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Zhang L, Yang H, Duan X, Li H, Xu S, Chen H, Wang J, Wang Y, Liu S. Modulation of autophagy affected tumorigenesis induced by the envelope glycoprotein of JSRV. Virology 2024; 594:110059. [PMID: 38518442 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2024.110059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma (OPA), caused by the jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JSRV), is a chronic, progressive, and contagious lung tumor that seriously affects sheep production. It also represents a valuable animal model for several human lung adenocarcinomas. However, little is known about the role of autophagy in OPA tumorigenesis. Here, Western blotting combined with transmission electron microscopy examination and Cyto-ID dye staining was employed for evaluation of changes of autophagic levels. The results of the present study showed that expression of the autophagy marker proteins Beclin-1 and LC3 was decreased in OPA lung tissues, as well as in cells overexpressing the envelope glycoprotein of JSRV (JSRV Env). Reduced numbers of autophagosomes were also observed in cells overexpressing JSRV Env, although assessment of autophagic flux showed that JSRV Env overexpression did not block the formation of autophagosomes, suggesting increased degradation of autolysosomes. Last, mouse xenograft experiments indicated that inhibition of autophagy by 3-methyladenine suppressed both tumor growth and the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. In conclusion, JSRV, through JSRV Env, takes advantage of the autophagy process, leading to the development of OPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Hohhot, 010018, People's Republic of China; Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Basic Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, People's Republic of China
| | - Xujie Duan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, People's Republic of China
| | - Huiping Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Hohhot, 010018, People's Republic of China; Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Basic Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, People's Republic of China
| | - Siriguleng Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Hohhot, 010018, People's Republic of China; Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Basic Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Hohhot, 010018, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinlin Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Hohhot, 010018, People's Republic of China; Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Basic Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Hohhot, 010018, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuying Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Hohhot, 010018, People's Republic of China; Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Basic Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, People's Republic of China.
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Molecular detection of mixed infection with peste des petits ruminants and retroviruses in Egyptian sheep and goats. Trop Anim Health Prod 2023; 55:102. [PMID: 36849557 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-023-03504-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a contagious viral disease causing massive economic loss to animal industries in endemic countries including Egypt. Although a vaccine is available, coinfections can overwhelm the animal immune system and interfere with vaccine protection. Small ruminant retrovirus (SRR), including enzootic nasal tumor virus (ENTV) and Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JSRV), is responsible for coinfections with PPR. Investigation of clinical cases in this study confirmed the presence of PPR virus by RT-PCR among four flocks. Sequence of five PPR amplicons revealed that all strains had 100% aa similarity and belonged to lineage IV. In addition, these strains had 98-99% nt similarity with all previous Egyptian and African strains from Sudan (MK371449) and Ethiopia (MK371449). Illumina sequencing of a representative sample showed a genome of 5753 nt compatible with ENT-2 virus with 98.42% similarity with the Chinese strain (MN564750.1). Four ORFs representing gag, pro, pol, and env genes were identified and annotated. Pro gene was highly stable while gag, pol, and env showed eight, two, and three aa differences with the reference strains. Sanger sequencing revealed that two amplicons were ENT-2 virus, and one was JSRV. ENT-2 sequences had 100% similarity with KU258870 and KU258871 reference strains while JSRV was 100% similar to the EF68031 reference strain. The phylogenetic tree showed a close relationship between the ENT of goats and the JSRV of sheep. This study highlights the complexity of PPR molecular epidemiology, with SRR that was not molecularly characterized previously in Egypt.
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Maeda N, Inoshima Y, De Las Heras M, Maenaka K. Enzootic nasal tumor virus type 2 envelope of goats acts as a retroviral oncogene in cell transformation. Virus Genes 2020; 57:50-59. [PMID: 33151445 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-020-01808-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Enzootic nasal tumor virus type 1 (ENTV-1) (ovine nasal tumor virus) and ENTV-2 (caprine nasal tumor virus) are known to be causative agents of enzootic nasal adenocarcinoma (ENA) in sheep and goats, respectively. Although the nucleotide and amino acid sequences of ENTV-1 and ENTV-2 are quite similar, they are recognized as phylogenetically distinct viruses. The envelope protein of ENTV-1 functions as an oncoprotein in the in vitro transformation of epithelial cells and fibroblasts. Thus, it is the primary determinant of in vivo tumorigenesis in ENA. As per our knowledge, no previous studies have reported in detail the role of ENTV-2 in ENA tumorigenesis. Here, in order to investigate the molecular mechanism of caprine ENA oncogenesis by ENTV-2, we have attempted to identify the transforming potential of ENTV-2 envelope, and investigated the activation of cell signaling pathways in oncogenic transformation. Our findings confirmed that ENTV-2 envelope was capable of inducing oncogenic transformation of rat cell lines in vitro. Further, we found that MAPK, Akt, and p38 were constitutively activated in ENTV-2 envelope-transformed clone cells. In addition, inhibitor experiments revealed that MEK-MAPK and PI3K-Akt signaling pathways are involved in the ENTV-2 envelope-induced cell transformation. These data indicate that ENTV-2 envelope could induce oncogenic transformation by signaling pathways that are also utilized by ENTV-1 envelope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoyoshi Maeda
- Center for Research and Education on Drug Discovery, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan.
