1
|
Kron NS, Fieber LA, Baker L, Campbell C, Schmale MC. Host response to Aplysia Abyssovirus 1 in nervous system and gill. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 159:105211. [PMID: 38885747 PMCID: PMC11378725 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2024.105211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
The California sea hare (Aplysia californica) is a model for age associated cognitive decline. Recent researched identified a novel nidovirus, Aplysia Abyssovirus 1, with broad tropism enriched in the Aplysia nervous system. This virus is ubiquitous in wild and maricultured, young and old animals without obvious pathology. Here we re-evaluated gene expression data from several previous studies to investigate differential expression in the nervous system and gill in response to virus and aging as well as the mutational spectrum observed in the viral sequences obtained from these datasets. Viral load and age were highly correlated, indicating persistent infection. Upregulated genes in response to virus were enriched for immune genes and signatures of ER and proteostatic stress, while downregulated genes were enriched for mitochondrial metabolism. Differential expression with respect to age suggested increased iron accumulation and decreased glycolysis, fatty acid metabolism, and proteasome function. Interaction of gene expression trends associated with viral infection and aging suggest that viral infection likely plays a role in aging in the Aplysia nervous system. Mutation analysis of viral RNA identified signatures suggesting ADAR and AID/APOBEC like deaminase act as part of Aplysia anti-viral defense.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas S Kron
- Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, Rosenstiel School of Marine, Atmospheric, and Earth Science, University of Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Cswy, Miami, FL, 33149, USA.
| | - Lynne A Fieber
- Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, Rosenstiel School of Marine, Atmospheric, and Earth Science, University of Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Cswy, Miami, FL, 33149, USA
| | - Lydia Baker
- Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, Rosenstiel School of Marine, Atmospheric, and Earth Science, University of Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Cswy, Miami, FL, 33149, USA
| | | | - Michael C Schmale
- Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, Rosenstiel School of Marine, Atmospheric, and Earth Science, University of Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Cswy, Miami, FL, 33149, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang Y, Li J, Cao H, Li LF, Dai J, Cao M, Deng H, Zhong D, Luo Y, Li Y, Li M, Peng D, Sun Z, Gao X, Moon A, Tang L, Sun Y, Li S, Qiu HJ. African Swine Fever Virus Modulates the Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-ATF6-Calcium Axis to Facilitate Viral Replication. Emerg Microbes Infect 2024:2399945. [PMID: 39230190 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2024.2399945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACTAfrican swine fever (ASF), caused by African swine fever virus (ASFV), is a devastating infectious disease of domestic pigs and wild boar, which threatens the global pig industry. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a multifunctional signaling organelle in eukaryotic cells that is involved in protein synthesis, processing, posttranslational modification and quality control. As intracellular parasitic organisms, viruses have evolved several strategies to modulate ER functions to favor their life cycles. We have previously demonstrated that the differentially expressed genes associated with the unfolded protein response (UPR) (downstream the ER stress) are significantly enriched upon ASFV infection. However, the correlation between the ER stress or UPR and ASFV replication has not been illuminated yet. Here, we demonstrated that ASFV infection induces ER stress both in target cells and in vivo, and subsequently activates the activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6) branch of the UPR to facilitate viral replication. Mechanistically, ASFV infection disrupts intracellular calcium (Ca2+) homeostasis, while the ATF6 pathway facilitates ASFV replication by increasing the cytoplasmic Ca2+ level. More specifically, we demonstrated that ASFV infection triggers ER-dependent Ca2+ release via the inositol triphosphate receptor (IP3R) channel. Notably, we showed that the ASFV B117L protein plays crucial roles in ER stress and the downstream activation of the ATF6 branch, as well as the disruption of Ca2+ homeostasis. Taken together, our findings reveal for the first time that ASFV modulates the ER stress-ATF6-Ca2+ axis to facilitate viral replication, which provides novel insights into the development of antiviral strategies for ASFV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanjin Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Prevention and Control, National African Swine Fever Para-Reference Laboratory, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
- Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Jiaqi Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Prevention and Control, National African Swine Fever Para-Reference Laboratory, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Hongwei Cao
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Prevention and Control, National African Swine Fever Para-Reference Laboratory, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Lian-Feng Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Prevention and Control, National African Swine Fever Para-Reference Laboratory, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Jingwen Dai
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Prevention and Control, National African Swine Fever Para-Reference Laboratory, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Mengxiang Cao
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Prevention and Control, National African Swine Fever Para-Reference Laboratory, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Hao Deng
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Prevention and Control, National African Swine Fever Para-Reference Laboratory, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Dailang Zhong
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Prevention and Control, National African Swine Fever Para-Reference Laboratory, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yuzi Luo
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Prevention and Control, National African Swine Fever Para-Reference Laboratory, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yongfeng Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Prevention and Control, National African Swine Fever Para-Reference Laboratory, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Meilin Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Prevention and Control, National African Swine Fever Para-Reference Laboratory, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Dingkun Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Prevention and Control, National African Swine Fever Para-Reference Laboratory, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Zitao Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Prevention and Control, National African Swine Fever Para-Reference Laboratory, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaowei Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Prevention and Control, National African Swine Fever Para-Reference Laboratory, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Assad Moon
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Prevention and Control, National African Swine Fever Para-Reference Laboratory, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Lijie Tang
- Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Yuan Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Prevention and Control, National African Swine Fever Para-Reference Laboratory, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Su Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Prevention and Control, National African Swine Fever Para-Reference Laboratory, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Hua-Ji Qiu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Prevention and Control, National African Swine Fever Para-Reference Laboratory, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chen Q, Zhao X, Xu Z, Liu Y. Endoplasmic reticulum stress mechanisms and exercise intervention in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 177:117122. [PMID: 38991302 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.117122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a metabolic disease primarily characterized by insulin resistance (IR) and insufficient insulin secretion. The unfolded protein response (UPR) overactivation induced by endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) appears to play a key role in this process, although the exact pathogenesis of T2DM is not fully understood. Studies have demonstrated that appropriate exercise can regulate ERS in the heart, liver, pancreas, skeletal muscle, and other body tissues leading to an improvement in diabetes and its complications. However, the exact mechanism remains unclear. By analyzing the relationship between ERS, T2DM pathology, and exercise intervention, this review concludes that exercise can increase insulin sensitivity, inhibit IR, promote insulin secretion and alleviate T2DM by regulating ERS. This paper specifically reviews the signaling pathways by which ERS induces diabetes, the mechanisms of exercise regulation of ERS in diabetes, and the varying effects of different types of exercise on diabetes improvement through ERS mechanisms. Physical exercise is an effective non-pharmacological intervention for T2DM. Thus, further exploration of how exercise regulates ERS in diabetes could refine "precision exercise medicine" for diabetes and identify new drug targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qianyu Chen
- College of Physical Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030024, China.
| | - Xiaoqin Zhao
- College of Physical Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030024, China.
| | - Zujie Xu
- College of Physical Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030024, China.
| | - Yiyao Liu
- College of Physical Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030024, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Aghajani Mir M. Illuminating the pathogenic role of SARS-CoV-2: Insights into competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs) regulatory networks. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2024; 122:105613. [PMID: 38844190 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2024.105613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
The appearance of SARS-CoV-2 in 2019 triggered a significant economic and health crisis worldwide, with heterogeneous molecular mechanisms that contribute to its development are not yet fully understood. Although substantial progress has been made in elucidating the mechanisms behind SARS-CoV-2 infection and therapy, it continues to rank among the top three global causes of mortality due to infectious illnesses. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), being integral components across nearly all biological processes, demonstrate effective importance in viral pathogenesis. Regarding viral infections, ncRNAs have demonstrated their ability to modulate host reactions, viral replication, and host-pathogen interactions. However, the complex interactions of different types of ncRNAs in the progression of COVID-19 remains understudied. In recent years, a novel mechanism of post-transcriptional gene regulation known as "competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA)" has been proposed. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), circular RNAs (circRNAs), and viral ncRNAs function as ceRNAs, influencing the expression of associated genes by sequestering shared microRNAs. Recent research on SARS-CoV-2 has revealed that disruptions in specific ceRNA regulatory networks (ceRNETs) contribute to the abnormal expression of key infection-related genes and the establishment of distinctive infection characteristics. These findings present new opportunities to delve deeper into the underlying mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis, offering potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets. This progress paves the way for a more comprehensive understanding of ceRNETs, shedding light on the intricate mechanisms involved. Further exploration of these mechanisms holds promise for enhancing our ability to prevent viral infections and develop effective antiviral treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Aghajani Mir
- Deputy of Research and Technology, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Christ W, Klingström J, Tynell J. SARS-CoV-2 variant-specific differences in inhibiting the effects of the PKR-activated integrated stress response. Virus Res 2024; 339:199271. [PMID: 37979658 PMCID: PMC10716588 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
The integrated stress response (ISR) is a eukaryotic cell pathway that triggers translational arrest and the formation of stress granules (SGs) in response to various stress signals, including those caused by viral infections. The SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein has been shown to disrupt SGs, but SARS-CoV-2 interactions with other components of the pathway remains poorly characterized. Here, we show that SARS-CoV-2 infection triggers the ISR through activation of the eIF2α-kinase PKR while inhibiting a variety of downstream effects. In line with previous studies, SG formation was efficiently inhibited and the induced eIF2α phosphorylation only minimally contributed to the translational arrest observed in infected cells. Despite ISR activation and translational arrest, expression of the stress-responsive transcription factors ATF4 and CHOP was not induced in SARS-CoV-2 infected cells. Finally, we found variant-specific differences in the activation of the ISR between ancestral SARS-CoV-2 and the Delta and Omicron BA.1 variants in that Delta infection induced weaker PKR activation while Omicron infection induced higher levels of p-eIF2α, and greatly increased SG formation compared to the other variants. Our results suggest that different SARS-CoV-2 variants can affect normal cell functions differently, which can have an impact on pathogenesis and treatment strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wanda Christ
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet. Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonas Klingström
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet. Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
| | - Janne Tynell
- Zoonosis Unit, Department of Virology, Medical Faculty, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Berkowitz RL, Bluhm AP, Knox GW, McCurdy CR, Ostrov DA, Norris MH. Sigma Receptor Ligands Prevent COVID Mortality In Vivo: Implications for Future Therapeutics. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15718. [PMID: 37958703 PMCID: PMC10647780 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of lethal coronaviruses follows a periodic pattern which suggests a recurring cycle of outbreaks. It remains uncertain as to when the next lethal coronavirus will emerge, though its eventual emergence appears to be inevitable. New mutations in evolving SARS-CoV-2 variants have provided resistance to current antiviral drugs, monoclonal antibodies, and vaccines, reducing their therapeutic efficacy. This underscores the urgent need to investigate alternative therapeutic approaches. Sigma receptors have been unexpectedly linked to the SARS-CoV-2 life cycle due to the direct antiviral effect of their ligands. Coronavirus-induced cell stress facilitates the formation of an ER-derived complex conducive to its replication. Sigma receptor ligands are believed to prevent the formation of this complex. Repurposing FDA-approved drugs for COVID-19 offers a timely and cost-efficient strategy to find treatments with established safety profiles. Notably, diphenhydramine, a sigma receptor ligand, is thought to counteract the virus by inhibiting the creation of ER-derived replication vesicles. Furthermore, lactoferrin, a well-characterized immunomodulatory protein, has shown antiviral efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 both in laboratory settings and in living organisms. In the present study, we aimed to explore the impact of sigma receptor ligands on SARS-CoV-2-induced mortality in ACE2-transgenic mice. We assessed the effects of an investigational antiviral drug combination comprising a sigma receptor ligand and an immunomodulatory protein. Mice treated with sigma-2 receptor ligands or diphenhydramine and lactoferrin exhibited improved survival rates and rapid rebound in mass following the SARS-CoV-2 challenge compared to mock-treated animals. Clinical translation of these findings may support the discovery of new treatment and research strategies for SARS-CoV-2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reed L. Berkowitz
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; (R.L.B.); (D.A.O.)
| | - Andrew P. Bluhm
- Spatial Epidemiology and Ecology Research Laboratory, Department of Geography, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32601, USA
| | - Glenn W. Knox
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; (R.L.B.); (D.A.O.)
| | - Christopher R. McCurdy
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- Translational Drug Development Core, Clinical and Translational Sciences Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - David A. Ostrov
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; (R.L.B.); (D.A.O.)
