1
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Karunaratne SP, Moussa EM, Mills BJ, Weis DD. Understanding the Effects of Site-Specific Light Chain Conjugation on Antibody Structure Using Hydrogen Exchange-Mass Spectrometry (HX-MS). J Pharm Sci 2024:S0022-3549(24)00180-1. [PMID: 38761863 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2024.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Antibody drug conjugates (ADCs) represent one of the fastest growing classes of cancer therapeutics. Drug incorporation through site-specific conjugation in ADCs leads to uniform drug load and distribution. These site-specific modifications may have an impact on ADC quality attributes including protein higher order structure (HOS), which might impact safety and efficacy. In this study, we conducted a side-by-side comparison between the conjugated and unconjugated mAb. In the ADC, the linker-pyrrolobenzodiazepine was site specifically conjugated to an engineered unpaired C215 residue within the Fab domain of the light chain. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and differential scanning fluorimetry (DSF) indicated a decrease in thermal stability for the CH2 transition of the ADC. Size exclusion chromatography (SEC) analysis showed that conjugation of the mAb resulted in earlier aggregation onset and increased aggregation propensity after 4 weeks at 40 °C. Differential hydrogen-exchange mass spectrometry (HX-MS) indicated that upon conjugation, light chain residues 150-155 and 197-204, close to the conjugation site, showed significantly faster HX kinetics, suggesting an increase in backbone flexibility within this region, while heavy chain residues 32-44 exhibited significantly slower kinetics, suggesting distal stabilization of the mAb backbone.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ehab M Moussa
- CMC Biologics Drug Product Development, AbbVie, North Chicago, IL 60061 USA
| | - Brittney J Mills
- CMC Biologics Drug Product Development, AbbVie, North Chicago, IL 60061 USA
| | - David D Weis
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA.
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2
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Sankaran PK, Poskute R, Dewis L, Watanabe Y, Wong V, Fernandez LP, Shannon R, Wong L, Shrubsall R, Carman L, Holt A, Lepore G, Mishra R, Sewell L, Gothard M, Cheeks M, Lindo V. Comprehensive Stress Stability Studies Reveal the Prominent Stability of the Liquid-Formulated Biotherapeutic Asymmetric Monovalent Bispecific IgG1 Monoclonal Antibody Format. J Pharm Sci 2024:S0022-3549(24)00158-8. [PMID: 38705464 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2024.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
The developed asymmetric monovalent bispecific IgG1 or Duet monoclonal antibody (Duet mAb) has two distinct fragment antigen-binding region (Fab) subunits that target two different epitope specificities sequentially or simultaneously. The design features include unique engineered disulfide bridges, knob-into-hole mutations, and kappa and lambda chains to produce Duet mAbs. These make it structurally and functionally complex, so one expects challenging developability linked to instability, degradation of products and pathways, and limited reports available. Here, we have treated the product with different sources of extreme stress over a lengthy period, including varying heat, pH, photo stress, chemical oxidative stress, accelerated stress in physiological conditions, and forced glycation conditions. The effects of different stress conditions on the product were assessed using various analytical characterization tools to measure product-related substances, post-translational modifications (PTMs), structural integrity, higher-order disulfide linkages, and biological activity. The results revealed degradation products and pathways of Duet mAb. A moderate increase in size, charge, and hydrophobic variants, PTMs, including deamidation, oxidation, isomerization, and glycation were observed, with most conditions exhibiting biological activity. In addition, the characterization of fractionated charge variants, including deamidated species, showed satisfactory biological activity. This study demonstrated the prominent stability of the Duet mAb format comparable to most marketed mAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ryte Poskute
- Analytical Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Lydia Dewis
- Analytical Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Yasunori Watanabe
- Analytical Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Vanessa Wong
- Analytical Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Richard Shannon
- Analytical Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Lisa Wong
- Analytical Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Rebecca Shrubsall
- Analytical Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Lee Carman
- Analytical Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alexander Holt
- Analytical Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Giordana Lepore
- Analytical Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Rahul Mishra
- Analytical Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Laura Sewell
- Analytical Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Matt Gothard
- Analytical Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Matthew Cheeks
- Cell Culture & Fermentation Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Viv Lindo
- Analytical Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK.
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3
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Delgado-Maldonado T, González-González A, Moreno-Rodríguez A, Bocanegra-García V, Martinez-Vazquez AV, de Luna-Santillana EDJ, Pujadas G, Rojas-Verde G, Lara-Ramírez EE, Rivera G. Ligand- and Structure-Based Virtual Screening Identifies New Inhibitors of the Interaction of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein with the ACE2 Host Receptor. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:613. [PMID: 38794275 PMCID: PMC11124852 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16050613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a fast-spreading viral pathogen and poses a serious threat to human health. New SARS-CoV-2 variants have been arising worldwide; therefore, is necessary to explore more therapeutic options. The interaction of the viral spike (S) protein with the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) host receptor is an attractive drug target to prevent the infection via the inhibition of virus cell entry. In this study, Ligand- and Structure-Based Virtual Screening (LBVS and SBVS) was performed to propose potential inhibitors capable of blocking the S receptor-binding domain (RBD) and ACE2 interaction. The best five lead compounds were confirmed as inhibitors through ELISA-based enzyme assays. The docking studies and molecular dynamic (MD) simulations of the selected compounds maintained the molecular interaction and stability (RMSD fluctuations less than 5 Å) with key residues of the S protein. The compounds DRI-1, DRI-2, DRI-3, DRI-4, and DRI-5 efficiently block the interaction between the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and receptor ACE2 (from 69.90 to 99.65% of inhibition) at 50 µM. The most potent inhibitors were DRI-2 (IC50 = 8.8 µM) and DRI-3 (IC50 = 2.1 µM) and have an acceptable profile of cytotoxicity (CC50 > 90 µM). Therefore, these compounds could be good candidates for further SARS-CoV-2 preclinical experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timoteo Delgado-Maldonado
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Farmacéutica, Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Reynosa 88710, Mexico; (T.D.-M.); (A.G.-G.); (E.E.L.-R.)
| | - Alonzo González-González
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Farmacéutica, Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Reynosa 88710, Mexico; (T.D.-M.); (A.G.-G.); (E.E.L.-R.)
| | - Adriana Moreno-Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Estudios Epidemiológicos, Clínicos, Diseños Experimentales e Investigación, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma “Benito Juárez” de Oaxaca, Avenida Universidad S/N, Ex Hacienda Cinco Señores, Oaxaca 68120, Mexico;
| | - Virgilio Bocanegra-García
- Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Reynosa 88710, Mexico; (V.B.-G.); (A.V.M.-V.); (E.d.J.d.L.-S.)
| | - Ana Verónica Martinez-Vazquez
- Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Reynosa 88710, Mexico; (V.B.-G.); (A.V.M.-V.); (E.d.J.d.L.-S.)
| | | | - Gerard Pujadas
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Research Group in Cheminformatics & Nutrition, Campus de Sescelades, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain;
| | - Guadalupe Rojas-Verde
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey 66451, Mexico;
| | - Edgar E. Lara-Ramírez
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Farmacéutica, Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Reynosa 88710, Mexico; (T.D.-M.); (A.G.-G.); (E.E.L.-R.)
| | - Gildardo Rivera
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Farmacéutica, Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Reynosa 88710, Mexico; (T.D.-M.); (A.G.-G.); (E.E.L.-R.)