| | - Yasuo Inoshima
- Laboratory of Food and Environmental Hygiene, Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | | | - Katsumi Maenaka
- Center for Research and Education on Drug Discovery, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
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Transcriptional Response of Ovine Lung to Infection with Jaagsiekte Sheep Retrovirus. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.00876-19. [PMID: 31434729 PMCID: PMC6803282 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00876-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JSRV) is the etiologic agent of ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma (OPA), a neoplastic lung disease of sheep. OPA is an important economic and welfare issue for sheep farmers and a valuable naturally occurring animal model for human lung adenocarcinoma. Here, we used RNA sequencing to study the transcriptional response of ovine lung tissue to infection by JSRV. We identified 1,971 ovine genes differentially expressed in JSRV-infected lung compared to noninfected lung, including many genes with roles in carcinogenesis and immunomodulation. The differential expression of selected genes was confirmed using immunohistochemistry and reverse transcription-quantitative PCR. A key finding was the activation of anterior gradient 2, yes-associated protein 1, and amphiregulin in OPA tumor cells, indicating a role for this oncogenic pathway in OPA. In addition, there was differential expression of genes related to innate immunity, including genes encoding cytokines, chemokines, and complement system proteins. In contrast, there was little evidence for the upregulation of genes involved in T-cell immunity. Many genes related to macrophage function were also differentially expressed, reflecting the increased abundance of these cells in OPA-affected lung tissue. Comparison of the genes differentially regulated in OPA with the transcriptional changes occurring in human lung cancer revealed important similarities and differences between OPA and human lung adenocarcinoma. This study provides valuable new information on the pathogenesis of OPA and strengthens the use of this naturally occurring animal model for human lung adenocarcinoma.IMPORTANCE Ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma is a chronic respiratory disease of sheep caused by jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JSRV). OPA is a significant economic problem for sheep farmers in many countries and is a valuable animal model for some forms of human lung cancer. Here, we examined the changes in host gene expression that occur in the lung in response to JSRV infection. We identified a large number of genes with altered expression in infected lung, including factors with roles in cancer and immune system function. We also compared the data from OPA to previously published data from human lung adenocarcinoma and found a large degree of overlap in the genes that were dysregulated. The results of this study provide exciting new avenues for future studies of OPA and may have comparative relevance for understanding human lung cancer.
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Gray ME, Meehan J, Sullivan P, Marland JRK, Greenhalgh SN, Gregson R, Clutton RE, Ward C, Cousens C, Griffiths DJ, Murray A, Argyle D. Ovine Pulmonary Adenocarcinoma: A Unique Model to Improve Lung Cancer Research. Front Oncol 2019; 9:335. [PMID: 31106157 PMCID: PMC6498990 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer represents a major worldwide health concern; although advances in patient management have improved outcomes for some patients, overall 5-year survival rates are only around 15%. In vitro studies and mouse models are commonly used to study lung cancer and their use has increased the molecular understanding of the disease. Unfortunately, mouse models are poor predictors of clinical outcome and seldom mimic advanced stages of the human disease. Animal models that more accurately reflect human disease are required for progress to be made in improving treatment outcomes and prognosis. Similarities in pulmonary anatomy and physiology potentially make sheep better models for studying human lung function and disease. Ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma (OPA) is a naturally occurring lung cancer that is caused by the jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus. The disease is endemic in many countries throughout the world and has several features in common with human lung adenocarcinomas, including histological classification and activation of common cellular signaling pathways. Here we discuss the in vivo and in vitro OPA models that are currently available and describe the advantages of using pre-clinical naturally occurring OPA cases as a translational animal model for human lung adenocarcinoma. The challenges and options for obtaining these OPA cases for research purposes, along with their use in developing novel techniques for the evaluation of chemotherapeutic agents or for monitoring the tumor microenvironment in response to treatment, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark E. Gray
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre and Division of Pathology Laboratories, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - James Meehan
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre and Division of Pathology Laboratories, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Institute of Sensors, Signals and Systems, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Sullivan
- School of Engineering, Institute for Integrated Micro and Nano Systems, The King's Buildings, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Jamie R. K. Marland
- School of Engineering, Institute for Integrated Micro and Nano Systems, The King's Buildings, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen N. Greenhalgh
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Rachael Gregson
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Eddie Clutton
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Carol Ward
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre and Division of Pathology Laboratories, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Cousens
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - David J. Griffiths
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Alan Murray
- School of Engineering, Institute for Integrated Micro and Nano Systems, The King's Buildings, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - David Argyle
