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Romero-Trancón D, Valero-Lorenzo M, Ruano MJ, Fernández-Pacheco P, García-Villacieros E, Tena-Tomás C, López-Herranz A, Morales J, Martí B, Jiménez-Clavero MÁ, Cáceres-Garrido G, Agüero M, Villalba R. Emerging Bluetongue Virus Serotype 4 in the Balearic Islands, Spain (2021): Outbreak Investigations and Experimental Infection in Sheep. Microorganisms 2025; 13:411. [PMID: 40005776 PMCID: PMC11858583 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms13020411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2025] [Revised: 02/05/2025] [Accepted: 02/07/2025] [Indexed: 02/27/2025] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue is an infectious, non-contagious, arthropod-borne viral disease of ruminants caused by bluetongue virus (BTV), producing severe impacts on livestock. Historically, Southern Europe has suffered multiple incursions of different BTV serotypes with serious consequences. In 2021, BTV re-emerged in the Balearic Islands (Spain) after 16 years free of the disease, causing a large outbreak that mainly affected sheep, as well as cattle and goats. A novel emerging strain of BTV serotype 4 (BTV-4) was identified via preliminary molecular characterization as the etiological culprit of the epizootic. This study delineates the outbreak in the Balearic Islands in 2021, encompassing field-based clinical observations and laboratory findings. Additionally, an experimental infection was conducted in sheep using the novel BTV-4 strain to assess its virulence, pathogenicity, and laboratory diagnostic characteristics. The in vivo characterization was conducted concurrently with the virulent and widely disseminated BTV-4 RNM 2020 strain that has precipitated significant outbreaks in the Mediterranean region in recent years. Both strains exhibited analogous pathogenic potential in sheep and yielded equivalent outcomes in diagnostic parameters. Furthermore, the impact of the novel BTV-4 strain is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Romero-Trancón
- Laboratorio Central de Veterinaria (LCV), Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (MAPA), 28110 Algete, Spain; (D.R.-T.); (M.V.-L.); (M.J.R.); (A.L.-H.); (J.M.); (R.V.)
| | - Marta Valero-Lorenzo
- Laboratorio Central de Veterinaria (LCV), Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (MAPA), 28110 Algete, Spain; (D.R.-T.); (M.V.-L.); (M.J.R.); (A.L.-H.); (J.M.); (R.V.)
| | - María José Ruano
- Laboratorio Central de Veterinaria (LCV), Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (MAPA), 28110 Algete, Spain; (D.R.-T.); (M.V.-L.); (M.J.R.); (A.L.-H.); (J.M.); (R.V.)
| | - Paloma Fernández-Pacheco
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28130 Valdeolmos, Spain; (P.F.-P.); (M.Á.J.-C.)
| | - Elena García-Villacieros
- Subdirección General de Sanidad e Higiene Animal y Trazabilidad, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (MAPA), 28014 Madrid, Spain; (E.G.-V.); (G.C.-G.)
| | | | - Ana López-Herranz
- Laboratorio Central de Veterinaria (LCV), Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (MAPA), 28110 Algete, Spain; (D.R.-T.); (M.V.-L.); (M.J.R.); (A.L.-H.); (J.M.); (R.V.)
| | - Jorge Morales
- Laboratorio Central de Veterinaria (LCV), Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (MAPA), 28110 Algete, Spain; (D.R.-T.); (M.V.-L.); (M.J.R.); (A.L.-H.); (J.M.); (R.V.)
| | - Bartolomé Martí
- Laboratorio de Sanidad Animal del Instituto de Investigación y Formación Agroalimentaria y Pesquera de las Islas Baleares (IRFAP), Conselleria d’Agricultura, Pesca i Medi Natural de les Illes Balears, 07009 Palma, Spain;
| | - Miguel Ángel Jiménez-Clavero
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28130 Valdeolmos, Spain; (P.F.-P.); (M.Á.J.-C.)
| | - Germán Cáceres-Garrido
- Subdirección General de Sanidad e Higiene Animal y Trazabilidad, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (MAPA), 28014 Madrid, Spain; (E.G.-V.); (G.C.-G.)
| | - Montserrat Agüero
- Laboratorio Central de Veterinaria (LCV), Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (MAPA), 28110 Algete, Spain; (D.R.-T.); (M.V.-L.); (M.J.R.); (A.L.-H.); (J.M.); (R.V.)
| | - Rubén Villalba
- Laboratorio Central de Veterinaria (LCV), Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (MAPA), 28110 Algete, Spain; (D.R.-T.); (M.V.-L.); (M.J.R.); (A.L.-H.); (J.M.); (R.V.)
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Martinelle L, Saegerman C. A Review on Reliable and Standardized Animal Models to Study the Pathogenesis of Schmallenberg Virus in Ruminant Natural Host Species. Methods Mol Biol 2025; 2893:207-222. [PMID: 39671040 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-4338-9_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2024]
Abstract
In the late summer of 2011, the Netherlands reported a cluster of reduced milk yield, fever, and diarrhea in dairy cattle. In March 2012, congenital malformations appeared, and Schmallenberg virus (SBV) was identified, becoming one of the few orthobunyaviruses distributed in Europe. Initially, little was known about the pathogenesis and epidemiology of these viruses in the European context, so assumptions were largely extrapolated from related viruses and other regions worldwide. To study SBV's pathogenesis and its ability to cross the placental barrier, standardized and repeatable models that mimic clinical signs observed in the field are essential. This review discusses some of the latest experimental designs for infectious disease challenges involving SBV, covering infectious doses, routes of infection, inoculum preparation, and origin. Special attention is given to the placental crossing associated with SBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovic Martinelle
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, CARE-FEPEX experimental Station, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal and Health (FARAH) Center, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Claude Saegerman
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Research Unit of Epidemiology and Risk analysis applied to Veterinary sciences (UREAR-ULiège), Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal and Health (FARAH) Center, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium.