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4
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Li Q, Kong Y, Zhong Y, Huang A, Ying T, Wu Y. Half-life extension of single-domain antibody-drug conjugates by albumin binding moiety enhances antitumor efficacy. MedComm (Beijing) 2024; 5:e557. [PMID: 38737471 PMCID: PMC11082534 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Single-domain antibody-drug conjugates (sdADCs) have been proven to have deeper solid tumor penetration and intratumor accumulation capabilities due to their smaller size compared with traditional IgG format ADCs. However, one of the key challenges for improving clinical outcomes of sdADCs is their abbreviated in vivo half-life. In this study, we innovatively fused an antihuman serum albumin (αHSA) nanobody to a sdADCs targeting oncofetal antigen 5T4, conferring serum albumin binding to enhance the pharmacokinetic profiles of sdADCs. The fusion protein was conjugated with monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE) at s224c site mutation. The conjugate exhibited potent cytotoxicity against various tumor cells. Compared with the nonalbumin-binding counterparts, the conjugate exhibited a 10-fold extended half-life in wild-type mice and fivefold prolonged serum half-life in BxPC-3 xenograft tumor models as well as enhanced tumor accumulation and retention in mice. Consequently, n501-αHSA-MMAE showed potent antitumor effects, which were comparable to n501-MMAE in pancreatic cancer BxPC-3 xenograft tumor models; however, in human ovarian teratoma PA-1 xenograft tumor models, n501-αHSA-MMAE significantly improved antitumor efficacy. Moreover, the conjugate showed mitigated hepatotoxicity. In summary, our results suggested that fusion to albumin-binding moiety as a viable strategy can enhance the therapeutic potential of sdADCs through optimized pharmacokinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanxiao Li
- MOE/NHC/CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular VirologyShanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and BiosecurityShanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microorganisms and InfectionShanghai Engineering Research Center for Synthetic ImmunologyDepartment of medical microbiology and parasitology, School of Basic Medical SciencesFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yu Kong
- MOE/NHC/CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular VirologyShanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and BiosecurityShanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microorganisms and InfectionShanghai Engineering Research Center for Synthetic ImmunologyDepartment of medical microbiology and parasitology, School of Basic Medical SciencesFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yuxuan Zhong
- MOE/NHC/CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular VirologyShanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and BiosecurityShanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microorganisms and InfectionShanghai Engineering Research Center for Synthetic ImmunologyDepartment of medical microbiology and parasitology, School of Basic Medical SciencesFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Ailing Huang
- College of Life SciencesHebei Agricultural UniversityBaodingChina
| | - Tianlei Ying
- MOE/NHC/CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular VirologyShanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and BiosecurityShanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microorganisms and InfectionShanghai Engineering Research Center for Synthetic ImmunologyDepartment of medical microbiology and parasitology, School of Basic Medical SciencesFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yanling Wu
- MOE/NHC/CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular VirologyShanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and BiosecurityShanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microorganisms and InfectionShanghai Engineering Research Center for Synthetic ImmunologyDepartment of medical microbiology and parasitology, School of Basic Medical SciencesFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
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5
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Pereira IL, Cardoso TL, Wozeak DR, Caballero PS, Buchhorn de Freitas S, Pinto Seixas Neto AC, da Silva Pinto L, Hartwig DD. Antibodies anti-rFilF protein has anti-biofilm activity against carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Microbes Infect 2024:105347. [PMID: 38679227 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2024.105347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Acinetobacter baumannii is an opportunistic bacterium that causes infection in several sites. Carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii strains (CRAb) lead the World Health Organization's list of 12 pathogens considered a priority for developing new antimicrobials. The pathogenicity of A. baumannii is related to the different virulence factors employed in the colonization of biotic and abiotic surfaces, biofilm formation and multidrug resistance. We analyze the outer membrane protein FilF from A. baumannii in silico and produce it in recombinant form (rFilF). rFilF protein was successfully expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 Star in an insoluble form. Immunization with rFilF induced significant anti-rFilF IgG antibody production in mice, detected by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, since the first evaluation until 49th. On the last experimentation day, the predominant immunoglobulin found was IgG1 followed by IgG2a, IgG2b, IgM, IgG3, and IgA. We observe that interleukins 4 and 10 show significant production after the 28th day of experimentation in mice immunized with rFilF. Anti-rFilF pAbs were able to inhibit biofilm formation in nine CRAb strains evaluated, and in the standard strain ATCC® 19606. These results demonstrate the anti-biofilm activity of anti-rFilF antibodies, promising in the development of a non-antibiotic approach based on the control of CRAb strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Ladeira Pereira
- Biotechnology Unit, Center of Technological Development, Federal University of Pelotas, CEP 96010-900, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Thayná Laner Cardoso
- Biotechnology Unit, Center of Technological Development, Federal University of Pelotas, CEP 96010-900, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Daniela Rodriguero Wozeak
- Biotechnology Unit, Center of Technological Development, Federal University of Pelotas, CEP 96010-900, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Pamela Scaraffuni Caballero
- Biotechnology Unit, Center of Technological Development, Federal University of Pelotas, CEP 96010-900, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Stella Buchhorn de Freitas
- Biotechnology Unit, Center of Technological Development, Federal University of Pelotas, CEP 96010-900, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Amilton Clair Pinto Seixas Neto
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Biology Institute, Federal University of Pelotas, CEP 96010-900, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Luciano da Silva Pinto
- Biotechnology Unit, Center of Technological Development, Federal University of Pelotas, CEP 96010-900, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Daiane Drawanz Hartwig
- Biotechnology Unit, Center of Technological Development, Federal University of Pelotas, CEP 96010-900, Pelotas, RS, Brazil; Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Biology Institute, Federal University of Pelotas, CEP 96010-900, Pelotas, RS, Brazil.
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6
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Murakami T, Shigeki S. Pharmacotherapy for Keloids and Hypertrophic Scars. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4674. [PMID: 38731893 PMCID: PMC11083137 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Keloids (KD) and hypertrophic scars (HTS), which are quite raised and pigmented and have increased vascularization and cellularity, are formed due to the impaired healing process of cutaneous injuries in some individuals having family history and genetic factors. These scars decrease the quality of life (QOL) of patients greatly, due to the pain, itching, contracture, cosmetic problems, and so on, depending on the location of the scars. Treatment/prevention that will satisfy patients' QOL is still under development. In this article, we review pharmacotherapy for treating KD and HTS, including the prevention of postsurgical recurrence (especially KD). Pharmacotherapy involves monotherapy using a single drug and combination pharmacotherapy using multiple drugs, where drugs are administered orally, topically and/or through intralesional injection. In addition, pharmacotherapy for KD/HTS is sometimes combined with surgical excision and/or with physical therapy such as cryotherapy, laser therapy, radiotherapy including brachytherapy, and silicone gel/sheeting. The results regarding the clinical effectiveness of each mono-pharmacotherapy for KD/HTS are not always consistent but rather scattered among researchers. Multimodal combination pharmacotherapy that targets multiple sites simultaneously is more effective than mono-pharmacotherapy. The literature was searched using PubMed, Google Scholar, and Online search engines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teruo Murakami
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima International University, Higashi-Hiroshima 731-2631, Japan;
| | - Sadayuki Shigeki
- Department of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Rehabilitation, Hiroshima International University, Higashi-Hiroshima 731-2631, Japan
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7
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Jiang M, Li Q, Xu B. Spotlight on ideal target antigens and resistance in antibody-drug conjugates: Strategies for competitive advancement. Drug Resist Updat 2024; 75:101086. [PMID: 38677200 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2024.101086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) represent a novel and promising approach in targeted therapy, uniting the specificity of antibodies that recognize specific antigens with payloads, all connected by the stable linker. These conjugates combine the best targeted and cytotoxic therapies, offering the killing effect of precisely targeting specific antigens and the potent cell-killing power of small molecule drugs. The targeted approach minimizes the off-target toxicities associated with the payloads and broadens the therapeutic window, enhancing the efficacy and safety profile of cancer treatments. Within precision oncology, ADCs have garnered significant attention as a cutting-edge research area and have been approved to treat a range of malignant tumors. Correspondingly, the issue of resistance to ADCs has gradually come to the fore. Any dysfunction in the steps leading to the ADCs' action within tumor cells can lead to the development of resistance. A deeper understanding of resistance mechanisms may be crucial for developing novel ADCs and exploring combination therapy strategies, which could further enhance the clinical efficacy of ADCs in cancer treatment. This review outlines the brief historical development and mechanism of ADCs and discusses the impact of their key components on the activity of ADCs. Furthermore, it provides a detailed account of the application of ADCs with various target antigens in cancer therapy, the categorization of potential resistance mechanisms, and the current state of combination therapies. Looking forward, breakthroughs in overcoming technical barriers, selecting differentiated target antigens, and enhancing resistance management and combination therapy strategies will broaden the therapeutic indications for ADCs. These progresses are anticipated to advance cancer treatment and yield benefits for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxia Jiang