| | - Michael H. Norris
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32601, USA
- School of Life Sciences, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lee YB, Jung M, Kim J, Charles A, Christ W, Kang J, Kang MG, Kwak C, Klingström J, Smed-Sörensen A, Kim JS, Mun JY, Rhee HW. Super-resolution proximity labeling reveals anti-viral protein network and its structural changes against SARS-CoV-2 viral proteins. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112835. [PMID: 37478010 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) replicates in human cells by interacting with host factors following infection. To understand the virus and host interactome proximity, we introduce a super-resolution proximity labeling (SR-PL) method with a "plug-and-playable" PL enzyme, TurboID-GBP (GFP-binding nanobody protein), and we apply it for interactome mapping of SARS-CoV-2 ORF3a and membrane protein (M), which generates highly perturbed endoplasmic reticulum (ER) structures. Through SR-PL analysis of the biotinylated interactome, 224 and 272 peptides are robustly identified as ORF3a and M interactomes, respectively. Within the ORF3a interactome, RNF5 co-localizes with ORF3a and generates ubiquitin modifications of ORF3a that can be involved in protein degradation. We also observe that the SARS-CoV-2 infection rate is efficiently reduced by the overexpression of RNF5 in host cells. The interactome data obtained using the SR-PL method are presented at https://sarscov2.spatiomics.org. We hope that our method will contribute to revealing virus-host interactions of other viruses in an efficient manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Bin Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Minkyo Jung
- Neural Circuit Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu 41062, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeesoo Kim
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Center for RNA Research, Institute for Basic Science, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Afandi Charles
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, 17164 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Wanda Christ
- Centre for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, 14183 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jiwoong Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Myeong-Gyun Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Chulhwan Kwak
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jonas Klingström
- Centre for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, 14183 Stockholm, Sweden; Division of Molecular Medicine and Virology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Anna Smed-Sörensen
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, 17164 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jong-Seo Kim
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Center for RNA Research, Institute for Basic Science, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ji Young Mun
- Neural Circuit Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu 41062, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyun-Woo Rhee
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
The paradigm of prophylactic viral outbreaks measures by microbial biosurfactants. J Infect Public Health 2023; 16:575-587. [PMID: 36840992 PMCID: PMC9940476 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2023.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent emergence and outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic confirmed the incompetence of countries across the world to deal with a global public health emergency. Although the recent advent of vaccines is an important prophylactic measure, effective clinical therapy for SARS-Cov-2 is yet to be discovered. With the increasing mortality rate, research has been focused on understanding the pathogenic mechanism and clinical parameters to comprehend COVID-19 infection and propose new avenues for naturally occurring molecules with novel therapeutic properties to alleviate the current situation. In accordance with recent clinical studies and SARS-CoV-2 infection markers, cytokine storm and oxidative stress are entwined pathogenic processes in COVID-19 progression. Lately, Biosurfactants (BSs) have been studied as one of the most advanced biomolecules of microbial origin with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiviral properties, antiadhesive, and antimicrobial properties. Therefore, this review inspects available literature and proposes biosurfactants with these properties to be encouraged for their extensive study in dealing with the current pandemic as new pharmaceutics in the prevention and control of viral spread, treating the symptoms developed after the incubation period through different therapeutic approaches and playing a potential drug delivery model.
Collapse
|
9
|
Wang J, Chen KY, Wang SH, Liu Y, Zhao YQ, Yang L, Yang GH, Wang XJ, Zhu YH, Yin JH, Wang JF. Effects of Spatial Expression of Activating Transcription Factor 4 on the Pathogenicity of Two Phenotypes of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus by Regulating the Endoplasmic Reticulum-Mediated Autophagy Process. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0422522. [PMID: 36939351 PMCID: PMC10101076 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04225-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response is a highly conserved stress-defense mechanism and activates the adaptive unfolded protein response (UPR) to mitigate imbalance. The ER stress-activated signaling pathways can also trigger autophagy to facilitate cellular repair. Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) utilizes the host cellular ER as the primary site of the life cycle. However, the interplay between cellular ER stress and BVDV replication remains unclear. This report reveals that cytopathic (cp) and noncytopathic (ncp) BVDV have distinct strategies to regulate UPR mechanisms and ER stress-mediated autophagy for their own benefit. Immunoblot analysis revealed that cp and ncp BVDV differentially regulated the abundance of ER chaperone GRP78 for viral replication, while the protein kinase RNA-like ER kinase (PERK)-eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 subunit α (eIF2α)-activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) pathway of the UPR was switched on at different stages of infection. Pretreatment with ER stress inducer promoted virion replication, but RNA interference (RNAi) knockdown of ATF4 in BVDV-infected cells significantly attenuated BVDV infectivity titers. More importantly, the effector ATF4 activated by cp BVDV infection translocated into the nucleus to mediate autophagy, but ATF4 was retained in the cytoplasm during ncp BVDV infection. In addition, we found that cp BVDV core protein was localized in the ER to induce ER stress-mediated autophagy. Overall, the potential therapeutic target ATF4 may contribute to the global eradication campaign of BVDV. IMPORTANCE The ER-tropic viruses hijack the host cellular ER as the replication platform of the life cycle, which can lead to strong ER stress. The UPR and related transcriptional cascades triggered by ER stress play a crucial role in viral replication and pathogenesis, but little is known about these underlying mechanisms. Here, we report that cytopathic and noncytopathic BVDV use different strategies to reprogram the cellular UPR and ER stress-mediated autophagy for their own advantage. The cytopathic BVDV unconventionally downregulated the expression level of GRP78, creating perfect conditions for self-replication via the UPR, and the noncytopathic BVDV retained ATF4 in the cytoplasm to provide an advantage for its persistent infection. Our findings provide new insights into exploring how BVDV and other ER-tropic viruses reprogram the UPR signaling pathway in the host cells for replication and reveal the attractive host target ATF4 for new antiviral agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ke-Yuan Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Sheng-Hua Wang
- OIE Porcine-Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Reference Laboratory, China Animal Disease Control Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yi-Qing Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Lan Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Guang-Hui Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Jia Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yao-Hong Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jin-hua Yin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Tarim University, Alar, China
| | - Jiu-Feng Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Shi D, Zhou L, Shi H, Zhang J, Zhang J, Zhang L, Liu D, Feng T, Zeng M, Chen J, Zhang X, Xue M, Jing Z, Liu J, Ji Z, He H, Guo L, Wu Y, Ma J, Feng L. Autophagy is induced by swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus through the cellular IRE1-JNK-Beclin 1 signaling pathway after an interaction of viral membrane-associated papain-like protease and GRP78. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011201. [PMID: 36888569 PMCID: PMC9994726 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy plays an important role in the infectious processes of diverse pathogens. For instance, cellular autophagy could be harnessed by viruses to facilitate replication. However, it is still uncertain about the interplay of autophagy and swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV) in cells. In this study, we reported that SADS-CoV infection could induce a complete autophagy process both in vitro and in vivo, and an inhibition of autophagy significantly decreased SADS-CoV production, thus suggesting that autophagy facilitated the replication of SADS-CoV. We found that ER stress and its downstream IRE1 pathway were indispensable in the processes of SADS-CoV-induced autophagy. We also demonstrated that IRE1-JNK-Beclin 1 signaling pathway, neither PERK-EIF2S1 nor ATF6 pathways, was essential during SADS-CoV-induced autophagy. Importantly, our work provided the first evidence that expression of SADS-CoV PLP2-TM protein induced autophagy through the IRE1-JNK-Beclin 1 signaling pathway. Furthermore, the interaction of viral PLP2-TMF451-L490 domain and substrate-binding domain of GRP78 was identified to activate the IRE1-JNK-Beclin 1 signaling pathway, and thus resulting in autophagy, and in turn, enhancing SADS-CoV replication. Collectively, these results not only showed that autophagy promoted SADS-CoV replication in cultured cells, but also revealed that the molecular mechanism underlying SADS-CoV-induced autophagy in cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Da Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xiangfang District, China
| | - Ling Zhou
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Tianhe District, China
| | - Hongyan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xiangfang District, China
| | - Jiyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xiangfang District, China
| | - Jialin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xiangfang District, China
| | - Liaoyuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xiangfang District, China
| | - Dakai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xiangfang District, China
| | - Tingshuai Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xiangfang District, China
| | - Miaomiao Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xiangfang District, China
| | - Jianfei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xiangfang District, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xiangfang District, China
| | - Mei Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xiangfang District, China
| | - Zhaoyang Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xiangfang District, China
| | - Jianbo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xiangfang District, China
| | - Zhaoyang Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xiangfang District, China
| | - Haojie He
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xiangfang District, China
| | - Longjun Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xiangfang District, China
| | - Yang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xiangfang District, China
| | - Jingyun Ma
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Tianhe District, China
| | - Li Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xiangfang District, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Soni S, Mebratu YA. B-cell lymphoma-2 family proteins-activated proteases as potential therapeutic targets for influenza A virus and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2: Killing two birds with one stone? Rev Med Virol 2023; 33:e2411. [PMID: 36451345 PMCID: PMC9877712 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has led to a global health emergency. There are many similarities between SARS-CoV-2 and influenza A virus (IAV); both are single-stranded RNA viruses infecting airway epithelial cells and have similar modes of replication and transmission. Like IAVs, SARS-CoV-2 infections poses serious challenges due to the lack of effective therapeutic interventions, frequent appearances of new strains of the virus, and development of drug resistance. New approaches to control these infectious agents may stem from cellular factors or pathways that directly or indirectly interact with viral proteins to enhance or inhibit virus replication. One of the emerging concepts is that host cellular factors and pathways are required for maintaining viral genome integrity, which is essential for viral replication. Although IAVs have been studied for several years and many cellular proteins involved in their replication and pathogenesis have been identified, very little is known about how SARS-CoV-2 hijacks host cellular proteins to promote their replication. IAV induces apoptotic cell death, mediated by the B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) family proteins in infected epithelia, and the pro-apoptotic members of this family promotes viral replication by activating host cell proteases. This review compares the life cycle and mode of replication of IAV and SARS-CoV-2 and examines the potential roles of host cellular proteins, belonging to the Bcl-2 family, in SARS-CoV-2 replication to provide future research directions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sourabh Soni
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep MedicineDepartment of Internal MedicineThe Ohio State University Wexner Medical CenterColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Yohannes A. Mebratu
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep MedicineDepartment of Internal MedicineThe Ohio State University Wexner Medical CenterColumbusOhioUSA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Bose A, Kasle G, Jana R, Maulik M, Thomas D, Mulchandani V, Mukherjee P, Koval M, Das Sarma J. Regulatory role of endoplasmic reticulum resident chaperone protein ERp29 in anti-murine β-coronavirus host cell response. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:102836. [PMID: 36572185 PMCID: PMC9788854 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) involving astrocytes is important for proper CNS homeostasis. As determined in our previous studies, trafficking of the predominant astrocyte GJ protein, Connexin43 (Cx43), is disrupted in response to infection with a neurotropic murine β-coronavirus (MHV-A59). However, how host factors are involved in Cx43 trafficking and the infection response is not clear. Here, we show that Cx43 retention due to MHV-A59 infection was associated with increased ER stress and reduced expression of chaperone protein ERp29. Treatment of MHV-A59-infected astrocytes with the chemical chaperone 4-sodium phenylbutyrate increased ERp29 expression, rescued Cx43 transport to the cell surface, increased GJIC, and reduced ER stress. We obtained similar results using an astrocytoma cell line (delayed brain tumor) upon MHV-A59 infection. Critically, delayed brain tumor cells transfected to express exogenous ERp29 were less susceptible to MHV-A59 infection and showed increased Cx43-mediated GJIC. Treatment with Cx43 mimetic peptides inhibited GJIC and increased viral susceptibility, demonstrating a role for intercellular communication in reducing MHV-A59 infectivity. Taken together, these results support a therapeutically targetable ERp29-dependent mechanism where β-coronavirus infectivity is modulated by reducing ER stress and rescuing Cx43 trafficking and function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Bose