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Medrouh B, Abdelli A, Belkessa S, Ouinten Y, Brahimi M, Hakem A, Kernif T, Singer SM, Ziam H, Tsaousis AD, Jokelainen P, Savini G, Pasolli E. Seroprevalence and risk factors of bluetongue virus in domestic cattle, sheep, goats and camels in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Vet Q 2024; 44:1-12. [PMID: 39210745 PMCID: PMC11370698 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2024.2396118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue (BT) is a vector-borne disease affecting wild and domestic ruminants in many parts of the world. Although bluetongue virus (BTV) is widespread in ungulates in Africa, available epidemiological information on BT in this continent is limited. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to estimate the seroprevalence of BTV and summarize information on associated risk factors in domestic ruminants and camels in Africa. Systematic searches were conducted from the inception of the database to November 2022 on PubMed/MEDLINE, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, and Google/Google Scholar. Forty-four eligible publications were identified, published in the range from 1973 to 2020, and statistically analyzed. The pooled overall seroprevalence of BTV was 45.02% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 36.00-54.00%). The pooled seroprevalence was 49.70% (95% CI: 34.50-65.00%) in cattle, 47.00% (95% CI: 29.90-64.50%) in goats, 40.80% (95% CI: 19.60-63.90%) in camels, and 36.30% (95% CI: 29.00-44.90%) in sheep. The pooled seroprevalence decreased after 1990 and increased again after 2010. The highest pooled overall seroprevalence was found in the southeastern region, and the highest pooled overall seroprevalence was obtained by Competitive Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay. Finally, the seroprevalence in females (53.30%, 95% CI: 34.80-71.00%) was significantly higher than in males (28.10%, 95% CI: 17.40-40.30%) (p < 0.05). We showed that antibodies against BTV were common in African ruminants and camels. Monitoring the seroprevalence of BTV, as well as systematic and continuous surveillance of the Culicoides population, are encouraged to prevent and control the spread of BT.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amine Abdelli
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Bouira, Bouira, Algeria
| | - Salem Belkessa
- Laboratory of Exploration and Valorization of Steppic Ecosystems, Department of Biology, Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, Ziane Achour University of Djelfa, Djelfa, Algeria
| | | | | | - Ahcène Hakem
- Research Centre for Agropastoralism, Djelfa, Algeria
| | - Tahar Kernif
- Laboratory of Parasitic Eco-epidemiology and Population Genetics, Pasteur Institute of Algeria, Dely-Brahim, Algeria
| | - Steven M. Singer
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Hocine Ziam
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Environment and Health, University of Blida 1, Blida, Algeria
| | - Anastasios D. Tsaousis
- Laboratory of Molecular & Evolutionary Parasitology, RAPID Group, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
| | - Pikka Jokelainen
- Infectious Disease Preparedness and One Health, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Giovanni Savini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise (IZS-Teramo), Teramo, Italy
| | - Edoardo Pasolli
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples ‘Federico II’, Portici, Italy
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Ke L, Hou G, Cao P, Ding Y, Zhao C, Wang F, Liu Y, Fan Y, Liu Q. Establishment and validation of a real-time fluorescent PCR freeze-dried type assay for 11 sheep and goats pathogens. Vet J 2024; 308:106255. [PMID: 39424126 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2024.106255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2024] [Revised: 10/02/2024] [Accepted: 10/13/2024] [Indexed: 10/21/2024]
Abstract
Small ruminants are economic mainstay in developing countries because of its direct contribution to food security, but the occurrence of epidemics poses a continuous threat. Early diagnosis can strengthen the prevention of zoonosis. Therefore, a high-sensitivity real-time fluorescent PCR freeze-dried type assay that can be stored and transported at room temperature was developed for 11 sheep and goats pathogens in this study. The results showed that there was no non-specific amplification in systems containing different pathogen positive controls; The areas under the ROC curves were all in the range of 0.99-1.00; The LOD counted by Digital PCR were 194, 96, 84, 40, 265, 68, 208, 236, 118, 53 and 723 copies/mL for M. ovis, Pathogenic Leptospira, C. burnetii, BTV, PPRV, Brucella, exJSRV, C. abortus, ORFV, FMDV and CPV, respectively. The coefficients of variation of both intra-group and inter-group replicate tests were less than 5.00 %; The accelerated thermostatic lyophilization test was used to predict the validity period; The LOD of each positive pathogen was still detected after 6 days at 56 ℃, suggesting that the validity period can be at least 567 days at room temperature. In this study, a high-sensitivity real-time fluorescent PCR freeze-dried type assay that can be stored and transported at room temperature was developed for 11 sheep and goats pathogens, which were Mycoplasma ovis (M. ovis), Pathogenic Leptospira, Coxiella burnetii (C. burnetii), Bluetongue virus (BTV), Peste des pestis ruminants virus (PPRV), Brucella, exogenous jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (exJSRV), Chlamydia abortus (C. abortus), Orf virus (ORFV), Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), and Capripox virus (CPV).
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Affiliation(s)
- Liting Ke
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Guangzheng Hou
- Bioinformatics Center of Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Haidian, Beijing 100039, PR China
| | - Pengcheng Cao
- Bioinformatics Center of Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Haidian, Beijing 100039, PR China
| | - Yanlei Ding
- Bioinformatics Center of Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Haidian, Beijing 100039, PR China
| | - Changxu Zhao
- Bioinformatics Center of Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Haidian, Beijing 100039, PR China
| | - Fei Wang
- Bioinformatics Center of Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Haidian, Beijing 100039, PR China
| | - Yingqiu Liu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Yunpeng Fan
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China.
| | - Qiqi Liu
- Bioinformatics Center of Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Haidian, Beijing 100039, PR China.
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de Klerk J, Tildesley M, Robbins A, Gorsich E. Parameterisation of a bluetongue virus mathematical model using a systematic literature review. Prev Vet Med 2024; 232:106328. [PMID: 39191049 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2024.106328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 08/12/2024] [Accepted: 08/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BT) is a vector-borne virus that causes a disease, called bluetongue, which results in significant economic loss and morbidity in sheep, cattle, goats and wild ungulates across all continents of the world except Antarctica. Despite the geographical breadth of its impact, most BT epidemiological models are informed by parameters derived from the 2006-2009 BTV-8 European outbreak. The aim of this study was to develop a highly adaptable model for BT which could be used elsewhere in the world, as well as to identify the parameters which most influence outbreak dynamics, so that policy makers can be properly informed with the most current information to aid in disease planning. To provide a framework for future outbreak modelling and an updated parameterisation that reflects natural variation in infections, a newly developed and parameterised two-host, two-vector species ordinary differential equation model was formulated and analysed. The model was designed to be adaptable to be implemented in any region of the world and able to model both epidemic and endemic scenarios. It was parameterised using a systematic literature review of host-to-vector and vector-to-host transmission rates, host latent periods, host infectious periods, and vaccine protection factors. The model was demonstrated using the updated parameters, with South Africa as a setting based on the Western Cape's known cattle and sheep populations, local environmental parameters, and Culicoides spp. presence data. The sensitivity analysis identified that the duration of the infectious period for sheep and cows had the greatest impact on the outbreak length and number of animals infected at the peak of the outbreak. Transmission rates from cows and sheep to C. imicola midges greatly influenced the day on which the peak of the outbreak occurred, along with the duration of incubation period, and infectious period for cows. Finally, the protection factor of the vaccine had the greatest influence on the total number of animals infected. This knowledge could aid in the development of control measures. Due to gradual climate and anthropological change resulting in alterations in vector habitat suitability, BT outbreaks are likely to continue to increase in range and frequency. Therefore, this research provides an updated BT modelling framework for future outbreaks around the world to explore transmission, outbreak dynamics and control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna de Klerk
- The Zeeman Institute for Systems Biology and Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research, School of Life Sciences and Mathematics Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Michael Tildesley
- The Zeeman Institute for Systems Biology and Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research, School of Life Sciences and Mathematics Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Adam Robbins
- Selworthy Vets, Stumpy Post Surgery, Kingsbridge, Devon TQ7 4BL, UK
| | - Erin Gorsich
- The Zeeman Institute for Systems Biology and Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research, School of Life Sciences and Mathematics Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
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Drolet BS, Reister-Hendricks L, Mayo C, Rodgers C, Molik DC, McVey DS. Increased Virulence of Culicoides Midge Cell-Derived Bluetongue Virus in IFNAR Mice. Viruses 2024; 16:1474. [PMID: 39339950 PMCID: PMC11437402 DOI: 10.3390/v16091474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2024] [Revised: 09/12/2024] [Accepted: 09/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue (BT) is a Culicoides midge-borne hemorrhagic disease affecting cervids and ruminant livestock species, resulting in significant economic losses from animal production and trade restrictions. Experimental animal infections using the α/β interferon receptor knockout IFNAR mouse model and susceptible target species are critical for understanding viral pathogenesis, virulence, and evaluating vaccines. However, conducting experimental vector-borne transmission studies with the vector itself are logistically difficult and experimentally problematic. Therefore, experimental infections are induced by hypodermic injection with virus typically derived from baby hamster kidney (BHK) cells. Unfortunately, for many U.S. BTV serotypes, it is difficult to replicate the severity of the disease seen in natural, midge-transmitted infections by injecting BHK-derived virus into target host animals. Using the IFNAR BTV murine model, we compared the virulence of traditional BHK cell-derived BTV-17 with C. sonorensis midge (W8) cell-derived BTV-17 to determine whether using cells of the transmission vector would provide an in vitro virulence aspect of vector-transmitted virus. At both low and high doses, mice inoculated with W8-BTV-17 had an earlier onset of viremia, earlier onset and peak of clinical signs, and significantly higher mortality compared to mice inoculated with BHK-BTV-17. Our results suggest using a Culicoides W8 cell-derived inoculum may provide an in vitro vector-enhanced infection to more closely represent disease levels seen in natural midge-transmitted infections while avoiding the logistical and experimental complexity of working with live midges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara S. Drolet
- Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA; (L.R.-H.); (D.C.M.)