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Qiao Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
| | - Binghe Xu
- Department of Medical Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Mocelular Oncology, National Cancer Center, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
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8
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Poskute R, Sankaran PK, Sewell L, Lepore G, Shrubsall R, Dewis L, Watanabe Y, Wong V, Pascual Fernandez L, Mishra R, Holt A, Sou S, Harris C, Moreno Rodriguez C, Cankorur-Cetinkaya A, Smith J, Lonska N, Powell A, Cui T, Cheeks M, Lindo V. Identification and quantification of chain-pairing variants or mispaired species of asymmetric monovalent bispecific IgG1 monoclonal antibody format using reverse-phase polyphenyl chromatography coupled electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2024; 1237:124085. [PMID: 38513430 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2024.124085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Developing a knob-into-hole asymmetric bispecific IgG1 monoclonal antibody (mAb) poses manufacturing challenges due to the expression of chain pairing variants, also called mispaired species, in the desired product. The incorrect pairing of light and heavy chains could result in heterogeneous mispaired species of homodimers, heterodimers, light chain swapping, and low molecular weight species (LMWS). Standard chromatography, capillary electrophoretic, or spectroscopic methods poorly resolve these from the main variants. Here, we report a highly sensitive reverse-phase polyphenyl ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-UHPLC) method to accurately measure mispaired species of Duet mAb format, an asymmetric IgG1 bispecific mAb, for both process development and quality control analytical tests. Coupled with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), it enabled direct online characterization of mispaired species. This single direct assay detected diverse mispaired IgG-like species and LMWS. The method resolved eight disulfide bonds dissociated LMWS and three mispaired LMWS. It also resolved three different types of IgG-like mispaired species, including two homodimers and one heterodimer. The characterization and quantification simultaneously enabled the cell line selection that produces a lesser heterogeneity and lower levels of mispaired species with the desired correctly paired product. The biological activity assessment of samples with increased levels of these species quantified by the method exhibited a linear decline in potency with increasing levels of mispaired species in the desired product. We also demonstrated the utility of the technique for testing in-process intermediate materials to determine and assess downstream purification process capability in removing diverse mispaired IgG-like species and LMWS to a certain level during the downstream purification process. Our investigation demonstrates that adopting this method was vital in developing asymmetric bispecific mAb from the initial stage of cell line development to manufacturing process development. Therefore, this tool could be used in the control strategy to monitor and control mispaired species during manufacturing, thus improving the quality control of the final product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryte Poskute
- Analytical Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Laura Sewell
- Analytical Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Giordana Lepore
- Analytical Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Rebecca Shrubsall
- Analytical Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Lydia Dewis
- Analytical Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Yasunori Watanabe
- Analytical Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Vanessa Wong
- Analytical Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Rahul Mishra
- Analytical Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alexander Holt
- Analytical Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Susie Sou
- Cell Culture & Fermentation Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Claire Harris
- Cell Culture & Fermentation Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Cristina Moreno Rodriguez
- Cell Culture & Fermentation Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ayca Cankorur-Cetinkaya
- Cell Culture & Fermentation Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jennifer Smith
- Cell Culture & Fermentation Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nikola Lonska
- Purification Process Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Adam Powell
- Purification Process Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Tingting Cui
- Purification Process Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Matthew Cheeks
- Cell Culture & Fermentation Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Viv Lindo
- Analytical Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK.
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9
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Kharga K, Jha S, Vishwakarma T, Kumar L. Current developments and prospects of the antibiotic delivery systems. Crit Rev Microbiol 2024:1-40. [PMID: 38425122 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2024.2321480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Antibiotics have remained the cornerstone for the treatment of bacterial infections ever since their discovery in the twentieth century. The uproar over antibiotic resistance among bacteria arising from genome plasticity and biofilm development has rendered current antibiotic therapies ineffective, urging the development of innovative therapeutic approaches. The development of antibiotic resistance among bacteria has further heightened the clinical failure of antibiotic therapy, which is often linked to its low bioavailability, side effects, and poor penetration and accumulation at the site of infection. In this review, we highlight the potential use of siderophores, antibodies, cell-penetrating peptides, antimicrobial peptides, bacteriophages, and nanoparticles to smuggle antibiotics across impermeable biological membranes to achieve therapeutically relevant concentrations of antibiotics and combat antimicrobial resistance (AMR). We will discuss the general mechanisms via which each delivery system functions and how it can be tailored to deliver antibiotics against the paradigm of mechanisms underlying antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kusum Kharga
- School of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Shubhang Jha
- School of Bioengineering and Food Technology, Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Tanvi Vishwakarma
- School of Bioengineering and Food Technology, Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Lokender Kumar
- School of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University, Himachal Pradesh, India
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10
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Sumikawa T, Nakakido M, Matsunaga R, Kuroda D, Nagatoishi S, Tsumoto K. Generation of antibodies to an extracellular region of the transporters Glut1/Glut4 by immunization with a designed antigen. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:105640. [PMID: 38199569 PMCID: PMC10862009 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.105640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies are one of the fastest growing class of drugs. Nevertheless, relatively few biologics target multispanning membrane proteins because of technical challenges. To target relatively small extracellular regions of multiple membrane-spanning proteins, synthetic peptides, which are composed of amino acids corresponding to an extracellular region of a membrane protein, are often utilized in antibody discovery. However, antibodies to these peptides often do not recognize parental membrane proteins. In this study, we designed fusion proteins in which an extracellular helix of the membrane protein glucose transporter 1 (Glut1) was grafted onto the scaffold protein Adhiron. In the initial design, the grafted fragment did not form a helical conformation. Molecular dynamics simulations of full-length Glut1 suggested the importance of intramolecular interactions formed by surrounding residues in the formation of the helical conformation. A fusion protein designed to maintain such intramolecular interactions did form the desired helical conformation in the grafted region. We then immunized an alpaca with the designed fusion protein and obtained VHH (variable region of heavy-chain antibodies) using the phage display method. The binding of these VHH antibodies to the recombinant Glut1 protein was evaluated by surface plasmon resonance, and their binding to Glut1 on the cell membrane was further validated by flow cytometry. Furthermore, we also succeeded in the generation of a VHH against another integral membrane protein, glucose transporter 4 (Glut4) with the same strategy. These illustrates that our combined biochemical and computational approach can be applied to designing other novel fusion proteins for generating site-specific antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taichi Sumikawa
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Nakakido
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Ryo Matsunaga
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kuroda
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Research Center for Drug and Vaccine Development, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoru Nagatoishi
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Laboratory of Medical Proteomics, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kouhei Tsumoto
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Laboratory of Medical Proteomics, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
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11
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Che Hussian CHA, Leong WY. Factors affecting therapeutic protein purity and yield during chromatographic purification. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2024; 54:150-158. [PMID: 37233514 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2023.2217507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic proteins are recombinant proteins generated through recombinant DNA technology and have attracted a great deal of interest in numerous applications, including pharmaceutical, cosmetic, human and animal health, agriculture, food, and bioremediation. Producing therapeutic proteins on a large scale, mainly in the pharmaceutical industry, necessitates a cost-effective, straightforward, and adequate manufacturing process. In industry, a protein separation technique based mainly on protein characteristics and modes of chromatography will be applied to optimize the purification process. Typically, the downstream process of biopharmaceutical operations may involve multiple chromatography phases that require the use of large columns pre-packed with resins that must be inspected before use. Approximately 20% of the proteins are assumed to be lost at each purification stage during the production of biotherapeutic products. Hence, to produce a high quality product, particularly in the pharmaceutical industry, the correct approach and understanding of the factors influencing purity and yield during purification are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wai Yie Leong
- INTI International University & Colleges, Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
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12