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Lee AM, Wolfe A, Cassidy JP, McV Messam LL, Moriarty JP, O'Neill R, Fahy C, Connaghan E, Cousens C, Dagleish MP, McElroy MC. First confirmation by PCR of Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus in Ireland and prevalence of ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma in adult sheep at slaughter. Ir Vet J 2017; 70:33. [PMID: 29270288 PMCID: PMC5735933 DOI: 10.1186/s13620-017-0111-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma (OPA), caused by Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JSRV), is characterised by the development of invariably fatal lung tumours primarily in adult sheep. High infection rates and disease prevalence can develop during initial infection of flocks, leading to on-farm economic losses and animal welfare issues in sheep with advanced disease. The disease has been reported in Ireland and is notifiable, but the presence of JSRV has never been confirmed using molecular methods in this country. Additionally, due to the difficulties in ante-mortem diagnosis (especially of latently-infected animals, or those in the very early stages of disease), accurate information regarding national prevalence and distribution is unavailable. This study aimed to confirm the presence of JSRV in Ireland and to obtain estimates regarding prevalence and distribution by means of an abattoir survey utilising gross examination, histopathology, JSRV-specific reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and SU protein specific immunohistochemistry (IHC) to examine the lungs of adult sheep. Results Lungs from 1911 adult sheep were examined macroscopically in the abattoir and 369 were removed for further testing due to the presence of gross lesions of any kind. All 369 were subject to histopathology and RT-PCR, and 46 to IHC. Thirty-one lungs (31/1911, 1.6%) were positive for JSRV by RT-PCR and/or IHC but only ten cases of OPA were confirmed (10/1911, 0.5%) Four lung tumours not associated with JSRV were also identified. JSRV-positive sheep tended to cluster within the same flocks, and JSRV-positive sheep were identified in the counties of Donegal, Kerry, Kilkenny, Offaly, Tipperary, Waterford and Wicklow. Conclusions The presence of JSRV has been confirmed in the Republic of Ireland for the first time using molecular methods (PCR) and IHC. In addition, an estimate of OPA prevalence in sheep at slaughter and information regarding distribution of JSRV infection has been obtained. The prevalence estimate appears similar to that of the United Kingdom (UK). Results also indicate that the virus has a diverse geographical distribution throughout Ireland. These data highlights the need for further research to establish national control and monitoring strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Marie Lee
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, D04 W6F6 Ireland
| | - Alan Wolfe
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, D04 W6F6 Ireland
| | - Joseph P Cassidy
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, D04 W6F6 Ireland
| | - Locksley L McV Messam
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, D04 W6F6 Ireland
| | - John P Moriarty
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine Laboratories, Backweston Laboratory Campus, Celbridge, Co. Kildare W23 X3PH Ireland
| | - Ronan O'Neill
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine Laboratories, Backweston Laboratory Campus, Celbridge, Co. Kildare W23 X3PH Ireland
| | - Claire Fahy
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine Laboratories, Backweston Laboratory Campus, Celbridge, Co. Kildare W23 X3PH Ireland
| | - Emily Connaghan
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine Laboratories, Backweston Laboratory Campus, Celbridge, Co. Kildare W23 X3PH Ireland
| | - Chris Cousens
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0PZ Scotland, UK
| | - Mark P Dagleish
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0PZ Scotland, UK
| | - Maire C McElroy
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine Laboratories, Backweston Laboratory Campus, Celbridge, Co. Kildare W23 X3PH Ireland
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He Y, Zhang Q, Wang J, Zhou M, Fu M, Xu X. Full-length genome sequence analysis of enzootic nasal tumor virus isolated from goats in China. Virol J 2017; 14:141. [PMID: 28747230 PMCID: PMC5530571 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-017-0795-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Enzootic nasal tumor virus (ENTV) is a betaretrovirus of sheep (ENTV-1) and goats (ENTV-2) associated with neoplastic transformation of epithelial cells of the ethmoid turbinate. Confirmation of the role of ENTV in the pathogenesis of enzootic nasal adenocarcinoma (ENA) has yet to be resolved due to the inability to culture the virus. Very little is known about the prevalence of this disease, particularly in China. Methods To evaluate the genetic diversity of ENTV-2 from Shaanxi province of China, the complete genome sequence of four isolates from Shaanxi province was determined by RT-PCR. These sequences were analyzed to evaluate their genetic relatedness with other small ruminant betaretroviruses. Phylogenetic analyses based on the gag gene and env gene were performed. Results The ENTV-2-Shaanxi1 genome shared 97.0% sequence identity with ENTV-2-SC (accession number HM104174.1), and 89.6% sequence identity with the ENTV-2 sequences (accession number AY197548.1). ENTV-2 is closely related to the ENTV-1 and jaagsiekte retrovirus (JSRV). The main sequence differences between these viruses reside in LTR, two small regions of Gag, Orf-x, and the transmembrane (TM) region of Env. A stretch of 6 consecutive proline residues exists in VR1 of the ENTV-2-Shaanxi1 ~ 4 isolates. All the ENTV-2-Shaanxi isolates have the YXXM motif in the cytoplasmic tail of the Env. Phylogenetic analysis by nucleotide sequences showed that ENTV-2-Shaanxi1 ~ 4 isolates were closest related to two ENTV-2 isolates published in NCBI, especially with ENTV-2-SC strain. Conclusions This finding indicates that ENA most likely was introduced to Shaanxi province by the movement of contaminated goats from other areas in China. This study adds to understand the circulation, variation and distribution of ENTV-2, and may prove beneficial in future control or eradication programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yapeng He
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Man Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingzhe Fu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xingang Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People's Republic of China.
