: 19238757 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2008.00957.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Two new cell lines have been established from the muscle and swim bladder tissues of barramundi, Lates calcarifer, and designated as BM (barramundi muscle) and BSB (barramundi swimbladder), respectively. The cells multiplied well at 28 degrees C in Leibovitz's L-15 medium supplemented with 10% foetal bovine serum, and have been continuously subcultured more than 100 times to date. Morphologically, BM cells were mostly fibroblastic, whereas BSB were mostly epithelial. Both cell lines were susceptible to grouper iridovirus (GIV) and displayed characteristics of apoptosis after viral infection. The induction of apoptosis was further assayed in GIV-infected BM and BSB cells by various methods. The inhibition of cell growth by GIV was demonstrated by MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] assay. Morphological observations revealed typical apoptotic features in the infected cells, including cell shrinkage and rounding, chromosome condensation and formation of apoptotic body-like vesicles. Chromosome fragmentation was detected by DNA laddering and TUNEL assays. Finally, the appearance of phosphotidylserine on the outer leaflet of apoptotic cell membranes was confirmed by annexin V staining. This is the first report of apoptosis induced by GIV in fish cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y S Lai
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Ilan University, Ilan, Taiwan.
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40
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Dong C, Weng S, Shi X, Xu X, Shi N, He J. Development of a mandarin fish Siniperca chuatsi fry cell line suitable for the study of infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV). Virus Res 2008; 135:273-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2008.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2008] [Revised: 04/01/2008] [Accepted: 04/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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41
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Lin PW, Huang YJ, John JAC, Chang YN, Yuan CH, Chen WY, Yeh CH, Shen ST, Lin FP, Tsui WH, Chang CY. Iridovirus Bcl-2 protein inhibits apoptosis in the early stage of viral infection. Apoptosis 2008; 13:165-76. [PMID: 17955372 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-007-0152-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The grouper iridovirus (GIV) belongs to the family Iridoviridae, whose genome contains an antiapoptotic B-cell lymphoma (Bcl)-2-like gene. This study was carried-out to understand whether GIV blocks apoptosis in its host. UV-irradiated grouper kidney (GK) cells underwent apoptosis. However, a DNA fragmentation assay of UV-exposed GK cells after GIV infection revealed an inhibition of apoptosis. The UV- or heat-inactivated GIV failed to inhibit apoptosis, implying that a gene or protein of the viral particle might contribute to an apoptosis inhibitory function. The DNA ladder assay for GIV-infected GK cells after UV irradiation confirmed that apoptosis inhibition was an early process which occurred as early as 5 min post-infection. A GIV-Bcl sequence comparison showed distant sequence similarities to that of human and four viruses; however, all possessed the putative Bcl-2 homology (BH) domains of BH1, BH2, BH3, and BH4, as well as a transmembrane domain. Northern blot hybridization showed that GIV-Bcl transcription began at 2 h post-infection, and the mRNA level significantly increased in the presence of cycloheximide or aphidicolin, indicating that this GIV-Bcl is an immediate-early gene. This was consistent with the Western blot results, which also revealed that the virion carries the Bcl protein. We observed the localization of GIV-Bcl on the mitochondrial membrane and other defined intracellular areas. By immunostaining, it was proven that GIV-Bcl-expressing cells effectively inhibited apoptosis. Taken together, these results demonstrate that GIV inhibits the promotion of apoptosis by GK cells, which is mediated by the immediate early expressed viral Bcl gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Wen Lin
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Rm. 336, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road Section 2, Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
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42
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İnce İA, Westenberg M, Vlak JM, Demirbağ Z, Nalçacıoğlu R, van Oers MM. Open reading frame 193R of Chilo iridescent virus encodes a functional inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP). Virology 2008; 376:124-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2008.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2008] [Revised: 02/08/2008] [Accepted: 03/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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43