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, India
| | - Grishma Kasle
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, India
| | - Rishika Jana
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, India
| | - Mahua Maulik
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, India
| | - Deepthi Thomas
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, India
| | - Vaishali Mulchandani
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, India
| | - Priyanka Mukherjee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, India
| | - Michael Koval
- Departments of Medicine and Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jayasri Das Sarma
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, India.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Macedo-da-Silva J, Rosa-Fernandes L, Gomes VDM, Santiago VF, Santos DM, Molnar CMS, Barboza BR, de Souza EE, Marques RF, Boscardin SB, Durigon EL, Marinho CRF, Wrenger C, Marie SKN, Palmisano G. Protein Arginylation Is Regulated during SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020290. [PMID: 36851505 PMCID: PMC9964439 DOI: 10.3390/v15020290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In 2019, the world witnessed the onset of an unprecedented pandemic. By February 2022, the infection by SARS-CoV-2 has already been responsible for the death of more than 5 million people worldwide. Recently, we and other groups discovered that SARS-CoV-2 infection induces ER stress and activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR) pathway. Degradation of misfolded/unfolded proteins is an essential element of proteostasis and occurs mainly in lysosomes or proteasomes. The N-terminal arginylation of proteins is characterized as an inducer of ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation by the N-degron pathway. RESULTS The role of protein arginylation during SARS-CoV-2 infection was elucidated. Protein arginylation was studied in Vero CCL-81, macrophage-like THP1, and Calu-3 cells infected at different times. A reanalysis of in vivo and in vitro public omics data combined with immunoblotting was performed to measure levels of arginyl-tRNA-protein transferase (ATE1) and its substrates. Dysregulation of the N-degron pathway was specifically identified during coronavirus infections compared to other respiratory viruses. We demonstrated that during SARS-CoV-2 infection, there is an increase in ATE1 expression in Calu-3 and Vero CCL-81 cells. On the other hand, infected macrophages showed no enzyme regulation. ATE1 and protein arginylation was variant-dependent, as shown using P1 and P2 viral variants and HEK 293T cells transfection with the spike protein and receptor-binding domains (RBD). In addition, we report that ATE1 inhibitors, tannic acid and merbromine (MER) reduce viral load. This finding was confirmed in ATE1-silenced cells. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate that ATE1 is increased during SARS-CoV-2 infection and its inhibition has potential therapeutic value.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janaina Macedo-da-Silva
- GlycoProteomics Laboratory, Department of Parasitology, ICB, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Livia Rosa-Fernandes
- GlycoProteomics Laboratory, Department of Parasitology, ICB, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunoparasitology, Department of Parasitology, ICB, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Vinicius de Morais Gomes
- GlycoProteomics Laboratory, Department of Parasitology, ICB, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Veronica Feijoli Santiago
- GlycoProteomics Laboratory, Department of Parasitology, ICB, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Deivid Martins Santos
- GlycoProteomics Laboratory, Department of Parasitology, ICB, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | | | - Bruno Rafael Barboza
- GlycoProteomics Laboratory, Department of Parasitology, ICB, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Edmarcia Elisa de Souza
- Unit for Drug Discovery, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences at the University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Rodolfo Ferreira Marques
- Laboratory of Antigen Targeting for Dendritic Cells, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences at the University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Silvia Beatriz Boscardin
- Laboratory of Antigen Targeting for Dendritic Cells, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences at the University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Edison Luiz Durigon
- Laboratory of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Department of Microbiology, ICB, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Claudio Romero Farias Marinho
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunoparasitology, Department of Parasitology, ICB, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Carsten Wrenger
- Unit for Drug Discovery, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences at the University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Suely Kazue Nagahashi Marie
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology (LIM 15), Department of Neurology, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 01246-903, Brazil
| | - Giuseppe Palmisano
- GlycoProteomics Laboratory, Department of Parasitology, ICB, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney 2109, Australia
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +55-11-99920-8662
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Hurtado-Tamayo J, Requena-Platek R, Enjuanes L, Bello-Perez M, Sola I. Contribution to pathogenesis of accessory proteins of deadly human coronaviruses. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1166839. [PMID: 37197199 PMCID: PMC10183600 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1166839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses (CoVs) are enveloped and positive-stranded RNA viruses with a large genome (∼ 30kb). CoVs include essential genes, such as the replicase and four genes coding for structural proteins (S, M, N and E), and genes encoding accessory proteins, which are variable in number, sequence and function among different CoVs. Accessory proteins are non-essential for virus replication, but are frequently involved in virus-host interactions associated with virulence. The scientific literature on CoV accessory proteins includes information analyzing the effect of deleting or mutating accessory genes in the context of viral infection, which requires the engineering of CoV genomes using reverse genetics systems. However, a considerable number of publications analyze gene function by overexpressing the protein in the absence of other viral proteins. This ectopic expression provides relevant information, although does not acknowledge the complex interplay of proteins during virus infection. A critical review of the literature may be helpful to interpret apparent discrepancies in the conclusions obtained by different experimental approaches. This review summarizes the current knowledge on human CoV accessory proteins, with an emphasis on their contribution to virus-host interactions and pathogenesis. This knowledge may help the search for antiviral drugs and vaccine development, still needed for some highly pathogenic human CoVs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Isabel Sola
- *Correspondence: Melissa Bello-Perez, ; Isabel Sola,
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Different Mechanisms Are Utilized by Coronavirus Transmissible Gastroenteritis Virus To Regulate Interferon Lambda 1 and Interferon Lambda 3 Production. J Virol 2022; 96:e0138822. [PMID: 36448799 PMCID: PMC9769389 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01388-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Type III interferons (IFN-λ) are shown to be preferentially produced by epithelial cells, which provide front-line protection at barrier surfaces. Transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), belonging to the genus Alphacoronavirus of the family Coronaviridae, can cause severe intestinal injuries in porcine, resulting in enormous economic losses for the swine industry, worldwide. Here, we demonstrated that although IFN-λ1 had a higher basal expression, TGEV infection induced more intense IFN-λ3 production in vitro and in vivo than did IFN-λ1. We explored the underlying mechanism of IFN-λ induction by TGEV and found a distinct regulation mechanism of IFN-λ1 and IFN-λ3. The classical RIG-I-like receptor (RLR) pathway is involved in IFN-λ3 but not IFN-λ1 production. Except for the signaling pathways mediated by RIG-I and MDA5, TGEV nsp1 induces IFN-λ1 and IFN-λ3 by activating NF-κB via the unfolded protein responses (UPR) PERK-eIF2α pathway. Furthermore, functional domain analysis indicated that the induction of IFN-λ by the TGEV nsp1 protein was located at amino acids 85 to 102 and was dependent on the phosphorylation of eIF2α and the nuclear translocation of NF-κB. Moreover, the recombinant TGEV with the altered amino acid motif of nsp1 85-102 was constructed, and the nsp1 (85-102sg) mutant virus significantly reduced the production of IFN-λ, compared with the wild strain. Compared to the antiviral activities of IFN-λ1, the administration of IFN-λ3 showed greater antiviral activity against TGEV infections in IPEC-J2 cells. In summary, our data point to the significant role of IFN-λ in the host innate antiviral responses to coronavirus infections within mucosal organs and in the distinct mechanisms of IFN-λ1 and IFN-λ3 regulation. IMPORTANCE Coronaviruses cause infectious diseases in various mammals and birds and exhibit an epithelial cell tropism in enteric and respiratory tracts. It is critical to explore how coronavirus infections modulate IFN-λ, a key innate cytokine against mucosal viral infection. Our results uncovered the different processes of IFN-λ1 and IFN-λ3 production that are involved in the classical RLR pathway and determined that TGEV nsp1 induces IFN-λ1 and IFN-λ3 production by activating NF-κB via the PERK-eIF2α pathway in UPR. These studies highlight the unique regulation of antiviral defense in the intestine during TGEV infection. We also demonstrated that IFN-λ3 induced greater antiviral activity against TGEV replication than did IFN-λ1 in IPEC-J2 cells, which is helpful in finding a novel strategy for the treatment of coronavirus infections.
Collapse
|
16
|
Pineda E, Singh J, Pineda MV, Umanzor JG, Baires F, Benitez LG, Burgos C, Sekhon AK, Crisp N, Lewis AS, Radwanski J, Bermudez M, Barjun KS, Diaz O, Palou E, Escalante RE, Hernandez CI, Stevens ML, Eberhard D, Sierra M, Alvarado T, Videa O, Sierra-Hoffman M, Valerio-Pascua F. Impact of fluvoxamine on outpatient treatment of COVID-19 in Honduras in a prospective observational real-world study. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1054644. [PMID: 36532727 PMCID: PMC9748291 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1054644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted millions of lives globally. While COVID-19 did not discriminate against developed or developing nations, it has been a significant challenge for third world countries like Honduras to have widespread availability of advanced therapies. The concept of early treatment was almost unheard of when early outpatient treatments utilizing repurposed drugs in Latin American countries began showing promising results. One such drug is fluvoxamine, which has shown tremendous potential in two major studies. As a direct result, fluvoxamine was added to the standard of care in a major medical center outpatient COVID-19 clinic. Methods: This is a prospective observational study performed at the Hospital Centro Médico Sampedrano (CEMESA) in San Pedro Sula, Cortes, Honduras in the COVID-19 outpatient clinic. All patients were at least 15 years of age who had presented with mild or moderate signs and symptoms of COVID-19, and who also had a documented positive SARS-CoV-2 antigen or Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) were included in the study. These patients then were all prescribed fluvoxamine. The cohort of patients who decided to take fluvoxamine were compared for primary endpoints of mortality and hospitalization risk to the cohort who did not take fluvoxamine. Patients were then monitored for 30 days with the first follow up at 7 days and the second follow up at 10-14 days of symptom onset. Categorical variables were compared by Pearson Chi-square test. The Relative risk was calculated using regression models. Continuous variables were compared by t-test and Wilcoxon rank-sum tests. Results: Out of total 657 COVID-19 cases, 594 patients took fluvoxamine and 63 did not take fluvoxamine. A total of five patients (0.76 percent) died, with only one death occurring in the fluvoxamine group. Patients who received fluvoxamine had a significantly lower relative risk of mortality (RR 0.06, p 0.011, 95% CI 0.007-0.516). There was a lower relative risk of hospitalization in the patients who in the fluvoxamine group. (-10 vs. 30 hospitalizations, RR 0.49, p = 0.035, 95% CI 0.26-0.95). There was 73 percent reduction in relative risk of requiring oxygen in the fluvoxamine group (RR 0.27, p < 0.001, 95% CI 0.14-0.54 Mean lymphocytes count on the first follow-up visit was significantly higher in the fluvoxamine group (1.72 vs. 1.38, Δ 0.33, p 0.007, CI 0.09-0.58). Conclusion: The results of our study suggest that fluvoxamine lowers the relative risk of death, hospitalization, and oxygen requirement in COVID 19 patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Estela Pineda
- Department of Internal Medicine Hospital CEMESA, San Pedro Sula, Honduras
| | - Jarmanjeet Singh
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Miguel Vargas Pineda
- Department of Internal Medicine Hospital Mario Catarino Rivas, San Pedro Sula, Honduras
| | - Jose Garay Umanzor
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital Mario Catarino Rivas, San Pedro Sula, Honduras
| | - Fernando Baires
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | - Luis G. Benitez
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | - Cesar Burgos
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | | | - Nicole Crisp
- Wound Care Department El Campo Memorial Hospital, El Campo, TX, United States
| | - Anita S. Lewis
- Pharmacy Department El Campo Memorial Hospital, El Campo, TX, United States
| | - Jana Radwanski
- Pharmacy Department Citizens Hospital, Victoria, TX, United States
| | - Marco Bermudez
- Department of Medicine SBH Health System, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Karen Sanchez Barjun
- Department of Internal Medicine Hospital Mario Catarino Rivas, San Pedro Sula, Honduras
| | - Oscar Diaz
- Department of Critical Care Hospital Regional del Norte Instituto Hondureño de Seguridad Social, San Pedro Sula, Honduras
| | - Elsa Palou
- Internal Medicine Department, Facultad de Ciencas Médicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | - Rossany E. Escalante
- Department of Medicine, Facultad de Ciencas Médicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | | | - Mark L. Stevens
- Research Department, Texas A&M College of Medicine, Detar Family Medicine Residency Program, Victoria, TX, United States