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Youssef G, Wallace WAH, Dagleish MP, Cousens C, Griffiths DJ. Ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma: a large animal model for human lung cancer. ILAR J 2016; 56:99-115. [PMID: 25991702 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilv014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. Recent progress in understanding the molecular pathogenesis of this disease has resulted in novel therapeutic strategies targeting specific groups of patients. Further studies are required to provide additional advances in diagnosis and treatment. Animal models are valuable tools for studying oncogenesis in lung cancer, particularly during the early stages of disease where tissues are rarely available from human cases. Mice have traditionally been used for studying lung cancer in vivo, and a variety of spontaneous and transgenic models are available. However, it is recognized that other species may also be informative for studies of cancer. Ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma (OPA) is a naturally occurring lung cancer of sheep caused by retrovirus infection and has several features in common with adenocarcinoma of humans, including a similar histological appearance and activation of common cell signaling pathways. Additionally, the size and organization of human lungs are much closer to those of sheep lungs than to those of mice, which facilitates experimental approaches in sheep that are not available in mice. Thus OPA presents opportunities for studying lung tumor development that can complement conventional murine models. Here we describe the potential applications of OPA as a model for human lung adenocarcinoma with an emphasis on the various in vivo and in vitro experimental systems available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gehad Youssef
- Gehad Youssef, BSc, is a research scientist at the Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK. William A. H. Wallace, MBChB(Hons), PhD, FRCPE, FRCPath, is a consultant pathologist at the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh and Honorary Reader in Pathology, Edinburgh University, UK; Mark P. Dagleish BVM&S, PhD, MRCVS, FRCPath, is Head of Pathology at the Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK. Chris Cousens, PhD, is a senior research scientist at the Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK, and David J. Griffiths, PhD, is a principal research scientist at the Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - William A H Wallace
- Gehad Youssef, BSc, is a research scientist at the Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK. William A. H. Wallace, MBChB(Hons), PhD, FRCPE, FRCPath, is a consultant pathologist at the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh and Honorary Reader in Pathology, Edinburgh University, UK; Mark P. Dagleish BVM&S, PhD, MRCVS, FRCPath, is Head of Pathology at the Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK. Chris Cousens, PhD, is a senior research scientist at the Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK, and David J. Griffiths, PhD, is a principal research scientist at the Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Mark P Dagleish
- Gehad Youssef, BSc, is a research scientist at the Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK. William A. H. Wallace, MBChB(Hons), PhD, FRCPE, FRCPath, is a consultant pathologist at the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh and Honorary Reader in Pathology, Edinburgh University, UK; Mark P. Dagleish BVM&S, PhD, MRCVS, FRCPath, is Head of Pathology at the Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK. Chris Cousens, PhD, is a senior research scientist at the Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK, and David J. Griffiths, PhD, is a principal research scientist at the Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Chris Cousens
- Gehad Youssef, BSc, is a research scientist at the Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK. William A. H. Wallace, MBChB(Hons), PhD, FRCPE, FRCPath, is a consultant pathologist at the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh and Honorary Reader in Pathology, Edinburgh University, UK; Mark P. Dagleish BVM&S, PhD, MRCVS, FRCPath, is Head of Pathology at the Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK. Chris Cousens, PhD, is a senior research scientist at the Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK, and David J. Griffiths, PhD, is a principal research scientist at the Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - David J Griffiths
- Gehad Youssef, BSc, is a research scientist at the Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK. William A. H. Wallace, MBChB(Hons), PhD, FRCPE, FRCPath, is a consultant pathologist at the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh and Honorary Reader in Pathology, Edinburgh University, UK; Mark P. Dagleish BVM&S, PhD, MRCVS, FRCPath, is Head of Pathology at the Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK. Chris Cousens, PhD, is a senior research scientist at the Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK, and David J. Griffiths, PhD, is a principal research scientist at the Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
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Role for a Zinc Finger Protein (Zfp111) in Transformation of 208F Rat Fibroblasts by Jaagsiekte Sheep Retrovirus Envelope Protein. J Virol 2015; 89:10453-66. [PMID: 26246563 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01631-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The native envelope gene (env) of Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JSRV) also acts as an oncogene. To investigate the mechanism of transformation, we performed yeast 2-hybrid screening for cellular proteins that interact with Env. Among several candidates, we identified mouse or rat zinc finger protein 111 (zfp111). The interaction between Env and Zfp111 was confirmed through in vivo coimmunoprecipitation assays. Knockdown of endogenous Zfp111 caused a decrease in cell transformation by JSRV Env, while overexpression of Zfp111 increased overall Env transformation, supporting a role for Zfp111 in Env transformation. Knockdown of Zfp111 had no effect on the growth rate of parental rat 208F cells, while it decreased the proliferation rate of JSRV-transformed 208F cells, suggesting that JSRV-transformed cells became dependent on Zfp111. In addition, Zfp111 preferentially bound to a higher-mobility form of JSRV Env that has not been described previously. The higher-mobility form of Env (P70(env)) was found exclusively in the nuclear fraction, and size of its polypeptide backbone was the same as that of the cytoplasmic Env polyprotein (Pr80(env)). The differences in glycosylation between the two versions of Env were characterized. These results identify a novel cellular protein, Zfp111, that binds to the JSRV Env protein, and this binding plays a role in Env transformation. These results indicate that JSRV transformation also involves proteins and interactions in the nucleus. IMPORTANCE The envelope protein (Env) of Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JSRV) is an oncogene, but its mechanism of cell transformation is still unclear. Here we identified seven candidate cellular proteins that can interact with JSRV Env by yeast two-hybrid screening. This study focused on one of the seven candidates, zinc finger protein 111 (Zfp111). Zfp111 was shown to interact with JSRV Env in cells and to be involved in JSRV transformation. Moreover, coexpression of JSRV Env and Zfp111 led to the identification of a novel nuclear form of the JSRV Env protein that binds Zfp111. Nuclear Env was found to differ by glycosylation from the cytoplasmic Env precursor to the virion envelope proteins. These results suggest that JSRV Env transformation may involve nuclear events such as an alteration in transcription mediated by Env-Zfp111 interactions.