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Minatel VM, Prudencio CR, Barraviera B, Ferreira RS. Nanobodies: a promising approach to treatment of viral diseases. Front Immunol 2024; 14:1303353. [PMID: 38322011 PMCID: PMC10844482 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1303353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Since their discovery in the 1990s, heavy chain antibodies have garnered significant interest in the scientific community. These antibodies, found in camelids such as llamas and alpacas, exhibit distinct characteristics from conventional antibodies due to the absence of a light chain in their structure. Furthermore, they possess a single antigen-binding domain known as VHH or Nanobody (Nb). With a small size of approximately 15 kDa, these Nbs demonstrate improved characteristics compared to conventional antibodies, including greater physicochemical stability and enhanced biodistribution, enabling them to bind inaccessible epitopes more effectively. As a result, Nbs have found numerous applications in various medical and veterinary fields, particularly in diagnostics and therapeutics. Advances in biotechnology have made the production of recombinant antibodies feasible and compatible with large-scale manufacturing. Through the construction of immune phage libraries that display VHHs and subsequent selection through biopanning, it has become possible to isolate specific Nbs targeting pharmaceutical targets of interest, such as viruses. This review describes the processes involved in nanobody production, from hyperimmunization to purification, with the aim of their application in the pharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitória Meneghetti Minatel
- Center for the Study of Venoms and Venomous Animals (CEVAP), São Paulo State University (UNESP—Univ Estadual Paulista), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Benedito Barraviera
- Center for the Study of Venoms and Venomous Animals (CEVAP), São Paulo State University (UNESP—Univ Estadual Paulista), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Tropical Diseases, Botucatu Medical School (FMB), São Paulo State University (UNESP—Univ Estadual Paulista), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rui Seabra Ferreira
- Center for the Study of Venoms and Venomous Animals (CEVAP), São Paulo State University (UNESP—Univ Estadual Paulista), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Tropical Diseases, Botucatu Medical School (FMB), São Paulo State University (UNESP—Univ Estadual Paulista), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
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13
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Kumari S, Raj S, Babu MA, Bhatti GK, Bhatti JS. Antibody-drug conjugates in cancer therapy: innovations, challenges, and future directions. Arch Pharm Res 2024; 47:40-65. [PMID: 38153656 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-023-01479-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) as a potential therapeutic avenue in cancer treatment has garnered significant attention. By combining the selective specificity of monoclonal antibodies with the cytotoxicity of drug molecules, ADCs aim to increase the therapeutic index, selectively targeting cancer cells while minimizing systemic toxicity. Various ADCs have been licensed for clinical usage, with ongoing research paving the way for additional options. However, the manufacture of ADCs faces several challenges. These include identifying suitable target antigens, enhancing antibodies, linkers, and payloads, and managing resistance mechanisms and side effects. This review focuses on the strategies to overcome these hurdles, such as site-specific conjugation techniques, novel antibody formats, and combination therapy. Our focus lies on current advancements in antibody engineering, linker technology, and cytotoxic payloads while addressing the challenges associated with ADC development. Furthermore, we explore the future potential of personalized medicine, leveraging individual patients' molecular profiles, to propel ADC treatments forward. As our understanding of the molecular mechanisms driving cancer progression continues to expand, we anticipate the development of new ADCs that offer more effective and personalized therapeutic options for cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivangi Kumari
- Laboratory of Translational Medicine and Nanotherapeutics, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | - Sonam Raj
- Laboratory of Translational Medicine and Nanotherapeutics, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | - M Arockia Babu
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, U.P., India
| | - Gurjit Kaur Bhatti
- Department of Medical Lab Technology, University Institute of Applied Health Sciences, Chandigarh University, Mohali, India
| | - Jasvinder Singh Bhatti
- Laboratory of Translational Medicine and Nanotherapeutics, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India.
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14
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Boje AS, Pekar L, Koep K, Lipinski B, Rabinovich B, Evers A, Gehlert CL, Krohn S, Xiao Y, Krah S, Zaynagetdinov R, Toleikis L, Poetzsch S, Peipp M, Zielonka S, Klausz K. Impact of antibody architecture and paratope valency on effector functions of bispecific NKp30 x EGFR natural killer cell engagers. MAbs 2024; 16:2315640. [PMID: 38372053 PMCID: PMC10877975 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2024.2315640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells emerged as a promising effector population that can be harnessed for anti-tumor therapy. In this work, we constructed NK cell engagers (NKCEs) based on NKp30-targeting single domain antibodies (sdAbs) that redirect the cytotoxic potential of NK cells toward epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-expressing tumor cells. We investigated the impact of crucial parameters such as sdAb location, binding valencies, the targeted epitope on NKp30, and the overall antibody architecture on the redirection capacity. Our study exploited two NKp30-specific sdAbs, one of which binds a similar epitope on NKp30 as its natural ligand B7-H6, while the other sdAb addresses a non-competing epitope. For EGFR-positive tumor targeting, humanized antigen-binding domains of therapeutic antibody cetuximab were used. We demonstrate that NKCEs bivalently targeting EGFR and bivalently engaging NKp30 are superior to monovalent NKCEs in promoting NK cell-mediated tumor cell lysis and that the architecture of the NKCE can substantially influence killing capacities depending on the NKp30-targeting sdAb utilized. While having a pronounced impact on NK cell killing efficacy, the capabilities of triggering antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis or complement-dependent cytotoxicity were not significantly affected comparing the bivalent IgG-like NKCEs with cetuximab. However, the fusion of sdAbs can have a slight impact on the NK cell release of immunomodulatory cytokines, as well as on the pharmacokinetic profile of the NKCE due to unfavorable spatial orientation within the molecule architecture. Ultimately, our findings reveal novel insights for the engineering of potent NKCEs triggering the NKp30 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ammelie Svea Boje
- Division of Antibody-Based Immunotherapy, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein and University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Lukas Pekar
- Antibody Discovery & Protein Engineering, Merck Healthcare KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Katharina Koep
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Merck Healthcare KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Britta Lipinski
- Antibody Discovery & Protein Engineering, Merck Healthcare KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Brian Rabinovich
- Department of Oncology and Immuno-Oncology, EMD Serono Research & Development Institute Inc, 45A Middlesex Turnpike, Billerica, MA, USA
| | - Andreas Evers
- Antibody Discovery & Protein Engineering, Merck Healthcare KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Carina Lynn Gehlert
- Division of Antibody-Based Immunotherapy, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein and University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Steffen Krohn
- Division of Antibody-Based Immunotherapy, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein and University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Yanping Xiao
- Department of Oncology and Immuno-Oncology, EMD Serono Research & Development Institute Inc, 45A Middlesex Turnpike, Billerica, MA, USA
| | - Simon Krah
- Antibody Discovery & Protein Engineering, Merck Healthcare KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Rinat Zaynagetdinov
- Department of Oncology and Immuno-Oncology, EMD Serono Research & Development Institute Inc, 45A Middlesex Turnpike, Billerica, MA, USA
| | - Lars Toleikis
- Early Protein Supply & Characterization, Merck Healthcare KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Sven Poetzsch
- Strategic Innovation, Merck Healthcare KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Matthias Peipp
- Division of Antibody-Based Immunotherapy, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein and University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Stefan Zielonka
- Antibody Discovery & Protein Engineering, Merck Healthcare KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Katja Klausz
- Division of Antibody-Based Immunotherapy, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein and University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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15
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Zhang C, D'Angelo D, Buttini F, Yang M. Long-acting inhaled medicines: Present and future. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2024; 204:115146. [PMID: 38040120 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.115146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Inhaled medicines continue to be an essential part of treatment for respiratory diseases such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and cystic fibrosis. In addition, inhalation technology, which is an active area of research and innovation to deliver medications via the lung to the bloodstream, offers potential advantages such as rapid onset of action, enhanced bioavailability, and reduced side effects for local treatments. Certain inhaled macromolecules and particles can also end up in different organs via lymphatic transport from the respiratory epithelium. While the majority of research on inhaled medicines is focused on the delivery technology, particle engineering, combination therapies, innovations in inhaler devices, and digital health technologies, researchers are also exploring new pharmaceutical technologies and strategies to prolong the duration of action of inhaled drugs. This is because, in contrast to most inhaled medicines that exert a rapid onset and short duration of action, long-acting inhaled medicines (LAIM) improve not only the patient compliance by reducing the dosing frequency, but also the effectiveness and convenience of inhaled therapies to better manage patients' conditions. This paper reviews the advances in LAIM, the pharmaceutical technologies and strategies for developing LAIM, and emerging new inhaled modalities that possess a long-acting nature and potential in the treatment and prevention of various diseases. The challenges in the development of the future LAIM are also discussed where active research and innovations are taking place.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengqian Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Davide D'Angelo
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; Food and Drug Department, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Francesca Buttini
- Food and Drug Department, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Mingshi Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road No. 103, 110016, Shenyang, China.