| | - Deke Eberhard
- Research Department, Texas A&M College of Medicine, Detar Family Medicine Residency Program, Victoria, TX, United States
| | - Manuel Sierra
- Universidad Tecnológica Centroamericana, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | - Tito Alvarado
- Infectiology Department, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | - Omar Videa
- Clínica de Atención Medica Integral CAMI, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | - Miguel Sierra-Hoffman
- Research and Infectious Disease Department, Texas A&M College of Medicine, Detar Family Medicine Residency Program, Victoria, TX, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Nguyen LC, Renner DM, Silva D, Yang D, Parenti NA, Medina KM, Nicolaescu V, Gula H, Drayman N, Valdespino A, Mohamed A, Dann C, Wannemo K, Robinson-Mailman L, Gonzalez A, Stock L, Cao M, Qiao Z, Moellering RE, Tay S, Randall G, Beers MF, Rosner MR, Oakes SA, Weiss SR. SARS-CoV-2 Diverges from Other Betacoronaviruses in Only Partially Activating the IRE1α/XBP1 Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Pathway in Human Lung-Derived Cells. mBio 2022; 13:e0241522. [PMID: 36125275 PMCID: PMC9600248 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02415-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has killed over 6 million individuals worldwide and continues to spread in countries where vaccines are not yet widely available or its citizens are hesitant to become vaccinated. Therefore, it is critical to unravel the molecular mechanisms that allow SARS-CoV-2 and other coronaviruses to infect and overtake the host machinery of human cells. Coronavirus replication triggers endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR), a key host cell pathway widely believed to be essential for viral replication. We examined the master UPR sensor IRE1α kinase/RNase and its downstream transcription factor effector XBP1s, which is processed through an IRE1α-mediated mRNA splicing event, in human lung-derived cells infected with betacoronaviruses. We found that human respiratory coronavirus OC43 (HCoV-OC43), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and murine coronavirus (MHV) all induce ER stress and strongly trigger the kinase and RNase activities of IRE1α as well as XBP1 splicing. In contrast, SARS-CoV-2 only partially activates IRE1α through autophosphorylation, but its RNase activity fails to splice XBP1. Moreover, while IRE1α was dispensable for replication in human cells for all coronaviruses tested, it was required for maximal expression of genes associated with several key cellular functions, including the interferon signaling pathway, during SARS-CoV-2 infection. Our data suggest that SARS-CoV-2 actively inhibits the RNase of autophosphorylated IRE1α, perhaps as a strategy to eliminate detection by the host immune system. IMPORTANCE SARS-CoV-2 is the third lethal respiratory coronavirus, after MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV, to emerge this century, causing millions of deaths worldwide. Other common coronaviruses such as HCoV-OC43 cause less severe respiratory disease. Thus, it is imperative to understand the similarities and differences among these viruses in how each interacts with host cells. We focused here on the inositol-requiring enzyme 1α (IRE1α) pathway, part of the host unfolded protein response to virus-induced stress. We found that while MERS-CoV and HCoV-OC43 fully activate the IRE1α kinase and RNase activities, SARS-CoV-2 only partially activates IRE1α, promoting its kinase activity but not RNase activity. Based on IRE1α-dependent gene expression changes during infection, we propose that SARS-CoV-2 prevents IRE1α RNase activation as a strategy to limit detection by the host immune system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Long C. Nguyen
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - David M. Renner
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Penn Center for Research on Coronaviruses and Other Emerging Pathogens, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Diane Silva
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Dongbo Yang
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Nicholas A. Parenti
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Penn Center for Research on Coronaviruses and Other Emerging Pathogens, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kaeri M. Medina
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Vlad Nicolaescu
- Department of Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Howard Taylor Ricketts Laboratory, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois, USA
| | - Haley Gula
- Department of Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Howard Taylor Ricketts Laboratory, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois, USA
| | - Nir Drayman
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Andrea Valdespino
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Adil Mohamed
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Christopher Dann
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Kristin Wannemo
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | | | - Alan Gonzalez
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Letícia Stock
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Mengrui Cao
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Zeyu Qiao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | | | - Savas Tay
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Glenn Randall
- Department of Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Howard Taylor Ricketts Laboratory, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois, USA
| | - Michael F. Beers
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Marsha Rich Rosner
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Scott A. Oakes
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Susan R. Weiss
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Penn Center for Research on Coronaviruses and Other Emerging Pathogens, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Upadhyay M, Gupta S. Endoplasmic reticulum secretory pathway: Potential target against SARS-CoV-2. Virus Res 2022; 320:198897. [PMID: 35988898 PMCID: PMC9387115 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2022.198897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has recently emerged throughout the world, resulting in more than 400 million cases and over 6 million deaths worldwide as of January 2022. Coronaviruses subvert or use certain aspects of the unfolded protein response in the endoplasmic reticulum to overcome protein translation shutdown to benefit their replication. New virions use the ER-Golgi intermediate compartment to assemble and gain transportation to the cell membrane. Extensive remodeling of the ER has been demonstrated during SARS-CoV-2 infection. In this review article, we discuss the role of the endoplasmic reticulum secretory pathway in the replication cycle of SARS-CoV-2. Currently, there is a dearth of therapeutic options for intervening with SARS-CoV-2 infection. To accelerate drug development, efforts around the globe have been focusing on repurposing drugs that have already been approved for clinical use by regulatory agencies. Targeting the ERS pathway is reasonable, as prior work has shown that SARS-CoV-2 egress is dependent on this pathway. Here we discuss the feasibility of off-patent, FDA-approved, pharmacological inhibitors of the ERS pathway to suppress the SARS-CoV-2 replication cycle, a promising approach that warrants investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maarisha Upadhyay
- Discipline of Pathology, Cancer Progression and Treatment Research Group, Lambe Institute for Translational Research, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland-Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Sanjeev Gupta
- Discipline of Pathology, Cancer Progression and Treatment Research Group, Lambe Institute for Translational Research, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland-Galway, Galway, Ireland.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Chen YM, Burrough E. The Effects of Swine Coronaviruses on ER Stress, Autophagy, Apoptosis, and Alterations in Cell Morphology. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11080940. [PMID: 36015060 PMCID: PMC9416022 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11080940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Swine coronaviruses include the following six members, namely porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), porcine delta coronavirus (PDCoV), swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV), porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (PHEV), and porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCV). Clinically, PEDV, TGEV, PDCoV, and SADS-CoV cause enteritis, whereas PHEV induces encephalomyelitis, and PRCV causes respiratory disease. Years of studies reveal that swine coronaviruses replicate in the cellular cytoplasm exerting a wide variety of effects on cells. Some of these effects are particularly pertinent to cell pathology, including endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, unfolded protein response (UPR), autophagy, and apoptosis. In addition, swine coronaviruses are able to induce cellular changes, such as cytoskeletal rearrangement, alterations of junctional complexes, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), that render enterocytes unable to absorb nutrients normally, resulting in the loss of water, ions, and protein into the intestinal lumen. This review aims to describe the cellular changes in swine coronavirus-infected cells and to aid in understanding the pathogenesis of swine coronavirus infections. This review also explores how the virus exerted subcellular and molecular changes culminating in the clinical and pathological findings observed in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Mei Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Neipu, Pingtung County 912301, Taiwan
- Correspondence:
| | - Eric Burrough
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Caillet C, Stofberg ML, Muleya V, Shonhai A, Zininga T. Host cell stress response as a predictor of COVID-19 infectivity and disease progression. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:938099. [PMID: 36032680 PMCID: PMC9411049 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.938099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by a coronavirus identified in December 2019 has caused a global pandemic. COVID-19 was declared a pandemic in March 2020 and has led to more than 6.3 million deaths. The pandemic has disrupted world travel, economies, and lifestyles worldwide. Although vaccination has been an effective tool to reduce the severity and spread of the disease there is a need for more concerted approaches to fighting the disease. COVID-19 is characterised as a severe acute respiratory syndrome . The severity of the disease is associated with a battery of comorbidities such as cardiovascular diseases, cancer, chronic lung disease, and renal disease. These underlying diseases are associated with general cellular stress. Thus, COVID-19 exacerbates outcomes of the underlying conditions. Consequently, coronavirus infection and the various underlying conditions converge to present a combined strain on the cellular response. While the host response to the stress is primarily intended to be of benefit, the outcomes are occasionally unpredictable because the cellular stress response is a function of complex factors. This review discusses the role of the host stress response as a convergent point for COVID-19 and several non-communicable diseases. We further discuss the merits of targeting the host stress response to manage the clinical outcomes of COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Celine Caillet
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | | | - Victor Muleya
- Department of Biochemistry, Midlands State University, Gweru, Zimbabwe
| | - Addmore Shonhai
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, South Africa
| | - Tawanda Zininga
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Repurposing the Antiplatelet Agent Ticlopidine to Counteract the Acute Phase of ER Stress Condition: An Opportunity for Fighting Coronavirus Infections and Cancer. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27144327. [PMID: 35889200 PMCID: PMC9322847 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27144327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Different pathological conditions, including viral infections and cancer, can have a massive impact on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), causing severe damage to the cell and exacerbating the disease. In particular, coronavirus infections, including SARS coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), responsible for COVID-19, cause ER stress as a consequence of the enormous amounts of viral glycoproteins synthesized, the perturbation of ER homeostasis and the modification of ER membranes. Therefore, ER has a central role in the viral life cycle, thus representing one of the Achilles’ heels on which to focus therapeutic intervention. On the other hand, prolonged ER stress has been demonstrated to promote many pro-tumoral attributes in cancer cells, having a key role in tumor growth, metastasis and response to therapies. In this report, adopting a repurposing approach of approved drugs, we identified the antiplatelet agent ticlopidine as an interferent of the unfolded protein response (UPR) via sigma receptors (SRs) modulation. The promising results obtained suggest the potential use of ticlopidine to counteract ER stress induced by viral infections, such as COVID-19, and cancer.
Collapse
|
22
|
Wen B, Yang L, Guo J, Chang W, Wei S, Yu S, Qi X, Xue Q, Wang J. Peste des petits ruminants virus induces ERS-mediated autophagy to promote virus replication. Vet Microbiol 2022; 270:109451. [PMID: 35594636 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2022.109451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) has long been a significant threat to small ruminant productivity worldwide. Virus infection-induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress (ERS) and the subsequently activated unfolded protein response (UPR) play significant roles in viral replication and pathogenesis. However, the relationship between ERS and PPRV infection is unknown. In this study, we demonstrated that ERS was induced during PPRV infection in caprine endometrial epithelial cells (EECs). Importantly, we demonstrated that the induction of autophagy by PPRV was mediated by ERS. Furthermore, we found that the PERK/eIF2α pathway but not the ATF6 or IRE1 pathway was activated and that the activated PERK/eIF2α pathway participated in regulating ERS-mediated autophagy. Moreover, virus replication was required for PPRV infection-induced ERS-mediated autophagy and PERK pathway activation. Additionally, we revealed that either the viral nucleocapsid (N) or nonstructural protein C was sufficient to elicit ERS and activate the PERK/eIF2α pathway, which further increased autophagy. Taken together, these results suggest that PPRV N and C protein-induced autophagy enhances viral replication through the induction of ERS and that the PERK pathway may be involved in the activation of ERS-mediated autophagy during PPRV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Lulu Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Jiaona Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Wenchi Chang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Shaopeng Wei
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Shengmeng Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xuefeng Qi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Qinghong Xue
- China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing 100000, China.