| | - Lindsey Reister-Hendricks
- Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA; (L.R.-H.); (D.C.M.)
| | - Christie Mayo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, 1601 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA; (C.M.); (C.R.)
| | - Case Rodgers
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, 1601 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA; (C.M.); (C.R.)
| | - David C. Molik
- Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA; (L.R.-H.); (D.C.M.)
| | - David Scott McVey
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, P.O. Box 830905, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA;
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Şevik M. Epidemiology of bluetongue virus infection among small ruminants in Turkey: Seroprevalence and associated risk factors. Prev Vet Med 2023; 213:105871. [PMID: 36801648 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2023.105871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Bluetongue (BT) is an endemic disease of small ruminants in Turkey, and it has substantial socio-economic impact at national level. To reduce this impact, vaccination has been used for the control of BT but sporadic outbreaks have been reported. Although sheep and goat farming plays an important role in rural communities, little is known about the BT epidemiological situation in small ruminants in Turkey. Therefore, this study aimed to estimate the seroprevalence of the bluetongue virus (BTV) and to identify the potential risk factors associated with BTV seropositivity in small ruminants. This study was conducted in the Antalya Province in the Mediterranean region of Turkey, from June 2018 to June 2019. A total of 1026 blood samples, from clinically healthy goats (n = 517) and sheep (n = 509), obtained from randomly selected unvaccinated flocks (n = 100) were tested for BTV anti-VP7 antibodies by using a competitive enzyme linked immunosorbent assay test. A questionnaire was administered to the flock owners to obtain data related to sampled flocks and animals. At the animal level, the true prevalence of BTV antibodies was 74.2% (n = 651/1026, 95% CI = 70.7-77.7) with 85.3% (n = 370/509, 95% CI = 80.6-89.9) seropositive sheep and 63.3% (n = 281/517, 95% CI = 58.2-68.4) seropositive goats. The true flock-level seroprevalence of BTV was higher in goats (100.0%, 95% CI = 92.8-100.0) than in sheep (98.8%, 95% CI = 86.6-100.0). The intra-flock seroprevalence within seropositive flocks varied between 36.4% and 100%, with a mean value of 85.5% and 61.9% in sheep and goat flocks, respectively. The logistic regression model revealed that odds of seropositivity for sheep were significantly higher in female animals (OR: 1.8, 95% CI = 1.1-2.9), animals older than 24 months old (OR: 5.8, 95% CI = 3.1-10.8), Pirlak breed (OR: 3.3, 95% CI = 1.1-10.0) and Merino breed (OR: 4.9, 95% CI = 1.6-14.9), whereas for goats, it was higher in female animals (OR: 1.7, 95% CI = 1.0-2.6), animals older than 24 months old (OR: 4.2, 95% CI = 2.7-6.6) and Hair breed (OR: 5.6, 95% CI = 2.8-10.9). The use of insecticides was identified as a protective factor. The present study revealed that BTV infection is widespread in sheep and goats in the Antalya Province. It is recommended to implement biosecurity measures in flocks and use insecticides to mitigate the spread of infection and contact between hosts and vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Şevik
- Department of Virology, Veterinary Faculty, Necmettin Erbakan University, Ereğli, 42310 Konya, Turkey.
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Navarro Mamani DA, Ramos Huere H, Vera Buendia R, Rojas M, Chunga WA, Valdez Gutierrez E, Vergara Abarca W, Rivera Gerónimo H, Altamiranda-Saavedra M. Would Climate Change Influence the Potential Distribution and Ecological Niche of Bluetongue Virus and Its Main Vector in Peru? Viruses 2023; 15:v15040892. [PMID: 37112872 PMCID: PMC10145190 DOI: 10.3390/v15040892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV) is an arbovirus that is transmitted between domestic and wild ruminants by Culicoides spp. Its worldwide distribution depends on competent vectors and suitable environmental ecosystems that are becoming affected by climate change. Therefore, we evaluated whether climate change would influence the potential distribution and ecological niche of BTV and Culicoides insignis in Peru. Here, we analyzed BTV (n = 145) and C. insignis (n = 22) occurrence records under two shared socioeconomic pathway scenarios (SSP126 and SSP585) with five primary general circulation models (GCMs) using the kuenm R package v.1.1.9. Then, we obtained binary presence–absence maps and represented the risk of transmission of BTV and niche overlapping. The niche model approach showed that north and east Peru presented suitability in the current climate scenario and they would have a decreased risk of BTV, whilst its vector would be stable and expand with high agreement for the five GCMs. In addition, its niche overlap showed that the two niches almost overlap at present and would completely overlap with one another in future climate scenarios. These findings might be used to determine the areas of highest priority for entomological and virological investigations and surveillance in order to control and prevent bluetongue infections in Peru.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis A. Navarro Mamani
- Laboratorio de Microbiología y Parasitología—Sección Virología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima 15001, Peru
- Correspondence:
| | - Heydi Ramos Huere
- Laboratorio de Microbiología y Parasitología—Sección Virología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima 15001, Peru
| | - Renzo Vera Buendia
- Laboratorio de Microbiología y Parasitología—Sección Virología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima 15001, Peru
| | - Miguel Rojas
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima 15001, Peru
| | - Wilfredo Arque Chunga
- Laboratorio de Referencia Nacional de Metaxenicas y Zoonosis Bacterianas, Centro Nacional de Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Lima 15001, Peru
| | - Edgar Valdez Gutierrez
- Laboratorio de Sanidad Animal “M.V. Atilio Pacheco Pacheco”, Escuela Profesional de Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Cusco 08681, Peru
| | - Walter Vergara Abarca
- Laboratorio de Sanidad Animal “M.V. Atilio Pacheco Pacheco”, Escuela Profesional de Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Cusco 08681, Peru
| | - Hermelinda Rivera Gerónimo
- Laboratorio de Microbiología y Parasitología—Sección Virología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima 15001, Peru
| | - Mariano Altamiranda-Saavedra
- Grupo de Investigación Bioforense, Tecnológico de Antioquia Institución Universitaria, Medellín 050005, Colombia
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Qi Y, Wang F, Chang J, Jiang Z, Sun C, Lin J, Wu J, Yu L. Genetic characteristics and pathogenicity of the first bluetongue virus serotype 20 strain isolated in China. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:e2164-e2174. [PMID: 35403352 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV), a member of the genus Orbivirus in the family Reoviridae, is transmitted by biting midges and causes severe disease in domestic and wild ruminants. In the present study, a BTV strain, BTV-20/GX015/China/2013 (GX015), was isolated from sentinel cattle in Guangxi, China. Virus neutralization tests and phylogenetic analyses based on genomic segments 2 (S2) and 6 (S6) indicated that GX015 belongs to BTV serotype 20 (BTV-20) and represents a new topotype within BTV-20 strains, which makes GX015 the first BTV-20 strain isolated in China. Genomic analyses suggested that the 10 genomic segments of GX015 originated from a reassortment event, in which S2 and S6 are derived from exotic BTV-20 strains (South Africa or Australia), whereas the remaining eight genomic segments are apparently of Chinese origin and most likely share the same ancestor with a Taiwanese BTV-12 strain. Importantly, we evaluated the infectivity and pathogenicity of the BTV-20 strain in mice lacking the interferon receptor (IFNAR-/- mice, a good animal model for studying the pathogenesis, virulence and transmission of BTVs) and sheep for the first time, and found that GX015 causes severe disease and death in IFNAR-/- mice and clinical signs and viraemia in the natural host sheep. These results improve our understanding of the genetic characteristics, diversity and pathogenicity of BTVs, which is important for developing diagnostic methods and vaccines for the surveillance and prevention of bluetongue disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinglin Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Fang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - JiTao Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Zhigang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Chao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Jun Lin
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, China
| | - Jianmin Wu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, China
| | - Li Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
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10
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Clarke LL, Mead DG, Ruder MG, Howerth EW, Stallknecht D. North American Arboviruses and White-Tailed Deer ( Odocoileus virginianus): Associated Diseases and Role in Transmission. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2022; 22:425-442. [PMID: 35867036 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2022.0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Arboviral disease is of increasing concern to human and animal health professionals as emerging and re-emerging arboviruses are more frequently recognized. Wildlife species are known to play a role in the transmission and maintenance of arboviruses and infections can result in morbidity and mortality in wildlife hosts. Materials and Methods: In this review, we detail existing evidence of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) as an important host to a diverse collection of arboviruses and evaluate the utility of this species as a resource to better understand the epidemiology of related viral diseases. Results: Relevant veterinary and zoonotic viral pathogens endemic to North America include epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus, bluetongue virus, orthobunyaviruses, vesicular stomatitis virus, Eastern equine encephalitis virus, West Nile virus, and Powassan virus. Exotic viral pathogens that may infect white-tailed deer are also identified with an emphasis on zoonotic disease risks. The utility of this species is attributed to the high degree of contact with humans and domestic livestock and evidence of preferential feeding by various insect vectors. Conclusions: There is mounting evidence that white-tailed deer are a useful, widely available source of information regarding arboviral circulation, and that surveillance and monitoring of deer populations would be of value to the understanding of certain viral transmission dynamics, with implications for improving human and domestic animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorelei L Clarke