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16
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Zhou DD, Sun LP, Yu Q, Zhai XT, Zhang LW, Gao RJ, Zhen YS, Wang R, Miao QF. Elucidating the development, characterization, and antitumor potential of a novel humanized antibody against Trop2. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:127105. [PMID: 37769779 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Trophoblast cell surface antigen 2 (Trop2) has emerged as a potential target for effective cancer therapy. In this study, we report a novel anti-Trop2 antibody IMB1636, developed using hybridoma technology. It exhibited high affinity and specificity (KD = 0.483 nM) in binding both antigens and cancer cells, as well as human tumor tissues. hIMB1636 could induce endocytosis, and enabled targeted delivery to the tumor site with an in vivo retention time of 264 h. The humanized antibody hIMB1636, acquired using CDR grafting, exhibited the potential to directly inhibit cancer cell proliferation and migration, and to induce ADCC effects. Moreover, hIMB1636 significantly inhibited the growth of MDA-MB-468 xenograft tumors in vivo. Mechanistically, hIMB1636 induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis by regulating cyclin-related proteins and the caspase cascade. In comparison to commercialized sacituzumab, hIMB1636 recognized a conformational epitope instead of a linear one, bound to antigen and cancer cells with similar binding affinity, induced significantly more potent ADCC effects against cancer cells, and displayed superior antitumor activities both in vitro and in vivo. The data presented in this study highlights the potential of hIMB1636 as a carrier for the formulation of antibody-based conjugates, or as a promising candidate for anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Dan Zhou
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Ping Sun
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Qun Yu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Tian Zhai
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Lan-Wen Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Rui-Juan Gao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yong-Su Zhen
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Rong Wang
- Department of Blood Transfusion, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Qing-Fang Miao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
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17
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Silnitsky S, Rubin SJS, Zerihun M, Qvit N. An Update on Protein Kinases as Therapeutic Targets-Part I: Protein Kinase C Activation and Its Role in Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17600. [PMID: 38139428 PMCID: PMC10743896 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein kinases are one of the most significant drug targets in the human proteome, historically harnessed for the treatment of cancer, cardiovascular disease, and a growing number of other conditions, including autoimmune and inflammatory processes. Since the approval of the first kinase inhibitors in the late 1990s and early 2000s, the field has grown exponentially, comprising 98 approved therapeutics to date, 37 of which were approved between 2016 and 2021. While many of these small-molecule protein kinase inhibitors that interact orthosterically with the protein kinase ATP binding pocket have been massively successful for oncological indications, their poor selectively for protein kinase isozymes have limited them due to toxicities in their application to other disease spaces. Thus, recent attention has turned to the use of alternative allosteric binding mechanisms and improved drug platforms such as modified peptides to design protein kinase modulators with enhanced selectivity and other pharmacological properties. Herein we review the role of different protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms in cancer and cardiovascular disease, with particular attention to PKC-family inhibitors. We discuss translational examples and carefully consider the advantages and limitations of each compound (Part I). We also discuss the recent advances in the field of protein kinase modulators, leverage molecular docking to model inhibitor-kinase interactions, and propose mechanisms of action that will aid in the design of next-generation protein kinase modulators (Part II).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shmuel Silnitsky
- The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine in the Galilee, Bar-Ilan University, Henrietta Szold St. 8, Safed 1311502, Israel; (S.S.); (M.Z.)
| | - Samuel J. S. Rubin
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA;
| | - Mulate Zerihun
- The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine in the Galilee, Bar-Ilan University, Henrietta Szold St. 8, Safed 1311502, Israel; (S.S.); (M.Z.)
| | - Nir Qvit
- The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine in the Galilee, Bar-Ilan University, Henrietta Szold St. 8, Safed 1311502, Israel; (S.S.); (M.Z.)
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18
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Meleties M, Cooper BM, Marcano-James D, Bhalla AS, Shameem M. Vaporized Hydrogen Peroxide Sterilization in the Production of Protein Therapeutics: Uptake and Effects on Product Quality. J Pharm Sci 2023; 112:2991-3004. [PMID: 37751805 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2023.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
The aseptic filling of drug products is carried out in pharmaceutical isolators that have been sterilized. A commonly used method for achieving a high level of sterility assurance is vaporized hydrogen peroxide (VHP) sterilization, which is favorable to other methods, such as ethylene oxide sterilization, due to its low cycle times and nontoxic residuals. While VHP cycles are often employed to create a sterile environment within an isolator, they can leave residual levels of hydrogen peroxide behind that can enter the product during fill-finish operations. Due to the oxidizing potential of hydrogen peroxide and the multiple possible sources of uptake along filling lines, the extent of the potential impact on product quality needs to be understood during pharmaceutical development. Herein, different factors affecting hydrogen peroxide uptake, points of entry along the filling line, and possible impacts on product quality are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Meleties
- Formulations Development, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY, 10591 USA.
| | - Bailey M Cooper
- Formulations Development, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY, 10591 USA
| | - Daniela Marcano-James
- Formulations Development, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY, 10591 USA
| | - Amardeep S Bhalla
- Formulations Development, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY, 10591 USA
| | - Mohammed Shameem
- Formulations Development, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY, 10591 USA
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19
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Kuwahara A, Nazuka M, Kuroki Y, Ito K, Watanabe S, Kumagai I, Asano R. Functional integration of protein A binding ability to antibody fragments for convenient and tag-free purification. Bioengineered 2023; 14:2259093. [PMID: 37732741 PMCID: PMC10515673 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2023.2259093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the development of small therapeutic antibodies is important, the affinity tags used for their purification often result in heterogeneous production and immunogenicity. In this study, we integrated Staphylococcus aureus protein A (SpA) binding ability into antibody fragments for convenient and tag-free purification. SpA affinity chromatography is used as a global standard purification method for conventional antibodies owing to its high binding affinity to the Fc region. SpA also has a binding affinity for some variable heavy domains (VH) classified in the VH3 subfamily. Through mutagenesis based on alignment and structural modeling results using the SpA-VH3 cocrystal structure, we integrated the SpA-binding ability into the anti-CD3 single-chain Fv. Furthermore, we applied this mutagenesis approach to more complicated small bispecific antibodies and successfully purified the antibodies using SpA affinity chromatography. The antibodies retained their biological function after purification. Integration of SpA-binding ability into conventional antibody fragments simplifies the purification and monitoring of the production processes and, thus, is an ideal strategy for accelerating the development of small therapeutic antibodies. Furthermore, because of its immunoactivity, the anti-CD3 variable region with SpA-binding ability is an effective building block for developing engineered cancer therapeutic antibodies without the Fc region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Kuwahara
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Misae Nazuka
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuri Kuroki
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kohei Ito
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Izumi Kumagai
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryutaro Asano
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
- Institute of Global Innovation Research, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
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20
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Xing L, Lv L, Ren J, Yu H, Zhao X, Kong X, Xiang H, Tao X, Dong D. Advances in targeted therapy for pancreatic cancer. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 168:115717. [PMID: 37862965 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PC) represents a group of malignant tumours originating from pancreatic duct epithelial cells and acinar cells, and the 5-year survival rate of PC patients is only approximately 12%. Molecular targeted drugs are specific drugs designed to target and block oncogenes, and they have become promising strategies for the treatment of PC. Compared to traditional chemotherapy drugs, molecular targeted drugs have greater targeting precision, and they have significant therapeutic effects and minimal side effects. This article reviews several molecular targeted drugs that are currently in the experimental stage for the treatment of PC; these include antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), aptamer-drug conjugates (ApDCs) and peptide-drug conjugates (PDCs). ADCs can specifically recognize cell surface antigens and reduce systemic exposure and toxicity of chemotherapy drugs. By delivering nucleic acid drugs to target cells, the targeting RNA of ApDCs can inhibit the expression or translation of mutated genes, thereby inhibiting tumour development. Moreover, PDCs can effectively penetrate tumour cells, and the peptide groups in PDCs preferentially target tumour cells with minimal side effects. In the targeted therapy of PC, molecular targeted drugs have very broad prospects, which provides new hope for the clinical treatment of PC patients and is worth further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Xing
- Department of Pharmacy, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China; School of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Linlin Lv
- Department of Pharmacy, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China
| | - Jiaqi Ren
- Department of Pharmacy, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China
| | - Hao Yu
- Department of Pharmacy, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China
| | - Xinya Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China
| | - Xin Kong
- Department of Pharmacy, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China
| | - Hong Xiang
- Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China.
| | - Xufeng Tao
- Department of Pharmacy, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China.
| | - Deshi Dong
- Department of Pharmacy, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China.