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Huang YH, Huang XH, Gui JF, Zhang QY. Mitochondrion-mediated apoptosis induced by Rana grylio virus infection in fish cells. Apoptosis 2007; 12:1569-77. [PMID: 17551838 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-007-0089-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A fish cell line, fathead minnow (FHM) cell, was used to investigate the alteration of mitochondrial dynamics and the mechanism of apoptosis under Rana grylio virus (RGV) infection. Microscopy observations, flow-cytometry analysis and molecular marker detection revealed the apoptotic fate of the RGV-infected cells. Some typical apoptotic characteristics, such as chromatin condensation, DNA fragmentation and mitochondrial fragmentation, were observed, and significantly morphological changes of mitochondria, including size, shape, internal structure and distribution, were revealed. The mitochondria in RGV-infected cells were aggregated around the viromatrix, and the aggregation could be blocked by colchicine. Moreover, the Deltapsim collapse was induced, and caspase-9 and caspase-3 were activated in the RGV-infected cells. In addition, NF-kappaB activation and intracellular Ca(2+) increase were also detected at different times after infection. The data revealed the detailed dynamics of mitochondrion-mediated apoptosis induced by an iridovirus, and provided the first report on mitochondrial fragmentation during virus-induced apoptosis in fish cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Hua Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
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44
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Chitnis NS, D'Costa SM, Paul ER, Bilimoria SL. Modulation of iridovirus-induced apoptosis by endocytosis, early expression, JNK, and apical caspase. Virology 2007; 370:333-42. [PMID: 17942133 PMCID: PMC7103334 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2007.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2007] [Revised: 09/04/2007] [Accepted: 09/10/2007] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Chilo iridescent virus (CIV) is the type species for the family Iridoviridae, which are large, isometric, cytoplasmic dsDNA viruses. We examined the mechanism of apoptosis induction by CIV. High CIV doses (CIVXS; 400 μg/ml), UV-irradiated virus (CIVUV; 10 μg/ml) and CVPE (CIV protein extract; 10 μg/ml) induced apoptosis in 60% of treated Choristoneura fumiferana (IPRI-CF-124T) cells. Normal doses of infectious CIV (10 μg/ml) induced apoptosis in only 10% of C. fumiferana (CF) cells. Apoptosis was inhibited by Z-IETD-FMK, an apical caspase inhibitor, indicating that CIV-induced apoptosis requires caspase activity. The putative caspase in CF cells was designated Cf-caspase-i. CIVUV or CVPE enhanced Cf-caspase-i activity by 80% at 24 h relative to mock-treated cells. Since the MAP kinase pathway induces or inhibits apoptosis depending on the context, we used JNK inhibitor SP600125 and demonstrated drastic suppression of CVPE-induced apoptosis. Thus, the JNK signaling pathway is significant for apoptosis in this system. Virus interaction with the cell surface was not sufficient for apoptosis since CIVUV particles bound to polysterene beads failed to induce apoptosis. Endocytosis inhibitors (bafilomycin or ammonium chloride) negated apoptosis induction by CIVUV, CIVXS or CVPE indicating that entry through this mode is required. Given the weak apoptotic response to infectious CIV, we postulated that viral gene expression inhibited apoptosis. CIV infection of cells pretreated with cycloheximide induced apoptosis in 69% of the cells compared to 10% in normal infections. Furthermore, blocking viral DNA replication with aphidicolin or phosphonoacetic acid suppressed apoptosis and Cf-caspase-i activity, indicating that early viral expression is necessary for inhibition of apoptosis, and de novo synthesis of viral proteins is not required for induction. We show for the first time that, in a member of the family Iridoviridae, apoptosis: (i) requires entry and endocytosis of virions or virion proteins, (ii) is inhibited under conditions permitting early viral expression, and (iii) requires the JNK signaling pathway. This is the first report of JNK signal requirement during apoptosis induction by an insect virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilesh S Chitnis
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-3131, USA
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45
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Paul ER, Chitnis NS, Henderson CW, Kaul RJ, D'Costa SM, Bilimoria SL. Induction of apoptosis by iridovirus virion protein extract. Arch Virol 2007; 152:1353-64. [PMID: 17347770 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-007-0945-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2006] [Accepted: 01/22/2007] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Chilo iridescent virus (CIV; IIV-6) is the type member of the genus Iridovirus (family Iridoviridae, large icosahedral cytoplasmic DNA viruses). CIV induces death and deformity in the cotton boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis, replicates productively in larvae of the cotton boll weevil, and significantly reduces laboratory populations of the cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii. CIV virion protein extract (CVPE) shuts down host protein synthesis in several insect cell lines and induces mortality in neonate boll weevil larvae. We report here that CVPE induces apoptosis in spruce budworm and boll weevil cell lines, as detected by blebbing, DNA fragmentation, and TUNEL assay. Tissue culture toxicity dose assays (TCTD(50)) showed that spruce budworm cells were eight times more sensitive to CVPE than boll weevil cells. Pancaspase inhibitor suppressed apoptosis but had marginal effect on inhibition of host protein synthesis. Moreover, the CVPE dose for apoptosis was 1000-fold lower than the dose for shutdown of host synthesis. We also detected protein kinase activity in CVPE. Heating CVPE at 60 degrees C for 30 min destroyed all three activities. Our results suggest that one or more polypeptides in CIV induce apoptosis. This is the first study demonstrating apoptosis induction by a member of the genus Iridovirus and by virion extracts of a member of the family Iridoviridae.