| | - Jingyu Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Zheng L, Liu H, Tian Z, Kay M, Wang H, Wang X, Han H, Xia W, Zhang J, Wang W, Gao Z, Wu Z, Cao H, Geng R, Zhang H. Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus E protein inhibits type I interferon production through endoplasmic reticulum stress response (ERS)-mediated suppression of antiviral proteins translation. Res Vet Sci 2022; 152:236-244. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2022.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
24
|
Yao W, Tan L, Liu L. Visualization and analysis of mapping knowledge domains for coronavirus research. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e29508. [PMID: 35758392 PMCID: PMC9276283 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000029508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years, many countries around the world have been threatened by COVs. The aim of this study was to better grasp developments and trends in research on coronavirus around the world and to promote theoretical research into their prevention and control. METHODS Research on coronavirus was reviewed and analyzed using bibliometrics based on a total of 4860 publications collected from the Web of Science Core Collection database. Yearly quantitative distribution of literature, country/region distribution, organization distribution, main source journal distribution, subject category distribution, research knowledge bases, and research hotspots and frontiers were all analyzed, and CiteSpace and VOSviewer were used to plot knowledge domain maps, Excel was used to plot keyword strategy diagram. RESULTS Coronavirus research could be roughly divided into 4 stages: preliminary development stage (before 2000), rapid growth stage (2000-2005), slow decline stage (2006-2011) and sustained growth stage (since 2012). America had taken the leading position in this field. The study of COVs involves many subject categories, mainly includes virology, veterinary sciences, biology, and immunology. At present, the key words in the field of coronavirus research were mainly divided into 6 major hot clusters, namely, the introduction and structure analysis of coronavirus, the research on the outbreak source and transmission of coronavirus, the research on the infection pathway of coronavirus in human body, the research on the pathogenesis of coronavirus, the research on the diagnosis and symptoms of coronavirus infection, and the research on the treatment of coronavirus. CONCLUSION Coronavirus, which occurs all over the world, often causes huge casualties and economic losses, and poses a serious threat to the safe and stable operation of the social and economic system. Objective literature review and analysis can help scholars in related fields to deepen their overall understanding. And, there are several key issues that should be further explored in future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weizhi Yao
- School of Economics and Management, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ling Tan
- School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Liang Liu
- School of Economics and Management, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Nguyen LC, Renner DM, Silva D, Yang D, Parenti N, Medina KM, Nicolaescu V, Gula H, Drayman N, Valdespino A, Mohamed A, Dann C, Wannemo K, Robinson-Mailman L, Gonzalez A, Stock L, Cao M, Qiao Z, Moellering RE, Tay S, Randall G, Beers MF, Rosner MR, Oakes SA, Weiss SR. SARS-CoV-2 diverges from other betacoronaviruses in only partially activating the IRE1α/XBP1 ER stress pathway in human lung-derived cells. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2022:2021.12.30.474519. [PMID: 35821981 PMCID: PMC9275661 DOI: 10.1101/2021.12.30.474519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has killed over 6 million individuals worldwide and continues to spread in countries where vaccines are not yet widely available, or its citizens are hesitant to become vaccinated. Therefore, it is critical to unravel the molecular mechanisms that allow SARS-CoV-2 and other coronaviruses to infect and overtake the host machinery of human cells. Coronavirus replication triggers endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR), a key host cell pathway widely believed essential for viral replication. We examined the master UPR sensor IRE1α kinase/RNase and its downstream transcription factor effector XBP1s, which is processed through an IRE1α-mediated mRNA splicing event, in human lung-derived cells infected with betacoronaviruses. We found human respiratory coronavirus OC43 (HCoV-OC43), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and murine coronavirus (MHV) all induce ER stress and strongly trigger the kinase and RNase activities of IRE1α as well as XBP1 splicing. In contrast, SARS-CoV-2 only partially activates IRE1α through autophosphorylation, but its RNase activity fails to splice XBP1. Moreover, while IRE1α was dispensable for replication in human cells for all coronaviruses tested, it was required for maximal expression of genes associated with several key cellular functions, including the interferon signaling pathway, during SARS-CoV-2 infection. Our data suggest that SARS-CoV-2 actively inhibits the RNase of autophosphorylated IRE1α, perhaps as a strategy to eliminate detection by the host immune system. IMPORTANCE SARS-CoV-2 is the third lethal respiratory coronavirus after MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV to emerge this century, causing millions of deaths world-wide. Other common coronaviruses such as HCoV-OC43 cause less severe respiratory disease. Thus, it is imperative to understand the similarities and differences among these viruses in how each interacts with host cells. We focused here on the inositol-requiring enzyme 1α (IRE1α) pathway, part of the host unfolded protein response to virus-induced stress. We found that while MERS-CoV and HCoV-OC43 fully activate the IRE1α kinase and RNase activities, SARS-CoV-2 only partially activates IRE1α, promoting its kinase activity but not RNase activity. Based on IRE1α-dependent gene expression changes during infection, we propose that SARS-CoV-2 prevents IRE1α RNase activation as a strategy to limit detection by the host immune system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Long C. Nguyen
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, U.S.A
| | - David M. Renner
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Penn Center for Research on Coronaviruses and Other Emerging Pathogens, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Diane Silva
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, U.S.A
| | - Dongbo Yang
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, U.S.A
| | - Nicholas Parenti
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Penn Center for Research on Coronaviruses and Other Emerging Pathogens, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kaeri M. Medina
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Vlad Nicolaescu
- Department of Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, U.S.A
- Howard Taylor Ricketts Laboratory, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
| | - Haley Gula
- Department of Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, U.S.A
- Howard Taylor Ricketts Laboratory, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
| | - Nir Drayman
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, U.S.A
| | - Andrea Valdespino
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, U.S.A
| | - Adil Mohamed
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, U.S.A
| | - Christopher Dann
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, U.S.A
| | - Kristin Wannemo
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, U.S.A
| | | | - Alan Gonzalez
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, U.S.A
| | - Letícia Stock
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, U.S.A
| | - Mengrui Cao
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, U.S.A
| | - Zeyu Qiao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, U.S.A
| | | | - Savas Tay
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, U.S.A
| | - Glenn Randall
- Department of Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, U.S.A
- Howard Taylor Ricketts Laboratory, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
| | - Michael F. Beers
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Marsha Rich Rosner
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, U.S.A
| | - Scott A. Oakes
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, U.S.A
| | - Susan R. Weiss
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Penn Center for Research on Coronaviruses and Other Emerging Pathogens, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Madeddu E, Maniga B, Zaffanello M, Fanos V, Marcialis A. The SARS-CoV2 and mitochondria: the impact on cell fate. ACTA BIO-MEDICA : ATENEI PARMENSIS 2022; 93:e2022199. [PMID: 35546040 PMCID: PMC9171887 DOI: 10.23750/abm.v93i2.10327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus infection causes endoplasmic reticulum stress inside the cells, which inhibits protein folding. Prolonged endoplasmic reticulum stress causes an apoptotic process of unfolded protein response-induced cell death. Endoplasmic reticulum stress rapidly induces the activation of mTORC1, responsible for the induction of the IRE1-JNK pathway. IRE1-JNK stands out for its dual nature: pro-apoptotic in the first stage of infection, anti-apoptotic in persistently infected cells. Once penetrated the cells, the virus can deflect the mitochondrial function by implementing both waterfalls pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic response. The virus prevents, through Open Reading Frame 9b (ORF-9b) interacting with mitochondria, the response of the type I interferon of the cells affected by the infection and is fundamental for generating an antiviral cellular state. ORF-9b has effects on mitochondrial dynamics, inducing fusion and autophagy and promoting cell survival. The recognition of ORF-9b has made it possible to identify it as a molecular target of some existing potentially effective drugs (Midostaurin and Ruxolitinib). Other drugs, with the same target, are currently being tested. Given the great importance of mitochondria in virus-host interaction, in-depth knowledge of the actors and pathways involved is essential to continue developing new therapeutic strategies against SARS CoV2.
Collapse
|
27
|
Zika virus infection accelerates Alzheimer’s disease phenotypes in brain organoids. Cell Death Dis 2022; 8:153. [PMID: 35368019 PMCID: PMC8976422 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-022-00958-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is one of the progressive neurodegenerative diseases characterized by β-amyloid (Aβ) production and Phosphorylated-Tau (p-Tau) protein in the cerebral cortex. The precise mechanisms of the cause, responsible for disease pathology and progression, are not well understood because there are multiple risk factors associated with the disease. Viral infection is one of the risk factors for AD, and we demonstrated that Zika virus (ZIKV) infection in brain organoids could trigger AD pathological features, including Aβ and p-Tau expression. AD-related phenotypes in brain organoids were upregulated via endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and unfolded protein response (UPR) after ZIKV infection in brain organoids. Under persistent ER stress, activated-double stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase-like ER-resident (PERK) triggered the phosphorylation of Eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2α) and then BACE, and GSK3α/β related to AD. Furthermore, we demonstrated that pharmacological inhibitors of PERK attenuated Aβ and p-Tau in brain organoids after ZIKV infection.
Collapse
|
28
|
Firoz A, Talwar P. COVID-19 and Retinal Degenerative Diseases: Promising link “Kaempferol”. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2022; 64:102231. [PMID: 35544976 PMCID: PMC9080119 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2022.102231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak has caused unprecedented global disruption since 2020. Approximately 238 million people are affected worldwide where the elderly succumb to mortality. Post-COVID syndrome and its side effects have popped up with several health hazards, such as macular degeneration and vision loss. It thus necessitates better medical care and management of our dietary practices. Natural flavonoids have been included in traditional medicine and have also been used safely against COVID-19 and several other diseases. Kaempferol is an essential flavonoid that has been demonstrated to influence several vital cellular signaling pathways involved in apoptosis, angiogenesis, inflammation, and autophagy. In this review, we emphasize the plausible regulatory effects of Kaempferol on hallmarks of COVID-19 and macular degeneration.
Collapse
|
29
|
Liu X, Wen YZ, Huang ZL, Shen X, Wang JH, Luo YH, Chen WX, Lun ZR, Li HB, Qu LH, Shan H, Zheng LL. SARS-CoV-2 causes a significant stress response mediated by small RNAs in the blood of COVID-19 patients. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2022; 27:751-762. [PMID: 35003892 PMCID: PMC8719421 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2021.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has had a serious impact on the world. In this study, small RNAs from the blood of COVID-19 patients with moderate or severe symptoms were extracted for high-throughput sequencing and analysis. Interestingly, the levels of a special group of tRNA-derived small RNAs (tsRNAs) were found to be dramatically upregulated after SARS-CoV-2 infection, particularly in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients with severe symptoms. In particular, the 3′CCA tsRNAs from tRNA-Gly were highly consistent with the inflammation indicator C-reactive protein (CRP). In addition, we found that the majority of significantly changed microRNAs (miRNAs) were associated with endoplasmic reticulum (ER)/unfolded protein response (UPR) sensors, which may lead to the induction of proinflammatory cytokine and immune responses. This study found that SARS-CoV-2 infection caused significant changes in the levels of stress-associated small RNAs in patient blood and their potential functions. Our research revealed that the cells of COVID-19 patients undergo tremendous stress and respond, which can be reflected or regulated by small non-coding RNA (sncRNAs), thus providing potential thought for therapeutic intervention in COVID-19 by modulating small RNA levels or activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xi Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519000, P. R. China
| | - Yan-Zi Wen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China
| | - Zi-Liang Huang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China
| | - Xia Shen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China.,Greater Bay Area Institute of Precision Medicine (Guangzhou), Fudan University, Guangzhou 511458, P. R. China.,Center for Global Health Research, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, UK
| | - Jun-Hao Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China
| | - Yi-Hai Luo
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Xin Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China
| | - Zhao-Rong Lun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China
| | - Hui-Bin Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China
| | - Liang-Hu Qu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China
| | - Hong Shan
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Molecular Imaging, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519000, P. R. China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519000, P. R. China.,Department of Interventional Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519000, P. R. China
| | - Ling-Ling Zheng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Ma H, Du K, Niu Y. FAdV-4 induce autophagy via the endoplasmic reticulum stress-related unfolded protein response. Vet Microbiol 2022; 269:109388. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2022.109388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
31
|
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) due to infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been an ongoing pandemic causing significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. The “cytokine storm” is a critical driving force in severe COVID-19 cases, leading to hyperinflammation, multi-system organ failure, and death. A paradigm shift is emerging in our understanding of the resolution of inflammation from a passive course to an active biochemical process driven by endogenous specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs), such as resolvins, protectins, lipoxins, and maresins. SPMs stimulate macrophage-mediated debris clearance and counter pro-inflammatory cytokine production, a process collectively termed as the “resolution of inflammation.” Hyperinflammation is not unique to COVID-19 and also occurs in neoplastic conditions, putting individuals with underlying health conditions such as cancer at elevated risk of severe SARS-CoV-2 infection. Despite approaches to block systemic inflammation, there are no current therapies designed to stimulate the resolution of inflammation in patients with COVID-19 or cancer. A non-immunosuppressive therapeutic approach that reduces the cytokine storm in patients with COVID-19 and cancer is urgently needed. SPMs are potent immunoresolvent and organ-protective lipid autacoids that stimulate the resolution of inflammation, facilitate clearance of infections, reduce thrombus burden, and promote a return to tissue homeostasis. Targeting endogenous lipid mediators, such as SPMs, offers an entirely novel approach to control SARS-CoV-2 infection and cancer by increasing the body’s natural reserve of pro-resolving mediators without overt toxicity or immunosuppression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chantal Barksdale
- Center for Vascular Biology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.,Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.,Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Franciele C Kipper
- Center for Vascular Biology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.,Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.,Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Shreya Tripathy
- Center for Vascular Biology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.,Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.,Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Selvakumar Subbian
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Charles N Serhan
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Dipak Panigrahy
- Center for Vascular Biology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA. .,Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA. .,Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Pizzato M, Baraldi C, Boscato Sopetto G, Finozzi D, Gentile C, Gentile MD, Marconi R, Paladino D, Raoss A, Riedmiller I, Ur Rehman H, Santini A, Succetti V, Volpini L. SARS-CoV-2 and the Host Cell: A Tale of Interactions. FRONTIERS IN VIROLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fviro.2021.815388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The ability of a virus to spread between individuals, its replication capacity and the clinical course of the infection are macroscopic consequences of a multifaceted molecular interaction of viral components with the host cell. The heavy impact of COVID-19 on the world population, economics and sanitary systems calls for therapeutic and prophylactic solutions that require a deep characterization of the interactions occurring between virus and host cells. Unveiling how SARS-CoV-2 engages with host factors throughout its life cycle is therefore fundamental to understand the pathogenic mechanisms underlying the viral infection and to design antiviral therapies and prophylactic strategies. Two years into the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, this review provides an overview of the interplay between SARS-CoV-2 and the host cell, with focus on the machinery and compartments pivotal for virus replication and the antiviral cellular response. Starting with the interaction with the cell surface, following the virus replicative cycle through the characterization of the entry pathways, the survival and replication in the cytoplasm, to the mechanisms of egress from the infected cell, this review unravels the complex network of interactions between SARS-CoV-2 and the host cell, highlighting the knowledge that has the potential to set the basis for the development of innovative antiviral strategies.