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21
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Busato D, Capolla S, Durigutto P, Mossenta M, Bozzer S, Sblattero D, Macor P, Dal Bo M, Toffoli G. A novel complement-fixing IgM antibody targeting GPC1 as a useful immunotherapeutic strategy for the treatment of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. J Transl Med 2023; 21:864. [PMID: 38017492 PMCID: PMC10685509 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04745-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most aggressive cancers with a very low survival rate at 5 years. The use of chemotherapeutic agents results in only modest prolongation of survival and is generally associated with the occurrence of toxicity effects. Antibody-based immunotherapy has been proposed for the treatment of PDAC, but its efficacy has so far proved limited. The proteoglycan glypican-1 (GPC1) may be a useful immunotherapeutic target because it is highly expressed on the surface of PDAC cells, whereas it is not expressed or is expressed at very low levels in benign neoplastic lesions, chronic pancreatitis, and normal adult tissues. Here, we developed and characterized a specific mouse IgM antibody (AT101) targeting GPC1. METHODS We developed a mouse monoclonal antibody of the IgM class directed against an epitope of GPC1 in close proximity to the cell membrane. For this purpose, a 46 amino acid long peptide of the C-terminal region was used to immunize mice by an in-vivo electroporation protocol followed by serum titer and hybridoma formation. RESULTS The ability of AT101 to bind the GPC1 protein was demonstrated by ELISA, and by flow cytometry and immunofluorescence analysis in the GPC1-expressing "PDAC-like" BXPC3 cell line. In-vivo experiments in the BXPC3 xenograft model showed that AT101 was able to bind GPC1 on the cell surface and accumulate in the BXPC3 tumor masses. Ex-vivo analyses of BXPC3 tumor masses showed that AT101 was able to recruit immunological effectors (complement system components, NK cells, macrophages) to the tumor site and damage PDAC tumor tissue. In-vivo treatment with AT101 reduced tumor growth and prolonged survival of mice with BXPC3 tumor (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that AT101, an IgM specific for an epitope of GPC1 close to PDAC cell surface, is a promising immunotherapeutic agent for GPC1-expressing PDAC, being able to selectively activate the complement system and recruit effector cells in the tumor microenvironment, thus allowing to reduce tumor mass growth and improve survival in treated mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Busato
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Centro Di Riferimento Oncologico (CRO) Di Aviano IRCCS, 33081, Aviano, Italy
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Sara Capolla
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Centro Di Riferimento Oncologico (CRO) Di Aviano IRCCS, 33081, Aviano, Italy
| | - Paolo Durigutto
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Monica Mossenta
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Centro Di Riferimento Oncologico (CRO) Di Aviano IRCCS, 33081, Aviano, Italy
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Sara Bozzer
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Centro Di Riferimento Oncologico (CRO) Di Aviano IRCCS, 33081, Aviano, Italy
| | - Daniele Sblattero
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Paolo Macor
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Michele Dal Bo
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Centro Di Riferimento Oncologico (CRO) Di Aviano IRCCS, 33081, Aviano, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Toffoli
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Centro Di Riferimento Oncologico (CRO) Di Aviano IRCCS, 33081, Aviano, Italy
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22
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Zhu H, Luo H, Chang R, Yang Y, Liu D, Ji Y, Qin H, Rong H, Yin J. Protein-based delivery systems for RNA delivery. J Control Release 2023; 363:253-274. [PMID: 37741460 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
RNA-based therapeutics have emerged as promising approaches to modulate gene expression and generate therapeutic proteins or antigens capable of inducing immune responses to treat a variety of diseases, such as infectious diseases, cancers, immunologic disorders, and genetic disorders. However, the efficient delivery of RNA molecules into cells poses significant challenges due to their large molecular weight, negative charge, and susceptibility to degradation by RNase enzymes. To overcome these obstacles, viral and non-viral vectors have been developed, including lipid nanoparticles, viral vectors, proteins, dendritic macromolecules, among others. Among these carriers, protein-based delivery systems have garnered considerable attention due to their potential to address specific issues associated with nanoparticle-based systems, such as liver accumulation and immunogenicity. This review provides an overview of currently marketed RNA drugs, underscores the significance of RNA delivery vector development, delineates the essential characteristics of an ideal RNA delivery vector, and introduces existing protein carriers for RNA delivery. By offering valuable insights, this review aims to serve as a reference for the future development of protein-based delivery vectors for RNA therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haichao Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Hong Luo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Ruilong Chang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yifan Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Dingkang Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yue Ji
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Hai Qin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital Guizhou Hospital, No. 206, Sixian Street, Baiyun District, Guiyang City 550014, Guizhou Province, China.
| | - Haibo Rong
- Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research & The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Jun Yin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
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23
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Frisby TS, Langmead CJ. Identifying promising sequences for protein engineering using a deep transformer protein language model. Proteins 2023; 91:1471-1486. [PMID: 37337902 DOI: 10.1002/prot.26536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Protein engineers aim to discover and design novel sequences with targeted, desirable properties. Given the near limitless size of the protein sequence landscape, it is no surprise that these desirable sequences are often a relative rarity. This makes identifying such sequences a costly and time-consuming endeavor. In this work, we show how to use a deep transformer protein language model to identify sequences that have the most promise. Specifically, we use the model's self-attention map to calculate a Promise Score that weights the relative importance of a given sequence according to predicted interactions with a specified binding partner. This Promise Score can then be used to identify strong binders worthy of further study and experimentation. We use the Promise Score within two protein engineering contexts-Nanobody (Nb) discovery and protein optimization. With Nb discovery, we show how the Promise Score provides an effective way to select lead sequences from Nb repertoires. With protein optimization, we show how to use the Promise Score to select site-specific mutagenesis experiments that identify a high percentage of improved sequences. In both cases, we also show how the self-attention map used to calculate the Promise Score can indicate which regions of a protein are involved in intermolecular interactions that drive the targeted property. Finally, we describe how to fine-tune the transformer protein language model to learn a predictive model for the targeted property, and discuss the capabilities and limitations of fine-tuning with and without knowledge transfer within the context of protein engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor S Frisby
- Computational Biology Department, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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24
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Püsküllüoğlu M, Rudzińska A, Pacholczak-Madej R. Antibody-drug conjugates in HER-2 negative breast cancers with poor prognosis. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2023; 1878:188991. [PMID: 37758021 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2023.188991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Antibody drug conjugates (ADCs) comprise a rapidly growing class of targeted drugs that selectively deliver a cytotoxic agent to cancer cells, reducing the side effects associated with conventional chemotherapy. Breast cancer (BC) is a heterogeneous entity. The need for effective therapies for HER-2 negative BCs with poor prognosis, such as triple-negative or endocrine-resistant BC, remains unmet due to the lack of potential targets for treatments. These BC subtypes are not candidates for hormonal or anti-HER-2 agents. However, ongoing clinical trials exploring the use of ADCs with a wide range of targets have shown potential for this treatment modality. In this review, we present the current state of knowledge regarding the role of ADC and speculate on novel approaches including ADC combination therapies, new molecular targets, and the role of other subclasses of ADCs (bicycle drug conjugates, bispecific ADCs, immune modulating ADCs) in this clinical scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirosława Püsküllüoğlu
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Krakow Branch, Garncarska Street 11, 31-115 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Rudzińska
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Krakow Branch, Garncarska Street 11, 31-115 Krakow, Poland
| | - Renata Pacholczak-Madej
- Department of Anatomy, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, Kopernika Street 12, 31-034 Krakow, Poland; Department of Chemotherapy, The District Hospital, 22 Szpitalna Street, 34-200 Sucha Beskidzka, Poland
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25
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Bai G, Sun C, Guo Z, Wang Y, Zeng X, Su Y, Zhao Q, Ma B. Accelerating antibody discovery and design with artificial intelligence: Recent advances and prospects. Semin Cancer Biol 2023; 95:13-24. [PMID: 37355214 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2023.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic antibodies are the largest class of biotherapeutics and have been successful in treating human diseases. However, the design and discovery of antibody drugs remains challenging and time-consuming. Recently, artificial intelligence technology has had an incredible impact on antibody design and discovery, resulting in significant advances in antibody discovery, optimization, and developability. This review summarizes major machine learning (ML) methods and their applications for computational predictors of antibody structure and antigen interface/interaction, as well as the evaluation of antibody developability. Additionally, this review addresses the current status of ML-based therapeutic antibodies under preclinical and clinical phases. While many challenges remain, ML may offer a new therapeutic option for the future direction of fully computational antibody design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganggang Bai
- Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Chuance Sun
- Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Ziang Guo
- Cancer Center, Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Yangjing Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xincheng Zeng
- Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yuhong Su
- Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Qi Zhao
- Cancer Center, Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao Special Administrative Region of China; MoE Frontiers Science Center for Precision Oncology, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao Special Administrative Region of China.