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Armezzani A, Varela M, Spencer TE, Palmarini M, Arnaud F. "Ménage à Trois": the evolutionary interplay between JSRV, enJSRVs and domestic sheep. Viruses 2014; 6:4926-45. [PMID: 25502326 PMCID: PMC4276937 DOI: 10.3390/v6124926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Sheep betaretroviruses represent a fascinating model to study the complex evolutionary interplay between host and pathogen in natural settings. In infected sheep, the exogenous and pathogenic Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JSRV) coexists with a variety of highly related endogenous JSRVs, referred to as enJSRVs. During evolution, some of them were co-opted by the host as they fulfilled important biological functions, including placental development and protection against related exogenous retroviruses. In particular, two enJSRV loci, enJS56A1 and enJSRV-20, were positively selected during sheep domestication due to their ability to interfere with the replication of related competent retroviruses. Interestingly, viruses escaping these transdominant enJSRVs have recently emerged, probably less than 200 years ago. Overall, these findings suggest that in sheep the process of endogenization is still ongoing and, therefore, the evolutionary interplay between endogenous and exogenous sheep betaretroviruses and their host has not yet reached an equilibrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Armezzani
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61-1QH, UK.
| | - Mariana Varela
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61-1QH, UK.
| | - Thomas E Spencer
- Department of Animal Sciences and Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, PO Box 646310 Pullman, Washington, DC, USA.
| | - Massimo Palmarini
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61-1QH, UK.
| | - Frédérick Arnaud
- UMR754, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, SFR BioSciences Gerland, 50 avenue Tony Garnier, 69007 Lyon, France.
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11
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Tedbury PR, Freed EO. The cytoplasmic tail of retroviral envelope glycoproteins. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2014; 129:253-84. [PMID: 25595807 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2014.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Retroviruses comprise a large, diverse group that infects a broad range of host organisms. Pathogenicity varies widely; the human immunodeficiency virus is the causative agent of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, one of the world's leading infectious causes of death, while many nonhuman retroviruses cause cancer in the host. Retroviruses have been studied intensively, and great strides have been made in understanding aspects of retroviral biology. While the principal functions of the viral structural proteins are well understood, there remain many incompletely characterized domains. One of these is the cytoplasmic tail (CT) of the envelope glycoprotein. Several functions of the CT are highly conserved, whereas other properties are unique to a specific retrovirus. For example, the lentiviruses encode envelope glycoproteins with particularly large cytoplasmic domains. The functions of the long lentiviral envelope CT are still being deciphered. The reported functions of retroviral envelope CTs are discussed in this chapter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip R Tedbury
- Virus-Cell Interaction Section, HIV Drug Resistance Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Eric O Freed
- Virus-Cell Interaction Section, HIV Drug Resistance Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, USA.
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12
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Entrican G, Wattegedera SR, Griffiths DJ. Exploiting ovine immunology to improve the relevance of biomedical models. Mol Immunol 2014; 66:68-77. [PMID: 25263932 PMCID: PMC4368439 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2014.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Sheep make a valuable contribution to immunology research. Lessons to be learned from studying infections in the natural host. Factors to consider when selecting biomedical models.
Animal models of human disease are important tools in many areas of biomedicine; for example, in infectious disease research and in the development of novel drugs and medical devices. Most studies involving animals use rodents, in particular congenic mice, due to the availability of a wide number of strains and the ease with which they can be genetically manipulated. The use of mouse models has led to major advances in many fields of research, in particular in immunology but despite these advances, no animal model can exactly reproduce all the features of human disease. It is increasingly becoming recognised that in many circumstances mice do not provide the best model and that alternative species may be more appropriate. Here, we describe the relative merits of sheep as biomedical models for human physiology and disease in comparison to mice, with a particular focus on reproductive and respiratory pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary Entrican
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Edinburgh EH26 0PZ, Scotland, UK.
| | - Sean R Wattegedera
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Edinburgh EH26 0PZ, Scotland, UK
| | - David J Griffiths
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Edinburgh EH26 0PZ, Scotland, UK
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13
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Host species barriers to Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus replication and carcinogenesis. J Virol 2013; 87:10752-62. [PMID: 23903827 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01472-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the factors governing host species barriers to virus transmission has added significantly to our appreciation of virus pathogenesis. Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JSRV) is the causative agent of ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma (OPA), a transmissible lung cancer of sheep that has rarely been found in goats. In this study, in order to further clarify the pathogenesis of OPA, we investigated whether goats are resistant to JSRV replication and carcinogenesis. We found that JSRV induces lung tumors in goats with macroscopic and histopathological features that dramatically differ from those in sheep. However, the origins of the tumor cells in the two species are identical. Interestingly, in experimentally infected lambs and goat kids, we revealed major differences in the number of virus-infected cells at early stages of infection. These differences were not related to the number of available target cells for virus infection and cell transformation or the presence of a host-specific immune response toward JSRV. Indeed, we also found that goats possess transcriptionally active endogenous retroviruses (enJSRVs) that likely influence the host immune response toward the exogenous JSRV. Overall, these results suggest that goat cells, or at least those cells targeted for viral carcinogenesis, are not permissive to virus replication but can be transformed by JSRV.