Collapse
|
33
|
Xue M, Feng L. The Role of Unfolded Protein Response in Coronavirus Infection and Its Implications for Drug Design. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:808593. [PMID: 35003039 PMCID: PMC8740020 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.808593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus is an important pathogen with a wide spectrum of infection and potential threats to humans and animals. Its replication occurs in the cytoplasm and is closely related to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Studies reported that coronavirus infection causes ER stress, and cells simultaneously initiate unfolded protein response (UPR) to alleviate the disturbance of ER homeostasis. Activation of the three branches of UPR (PERK, IRE1, and ATF6) modulates various signaling pathways, such as innate immune response, microRNA, autophagy, and apoptosis. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of the relationship between coronavirus and ER stress is helpful to understand the replication and pathogenesis of coronavirus. This paper summarizes the current knowledge of the complex interplay between coronavirus and UPR branches, focuses on the effect of ER stress on coronavirus replication and coronavirus resistance to host innate immunity, and summarizes possible drug targets to regulate the impact of coronavirus infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mei Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Harbin, China
| | - Li Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Harbin, China
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Atif M, Naz F, Akhtar J, Imran M, Saleem S, Akram J, Imran M, Ullah MI. From Molecular Pathology of COVID 19 to Nigella Sativum as a Treatment Option: Scientific Based Evidence of Its Myth or Reality. Chin J Integr Med 2022; 28:88-95. [PMID: 34586557 PMCID: PMC8479716 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-021-3311-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19 virus is a causative agent of viral pandemic in human beings which specifically targets respiratory system of humans and causes viral pneumonia. This unusual viral pneumonia is rapidly spreading to all parts of the world, currently affecting about 105 million people with 2.3 million deaths. Current review described history, genomic characteristics, replication, and pathogenesis of COVID-19 with special emphasis on Nigella sativum (N. sativum) as a treatment option. N. sativum seeds are historically and religiously used over the centuries, both for prevention and treatment of different diseases. This review summarizes the potential role of N. sativum seeds against COVID-19 infection at levels of in silico, cell lines and animal models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Atif
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka, 75471, Saudi Arabia
| | - Farrah Naz
- Department of Microbiology, Government College University, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Junaid Akhtar
- Department of Microbiology, University of Health Sciences, Lahore, 54600, Pakistan
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, Sargodha Medical College, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, 40100, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Imran
- Department of Microbiology, University of Health Sciences, Lahore, 54600, Pakistan
| | - Sidrah Saleem
- Department of Microbiology, University of Health Sciences, Lahore, 54600, Pakistan
| | - Javed Akram
- University of Health Sciences, Lahore, 54600, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Imran
- University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Ikram Ullah
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka, 75471, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Drożdżal S, Rosik J, Lechowicz K, Machaj F, Szostak B, Przybyciński J, Lorzadeh S, Kotfis K, Ghavami S, Łos MJ. An update on drugs with therapeutic potential for SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) treatment. Drug Resist Updat 2021; 59:100794. [PMID: 34991982 PMCID: PMC8654464 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2021.100794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic is one of the greatest threats to human health in the 21st century with more than 257 million cases and over 5.17 million deaths reported worldwide (as of November 23, 2021. Various agents were initially proclaimed to be effective against SARS-CoV-2, the etiological agent of COVID-19. Hydroxychloroquine, lopinavir/ritonavir, and ribavirin are all examples of therapeutic agents, whose efficacy against COVID-19 was later disproved. Meanwhile, concentrated efforts of researchers and clinicians worldwide have led to the identification of novel therapeutic options to control the disease including PAXLOVID™ (PF-07321332). Although COVID-19 cases are currently treated using a comprehensive approach of anticoagulants, oxygen, and antibiotics, the novel Pfizer agent PAXLOVID™ (PF-07321332), an investigational COVID-19 oral antiviral candidate, significantly reduced hospitalization time and death rates, based on an interim analysis of the phase 2/3 EPIC-HR (Evaluation of Protease Inhibition for COVID-19 in High-Risk Patients) randomized, double-blind study of non-hospitalized adult patients with COVID-19, who are at high risk of progressing to severe illness. The scheduled interim analysis demonstrated an 89 % reduction in risk of COVID-19-related hospitalization or death from any cause compared to placebo in patients treated within three days of symptom onset (primary endpoint). However, there still exists a great need for the development of additional treatments, as the recommended therapeutic options are insufficient in many cases. Thus far, mRNA and vector vaccines appear to be the most effective modalities to control the pandemic. In the current review, we provide an update on the progress that has been made since April 2020 in clinical trials concerning the effectiveness of therapies available to combat COVID-19. We focus on currently recommended therapeutic agents, including steroids, various monoclonal antibodies, remdesivir, baricitinib, anticoagulants and PAXLOVID™ summarizing the latest original studies and meta-analyses. Moreover, we aim to discuss other currently and previously studied agents targeting COVID-19 that either show no or only limited therapeutic activity. The results of recent studies report that hydroxychloroquine and convalescent plasma demonstrate no efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Lastly, we summarize the studies on various drugs with incoherent or insufficient data concerning their effectiveness, such as amantadine, ivermectin, or niclosamide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sylwester Drożdżal
- Department of Nephrology, Transplantation and Internal Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Poland
| | - Jakub Rosik
- Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Poland
| | - Kacper Lechowicz
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Therapy and Acute Intoxications, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Poland
| | - Filip Machaj
- Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Poland
| | - Bartosz Szostak
- Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Poland
| | - Jarosław Przybyciński
- Department of Nephrology, Transplantation and Internal Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Poland
| | - Shahrokh Lorzadeh
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Science and Research Branch, Marvdasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Marvdasht, Iran
| | - Katarzyna Kotfis
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Therapy and Acute Intoxications, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Poland
| | - Saeid Ghavami
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; Research Institutes of Oncology and Hematology, Cancer Care Manitoba-University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada; Biology of Breathing Theme, Children Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada; Autophagy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7134845794, Iran; Faculty of Medicine, Katowice School of Technology, 40-555 Katowice, Poland
| | - Marek J Łos
- Biotechnology Centre, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Kundu S, Saadi F, Sengupta S, Antony GR, Raveendran VA, Kumar R, Kamble MA, Sarkar L, Burrows A, Pal D, Sen GC, Sarma JD. DJ-1-Nrf2 axis is activated upon murine β-coronavirus infection in the CNS. BRAIN DISORDERS 2021; 4:100021. [PMID: 34514445 PMCID: PMC8418700 DOI: 10.1016/j.dscb.2021.100021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses have emerged as alarming pathogens owing to their inherent ability of genetic variation and cross-species transmission. Coronavirus infection burdens the endoplasmic reticulum (ER.), causes reactive oxygen species production and induces host stress responses, including unfolded protein response (UPR) and antioxidant system. In this study, we have employed a neurotropic murine β-coronavirus (M-CoV) infection in the Central Nervous System (CNS) of experimental mice model to study the role of host stress responses mediated by interplay of DJ-1 and XBP1. DJ-1 is an antioxidant molecule with established functions in neurodegeneration. However, its regulation in virus-induced cellular stress response is less explored. Our study showed that M-CoV infection activated the glial cells and induced antioxidant and UPR genes during the acute stage when the viral titer peaks. As the virus particles decreased and acute neuroinflammation diminished at day ten p.i., a significant up-regulation in UPR responsive XBP1, antioxidant DJ-1, and downstream signaling molecules, including Nrf2, was recorded in the brain tissues. Additionally, preliminary in silico analysis of the binding between the DJ-1 promoter and a positively charged groove of XBP1 is also investigated, thus hinting at a mechanism behind the upregulation of DJ-1 during MHV-infection. The current study thus attempts to elucidate a novel interplay between the antioxidant system and UPR in the outcome of coronavirus infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soumya Kundu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Fareeha Saadi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Sourodip Sengupta
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Gisha Rose Antony
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Vineeth A Raveendran
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Rahul Kumar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Mithila Ashok Kamble
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Lucky Sarkar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Amy Burrows
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Ohio, USA
| | - Debnath Pal
- Department of Computational and Data Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Ganes C Sen
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Ohio, USA
| | - Jayasri Das Sarma
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Highly Specific Sigma Receptor Ligands Exhibit Anti-Viral Properties in SARS-CoV-2 Infected Cells. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10111514. [PMID: 34832669 PMCID: PMC8620039 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10111514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: There is a strong need for prevention and treatment strategies for COVID-19 that are not impacted by SARS-CoV-2 mutations emerging in variants of concern. After virus infection, host ER resident sigma receptors form direct interactions with non-structural SARS-CoV-2 proteins present in the replication complex. (2) Methods: In this work, highly specific sigma receptor ligands were investigated for their ability to inhibit both SARS-CoV-2 genome replication and virus induced cellular toxicity. This study found antiviral activity associated with agonism of the sigma-1 receptor (e.g., SA4503), ligation of the sigma-2 receptor (e.g., CM398), and a combination of the two pathways (e.g., AZ66). (3) Results: Intermolecular contacts between these ligands and sigma receptors were identified by structural modeling. (4) Conclusions: Sigma receptor ligands and drugs with off-target sigma receptor binding characteristics were effective at inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 infection in primate and human cells, representing a potential therapeutic avenue for COVID-19 prevention and treatment.
Collapse
|
38
|
Wang C, Xue M, Wu P, Wang H, Liu Z, Wu G, Liu P, Wang K, Xu W, Feng L. Coronavirus transmissible gastroenteritis virus antagonizes the antiviral effect of the microRNA miR-27b via the IRE1 pathway. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2021; 65:1413-1429. [PMID: 34826094 PMCID: PMC8617553 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-021-1967-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Although the functional parameters of microRNAs (miRNAs) have been explored to some extent, the roles of these molecules in coronavirus infection and the regulatory mechanism of miRNAs in virus infection are still unclear. Transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) is an enteropathgenic coronavirus and causes high morbidity and mortality in suckling piglets. Here, we demonstrated that microRNA-27b-3p (miR-27b-3p) suppressed TGEV replication by directly targeting porcine suppressor of cytokine signaling 6 (SOCS6), while TGEV infection downregulated miR-27b-3p expression in swine testicular (ST) cells and in piglets. Mechanistically, the decrease of miR-27b-3p expression during TGEV infection was mediated by the activated inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1) pathway of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Further studies showed that when ER stress was induced by TGEV, IRE1 acted as an RNase activated by autophosphorylation and unconventionally spliced mRNA encoding a potent transcription factor, X-box-binding protein 1 (Xbp1s). Xbp1s inhibited the transcription of miR-27 and ultimately reduced the production of miR-27b-3p. Therefore, our findings indicate that TGEV inhibits the expression of an anti-coronavirus microRNA through the IRE1 pathway and suggest a novel way in which coronavirus regulates the host cell response to infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Changlin Wang
- Department of Urology, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Molecular Probes and Targeted Diagnosis and Therapy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Mei Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150069, China
| | - Peng Wu
- Department of Urology, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Molecular Probes and Targeted Diagnosis and Therapy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Honglei Wang
- Department of Urology, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Molecular Probes and Targeted Diagnosis and Therapy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Zhongqing Liu
- Department of Urology, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Molecular Probes and Targeted Diagnosis and Therapy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Guangzheng Wu
- Department of Urology, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Molecular Probes and Targeted Diagnosis and Therapy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Pinghuang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150069, China
| | - Keliang Wang
- Department of Urology, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China. .,NHC Key Laboratory of Molecular Probes and Targeted Diagnosis and Therapy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China.
| | - Wanhai Xu
- Department of Urology, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China. .,NHC Key Laboratory of Molecular Probes and Targeted Diagnosis and Therapy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China.
| | - Li Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150069, China.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Chen YM, Gabler NK, Burrough ER. Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus infection induces endoplasmic reticulum stress and unfolded protein response in jejunal epithelial cells of weaned pigs. Vet Pathol 2021; 59:82-90. [PMID: 34763602 DOI: 10.1177/03009858211048622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) infection leads to diarrhea and subsequently to decreased feed efficiency and growth in weaned pigs. Given that few studies have addressed the host-virus interaction in vivo, this study focused on endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and unfolded protein response (UPR) in jejunal epithelial cells during PEDV infection. Eight-week-old pigs (n = 64) were orally inoculated with PEDV IN19338 strain (n = 40) or sham-inoculated (n = 24) and analyzed for PEDV viral RNA shedding using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and for viral antigen within enterocytes using immunohistochemistry (IHC). ER stress was analyzed in a subset of 9 PEDV-inoculated pigs with diarrhea, detectable viral RNA, and viral antigen (PEDV-immunopositive pigs). Compared with control pigs, PEDV-immunopositive pigs had a reduced ratio of villus height to crypt depth in the jejunum (P = .002, n = 9 per group), consistent with intestinal injury. The protein levels of ATF6, IRE1, PERK, XBP1u, ATF4, GRP78, and caspase-3 were assessed in jejunal epithelial cells at the villus tips via IHC. Both ER stress and UPR were demonstrated in PEDV-immunopositive pigs by the increased expression of ATF6 (P = .047), IRE1 (P = .007), and ATF4 (P = .001). The expression of GRP78 (P = .024) and caspase-3 (P = .004) were also increased, indicating an accompanying increase in ER protein folding capacity and apoptosis. Overall, these results reveal that PEDV infection induces ER stress and UPR in intestinal epithelial cells of weaned pigs.