- Wisconsin Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Daniel G Mead
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Mark G Ruder
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Elizabeth W Howerth
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - David Stallknecht
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
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11
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Field-Reassortment of Bluetongue Virus Illustrates Plasticity of Virus Associated Phenotypic Traits in the Arthropod Vector and Mammalian Host In Vivo. J Virol 2022; 96:e0053122. [PMID: 35727032 PMCID: PMC9278112 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00531-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Segmented RNA viruses are a taxonomically diverse group that can infect plant, wildlife, livestock and human hosts. A shared feature of these viruses is the ability to exchange genome segments during coinfection of a host by a process termed "reassortment." Reassortment enables rapid evolutionary change, but where transmission involves a biological arthropod vector, this change is constrained by the selection pressures imposed by the requirement for replication in two evolutionarily distant hosts. In this study, we use an in vivo, host-arbovirus-vector model to investigate the impact of reassortment on two phenotypic traits, virus infection rate in the vector and virulence in the host. Bluetongue virus (BTV) (Reoviridae) is the causative agent of bluetongue (BT), an economically important disease of domestic and wild ruminants and deer. The genome of BTV comprises 10 linear segments of dsRNA, and the virus is transmitted between ruminants by Culicoides biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Five strains of BTV representing three serotypes (BTV-1, BTV-4, and BTV-8) were isolated from naturally infected ruminants in Europe and ancestral/reassortant lineage status assigned through full genome sequencing. Each strain was then assessed in parallel for the ability to replicate in vector Culicoides and to cause BT in sheep. Our results demonstrate that two reassortment strains, which themselves became established in the field, had obtained high replication ability in C. sonorensis from one of the ancestral virus strains, which allowed inferences of the genome segments conferring this phenotypic trait. IMPORTANCE Reassortment between virus strains can lead to major shifts in the transmission parameters and virulence of segmented RNA viruses, with consequences for spread, persistence, and impact. The ability of these pathogens to adapt rapidly to their environment through this mechanism presents a major challenge in defining the conditions under which emergence can occur. Utilizing a representative mammalian host-insect vector infection and transmission model, we provide direct evidence of this phenomenon in closely related ancestral and reassortant strains of BTV. Our results demonstrate that efficient infection of Culicoides observed for one of three ancestral BTV strains was also evident in two reassortant strains that had subsequently emerged in the same ecosystem.
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12
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Fairbanks EL, Brennan ML, Mertens PPC, Tildesley MJ, Daly JM. Re-parameterisation of a mathematical model of African horse sickness virus using data from a systematic literature search. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:e671-e681. [PMID: 34921513 PMCID: PMC9543668 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
African horse sickness (AHS) is a vector‐borne disease transmitted by Culicoides spp., endemic to sub‐Saharan Africa. There have been many examples of historic and recent outbreaks in the Middle East, Asia and Europe. However, not much is known about infection dynamics and outbreak potential in these naive populations. In order to better inform a previously published ordinary differential equation model, we performed a systematic literature search to identify studies documenting experimental infection of naive (control) equids in vaccination trials. Data on the time until the onset of viraemia, clinical signs and death after experimental infection of a naive equid and duration of viraemia were extracted. The time to viraemia was 4.6 days and the time to clinical signs was 4.9 days, longer than the previously estimated latent period of 3.7 days. The infectious periods of animals that died/were euthanized or survived were found to be 3.9 and 8.7 days, whereas previous estimations were 4.4 and 6 days, respectively. The case fatality was also found to be higher than previous estimations. The updated parameter values (along with other more recently published estimates from literature) resulted in an increase in the number of host deaths, decrease in the duration of the outbreak and greater prevalence in vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L Fairbanks
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Marnie L Brennan
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Peter P C Mertens
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Michael J Tildesley
- The Zeeman Institute for Systems Biology & Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research, School of Life Sciences and Mathematics Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Janet M Daly
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
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13
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Saminathan M, Singh KP, Khorajiya JH, Dinesh M, Vineetha S, Maity M, Rahman AF, Misri J, Malik YS, Gupta VK, Singh RK, Dhama K. An updated review on bluetongue virus: epidemiology, pathobiology, and advances in diagnosis and control with special reference to India. Vet Q 2021; 40:258-321. [PMID: 33003985 PMCID: PMC7655031 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2020.1831708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue (BT) is an economically important, non-contagious viral disease of domestic and wild ruminants. BT is caused by BT virus (BTV) and it belongs to the genus Orbivirus and family Reoviridae. BTV is transmitted by Culicoides midges and causes clinical disease in sheep, white-tailed deer, pronghorn antelope, bighorn sheep, and subclinical manifestation in cattle, goats and camelids. BT is a World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) listed multispecies disease and causes great socio-economic losses. To date, 28 serotypes of BTV have been reported worldwide and 23 serotypes have been reported from India. Transplacental transmission (TPT) and fetal abnormalities in ruminants had been reported with cell culture adopted live-attenuated vaccine strains of BTV. However, emergence of BTV-8 in Europe during 2006, confirmed TPT of wild-type/field strains of BTV. Diagnosis of BT is more important for control of disease and to ensure BTV-free trade of animals and their products. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, agar gel immunodiffusion assay and competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay are found to be sensitive and OIE recommended tests for diagnosis of BTV for international trade. Control measures include mass vaccination (most effective method), serological and entomological surveillance, forming restriction zones and sentinel programs. Major hindrances with control of BT in India are the presence of multiple BTV serotypes, high density of ruminant and vector populations. A pentavalent inactivated, adjuvanted vaccine is administered currently in India to control BT. Recombinant vaccines with DIVA strategies are urgently needed to combat this disease. This review is the first to summarise the seroprevalence of BTV in India for 40 years, economic impact and pathobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mani Saminathan
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Karam Pal Singh
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | | | - Murali Dinesh
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sobharani Vineetha
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Madhulina Maity
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - At Faslu Rahman
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Jyoti Misri
- Animal Science Division, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Yashpal Singh Malik
- Division of Biological Standardization, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vivek Kumar Gupta
- Centre for Animal Disease Research and Diagnosis, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Raj Kumar Singh
- Director, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
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14
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Rodríguez-Martín D, Louloudes-Lázaro A, Avia M, Martín V, Rojas JM, Sevilla N. The Interplay between Bluetongue Virus Infections and Adaptive Immunity. Viruses 2021; 13:1511. [PMID: 34452376 PMCID: PMC8402766 DOI: 10.3390/v13081511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infections have long provided a platform to understand the workings of immunity. For instance, great strides towards defining basic immunology concepts, such as MHC restriction of antigen presentation or T-cell memory development and maintenance, have been achieved thanks to the study of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infections. These studies have also shaped our understanding of antiviral immunity, and in particular T-cell responses. In the present review, we discuss how bluetongue virus (BTV), an economically important arbovirus from the Reoviridae family that affects ruminants, affects adaptive immunity in the natural hosts. During the initial stages of infection, BTV triggers leucopenia in the hosts. The host then mounts an adaptive immune response that controls the disease. In this work, we discuss how BTV triggers CD8+ T-cell expansion and neutralizing antibody responses, yet in some individuals viremia remains detectable after these adaptive immune mechanisms are active. We present some unpublished data showing that BTV infection also affects other T cell populations such as CD4+ T-cells or γδ T-cells, as well as B-cell numbers in the periphery. This review also discusses how BTV evades these adaptive immune mechanisms so that it can be transmitted back to the arthropod host. Understanding the interaction of BTV with immunity could ultimately define the correlates of protection with immune mechanisms that would improve our knowledge of ruminant immunology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Noemí Sevilla
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, Centro Nacional Instituto de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CISA-INIA-CSIC), Valdeolmos, 28130 Madrid, Spain; (D.R.-M.); (A.L.-L.); (M.A.); (V.M.); (J.M.R.)