| | - Buyong Ma
- Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; Shanghai Digiwiser BioTechnolgy, Limited, Shanghai 201203, China.
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26
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Jacobs L, Stobbelaar K, Heykers A, Cos P, Delputte P. Subtractive Immunization as a Method to Develop Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)-Specific Monoclonal Antibodies. Antibodies (Basel) 2023; 12:62. [PMID: 37873859 PMCID: PMC10594476 DOI: 10.3390/antib12040062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) is a significant cause of lower respiratory tract infections in the young, the elderly, and in immunodeficient patients. As such, the virus represents an important cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Development of monoclonal antibodies against RSV has resulted in a commercial prophylaxis, palivizumab (Synagis®), and different antibodies that have improved our understanding of the structure of the viral proteins. In this study, a different immunization technique, subtractive immunization, was evaluated for its applicability to develop RSV-specific antibodies. One hybridoma which produced antibodies with the strongest staining of RSV infected cells, ATAC-0025, was selected for further characterization. This antibody belongs to the IgG1 class, has neutralizing capacity and recognizes the envelope F-protein. The antibody has a broad reactivity against a range of RSV reference strains and clinical isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotte Jacobs
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene, Infla-Med Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp (UA), Universiteitsplein 1 S.7, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium; (L.J.); (K.S.); (A.H.); (P.C.)
| | - Kim Stobbelaar
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene, Infla-Med Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp (UA), Universiteitsplein 1 S.7, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium; (L.J.); (K.S.); (A.H.); (P.C.)
- Pediatrics Department, Antwerp University Hospital (UZA), Wilrijkstraat 10, 2650 Edegem, Belgium
| | - Annick Heykers
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene, Infla-Med Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp (UA), Universiteitsplein 1 S.7, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium; (L.J.); (K.S.); (A.H.); (P.C.)
| | - Paul Cos
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene, Infla-Med Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp (UA), Universiteitsplein 1 S.7, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium; (L.J.); (K.S.); (A.H.); (P.C.)
| | - Peter Delputte
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene, Infla-Med Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp (UA), Universiteitsplein 1 S.7, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium; (L.J.); (K.S.); (A.H.); (P.C.)
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27
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Sun Y, Yu X, Wang X, Yuan K, Wang G, Hu L, Zhang G, Pei W, Wang L, Sun C, Yang P. Bispecific antibodies in cancer therapy: Target selection and regulatory requirements. Acta Pharm Sin B 2023; 13:3583-3597. [PMID: 37719370 PMCID: PMC10501874 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2023.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the development of bispecific antibodies (bsAbs) has been rapid, with many new structures and target combinations being created. The boom in bsAbs has led to the successive issuance of industry guidance for their development in the US and China. However, there is a high degree of similarity in target selection, which could affect the development of diversity in bsAbs. This review presents a classification of various bsAbs for cancer therapy based on structure and target selection and examines the advantages of bsAbs over monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Through database research, we have identified the preferences of available bsAbs combinations, suggesting rational target selection options and warning of potential wastage of medical resources. We have also compared the US and Chinese guidelines for bsAbs in order to provide a reference for their development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanze Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
- Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery and Development, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Xinmiao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
- Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery and Development, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
- Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery and Development, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Kai Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
- Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery and Development, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Gefei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
- Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery and Development, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Lingrong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
- Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery and Development, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Guoyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
- Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery and Development, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Wenli Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
- Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery and Development, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Liping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
- Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery and Development, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Chengliang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
- Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery and Development, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Peng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
- Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery and Development, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
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28
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Misorin AK, Chernyshova DO, Karbyshev MS. State-of-the-Art Approaches to Heterologous Expression of Bispecific Antibodies Targeting Solid Tumors. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2023; 88:1215-1231. [PMID: 37770390 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297923090031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Bispecific antibodies (bsAbs) are some of the most promising biotherapeutics due to the versatility provided by their structure and functional features. bsAbs simultaneously bind two antigens or two epitopes on the same antigen. Moreover, they are capable of directing immune effector cells to cancer cells and delivering various compounds (radionuclides, toxins, and immunologic agents) to the target cells, thus offering a broad spectrum of clinical applications. Current review is focused on the technologies used in bsAb engineering, current progress and prospects of these antibodies, and selection of various heterologous expression systems for bsAb production. We also discuss the platforms development of bsAbs for the therapy of solid tumors.
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29
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Tapia-Galisteo A, Álvarez-Vallina L, Sanz L. Bi- and trispecific immune cell engagers for immunotherapy of hematological malignancies. J Hematol Oncol 2023; 16:83. [PMID: 37501154 PMCID: PMC10373336 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-023-01482-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune cell engagers are engineered antibodies with at least one arm binding a tumor-associated antigen and at least another one directed against an activating receptor in immune effector cells: CD3 for recruitment of T cells and CD16a for NK cells. The first T cell engager (the anti-CD19 blinatumomab) was approved by the FDA in 2014, but no other one hit the market until 2022. Now the field is gaining momentum, with three approvals in 2022 and 2023 (as of May): the anti-CD20 × anti-CD3 mosunetuzumab and epcoritamab and the anti-B cell maturation antigen (BCMA) × anti-CD3 teclistamab, and another three molecules in regulatory review. T cell engagers will likely revolutionize the treatment of hematological malignancies in the short term, as they are considerably more potent than conventional monoclonal antibodies recognizing the same tumor antigens. The field is thriving, with a plethora of different formats and targets, and around 100 bispecific T cell engagers more are already in clinical trials. Bispecific NK cell engagers are also in early-stage clinical studies and may offer similar efficacy with milder side effects. Trispecific antibodies (engaging either T cell or NK cell receptors) raise the game even further with a third binding moiety, which allows either the targeting of an additional tumor-associated antigen to increase specificity and avoid immune escape or the targeting of additional costimulatory receptors on the immune cell to improve its effector functions. Altogether, these engineered molecules may change the paradigm of treatment for relapsed or refractory hematological malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Tapia-Galisteo
- Immuno-Oncology and Immunotherapy Group, Biomedical Research Institute Hospital Universitario, 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
- Cancer Immunotherapy Unit (UNICA), Department of Immunology, Hospital Universitario, 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
- H12O-CNIO Cancer Immunotherapy Clinical Research Unit, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Álvarez-Vallina
- Immuno-Oncology and Immunotherapy Group, Biomedical Research Institute Hospital Universitario, 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain.
- Cancer Immunotherapy Unit (UNICA), Department of Immunology, Hospital Universitario, 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain.
- H12O-CNIO Cancer Immunotherapy Clinical Research Unit, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Laura Sanz
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Biomedical Research Institute Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.