Collapse
|
40
|
Liu X, Huuskonen S, Laitinen T, Redchuk T, Bogacheva M, Salokas K, Pöhner I, Öhman T, Tonduru AK, Hassinen A, Gawriyski L, Keskitalo S, Vartiainen MK, Pietiäinen V, Poso A, Varjosalo M. SARS-CoV-2-host proteome interactions for antiviral drug discovery. Mol Syst Biol 2021; 17:e10396. [PMID: 34709727 PMCID: PMC8552907 DOI: 10.15252/msb.202110396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment options for COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2, remain limited. Understanding viral pathogenesis at the molecular level is critical to develop effective therapy. Some recent studies have explored SARS-CoV-2-host interactomes and provided great resources for understanding viral replication. However, host proteins that functionally associate with SARS-CoV-2 are localized in the corresponding subnetwork within the comprehensive human interactome. Therefore, constructing a downstream network including all potential viral receptors, host cell proteases, and cofactors is necessary and should be used as an additional criterion for the validation of critical host machineries used for viral processing. This study applied both affinity purification mass spectrometry (AP-MS) and the complementary proximity-based labeling MS method (BioID-MS) on 29 viral ORFs and 18 host proteins with potential roles in viral replication to map the interactions relevant to viral processing. The analysis yields a list of 693 hub proteins sharing interactions with both viral baits and host baits and revealed their biological significance for SARS-CoV-2. Those hub proteins then served as a rational resource for drug repurposing via a virtual screening approach. The overall process resulted in the suggested repurposing of 59 compounds for 15 protein targets. Furthermore, antiviral effects of some candidate drugs were observed in vitro validation using image-based drug screen with infectious SARS-CoV-2. In addition, our results suggest that the antiviral activity of methotrexate could be associated with its inhibitory effect on specific protein-protein interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaonan Liu
- Institute of BiotechnologyUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- Helsinki Institute of Life ScienceUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Sini Huuskonen
- Institute of BiotechnologyUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- Helsinki Institute of Life ScienceUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Tuomo Laitinen
- School of PharmacyUniversity of Eastern FinlandKuopioFinland
| | - Taras Redchuk
- Institute of BiotechnologyUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- Helsinki Institute of Life ScienceUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Mariia Bogacheva
- Helsinki Institute of Life ScienceUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- Institute for Molecular Medicine FinlandUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- Department of VirologyUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Kari Salokas
- Institute of BiotechnologyUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- Helsinki Institute of Life ScienceUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Ina Pöhner
- School of PharmacyUniversity of Eastern FinlandKuopioFinland
| | - Tiina Öhman
- Institute of BiotechnologyUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- Helsinki Institute of Life ScienceUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | | | - Antti Hassinen
- Helsinki Institute of Life ScienceUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- Institute for Molecular Medicine FinlandUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Lisa Gawriyski
- Institute of BiotechnologyUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- Helsinki Institute of Life ScienceUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Salla Keskitalo
- Institute of BiotechnologyUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- Helsinki Institute of Life ScienceUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Maria K Vartiainen
- Institute of BiotechnologyUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- Helsinki Institute of Life ScienceUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Vilja Pietiäinen
- Helsinki Institute of Life ScienceUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- Institute for Molecular Medicine FinlandUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Antti Poso
- School of PharmacyUniversity of Eastern FinlandKuopioFinland
- Department of Internal Medicine VIIIUniversity Hospital TübingenTübingenGermany
| | - Markku Varjosalo
- Institute of BiotechnologyUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- Helsinki Institute of Life ScienceUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Liu T, Feng M, Wen Z, He Y, Lin W, Zhang M. Comparison of the Characteristics of Cytokine Storm and Immune Response Induced by SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 Infections. J Inflamm Res 2021; 14:5475-5487. [PMID: 34720596 PMCID: PMC8550203 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s329697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokine storm (CS) is a significant cause of death in patients with severe coronavirus pneumonia. Excessive immune-inflammatory reaction, many inflammatory cell infiltration, and extreme increase of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines lead to acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). This review compares the characters of cytokine storms and immune responses caused by three highly pathogenic and infectious coronaviruses (HCoVs), including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), and analyzes the possible mechanisms to guide clinical treatment in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tong Liu
- Department of Medicine, Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Meng Feng
- School of Basic Medicine, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zexin Wen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yijie He
- Department of Medicine, Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Lin
- School of Basic Medicine, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
The PERK/PKR-eIF2α pathway negatively regulates porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus replication by attenuating global protein translation and facilitating stress granule formation. J Virol 2021; 96:e0169521. [PMID: 34643429 PMCID: PMC8754228 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01695-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The replication of coronaviruses, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and the recently emerged severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is closely associated with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of infected cells. The unfolded protein response (UPR), which is mediated by ER stress (ERS), is a typical outcome in coronavirus-infected cells and is closely associated with the characteristics of coronaviruses. However, the interaction between virus-induced ERS and coronavirus replication is poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that infection with the betacoronavirus porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (PHEV) induced ERS and triggered all three branches of the UPR signaling pathway both in vitro and in vivo. In addition, ERS suppressed PHEV replication in mouse neuro-2a (N2a) cells primarily by activating the protein kinase R-like ER kinase (PERK)–eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (eIF2α) axis of the UPR. Moreover, another eIF2α phosphorylation kinase, interferon (IFN)-induced double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR), was also activated and acted cooperatively with PERK to decrease PHEV replication. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the PERK/PKR-eIF2α pathways negatively regulated PHEV replication by attenuating global protein translation. Phosphorylated eIF2α also promoted the formation of stress granules (SGs), which in turn repressed PHEV replication. In summary, our study presents a vital aspect of the host innate response to invading pathogens and reveals attractive host targets (e.g., PERK, PKR, and eIF2α) for antiviral drugs. IMPORTANCE Coronavirus diseases are caused by different coronaviruses of importance in humans and animals, and specific treatments are extremely limited. ERS, which can activate the UPR to modulate viral replication and the host innate response, is a frequent occurrence in coronavirus-infected cells. PHEV, a neurotropic betacoronavirus, causes nerve cell damage, which accounts for the high mortality rates in suckling piglets. However, it remains incompletely understood whether the highly developed ER in nerve cells plays an antiviral role in ERS and how ERS regulates viral proliferation. In this study, we found that PHEV infection induced ERS and activated the UPR both in vitro and in vivo and that the activated PERK/PKR-eIF2α axis inhibited PHEV replication through attenuating global protein translation and promoting SG formation. A better understanding of coronavirus-induced ERS and UPR activation may reveal the pathogenic mechanism of coronavirus and facilitate the development of new treatment strategies for these diseases.
Collapse
|
43
|
Sharma PK, Kim ES, Mishra S, Ganbold E, Seong RS, Kaushik AK, Kim NY. Ultrasensitive and Reusable Graphene Oxide-Modified Double-Interdigitated Capacitive (DIDC) Sensing Chip for Detecting SARS-CoV-2. ACS Sens 2021; 6:3468-3476. [PMID: 34478270 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.1c01437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This research reveals the promising functionalization of graphene oxide (GrO)-glazed double-interdigitated capacitive (DIDC) biosensing platform to detect severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) spike (S1) proteins with enhanced selectivity and rapid response. The DIDC bioactive surface consisting of Pt/Ti featured SiO2 substrate was fabricated using GrO/EDC-NHS/anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies (Abs) which is having layer-by-layer interface self-assembly chemistry method. This electroactive immune-sensing platform exhibits reproducibility and sensitivity with reference to the S1 protein of SARS-CoV-2. The outcomes of analytical studies confirm that GrO provided a desired engineered surface for Abs immobilization and amplified capacitance to achieve a wide detection range (1.0 mg/mL to 1.0 fg/mL), low limit of detection (1 fg/mL) within 3 s of response time, good linearity (18.56 nF/g), and a high sensitivity of 1.0 fg/mL. Importantly, the unique biochip was selective against blood-borne antigens and standby for 10 days at 5 °C. Our developed DIDC-based SARS-CoV-2 biosensor is suitable for point-of-care (POC) diagnostic applications due to portability and scaling-up ability. In addition, this sensing platform can be modified for the early diagnosis of severe viral infections using real samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Parshant Kumar Sharma
- RFIC Bio Centre, Kwangwoon University, 20 Kwangwoon-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01897, South Korea
- Department of Electronics Engineering, Kwangwoon University, 20 Kwangwoon-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01897, South Korea
| | - Eun-Seong Kim
- RFIC Bio Centre, Kwangwoon University, 20 Kwangwoon-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01897, South Korea
- Department of Electronics Engineering, Kwangwoon University, 20 Kwangwoon-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01897, South Korea
| | - Sachin Mishra
- RFIC Bio Centre, Kwangwoon University, 20 Kwangwoon-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01897, South Korea
- Department of Electronics Engineering, Kwangwoon University, 20 Kwangwoon-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01897, South Korea
- NDAC Centre, Kwangwoon University, 20 Kwangwoon-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01897, South Korea
| | - Enkhzaya Ganbold
- RFIC Bio Centre, Kwangwoon University, 20 Kwangwoon-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01897, South Korea
- Department of Electronics Engineering, Kwangwoon University, 20 Kwangwoon-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01897, South Korea
| | - Ryun-Sang Seong
- RFIC Bio Centre, Kwangwoon University, 20 Kwangwoon-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01897, South Korea
- Department of Electronics Engineering, Kwangwoon University, 20 Kwangwoon-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01897, South Korea
| | - Ajeet Kumar Kaushik
- NanoBioTech Laboratory, Health Systems Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering, Florida Polytechnic University, Lakeland, Florida 33805, United States
| | - Nam-Young Kim
- RFIC Bio Centre, Kwangwoon University, 20 Kwangwoon-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01897, South Korea
- Department of Electronics Engineering, Kwangwoon University, 20 Kwangwoon-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01897, South Korea
- NDAC Centre, Kwangwoon University, 20 Kwangwoon-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01897, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Vanderboom PM, Mun DG, Madugundu AK, Mangalaparthi KK, Saraswat M, Garapati K, Chakraborty R, Ebihara H, Sun J, Pandey A. Proteomic Signature of Host Response to SARS-CoV-2 Infection in the Nasopharynx. Mol Cell Proteomics 2021; 20:100134. [PMID: 34400346 PMCID: PMC8363427 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcpro.2021.100134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, has become a global health pandemic. COVID-19 severity ranges from an asymptomatic infection to a severe multiorgan disease. Although the inflammatory response has been implicated in the pathogenesis of COVID-19, the exact nature of dysregulation in signaling pathways has not yet been elucidated, underscoring the need for further molecular characterization of SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans. Here, we characterize the host response directly at the point of viral entry through analysis of nasopharyngeal swabs. Multiplexed high-resolution MS-based proteomic analysis of confirmed COVID-19 cases and negative controls identified 7582 proteins and revealed significant upregulation of interferon-mediated antiviral signaling in addition to multiple other proteins that are not encoded by interferon-stimulated genes or well characterized during viral infections. Downregulation of several proteasomal subunits, E3 ubiquitin ligases, and components of protein synthesis machinery was significant upon SARS-CoV-2 infection. Targeted proteomics to measure abundance levels of MX1, ISG15, STAT1, RIG-I, and CXCL10 detected proteomic signatures of interferon-mediated antiviral signaling that differentiated COVID-19-positive from COVID-19-negative cases. Phosphoproteomic analysis revealed increased phosphorylation of several proteins with known antiviral properties as well as several proteins involved in ciliary function (CEP131 and CFAP57) that have not previously been implicated in the context of coronavirus infections. In addition, decreased phosphorylation levels of AKT and PKC, which have been shown to play varying roles in different viral infections, were observed in infected individuals relative to controls. These data provide novel insights that add depth to our understanding of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the upper airway and establish a proteomic signature for this viral infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick M Vanderboom
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Division of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Dong-Gi Mun
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Division of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Anil K Madugundu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Division of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA; Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, Karnataka, India; Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India; Center for Molecular Medicine, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Kiran K Mangalaparthi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Division of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA; Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, Karnataka, India; Amrita School of Biotechnology, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kollam, Kerala, India
| | - Mayank Saraswat
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Division of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA; Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, Karnataka, India; Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Kishore Garapati
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Division of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA; Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, Karnataka, India; Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Rana Chakraborty
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Hideki Ebihara
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jie Sun
- The Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA; Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Akhilesh Pandey
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Division of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA; Center for Molecular Medicine, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India; Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Zhu QC, Li S, Yuan LX, Chen RA, Liu DX, Fung TS. Induction of the Proinflammatory Chemokine Interleukin-8 Is Regulated by Integrated Stress Response and AP-1 Family Proteins Activated during Coronavirus Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115646. [PMID: 34073283 PMCID: PMC8198748 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection induces the production of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines such as interleukin-8 (IL-8) and IL-6. Although they facilitate local antiviral immunity, their excessive release leads to life-threatening cytokine release syndrome, exemplified by the severe cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. In this study, we investigated the roles of the integrated stress response (ISR) and activator protein-1 (AP-1) family proteins in regulating coronavirus-induced IL-8 and IL-6 upregulation. The mRNA expression of IL-8 and IL-6 was significantly induced in cells infected with infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), a gammacoronavirus, and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus, an alphacoronavirus. Overexpression of a constitutively active phosphomimetic mutant of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α (eIF2α), chemical inhibition of its dephosphorylation, or overexpression of its upstream double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR) significantly enhanced IL-8 mRNA expression in IBV-infected cells. Overexpression of the AP-1 protein cJUN or its upstream kinase also increased the IBV-induced IL-8 mRNA expression, which was synergistically enhanced by overexpression of cFOS. Taken together, this study demonstrated the important regulatory roles of ISR and AP-1 proteins in IL-8 production during coronavirus infection, highlighting the complex interactions between cellular stress pathways and the innate immune response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Chun Zhu
- Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Q.C.Z.); (S.L.); (L.X.Y.)
| | - Shumin Li
- Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Q.C.Z.); (S.L.); (L.X.Y.)
| | - Li Xia Yuan
- Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Q.C.Z.); (S.L.); (L.X.Y.)
| | - Rui Ai Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China;
- Zhaoqing Branch, Center of Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Zhaoqing 526000, China
| | - Ding Xiang Liu
- Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Q.C.Z.); (S.L.); (L.X.Y.)