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15
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Clemmons EA, Alfson KJ, Dutton JW. Transboundary Animal Diseases, an Overview of 17 Diseases with Potential for Global Spread and Serious Consequences. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:2039. [PMID: 34359167 PMCID: PMC8300273 DOI: 10.3390/ani11072039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals provide food and other critical resources to most of the global population. As such, diseases of animals can cause dire consequences, especially disease with high rates of morbidity or mortality. Transboundary animal diseases (TADs) are highly contagious or transmissible, epidemic diseases, with the potential to spread rapidly across the globe and the potential to cause substantial socioeconomic and public health consequences. Transboundary animal diseases can threaten the global food supply, reduce the availability of non-food animal products, or cause the loss of human productivity or life. Further, TADs result in socioeconomic consequences from costs of control or preventative measures, and from trade restrictions. A greater understanding of the transmission, spread, and pathogenesis of these diseases is required. Further work is also needed to improve the efficacy and cost of both diagnostics and vaccines. This review aims to give a broad overview of 17 TADs, providing researchers and veterinarians with a current, succinct resource of salient details regarding these significant diseases. For each disease, we provide a synopsis of the disease and its status, species and geographic areas affected, a summary of in vitro or in vivo research models, and when available, information regarding prevention or treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A. Clemmons
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, 8715 W. Military Drive, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA;
| | - Kendra J. Alfson
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, 8715 W. Military Drive, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
| | - John W. Dutton
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, 8715 W. Military Drive, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA;
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16
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Saminathan M, Singh KP, Maity M, Vineetha S, Manjunathareddy GB, Dhama K, Malik YS, Ramakrishnan MA, Misri J, Gupta VK. Pathological and immunological characterization of bluetongue virus serotype 1 infection in type I interferons blocked immunocompetent adult mice. J Adv Res 2021; 31:137-153. [PMID: 34194838 PMCID: PMC8240118 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2021.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Wild-type adult mice with intact interferon (IFN) system were neither susceptible to bluetongue virus (BTV) infection nor showed signs of morbidity/mortality. Establishment of immunologically competent wild-type adult mouse model with type I IFNs blockade is necessary to assess the pathogenesis, immune responses and testing of BTV vaccines. Objectives Present study aimed to establish and characterize BTV serotype 1 infection in immunocompetent adult mice with type I IFNs blockade at the time of infection by studying immune responses and sequential pathology. Methods Adult mice were administered with anti-mouse IFN-α/β receptor subunit-1 (IFNAR1) blocking antibody (Clone: MAR1-5A3) 24 h before and after BTV serotype 1 infection, and sacrificed at various time points. Sequential pathology, BTV localization by immunohistochemistry and quantification by qRT-PCR, immune cell kinetics and apoptosis by flow cytometry, and cytokines estimation by c-ELISA and qRT-PCR were studied. Results IFNAR blocked-infected mice developed clinical signs and typical lesions of BT; whereas, isotype-infected control mice did not develop any disease. The IFNAR blocked-infected mice showed enlarged, edematous, and congested lymph nodes (LNs) and spleen, and vascular (congestion and hemorrhage) and pneumonic lesions in lungs. Histopathologically, marked lymphoid depletion with “starry-sky pattern” due to lymphocytes apoptosis was noticed in the LNs and spleen. BTV antigen was detected and quantified in lymphoid organs, lungs, and other organs at various time points. Initial leukopenia (increased CD4+/CD8+ T cells ratio) followed by leukocytosis (decreased CD4+/CD8+ T cells ratio) and significantly increased biochemical values were noticed in IFNAR blocked-infected mice. Increased apoptotic cells in PBMCs and tissues coincided with viral load and levels of different cytokines in blood, spleen and draining LNs and notably varied between time points in IFNAR blocked-infected mice. Conclusion Present study is first to characterize BTV serotype 1 infection in immunocompetent adult mouse with type I IFNs blockade. The findings will be useful for studying pathogenesis and testing the efficacy of BTV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mani Saminathan
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (ICAR-IVRI), Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Karam Pal Singh
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (ICAR-IVRI), Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Madhulina Maity
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (ICAR-IVRI), Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sobharani Vineetha
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (ICAR-IVRI), Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | | | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (ICAR-IVRI), Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Yashpal Singh Malik
- College of Animal Biotechnology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana 141001, Punjab, India
| | | | - Jyoti Misri
- Animal Science Division, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi 110001, India
| | - Vivek Kumar Gupta
- Centre for Animal Disease Research and Diagnosis, ICAR-IVRI, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
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17
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Alonso C, Utrilla-Trigo S, Calvo-Pinilla E, Jiménez-Cabello L, Ortego J, Nogales A. Inhibition of Orbivirus Replication by Aurintricarboxylic Acid. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197294. [PMID: 33023235 PMCID: PMC7582255 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV) and African horse sickness virus (AHSV) are vector-borne viruses belonging to the Orbivirus genus, which are transmitted between hosts primarily by biting midges of the genus Culicoides. With recent BTV and AHSV outbreaks causing epidemics and important economy losses, there is a pressing need for efficacious drugs to treat and control the spread of these infections. The polyanionic aromatic compound aurintricarboxylic acid (ATA) has been shown to have a broad-spectrum antiviral activity. Here, we evaluated ATA as a potential antiviral compound against Orbivirus infections in both mammalian and insect cells. Notably, ATA was able to prevent the replication of BTV and AHSV in both cell types in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. In addition, we evaluated the effect of ATA in vivo using a mouse model of infection. ATA did not protect mice against a lethal challenge with BTV or AHSV, most probably due to the in vivo effect of ATA on immune system regulation. Overall, these results demonstrate that ATA has inhibitory activity against Orbivirus replication in vitro, but further in vivo analysis will be required before considering it as a potential therapy for future clinical evaluation.