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Affiliation(s)
- E R Paul
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-3131, USA
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Imajoh M, Ikawa T, Oshima SI. Characterization of a new fibroblast cell line from a tail fin of red sea bream, Pagrus major, and phylogenetic relationships of a recent RSIV isolate in Japan. Virus Res 2007; 126:45-52. [PMID: 17335926 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2006.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2006] [Revised: 12/05/2006] [Accepted: 12/05/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Red sea bream iridovirus (RSIV) is a causative agent of red sea bream iridoviral disease (RSIVD) in marine fish species in Japan. Fibroblast cells were developed from a tail fin of red sea bream, Pagrus major, and then underwent single cell cloning. The successful cloned cells were named CRF-1 cells. Most CRF-1 cells had a normal diploid karyotype with 2n=48 by chromosomal analysis. RSIV-infected CRF-1 cells showed typical morphological changes that were associated with apoptosis by EGFP-annexin V staining. The serial viral passages were successful in CRF-1 cells but failed in BF-2 cells as judged by MTT assay. The expression of three genes obviously decreased in BF-2 cells compared with CRF-1 cells and finally was below detectable level. Because the expression of 591R gene showed the fastest decrease among three transcripts, the suppression of IE transcript may be responsible for the restricted replication in BF-2 cells. MCP and ATPase phylogenetic trees showed that RSIV strain U-1 belongs to a distinct group from RSIV strain ehime-1. Therefore, possibly recent epizootics of RSIVD in Japan do not originate directly from RSIV strain ehime-1. Taken together, this study confirmed that RSIV strain U-1 is more closely related to Korean RSIV isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Imajoh
- Laboratory of Cell Structure and Function, Division of Marine Bioresource Science, Graduate School of Kuroshio Science, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8502, Japan
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Ye JM, Hu PJ, Yi CQ, Xue CK, Hu CY, Chen FM, Qian W. Valepotriate-induced apoptosis of gastric cancer cell line MKN-45. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2007; 15:22-28. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v15.i1.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To study the apoptosis of gastric cancer cell line MKN-45 induced by valepotriate and its relationship with the expression of Caspase, P53, and Survivin.
METHODS: Gastric cancer cell line MKN-45 was divided into 4 groups, named group A (control), B (treated with Caspase-3, -8 and -9 inhibitors), C (treated with valepotriate) and D (treated with inhibitory agents plus valepotriate), respectively. The apoptosis rates of MKN-45 cells were tested by fluorescence activated cell sorter (FACS) at different time (24, 48 and 72 h) in each group. After exposure to different concentrations of valepotriate for different time (12, 24, 48 and 72 h), MKN-45 cells were collected and the RNA was extracted by tripure agent. The mRNA expression of Survivin was assayed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), while the protein expression of P53 and Survivin were detected by immunohistochemical methods 24 hours after exposure to different concentrations of valepotriate (50 and 100 mg/L).
RESULTS: The apoptosis rates of MKN-45 cells were not significantly different between group A and B at 24, 48 and 72 h (P > 0.05). The apoptosis rates were significantly higher in MKN-45 cells exposed to valepotriate plus Caspase-3 inhibitor or Caspase-9 inhibitor for 24, 48 and 72 h than those in group A (24 h: 5.73%, 5.41% vs 4.38%, P < 0.01; 48 h: 6.88%, 6.32% vs 4.35%, P < 0.01; 72 h: 7.72%, 8.62% vs 4.54%, P < 0.01), but lower than those in group C (24 h: 5.73%, 5.41% vs 8.14%, P < 0.01; 48 h: 6.88%, 6.32% vs 12.31%, P < 0.01; 72 h: 7.72%, 8.62% vs 26.41%, P < 0.01). The apoptosis rates of MKN-45 cells exposed to valepotriate plus Caspase-8 inhibitor for 24, 48 and 72 h were notably increased in comparison with those in group A (8.02% vs 4.38%, P < 0.01; 11.05% vs 4.35%, P < 0.01; 24.86% vs 4.54%, P < 0.01), but was not significantly different from those in group C (P > 0.05). Valepotriate down-regulated the expression of Survivin mRNA in MKN-45 cells in both concentration- and time-dependent manner. Valepotriate also down-regulated the expression of Survivin protein but up-regulated the expression of P53 protein in MKN-45 cells in a concentration-dependent way.
CONCLUSION: Valepotriate-induced apoptosis of MKN-45 cells is correlated with the high expression of P53 protein and low expression of Survivin mRNA and protein, and it can be inhibited by Caspase-3 inhibitor or Caspase-9 inhibitor, but not by Caspase-8 inhibitor.