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14
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Maeda N, Inoshima Y, Oouchi S, Uede T. Surveillance of Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus in sheep in Hokkaido, the northern island of Japan. J Vet Med Sci 2011; 73:1493-5. [PMID: 21712639 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.11-0133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Surveillance of jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JSRV) infection was performed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of blood DNA samples collected from 40 sheep and goats in 10 different flocks in Hokkaido, the northern island of Japan. No exogenous (oncogenic) JSRV sequence was detected by PCR in these samples, while the ovine endogenous retrovirus sequence was successfully amplified in all samples. Our paper is the first demonstration of JSRV surveillance in Japan and shows no evidence of oncogenic JSRV infection in sheep and goats in Hokkaido.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoyoshi Maeda
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, HokkaidoUniversity, Kita-15, Nishi-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060–0815, Japan
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15
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Martineau HM, Cousens C, Imlach S, Dagleish MP, Griffiths DJ. Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus infects multiple cell types in the ovine lung. J Virol 2011; 85:3341-55. [PMID: 21270155 PMCID: PMC3067841 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02481-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2010] [Accepted: 01/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma (OPA) is a transmissible lung cancer of sheep caused by Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JSRV). The details of early events in the pathogenesis of OPA are not fully understood. For example, the identity of the JSRV target cell in the lung has not yet been determined. Mature OPA tumors express surfactant protein-C (SP-C) or Clara cell-specific protein (CCSP), which are specific markers of type II pneumocytes or Clara cells, respectively. However, it is unclear whether these are the cell types initially infected and transformed by JSRV or whether the virus targets stem cells in the lung that subsequently acquire a differentiated phenotype during tumor growth. To examine this question, JSRV-infected lung tissue from experimentally infected lambs was studied at early time points after infection. Single JSRV-infected cells were detectable 10 days postinfection in bronchiolar and alveolar regions. These infected cells were labeled with anti-SP-C or anti-CCSP antibodies, indicating that differentiated epithelial cells are early targets for JSRV infection in the ovine lung. In addition, undifferentiated cells that expressed neither SP-C nor CCSP were also found to express the JSRV Env protein. These results enhance the understanding of OPA pathogenesis and may have comparative relevance to human lung cancer, for which samples representing early stages of tumor growth are difficult to obtain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henny M. Martineau
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Penicuik, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Cousens
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Penicuik, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart Imlach
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Penicuik, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Mark P. Dagleish
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Penicuik, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - David J. Griffiths
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Penicuik, Scotland, United Kingdom
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16
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Chitra E, Lin YW, Davamani F, Hsiao KN, Sia C, Hsieh SY, Wei OL, Chen JH, Chow YH. Functional interaction between Env oncogene from Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus and tumor suppressor Sprouty2. Retrovirology 2010; 7:62. [PMID: 20678191 PMCID: PMC2922082 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-7-62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2010] [Accepted: 08/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JSRV) is a type D retrovirus capable of transforming target cells in vitro and in vivo. The Envelope (Env) gene from JSRV and from related retroviruses can induce oncogenic transformation, although the detailed mechanism is yet to be clearly understood. Host cell factors are envisaged to play a critical determining role in the regulation of Env-mediated cell transformation. Results JSRV Env-mediated transformation of a lung adenocarcinoma cell line induced rapid proliferation, anchorage-independent growth and tumor formation, but completely abrogated the migration ability. An analysis of the signaling scenario in the transformed cells suggested the involvement of the ERK pathway regulated by Sprouty2 in cell migration, and the PI3K-Akt and STAT3 pathways in proliferation and anchorage-independence. On the other hand, in a normal lung epithelial cell line, Env-mediated transformation only decreased the migration potential while the other functions remained unaltered. We observed that Env induced the expression of a tumor suppressor, Sprouty2, suggesting a correlation between Env-effect and Sprouty2 expression. Overexpression of Sprouty2 per se not only decreased the migratory potential and tumor formation potential of the target cells but also made them resistant to subsequent Env-mediated transformation. On the other hand, over expression of the functional mutants of Sprouty2 had no inhibitory effect, confirming the role of Sprouty2 as a tumor suppressor. Conclusions Our studies demonstrate that Env and Sprouty2 have a functional relationship, probably through shared signaling network. Sprouty2 functions as a tumor suppressor regulating oncogenic transformation of cells, and it therefore has the potential to be exploited as a therapeutic anti-cancer agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebenezer Chitra
- Vaccine R&D Center, National Health Research Institutes, 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan, Miaoli County 350, Taiwan
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17
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Griffiths D, Martineau H, Cousens C. Pathology and Pathogenesis of Ovine Pulmonary Adenocarcinoma. J Comp Pathol 2010; 142:260-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2009.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2009] [Revised: 11/28/2009] [Accepted: 12/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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18
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Walsh SR, Linnerth-Petrik NM, Laporte AN, Menzies PI, Foster RA, Wootton SK. Full-length genome sequence analysis of enzootic nasal tumor virus reveals an unusually high degree of genetic stability. Virus Res 2010; 151:74-87. [PMID: 20398709 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2010.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2010] [Revised: 04/01/2010] [Accepted: 04/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Enzootic nasal tumor virus (ENTV) is a betaretrovirus of sheep (ENTV-1) and goats (ENTV-2) associated with neoplastic transformation of epithelial cells of the ethmoid turbinate. Confirmation of the role of ENTV in the pathogenesis of enzootic nasal adenocarcinoma (ENA) has yet to be resolved due to the lack of an infectious molecular clone and the inability to culture the virus. Very little is known about the prevalence of this disease, particularly in North America, and only one full-length sequence is available for each of ENTV-1 and ENTV-2. In order to understand the molecular evolution of ENTV-1, the full-length genome sequence of ten ENTV-1 proviruses derived from clinical samples of ENA isolated from conventionally reared sheep in Canada and the United States was determined. The North American ENTV-1 (ENTV-1(NA)) genomes shared greater than 96% sequence identity with the European ENTV-1 sequence (ENTV-1(EU)). Most of the amino acid differences were found in Orf-x, which in the corresponding ENTV-1(EU) genome is truncated by 44 amino acids. Apart from Orf-x, the long terminal repeat (LTR) is where the majority of differences between ENTV-1(NA) and ENTV-1(EU) reside. Overall, there was an unusually high degree of amino acid conservation among the isolates suggesting that ENTV-1 is under stabilizing selection and K(a)/K(s) ratios calculated for each of the viral genes support this hypothesis. The unusually high degree of genetic stability of the ENTV-1 genome enabled us to develop a hemi-nested PCR assay for detection of ENTV-1 in clinical samples. Additionally, multiple nasal tumor cell clones were established and while most had lost the provirus by passage 5; one polyclonal line retained the provirus and attempts are being made to culture these cells. These tumor cells, the first of their kind, may provide a system for studying ENTV-1 in vitro. This work represents an important step in the study of ENTV and sets the foundation for the construction of an infectious molecular clone of ENTV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott R Walsh