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18
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Stokstad M, Coetzee P, Myrmel M, Mutowembwa P, Venter EH, Larsen S. Refined experimental design may increase the value of murine models for estimation of bluetongue virus virulence. Lab Anim 2020; 55:53-64. [PMID: 32588735 DOI: 10.1177/0023677220930056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Bluetongue is a serious non-contagious vector-borne viral disease in ruminants, causing poor animal welfare and economic consequences globally. Concern has been raised about the development of novel bluetongue virus (BTV) strains and their possibly altered virulence through the process of viral reassortment. Virulence is traditionally estimated in lethal dose 50 (LD50) studies in murine models, but agreement with both in vitro and virulence in ruminants is questionable, and a refined experimental design is needed. Specific reassortants between wild-type and vaccine strains of BTV-1, -6 and -8 have previously been developed by reverse genetics. The aim of the present study was to rank the in vivo virulence of these parental and reassortant BTV strains by calculating LD50 in a murine model by using an experimental design that is new to virology: a between-patient optimised three-level response surface pathway design. The inoculation procedure was intracranial. Fifteen suckling mice were used to establish LD50 for each strain. Three parental and five reassortant virus strains were included. The LD50s varied from of 0.1 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0-0.20) to 3.3 (95% CI 2.96-3.72) tissue culture infectious dose 50/ml. The results support the hypothesis that reassortment in BTV may lead to increased virulence in mice with potential negative consequences for the natural ruminant host. The ranking showed low agreement with in vitro properties and virulence in ruminants according to existing literature. Refined design such as response surface pathway design was found suitable for use in virology, and it introduces significant ethical and scientific improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Stokstad
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, 56625Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Norway
| | - Peter Coetzee
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, 56410University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Mette Myrmel
- Virology Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 56625Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Norway
| | - Paidamwoyo Mutowembwa
- Agricultural Research Council - 71909Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute (Transboundary Animal Diseases), South Africa
| | - Estelle H Venter
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, 56410University of Pretoria, South Africa.,College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, 8001James Cook University, Australia
| | - Stig Larsen
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, 56625Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Norway
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19
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Reliable and Standardized Animal Models to Study the Pathogenesis of Bluetongue and Schmallenberg Viruses in Ruminant Natural Host Species with Special Emphasis on Placental Crossing. Viruses 2019; 11:v11080753. [PMID: 31443153 PMCID: PMC6722754 DOI: 10.3390/v11080753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Starting in 2006, bluetongue virus serotype 8 (BTV8) was responsible for a major epizootic in Western and Northern Europe. The magnitude and spread of the disease were surprisingly high and the control of BTV improved significantly with the marketing of BTV8 inactivated vaccines in 2008. During late summer of 2011, a first cluster of reduced milk yield, fever, and diarrhoea was reported in the Netherlands. Congenital malformations appeared in March 2012 and Schmallenberg virus (SBV) was identified, becoming one of the very few orthobunyaviruses distributed in Europe. At the start of both epizootics, little was known about the pathogenesis and epidemiology of these viruses in the European context and most assumptions were extrapolated based on other related viruses and/or other regions of the World. Standardized and repeatable models potentially mimicking clinical signs observed in the field are required to study the pathogenesis of these infections, and to clarify their ability to cross the placental barrier. This review presents some of the latest experimental designs for infectious disease challenges with BTV or SBV. Infectious doses, routes of infection, inoculum preparation, and origin are discussed. Particular emphasis is given to the placental crossing associated with these two viruses.
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20
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Rojas JM, Rodríguez-Martín D, Martín V, Sevilla N. Diagnosing bluetongue virus in domestic ruminants: current perspectives. VETERINARY MEDICINE-RESEARCH AND REPORTS 2019; 10:17-27. [PMID: 30859085 PMCID: PMC6385761 DOI: 10.2147/vmrr.s163804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
This review provides an overview of current and potential new diagnostic techniques against bluetongue virus (BTV), an Orbivirus transmitted by arthropods that affects ruminants. Bluetongue is a disease currently notifiable to the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE), causing great economic losses due to decreased trade associated with bluetongue outbreaks and high mortality and morbidity. BTV cross-reacts with many antigenically related viruses including viruses that causes African Horse sickness and epizootic haemorrhagic disease of deer. Therefore, reliable diagnostic approaches to detect BTV among these other antigenically related viruses are used or being developed. The antigenic determinant for differentiation of virus species/serogroups among orbiviruses is the VP7 protein, meanwhile VP2 is serotype specific. Serologically, assays are established in many laboratories, based mainly on competitive ELISA or serum neutralization assay (virus neutralization assay [VNT]) although new techniques are being developed. Virus isolation from blood or semen is, additionally, another means of BTV diagnosis. Nevertheless, most of these techniques for viral isolation are time-consuming and expensive. Currently, reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) panels or real-time RT-PCR are widely used methods although next-generation sequencing remains of interest for future virus diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M Rojas
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain,
| | - Daniel Rodríguez-Martín
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain,
| | - Verónica Martín
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain,
| | - Noemí Sevilla
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain,
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Putty K, Shaik AM, Peera SJ, Reddy YN, Rao PP, Patil SR, Reddy MS, Susmitha B, Jyothi JS. Infection kinetics and antibody responses in Deccani sheep during experimental infection and superinfection with bluetongue virus serotypes 4 and 16. Vet World 2019; 12:41-47. [PMID: 30936652 PMCID: PMC6431802 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2019.41-47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The current study was designed to understand the infection kinetics and antibody responses of major circulating serotypes of bluetongue virus (BTV) in India, i.e., BTV-4 and BTV-16 through experimental infection and superinfection of Deccani sheep, a popular breed of sheep found in the southern states of India. Materials and Methods: Experimental infection with 106 TCID50/ml BTV-4 was followed by superinfection with BTV-16 and vice versa. Along with observing for clinical signs and immunological responses in the experimentally infected sheep, the effect of infection of one specific serotype on the outcome of superinfection with a different serotype was also studied. Results: Certain interesting findings have been made in the course of experimental infection, such as prominent signs of infection in BTV-4 infection, mild or no clinical signs in BTV-16-infected and superinfected animals, and non-seroconversion of one of the BTV-16-superinfected animals. In addition, BTV was isolated from infected sheep in all the experimental conditions except BTV-16 superinfection. Furthermore, it was observed that immune response in the form of type-specific antibodies was slower with BTV-16 superinfection. Conclusion: Superinfection of a sheep with more than one serotype of BTV is a common phenomenon in BT endemic countries like India. Such situation was replicated in an experimental infection in the current study, and the findings to our knowledge are first of a kind and are likely to aid in unfolding the newer aspects of BTV pathogenesis and virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalyani Putty
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Veterinary Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Science, Rajendranagar, P V Narasimha Rao Telangana Veterinary University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Abdul Muzeer Shaik
- Veterinary Dispensary, Department of Animal Husbandry, Labbipet, Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Shaik Jahangeer Peera
- Veterinary Dispensary, Department of Animal Husbandry, Labbipet, Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Y Narasimha Reddy
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Veterinary Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Science, Rajendranagar, P V Narasimha Rao Telangana Veterinary University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - P P Rao
- Biovet, KIADB Industrial Area, Malur, Karnataka, India
| | - Sunil R Patil
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Veterinary Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Science, Rajendranagar, P V Narasimha Rao Telangana Veterinary University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - M Shreekanth Reddy
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Veterinary Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Science, Rajendranagar, P V Narasimha Rao Telangana Veterinary University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - B Susmitha
- Ella Foundation, Genome Valley, Shamirpet, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - J Shiva Jyothi
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Veterinary Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Science, Rajendranagar, P V Narasimha Rao Telangana Veterinary University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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EXPERIMENTAL INFECTION OF WHITE-TAILED DEER ( ODOCOILEUS VIRGINIANUS) WITH BLUETONGUE VIRUS SEROTYPE 3. J Wildl Dis 2019; 55:627-636. [PMID: 30605393 DOI: 10.7589/2018-06-159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Bluetongue virus serotype 3 (BTV-3) has been found in the US since 1999 and was recently identified in white-tailed deer (WTD; Odocoileus virginianus) found dead in Virginia, US and West Virginia, US in 2016. Bluetongue viruses are known to cause pathologic changes in WTD; however, the relative virulence and pathogenicity of BTV-3 in WTD is unknown. In our study, eight WTD fawns, 6-12 wk old, were needle inoculated subcutaneously with a field isolate of BTV-3, with one fawn shaminoculated as a control during July 2017; all were monitored to determine the pathogenicity of BTV-3 in WTD. All inoculated fawns developed viremias that were first detected on postinoculation day (PID), 3 with peak titers on PID 5 by both quantitative reverse-transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) and virus isolation. The sham-inoculated control fawn also became viremic on PID 12, presumably through contact with infected fawns. Mild clinical signs, including periorbital edema and hyperemia, were first seen on PID 5. None of the fawns developed a significant febrile response, clinical pathology changes, or BTV-3 neutralizing antibodies. The cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, and IFN-α were not detected by commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays developed for bovids. The absence of severe clinical disease, fibrinogenemia, thrombocytopenia, and leukopenia, along with the lack of seroconversion and a detectable cytokine response during the study period, is atypical when compared to previous experimental BTV serotype infections in WTD but may be related to the young age of these deer, possible attenuation of the BTV-3 strain used, innate resistance or, in some cases to maternally derived antibody to other BTV serotypes.