- Zhaoqing Branch, Center of Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Zhaoqing 526000, China
- Correspondence: or (D.X.L.); (T.S.F.)
| | - To Sing Fung
- Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Q.C.Z.); (S.L.); (L.X.Y.)
- Correspondence: or (D.X.L.); (T.S.F.)
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Okuyan HM, Dogan S, Bal T, Çabalak M. Beclin-1, an autophagy-related protein, is associated with the disease severity of COVID-19. Life Sci 2021; 278:119596. [PMID: 33984360 PMCID: PMC8107047 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Aims Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is a highly contagious disease, is an ongoing outbreak worldwide with high morbidity and mortality. The approaches targeting the autophagy processes might have promising diagnostic and therapeutic values against Coronavirus infection. Here, we aimed to investigate the relationship of Beclin-1 (BECN1), an autophagy-related protein, with blood parameters and the clinical severity in patients with COVID-19. Materials and methods We enrolled 108 patients with COVID-19 and 21 healthy controls in this study, from September 2020 to January 2021 and divided all patients into two groups according to the severity of the disease: The non-severe group and the severe group. BECN1 levels and blood parameters were measured with Enzyme-Linked Absorbent Assay and routine techniques, respectively. Key findings Serum BECN1 levels were increased in patients with COVID-19 compared to the healthy controls, and its concentrations were significantly higher in the severe group than in the non-severe group (p < 0.001). BECN1 levels showed a significantly positive correlation with coagulation markers such as D-dimer and Fibrinogen (FIB) and inflammation markers such as C-reactive protein (CRP), Procalcitonin (PCT), Ferritin and biochemical markers such as Blood urea nitrogen and Lactate dehydrogenase (p < 0.001). We detected that areas under the ROC curve for BECN1, D-dimer, FIB, PCT, CRP and Ferritin were 0.8662, 0.9110, 0.8278, 0.9996 and 0.9284, respectively (p < 0.0001). Significance BECN1 may serve as a predictive biomarker in evaluating the disease severity of COVID-19. Our data suggest that BECN1 mediated-autophagy modulation might have a promising value in improving the clinical outcomes of COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hamza Malik Okuyan
- Sakarya University of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Sakarya, Turkey; University of Western Ontario, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, London, Canada.
| | - Serdar Dogan
- Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Hatay, Turkey
| | - Tayibe Bal
- Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Hatay, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Çabalak
- Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Hatay, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Rabaan AA, Al-Ahmed SH, Garout MA, Al-Qaaneh AM, Sule AA, Tirupathi R, Mutair AA, Alhumaid S, Hasan A, Dhawan M, Tiwari R, Sharun K, Mohapatra RK, Mitra S, Emran TB, Bilal M, Singh R, Alyami SA, Moni MA, Dhama K. Diverse Immunological Factors Influencing Pathogenesis in Patients with COVID-19: A Review on Viral Dissemination, Immunotherapeutic Options to Counter Cytokine Storm and Inflammatory Responses. Pathogens 2021; 10:565. [PMID: 34066983 PMCID: PMC8150955 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10050565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is still not fully unraveled. Though preventive vaccines and treatment methods are out on the market, a specific cure for the disease has not been discovered. Recent investigations and research studies primarily focus on the immunopathology of the disease. A healthy immune system responds immediately after viral entry, causing immediate viral annihilation and recovery. However, an impaired immune system causes extensive systemic damage due to an unregulated immune response characterized by the hypersecretion of chemokines and cytokines. The elevated levels of cytokine or hypercytokinemia leads to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) along with multiple organ damage. Moreover, the immune response against SARS-CoV-2 has been linked with race, gender, and age; hence, this viral infection's outcome differs among the patients. Many therapeutic strategies focusing on immunomodulation have been tested out to assuage the cytokine storm in patients with severe COVID-19. A thorough understanding of the diverse signaling pathways triggered by the SARS-CoV-2 virus is essential before contemplating relief measures. This present review explains the interrelationships of hyperinflammatory response or cytokine storm with organ damage and the disease severity. Furthermore, we have thrown light on the diverse mechanisms and risk factors that influence pathogenesis and the molecular pathways that lead to severe SARS-CoV-2 infection and multiple organ damage. Recognition of altered pathways of a dysregulated immune system can be a loophole to identify potential target markers. Identifying biomarkers in the dysregulated pathway can aid in better clinical management for patients with severe COVID-19 disease. A special focus has also been given to potent inhibitors of proinflammatory cytokines, immunomodulatory and immunotherapeutic options to ameliorate cytokine storm and inflammatory responses in patients affected with COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali A. Rabaan
- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran 31311, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Shamsah H. Al-Ahmed
- Specialty Paediatric Medicine, Qatif Central Hospital, Qatif 32654, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mohammed A. Garout
- Department of Community Medicine and Health Care for Pilgrims, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Ayman M. Al-Qaaneh
- Department of Genetic Research, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia;
- Clinical Pharmacy Services Division, Pharmacy Services Department, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran 31311, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anupam A Sule
- Department of Informatics and Outcomes, St Joseph Mercy Oakland, Pontiac, MI 48341, USA;
| | - Raghavendra Tirupathi
- Department of Medicine Keystone Health, Penn State University School of Medicine, Hershey, PA 16801, USA;
- Department of Medicine, Wellspan Chambersburg and Waynesboro (Pa.) Hospitals, Chambersburg, PA 16801, USA
| | - Abbas Al Mutair
- Research Center, Almoosa Specialist Hospital, Alahsa 36342, Saudi Arabia;
- College of Nursing, Prince Nora University, Riyadh 11564, Saudi Arabia
- School of Nursing, Wollongong University, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Saad Alhumaid
- Administration of Pharmaceutical Care, Al-Ahsa Health Cluster, Ministry of Health, Alahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Abdulkarim Hasan
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11884, Egypt;
- Prince Mishari Bin Saud Hospital in Baljurashi, Ministry of Health, Baljurash 22888, Saudi Arabia
| | - Manish Dhawan
- Department of Microbiology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141004, India;
- The Trafford Group of Colleges, Manchester WA14 5PQ, UK
| | - Ruchi Tiwari
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Uttar Pradesh Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandha Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura 281001, India;
| | - Khan Sharun
- Division of Surgery, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, India;
| | - Ranjan K. Mohapatra
- Department of Chemistry, Government College of Engineering, Keonjhar 758002, India;
| | - Saikat Mitra
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh;
| | - Talha Bin Emran
- Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong 4381, Bangladesh
| | - Muhammad Bilal
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223003, China;
| | - Rajendra Singh
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, India;
| | - Salem A. Alyami
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh 11432, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mohammad Ali Moni
- WHO Collaborating Centre on eHealth, UNSW Digital Health, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, India;
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Prestes EB, Bruno JCP, Travassos LH, Carneiro LAM. The Unfolded Protein Response and Autophagy on the Crossroads of Coronaviruses Infections. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:668034. [PMID: 33996638 PMCID: PMC8113818 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.668034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to sense and adequately respond to variable environmental conditions is central for cellular and organismal homeostasis. Eukaryotic cells are equipped with highly conserved stress-response mechanisms that support cellular function when homeostasis is compromised, promoting survival. Two such mechanisms - the unfolded protein response (UPR) and autophagy - are involved in the cellular response to perturbations in the endoplasmic reticulum, in calcium homeostasis, in cellular energy or redox status. Each of them operates through conserved signaling pathways to promote cellular adaptations that include re-programming transcription of genes and translation of new proteins and degradation of cellular components. In addition to their specific functions, it is becoming increasingly clear that these pathways intersect in many ways in different contexts of cellular stress. Viral infections are a major cause of cellular stress as many cellular functions are coopted to support viral replication. Both UPR and autophagy are induced upon infection with many different viruses with varying outcomes - in some instances controlling infection while in others supporting viral replication and infection. The role of UPR and autophagy in response to coronavirus infection has been a matter of debate in the last decade. It has been suggested that CoV exploit components of autophagy machinery and UPR to generate double-membrane vesicles where it establishes its replicative niche and to control the balance between cell death and survival during infection. Even though the molecular mechanisms are not fully elucidated, it is clear that UPR and autophagy are intimately associated during CoV infections. The current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has brought renewed interest to this topic as several drugs known to modulate autophagy - including chloroquine, niclosamide, valinomycin, and spermine - were proposed as therapeutic options. Their efficacy is still debatable, highlighting the need to better understand the molecular interactions between CoV, UPR and autophagy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisa B. Prestes
- Institut Necker Enfants Malades, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Julia C. P. Bruno
- Laboratório de Inflamação e Imunidade, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Goes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Leonardo H. Travassos
- Laboratório de Imunoreceptores e Sinalização Celular, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Leticia A. M. Carneiro
- Laboratório de Inflamação e Imunidade, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Goes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Shakartalla SB, Alhumaidi RB, Shammout ODA, Al Shareef ZM, Ashmawy NS, Soliman SSM. Dyslipidemia in breast cancer patients increases the risk of SAR-CoV-2 infection. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2021; 92:104883. [PMID: 33905884 PMCID: PMC8079327 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.104883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is the most diagnosed and second leading cause of death among women worldwide. Elevated levels of lipids have been reported in BC patients. On the other hand, lipids play an important role in coronavirus infections including the newly emerged disease caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) and designated COVID-19 by WHO. Cancer patients including BC have been reported to be at higher risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection, which is mostly attributed to the chronic immunosuppressive status of cancer patients along with the use of cytotoxic drugs. Here in this review, we highlighted the role of dyslipidemia associated with BC patients in the incidence and severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Elevated levels of lipids namely phospholipids, cholesterol, sphingolipids, and eicosanoids in the serum of BC patients and their re-localization to the alveolar spaces can increase susceptibility and/or severity due to SARA-CoV-2 infection. Therefore, manipulation of dyslipidemia in BC patients should be recommended as prophylactic and therapy against SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarra B Shakartalla
- Research Institute for Medical and Health sciences, University of Sharjah, P.O. Box 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, P.O. Box 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Gezira, P.O.Box. 21111, Wadmedani, Sudan
| | - Razan B Alhumaidi
- Research Institute for Medical and Health sciences, University of Sharjah, P.O. Box 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, P.O. Box 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ola D A Shammout
- Research Institute for Medical and Health sciences, University of Sharjah, P.O. Box 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, P.O. Box 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Zainab M Al Shareef
- Research Institute for Medical and Health sciences, University of Sharjah, P.O. Box 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, P.O. Box 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Naglaa S Ashmawy
- Research Institute for Medical and Health sciences, University of Sharjah, P.O. Box 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacognosy, Ain Shams University, 11566-Abbassia, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sameh S M Soliman
- Research Institute for Medical and Health sciences, University of Sharjah, P.O. Box 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, P.O. Box 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Yoshida K, Kusama K, Fukushima Y, Ohmaru-Nakanishi T, Kato K, Tamura K. Alpha-1 Antitrypsin-Induced Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Promotes Invasion by Extravillous Trophoblasts. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3683. [PMID: 33916165 PMCID: PMC8037753 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alpha-1 antitrypsin (A1AT) is a glycoprotein that has been shown to protect tissues from proteolytic damage under various inflammatory conditions. Several studies show that A1AT may be associated with pre-eclampsia. However, the role of A1AT expression in placental physiology is not fully understood. In the present study, we aim to characterize the expression and function of placental A1AT. A1AT knockdown is found to reduce the expression of the serine protease HTRA1 in a trophoblast cell line. In addition, A1AT overexpression (A1AT-OE) increases the expression of HTRA1, IL6, CXCL8, and several markers of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Treatment with tunicamycin or thapsigargin, which induces ER stress, increases HTRA1 expression. Furthermore, immunohistochemistry reveals that HTRA1 is expressed in trophoblasts and the endometrial decidual cells of human placentas. An invasion assay shows that A1AT and HTRA1 stimulate cell invasion, but treatment with the ER stress inhibitors reduces the expression of HTRA1 and ER stress markers and prevents cell invasion in A1AT-OE trophoblasts. These results suggest that endogenous A1AT regulates inflammatory cytokine expression and HTRA1-induced trophoblast invasion via the induction of ER stress. It is concluded that an imbalance in the functional link between A1AT and ER stress at the maternal-fetal interface might cause abnormal placental development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kanoko Yoshida
- Department of Endocrine Pharmacology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan; (K.Y.); (Y.F.); (K.T.)
| | - Kazuya Kusama
- Department of Endocrine Pharmacology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan; (K.Y.); (Y.F.); (K.T.)
| | - Yuta Fukushima
- Department of Endocrine Pharmacology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan; (K.Y.); (Y.F.); (K.T.)
| | - Takako Ohmaru-Nakanishi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; (T.O.-N.); (K.K.)
| | - Kiyoko Kato
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; (T.O.-N.); (K.K.)
| | - Kazuhiro Tamura
- Department of Endocrine Pharmacology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan; (K.Y.); (Y.F.); (K.T.)
| |
Collapse
|