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
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19
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Varela M, Spencer TE, Palmarini M, Arnaud F. Friendly viruses: the special relationship between endogenous retroviruses and their host. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2009; 1178:157-72. [PMID: 19845636 PMCID: PMC4199234 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05002.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) are present in the genome of all vertebrates and have coevolved with their hosts for millions of years. Some ERVs play a critical role in placental development, contribute to genome plasticity, and protect the host against infection of related pathogenic and exogenous retroviruses, thus some ERVs have been positively selected and maintained in the host genome. The sheep genome contains 27 endogenous retroviruses (enJSRVs) related to the pathogenic Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JSRV), the causative agent of a transmissible lung cancer in sheep. enJSRVs are able to protect their host against JSRV infection by blocking different steps of the viral replication cycle. In addition, enJSRVs are absolutely required for sheep placental development. Thus, enJSRVs-JSRV provides a unique and interesting model to study the symbiotic relationship and interplay between host ERVs and evolution. This review will provide some examples of the biological functions of ERVs. In particular, the role of ERVs in reproductive biology and in protecting the host against pathogenic retrovirus infections will be emphasized using enJSRVs/JSRV and the sheep as a model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Varela
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow Veterinary School, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Thomas E. Spencer
- Laboratory for Uterine Biology and Pregnancy, Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Massimo Palmarini
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow Veterinary School, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Frederick Arnaud
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow Veterinary School, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
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20
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Chitra E, Yu SL, Hsiao KN, Shao HY, Sia C, Chen IH, Hsieh SY, Chen JH, Chow YH. Generation and characterization of JSRV envelope transgenic mice in FVB background. Virology 2009; 393:120-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2009.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2009] [Revised: 05/29/2009] [Accepted: 07/22/2009] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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21
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XMRV is present in malignant prostatic epithelium and is associated with prostate cancer, especially high-grade tumors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:16351-6. [PMID: 19805305 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0906922106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus (XMRV) was recently discovered in human prostate cancers and is the first gammaretrovirus known to infect humans. While gammaretroviruses have well-characterized oncogenic effects in animals, they have not been shown to cause human cancers. We provide experimental evidence that XMRV is indeed a gammaretrovirus with protein composition and particle ultrastructure highly similar to Moloney murine leukemia virus (MoMLV), another gammaretrovirus. We analyzed 334 consecutive prostate resection specimens, using a quantitative PCR assay and immunohistochemistry (IHC) with an anti-XMRV specific antiserum. We found XMRV DNA in 6% and XMRV protein expression in 23% of prostate cancers. XMRV proteins were expressed primarily in malignant epithelial cells, suggesting that retroviral infection may be directly linked to tumorigenesis. XMRV infection was associated with prostate cancer, especially higher-grade cancers. We found XMRV infection to be independent of a common polymorphism in the RNASEL gene, unlike results previously reported. This finding increases the population at risk for XMRV infection from only those homozygous for the RNASEL variant to all individuals. Our observations provide evidence for an association of XMRV with malignant cells and with more aggressive tumors.
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22
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Cousens C, Thonur L, Imlach S, Crawford J, Sales J, Griffiths DJ. Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus is present at high concentration in lung fluid produced by ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma-affected sheep and can survive for several weeks at ambient temperatures. Res Vet Sci 2009; 87:154-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2008.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2008] [Revised: 10/31/2008] [Accepted: 11/18/2008] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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23
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Maeda N, Fan H, Yoshikai Y. Oncogenesis by retroviruses: old and new paradigms. Rev Med Virol 2008; 18:387-405. [PMID: 18729235 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Retroviruses are associated with a variety of diseases including an array of malignancies, immunodeficiencies and neurological disorders. In particular, studies of oncogenic retroviruses established fundamental principles of modern molecular cancer biology. Studies of avian Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) led to the discovery of the viral oncogene src, and this was followed by the discovery of other viral oncogenes in retroviruses of mammals including rodents, cats, monkeys and so forth. Studies of the viral oncogenes in turn led to the discovery of cellular proto-oncogenes in the host genome; cellular oncogenes have been shown to be activated in a variety of human cancers, including those with no viral involvement. Oncogenic animal retroviruses can be divided into two groups based on their mechanisms of tumourigenesis, acute transforming retroviruses and nonacute retroviruses. Acute transforming retroviruses are typically replication defective and they induce tumours rapidly due to expression of their viral oncogenes. Nonacute retroviruses are replication competent and they induce tumours with longer latencies, by activating cellular proto-oncogenes in the tumour cells; this results from insertion of proviral DNA in the vicinity of the activated proto-oncogene. More recently, human T-cell leukaemia virus type I (HTLV-I) was discovered as an etiological agent of human cancer (adult T-cell leukaemia [ATL]); this virus also encodes regulatory genes some of which are important for its oncogenic potential. Most recently, the retroviral structural protein Envelope (Env) has been shown to be directly involved in oncogenic transformation for certain retroviruses. Env-induced transformation is a new paradigm for retroviral oncogenesis. In this review, we will summarise research on retrovirus oncogenic transformation over the past 100 years since the first published report of an oncogenic virus with particular attention to Env-induced transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoyoshi Maeda
- Division of Host Defense, Research Center for Prevention of Infectious Diseases, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan.