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Caipang CMA, Takano T, Hirono I, Aoki T. Genetic vaccines protect red seabream, Pagrus major, upon challenge with red seabream iridovirus (RSIV). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 21:130-8. [PMID: 16359871 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2005.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2005] [Revised: 10/31/2005] [Accepted: 10/31/2005] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated the protective effect of immunization of juvenile red seabream, Pagrus major, with DNA plasmids encoding the viral major capsid protein (MCP) and an open reading frame (ORF) containing a transmembrane domain against red seabream iridovirus (RSIV). The expression of the MHC class I transcript in the DNA-vaccinated fish was significantly upregulated at the 15th day post-vaccination and the relative level of expression was maintained until the 30th day post-vaccination. This pattern of expression was similar in fish vaccinated with a commercially prepared formalin-inactivated RSIV vaccine. In vaccine efficiency tests, the relative percentage survival (RPS) of fish receiving the DNA vaccines and their combination ranged from 42.8 to 71.4% in two experimental runs, and these were significantly different from the control groups. Our results clearly demonstrate that DNA vaccines are able to induce robust protection in fish against RSIV infection, and a cellular immune response as shown by the upregulation of the MHC class I transcript after vaccination, which may be associated with such protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Marlowe A Caipang
- Laboratory of Genome Science, Graduate School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 4-5-7 Konan, Minato 108-8477, Tokyo, Japan
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Caipang CMA, Hirono I, Aoki T. Immunogenicity, retention and protective effects of the protein derivatives of formalin-inactivated red seabream iridovirus (RSIV) vaccine in red seabream, Pagrus major. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 20:597-609. [PMID: 16213752 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2005.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2005] [Revised: 07/25/2005] [Accepted: 08/10/2005] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
A formalin-inactivated virus was previously found to be efficient in protecting fish against challenge with red seabream iridovirus (RSIV), a DNA virus belonging to the Iridoviridae family. In the present study, we determined the amount of the virus in the vaccine in terms of the number of copies of the gene for the major capsid protein (MCP) gene by quantitative real-time PCR and examined the longevity and types of immune response generated after intramuscular vaccination. We also tested whether the protein components of the vaccine are able to mount a protective immune response in fish. The vaccine contained 10(7) MCP copies per microliter of vaccine, and was detected in blood, kidney and spleen of vaccinated fish up to 15 days post-vaccination. Fish vaccinated with either the intact formalin-inactivated vaccine or its protein derivatives had increased serum neutralization antibodies and enhanced expression of MHC class I, although the kinetics of expression varied among groups. However, only those vaccinated with the intact vaccine survived the virus challenge, and this indicates that serum neutralization antibodies have scarce role in protecting the fish against RSIV. We hypothesize that the cell-mediated immunity, particularly the MHC class I pathway is responsible for such protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Marlowe A Caipang
- Laboratory of Genome Science, Graduate School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 4-5-7 Konan, Minato, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan
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Lua DT, Yasuike M, Hirono I, Aoki T. Transcription program of red sea bream iridovirus as revealed by DNA microarrays. J Virol 2006; 79:15151-64. [PMID: 16306587 PMCID: PMC1316049 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.24.15151-15164.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Red sea bream iridovirus (RSIV) has been identified as the causative agent of a serious disease in red sea bream and at least 30 other marine fish species. We developed a viral DNA microarray containing 92 putative open reading frames of RSIV to monitor the viral gene transcription program over the time course of an in vitro infection and to classify RSIV transcripts into temporal kinetic expression classes. The microarray analysis showed that viral genes commenced expression as early as 3 h postinfection (p.i.) and this was followed by a rapid escalation of gene expression from 8 h p.i. onwards. Based on the expression of some enzymes associated with viral DNA replication, the DNA replication of RSIV appeared to begin at around 8 h p.i. in infected cells in vitro. Using a de novo protein synthesis inhibitor (cycloheximide) and a viral DNA replication inhibitor (phosphonoacetic acid), 87 RSIV transcripts could be classified into three temporal kinetic classes: nine immediate-early (IE), 40 early (E), and 38 late (L) transcripts. The gene expression of RSIV occurred in a temporal kinetic cascade with three stages (IE, E, and L). Although the three classes of transcripts were distributed throughout the RSIV genome, E transcripts appeared to cluster in at least six discrete regions and L transcripts appeared to originate from seven discrete regions. The microarray data were statistically confirmed by using a t test, and were also clustered into groups based on similarity in the gene expression patterns by using a cluster program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dang Thi Lua
- Laboratory of Genome Science, Graduate School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Konan 4-5-7, Minato, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan
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