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Lidsky PV, Andino R, Rouzine IM. Variability in viral pathogenesis: modeling the dynamic of acute and persistent infections. Curr Opin Virol 2017; 23:120-124. [PMID: 28551476 PMCID: PMC5695700 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Variability in outcomes of virus infections is a major concern for public health. Current epidemiological models are not able to explain these variations. We propose that variability in the infection outcome could be a part of virus reproduction strategy.
Virus infection often results in diverse outcomes. This variability of virus pathogenesis is not well understood. Here we revise theoretical arguments to further our understanding of factors controlling infection and its severity. We propose that variability in these factors results in different clinical outcomes, which ultimately ensure virus reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter V Lidsky
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, United States.
| | - Raul Andino
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, United States
| | - Igor M Rouzine
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, United States
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Molecular and Serological Survey of Selected Viruses in Free-Ranging Wild Ruminants in Iran. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0168756. [PMID: 27997620 PMCID: PMC5173247 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A molecular and serological survey of selected viruses in free-ranging wild ruminants was conducted in 13 different districts in Iran. Samples were collected from 64 small wild ruminants belonging to four different species including 25 Mouflon (Ovis orientalis), 22 wild goat (Capra aegagrus), nine Indian gazelle (Gazella bennettii) and eight Goitered gazelle (Gazella subgutturosa) during the national survey for wildlife diseases in Iran. Serum samples were evaluated using serologic antibody tests for Peste de petits ruminants virus (PPRV), Pestiviruses [Border Disease virus (BVD) and Bovine Viral Diarrhoea virus (BVDV)], Bluetongue virus (BTV), Bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BHV-1), and Parainfluenza type 3 (PI3). Sera were also ELISA tested for Pestivirus antigen. Tissue samples including spleen, liver, lung, tonsils, mesenteric and mediastinal lymph nodes and white blood cells (WBCs) were tested using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for PPRV, Foot and Mouth Disease virus (FMDV), Pestivirus, BTV, Ovine herpesvirus type 2 (OvHV-2) and BHV-1. Serologic tests were positive for antibodies against PPRV (17%), Pestiviruses (2%) and BTV (2%). No antibodies were detected for BHV-1 or PI3, and no Pestivirus antigen was detected. PCR results were positive for PPRV (7.8%), FMDV (11%), BTV (3%), OvHV-2 (31%) and BHV-1 (1.5%). None of the samples were positive for Pestiviruses.
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Marín-López A, Bermúdez R, Calvo-Pinilla E, Moreno S, Brun A, Ortego J. Pathological Characterization Of IFNAR(-/-) Mice Infected With Bluetongue Virus Serotype 4. Int J Biol Sci 2016; 12:1448-1460. [PMID: 27994510 PMCID: PMC5166487 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.14967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV) replicates in lymphoid tissues where infected mononuclear leukocytes secrete proinflammatory and vasoactive mediators that can contribute to bluetongue (BT) pathogenesis. Using the well-characterized IFNAR(-/-) mice animal model, we have now studied the histopathology and dynamics of leukocyte populations in different target tissues (spleen, thymus, and lung) during BTV-4 infection by histological and immunohistochemical techniques. The spleen and thymus of BTV-4 infected mice showed severe lymphoid depletion on H&E stained sections. This finding was confirmed by IHC, showing moderate decreased immunopositivity against CD3 in the thymus, and scarce immunoreactivity against CD3 and CD79 in the rest of the white pulp in the spleen, together with an increase in MAC387 immunostaining. BTV-4 infection also induced the expression of active caspase-3 in the spleen, where apoptotic debris was observed by H&E. A dramatic increase in iNOS immunoreactivity associated to necrotic areas of the white pulp was observed, being less noticeable in the thymus and the lung. The induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines in tissues where BTV replicates was evaluated by measuring transcript levels by RT-qPCR. BTV-4 infection led to enhance transcription of IFN-γ, TNF, IL-6, IL-12-p40, and IL-1β mRNA in the thymus, spleen and lung, correlating with the level of virus replication in these tissues. Disease progression and pathogenesis in IFNAR(-/-) mice closely mimics hallmarks of bluetongue disease in ruminants. IFNAR(-/-) mice are a good choice to facilitate a faster advance in the field of orbiviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roberto Bermúdez
- Departamento de Ciencias Clínicas Veterinarias, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | | | - Sandra Moreno
- INIA-CISA, Ctra. Algete-El Casar, Valdeolmos, 28130 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Brun
- INIA-CISA, Ctra. Algete-El Casar, Valdeolmos, 28130 Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Ortego
- INIA-CISA, Ctra. Algete-El Casar, Valdeolmos, 28130 Madrid, Spain
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Kim K, Shresta S. Neuroteratogenic Viruses and Lessons for Zika Virus Models. Trends Microbiol 2016; 24:622-636. [PMID: 27387029 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 05/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has confirmed that Zika virus (ZIKV) causes congenital microcephaly. ZIKV now joins five other neuroteratogenic (NT) viruses in humans and ZIKV research is in its infancy. In addition, there is only one other NT human arbovirus (Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus), which is also poorly understood. But further insight into ZIKV can be found by evaluating arboviruses in domestic animals, of which there are at least seven NT viruses, three of which have been well studied. Here we review two key anatomical structures involved in modeling transplacental NT virus transmission: the placenta and the fetal blood-brain barrier. We then survey major research findings regarding transmission of NT viruses for guidance in establishing a mouse model of Zika disease that is crucial for a better understanding of ZIKV transmission and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Kim
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sujan Shresta
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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Wilson WC, Daniels P, Ostlund EN, Johnson DE, Oberst RD, Hairgrove TB, Mediger J, McIntosh MT. Diagnostic Tools for Bluetongue and Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease Viruses Applicable to North American Veterinary Diagnosticians. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2016; 15:364-73. [PMID: 26086557 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2014.1702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This review provides an overview of current and potential new diagnostic tests for bluetongue (BT) and epizootic hemorrhagic disease (EHD) viruses compiled from international participants of the Orbivirus Gap Analysis Workshop, Diagnostic Group. The emphasis of this review is on diagnostic tools available to North American veterinary diagnosticians. Standard diagnostic tests are readily available for BT/EHD viruses, and there are described tests that are published in the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) Terrestrial Manual. There is however considerable variation in the diagnostic approach to these viruses. Serological assays are well established, and many laboratories are experienced in running these assays. Numerous nucleic acid amplification assays are also available for BT virus (BTV) and EHD virus (EHDV). Although there is considerable experience with BTV reverse-transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR), there are no standards or comparisons of the protocols used by various state and federal veterinary diagnostic laboratories. Methods for genotyping BTV and EHDV isolates are available and are valuable tools for monitoring and analyzing circulating viruses. These methods include RT-PCR panels or arrays, RT-PCR and sequencing of specific genome segments, or the use of next-generation sequencing. In addition to enabling virus characterization, use of advanced molecular detection methods, including DNA microarrays and next-generation sequencing, significantly enhance the ability to detect unique virus strains that may arise through genetic drift, recombination, or viral genome segment reassortment, as well as incursions of new virus strains from other geographical areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- William C Wilson