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Arnaud F, Varela M, Spencer TE, Palmarini M. Coevolution of endogenous betaretroviruses of sheep and their host. Cell Mol Life Sci 2008; 65:3422-32. [PMID: 18818869 PMCID: PMC4207369 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-008-8500-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Sheep betaretroviruses offer a unique model system to study the complex interaction between retroviruses and their host. Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JSRV) is a pathogenic exogenous retrovirus and the causative agent of ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma. The sheep genome contains at least 27 copies of endogenous retroviruses (enJSRVs) highly related to JSRV. enJSRVs have played several roles in the evolution of the domestic sheep as they are able to block the JSRV replication cycle and play a critical role in sheep conceptus development and placental morphogenesis. Available data strongly suggest that some dominant negative enJSRV proviruses (i.e. able to block JSRV replication) have been positively selected during evolution. Interestingly, viruses escaping the transdominant enJSRV loci have recently emerged (less than 200 years ago). Thus, endogenization of these retroviruses may still be occurring today. Therefore, sheep provide an exciting and unique system to study retrovirus-host coevolution. (Part of a multi-author review).
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Betaretrovirus/genetics
- Betaretrovirus/pathogenicity
- Betaretrovirus/physiology
- Cell Transformation, Viral/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Viral/physiology
- Embryonic Development/physiology
- Evolution, Molecular
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Viral
- Genes, Viral
- Host-Pathogen Interactions/genetics
- Models, Molecular
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Morphogenesis
- Placenta/virology
- Placentation
- Pregnancy
- Protein Conformation
- Proviruses/genetics
- Proviruses/physiology
- Pulmonary Adenomatosis, Ovine/virology
- Retroviridae Infections/veterinary
- Retroviridae Infections/virology
- Retroviridae Proteins, Oncogenic/genetics
- Retroviridae Proteins, Oncogenic/physiology
- Selection, Genetic
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Sheep/embryology
- Sheep/virology
- Sheep Diseases/virology
- Species Specificity
- Tumor Virus Infections/veterinary
- Tumor Virus Infections/virology
- Viral Interference
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Arnaud
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow Veterinary School, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - M. Varela
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow Veterinary School, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH Scotland, United Kingdom
- Present Address: Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, CB3 0ES Cambridge, England, United Kingdom
| | - T. E. Spencer
- Laboratory for Uterine Biology and Pregnancy, Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas USA
| | - M. Palmarini
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow Veterinary School, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH Scotland, United Kingdom
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25
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White JM, Delos SE, Brecher M, Schornberg K. Structures and mechanisms of viral membrane fusion proteins: multiple variations on a common theme. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2008; 43:189-219. [PMID: 18568847 DOI: 10.1080/10409230802058320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 651] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Recent work has identified three distinct classes of viral membrane fusion proteins based on structural criteria. In addition, there are at least four distinct mechanisms by which viral fusion proteins can be triggered to undergo fusion-inducing conformational changes. Viral fusion proteins also contain different types of fusion peptides and vary in their reliance on accessory proteins. These differing features combine to yield a rich diversity of fusion proteins. Yet despite this staggering diversity, all characterized viral fusion proteins convert from a fusion-competent state (dimers or trimers, depending on the class) to a membrane-embedded homotrimeric prehairpin, and then to a trimer-of-hairpins that brings the fusion peptide, attached to the target membrane, and the transmembrane domain, attached to the viral membrane, into close proximity thereby facilitating the union of viral and target membranes. During these conformational conversions, the fusion proteins induce membranes to progress through stages of close apposition, hemifusion, and then the formation of small, and finally large, fusion pores. Clearly, highly divergent proteins have converged on the same overall strategy to mediate fusion, an essential step in the life cycle of every enveloped virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith M White
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908-0732, USA.
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[New molecular mechanisms of virus-mediated carcinogenesis: oncogenic transformation of cells by retroviral structural protein Envelope]. Uirusu 2008; 57:159-70. [PMID: 18357754 DOI: 10.2222/jsv.57.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
RNA tumor viruses as classified in Retroviruses have been isolated and identified to induce tumors in a variety of animals including chickens, mice, and rats, or even in human in the last 100 years, since the first one has been reported in 1908. The RNA tumor viruses have been historically classified into two groups, acute transforming RNA tumor viruses and nonacute RNA tumor viruses. Acute transforming RNA tumor viruses are basically replication-defective and rapidly induce tumors by expressing the viral oncogenes captured from cellular genome in host cells. The first oncogene derived from Rous sarcoma virus was the src non-receptor tyrosine kinase, which has been identified to play the significant roles for signal transduction. On the other hand, nonacute RNA tumor viruses, which consist of only gag, pro, pol, and env regions but do not carry oncogenes, are replication-competent and could activate the cellular proto-oncogenes by inserting the viral long terminal repeat close to the proto-oncogenes to induce tumors with a long incubation period, as is termed a promoter insertion. These molecular mechanisms have been thought to induce tumors. However, very recently several reports have described that the retroviral structural protein Envelope could directly induce tumors in vivo and transform cells in vitro. These are very unusual examples of native retroviral structural proteins with transformation potential. In this review we look back over the history of oncogenic retrovirus research and summarize recent progress for our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of oncogenic transformation by retrovirus Envelope proteins.
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