- 1 Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, Center for Grain and Animal Health Research , USDA, ARS, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Peter Daniels
- 2 CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory , Geelong, Australia
| | - Eileen N Ostlund
- 3 National Veterinary Services Laboratories, USDA, APHIS, VS, Science, Technology and Analysis Services , Ames, Iowa
| | - Donna E Johnson
- 3 National Veterinary Services Laboratories, USDA, APHIS, VS, Science, Technology and Analysis Services , Ames, Iowa
| | - Richard D Oberst
- 4 Kansas Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University , Manhattan, Kansas
| | | | - Jessica Mediger
- 6 Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University , Brookings, South Dakota
| | - Michael T McIntosh
- 7 Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, USDA, APHIS, VS, STAS, NVSL, Plum Island Disease Center , Greenport, New York
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Drolet BS, van Rijn P, Howerth EW, Beer M, Mertens PP. A Review of Knowledge Gaps and Tools for Orbivirus Research. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2016; 15:339-47. [PMID: 26086555 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2014.1701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Although recognized as causing emerging and re-emerging disease outbreaks worldwide since the late 1800 s, there has been growing interest in the United States and Europe in recent years in orbiviruses, their insect vectors, and the diseases they cause in domestic livestock and wildlife. This is due, in part, to the emergence of bluetongue (BT) in northern Europe in 2006-2007 resulting in a devastating outbreak, as well as severe BT outbreaks in sheep and epizootic hemorrhagic disease (EHD) outbreaks in deer and cattle in the United States. Of notable concern is the isolation of as many as 10 new BT virus (BTV) serotypes in the United States since 1999 and their associated unknowns, such as route of introduction, virulence to mammals, and indigenous competent vectors. This review, based on a gap analysis workshop composed of international experts on orbiviruses conducted in 2013, gives a global perspective of current basic virological understanding of orbiviruses, with particular attention to BTV and the closely related epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV), and identifies a multitude of basic virology research gaps, critical for predicting and preventing outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara S Drolet
- 1 US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit , Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Piet van Rijn
- 2 Department of Virology, Central Veterinary Institute of Wageningen University (CVI), The Netherlands; Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Human Metabonomics, North-West University , South Africa
| | - Elizabeth W Howerth
- 3 Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia
| | - Martin Beer
- 4 Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut , Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Peter P Mertens
- 5 Vector-Borne Diseases Programme, The Pirbright Institute , Pirbright, Woking, United Kingdom
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Turnover Rate of NS3 Proteins Modulates Bluetongue Virus Replication Kinetics in a Host-Specific Manner. J Virol 2015; 89:10467-81. [PMID: 26246581 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01541-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Bluetongue virus (BTV) is an arbovirus transmitted to livestock by midges of the Culicoides family and is the etiological agent of a hemorrhagic disease in sheep and other ruminants. In mammalian cells, BTV particles are released primarily by virus-induced cell lysis, while in insect cells they bud from the plasma membrane and establish a persistent infection. BTV possesses a ten-segmented double-stranded RNA genome, and NS3 proteins are encoded by segment 10 (Seg-10). The viral nonstructural protein 3 (NS3) plays a key role in mediating BTV egress as well as in impeding the in vitro synthesis of type I interferon in mammalian cells. In this study, we asked whether genetically distant NS3 proteins can alter BTV-host interactions. Using a reverse genetics approach, we showed that, depending on the NS3 considered, BTV replication kinetics varied in mammals but not in insects. In particular, one of the NS3 proteins analyzed harbored a proline at position 24 that leads to its rapid intracellular decay in ovine but not in Culicoides cells and to the attenuation of BTV virulence in a mouse model of disease. Overall, our data reveal that the genetic variability of Seg-10/NS3 differentially modulates BTV replication kinetics in a host-specific manner and highlight the role of the host-specific variation in NS3 protein turnover rate. IMPORTANCE BTV is the causative agent of a severe disease transmitted between ruminants by biting midges of Culicoides species. NS3, encoded by Seg-10 of the BTV genome, fulfills key roles in BTV infection. As Seg-10 sequences from various BTV strains display genetic variability, we assessed the impact of different Seg-10 and NS3 proteins on BTV infection and host interactions. In this study, we revealed that various Seg-10/NS3 proteins alter BTV replication kinetics in mammals but not in insects. Notably, we found that NS3 protein turnover may vary in ovine but not in Culicoides cells due to a single amino acid residue that, most likely, leads to rapid and host-dependent protein degradation. Overall, this study highlights that genetically distant BTV Seg-10/NS3 influence BTV biological properties in a host-specific manner and increases our understanding of how NS3 proteins contribute to the outcome of BTV infection.
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Chatzopoulos D, Valiakos G, Giannakopoulos A, Birtsas P, Sokos C, Vasileiou N, Papaspyropoulos K, Tsokana C, Spyrou V, Fthenakis G, Billinis C. Bluetongue Virus in wild ruminants in Europe: Concerns and facts, with a brief reference to bluetongue in cervids in Greece during the 2014 outbreak. Small Rumin Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2015.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Abstract
Bluetongue is a major infectious disease of ruminants caused by bluetongue virus (BTV), an arbovirus transmitted by Culicoides. Here, we assessed virus and host factors influencing the clinical outcome of BTV infection using a single experimental framework. We investigated how mammalian host species, breed, age, BTV serotypes, and strains within a serotype affect the clinical course of bluetongue. Results obtained indicate that in small ruminants, there is a marked difference in the susceptibility to clinical disease induced by BTV at the host species level but less so at the breed level. No major differences in virulence were found between divergent serotypes (BTV-8 and BTV-2). However, we observed striking differences in virulence between closely related strains of the same serotype collected toward the beginning and the end of the European BTV-8 outbreak. As observed previously, differences in disease severity were also observed when animals were infected with either blood from a BTV-infected animal or from the same virus isolated in cell culture. Interestingly, with the exception of two silent mutations, full viral genome sequencing showed identical consensus sequences of the virus before and after cell culture isolation. However, deep sequencing analysis revealed a marked decrease in the genetic diversity of the viral population after passaging in mammalian cells. In contrast, passaging in Culicoides cells increased the overall number of low-frequency variants compared to virus never passaged in cell culture. Thus, Culicoides might be a source of new viral variants, and viral population diversity can be another factor influencing BTV virulence. IMPORTANCE Bluetongue is one of the major infectious diseases of ruminants. It is caused by an arbovirus known as bluetongue virus (BTV). The clinical outcome of BTV infection is extremely variable. We show that there are clear links between the severity of bluetongue and the mammalian host species infected, while at the breed level differences were less evident. No differences were observed in the virulence of two different BTV serotypes (BTV-8 and BTV-2). In contrast, we show that the European BTV-8 strain isolated at the beginning of the bluetongue outbreak in 2006 was more virulent than a strain isolated toward the end of the outbreak. In addition, we show that there is a link between the variability of the BTV population as a whole and virulence, and our data also suggest that Culicoides cells might function as an “incubator” of viral variants.
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