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30
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Effer B, Perez I, Ulloa D, Mayer C, Muñoz F, Bustos D, Rojas C, Manterola C, Vergara-Gómez L, Dappolonnio C, Weber H, Leal P. Therapeutic Targets of Monoclonal Antibodies Used in the Treatment of Cancer: Current and Emerging. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2086. [PMID: 37509725 PMCID: PMC10377242 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11072086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the leading global causes of death and disease, and treatment options are constantly evolving. In this sense, the use of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) in immunotherapy has been considered a fundamental aspect of modern cancer therapy. In order to avoid collateral damage, it is indispensable to identify specific molecular targets or biomarkers of therapy and/or diagnosis (theragnostic) when designing an appropriate immunotherapeutic regimen for any type of cancer. Furthermore, it is important to understand the currently employed mAbs in immunotherapy and their mechanisms of action in combating cancer. To achieve this, a comprehensive understanding of the biology of cancer cell antigens, domains, and functions is necessary, including both those presently utilized and those emerging as potential targets for the design of new mAbs in cancer treatment. This review aims to provide a description of the therapeutic targets utilized in cancer immunotherapy over the past 5 years, as well as emerging targets that hold promise as potential therapeutic options in the application of mAbs for immunotherapy. Additionally, the review explores the mechanisms of actin of the currently employed mAbs in immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Effer
- Center of Excellence in Translational Medicine (CEMT) and Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile
| | - Isabela Perez
- Center of Excellence in Translational Medicine (CEMT) and Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile
| | - Daniel Ulloa
- Center of Excellence in Translational Medicine (CEMT) and Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile
| | - Carolyn Mayer
- Center of Excellence in Translational Medicine (CEMT) and Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile
| | - Francisca Muñoz
- Center of Excellence in Translational Medicine (CEMT) and Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile
| | - Diego Bustos
- Center of Excellence in Translational Medicine (CEMT) and Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile
| | - Claudio Rojas
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Médicas, Universidad de la Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile
- Centro de Estudios Morfológicos y Quirúrgicos de La, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile
| | - Carlos Manterola
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Médicas, Universidad de la Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile
- Centro de Estudios Morfológicos y Quirúrgicos de La, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile
| | - Luis Vergara-Gómez
- Center of Excellence in Translational Medicine (CEMT) and Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile
| | - Camila Dappolonnio
- Center of Excellence in Translational Medicine (CEMT) and Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile
| | - Helga Weber
- Center of Excellence in Translational Medicine (CEMT) and Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile
| | - Pamela Leal
- Center of Excellence in Translational Medicine (CEMT) and Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile
- Department of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Faculty of Agricultural and Forestry Science, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4810296, Chile
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Wang B, Xiang J, He B, Tan S, Zhou W. Enhancing bioavailability of natural extracts for nutritional applications through dry powder inhalers (DPI) spray drying: technological advancements and future directions. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1190912. [PMID: 37476406 PMCID: PMC10354342 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1190912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural ingredients have many applications in modern medicine and pharmaceutical projects. However, they often have low solubility, poor chemical stability, and low bioavailability in vivo. Spray drying technology can overcome these challenges by enhancing the properties of natural ingredients. Moreover, drug delivery systems can be flexibly designed to optimize the performance of natural ingredients. Among the various drug delivery systems, dry powder inhalation (DPI) has attracted much attention in pharmaceutical research. Therefore, this review will focus on the spray drying of natural ingredients for DPI and discuss their synthesis and application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wang
- Academician Workstation, Changsha Medical University, Changsha, China
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jia Xiang
- Academician Workstation, Changsha Medical University, Changsha, China
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Binsheng He
- Academician Workstation, Changsha Medical University, Changsha, China
| | - Songwen Tan
- Academician Workstation, Changsha Medical University, Changsha, China
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wenhu Zhou
- Academician Workstation, Changsha Medical University, Changsha, China
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Sun T, Niu X, He Q, Liu M, Qiao S, Qi RQ. Development, efficacy and side effects of antibody‑drug conjugates for cancer therapy (Review). Mol Clin Oncol 2023; 18:47. [PMID: 37206431 PMCID: PMC10189422 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2023.2643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are anticancer drugs that combine cytotoxic small-molecule drugs (payloads) with monoclonal antibodies through a chemical linker and that transfer toxic payloads to tumor cells expressing target antigens. All ADCs are based on human IgG. In 2009, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved gemtuzumab ozogamicin as the initial first-generation ADC. Since then, at least 100 ADC-related projects have been initiated, and 14 ADCs are currently being tested in clinical trials. The limited success of gemtuzumab ozogamicin has led to the development of optimization strategies for the next generation of drugs. Subsequently, experts have improved the first-generation ADCs and have developed second-generation ADCs such as ado-trastuzumab emtansine. Second-generation ADCs have higher specific antigen levels, more stable linkers and longer half-lives and show great potential to transform cancer treatment models. Since the first two generations of ADCs have served as a good foundation, the development of ADCs is accelerating, and third-generation ADCs, represented by trastuzumab deruxtecan, are ready for wide application. Third-generation ADCs are characterized by strong pharmacokinetics and high pharmaceutical activity, and their drug-to-antibody ratio mainly ranges from 2 to 4. In the past decade, the research prospects of ADCs have broadened, and an increasing number of specific antigen targets and mechanisms of cytotoxic drug release have been discovered and studied. To date, seven ADCs have been approved by the FDA for lymphoma, and three have been approved to treat breast cancer. The present review explores the function and development of ADCs and their clinical use in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Te Sun
- Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Immunodermatology, National Joint Engineering Research Center for Theranostics of Immunological Skin Diseases, Ministry of Education and NHC, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Xueli Niu
- Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Immunodermatology, National Joint Engineering Research Center for Theranostics of Immunological Skin Diseases, Ministry of Education and NHC, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Qing He
- Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Immunodermatology, National Joint Engineering Research Center for Theranostics of Immunological Skin Diseases, Ministry of Education and NHC, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Min Liu
- Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
- Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Shuai Qiao
- Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Immunodermatology, National Joint Engineering Research Center for Theranostics of Immunological Skin Diseases, Ministry of Education and NHC, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
- Correspondence to: Professor Rui-Qun Qi or Mrs. Shuai Qiao, Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjing Bei Street, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Rui-Qun Qi
- Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Immunodermatology, National Joint Engineering Research Center for Theranostics of Immunological Skin Diseases, Ministry of Education and NHC, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
- Correspondence to: Professor Rui-Qun Qi or Mrs. Shuai Qiao, Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjing Bei Street, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
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Sheng Z, Bimela JS, Wang M, Li Z, Guo Y, Ho DD. An optimized thermodynamics integration protocol for identifying beneficial mutations in antibody design. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1190416. [PMID: 37275896 PMCID: PMC10235760 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1190416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Accurate identification of beneficial mutations is central to antibody design. Many knowledge-based (KB) computational approaches have been developed to predict beneficial mutations, but their accuracy leaves room for improvement. Thermodynamic integration (TI) is an alchemical free energy algorithm that offers an alternative technique for identifying beneficial mutations, but its performance has not been evaluated. In this study, we developed an efficient TI protocol with high accuracy for predicting binding free energy changes of antibody mutations. The improved TI method outperforms KB methods at identifying both beneficial and deleterious mutations. We observed that KB methods have higher accuracies in predicting deleterious mutations than beneficial mutations. A pipeline using KB methods to efficiently exclude deleterious mutations and TI to accurately identify beneficial mutations was developed for high-throughput mutation scanning. The pipeline was applied to optimize the binding affinity of a broadly sarbecovirus neutralizing antibody 10-40 against the circulating severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) omicron variant. Three identified beneficial mutations show strong synergy and improve both binding affinity and neutralization potency of antibody 10-40. Molecular dynamics simulation revealed that the three mutations improve the binding affinity of antibody 10-40 through the stabilization of an altered binding mode with increased polar and hydrophobic interactions. Above all, this study presents an accurate and efficient TI-based approach for optimizing antibodies and other biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zizhang Sheng
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jude S. Bimela
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Maple Wang
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, United States
| | - Zhiteng Li
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, United States
| | - Yicheng Guo
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, United States
| | - David D. Ho
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, United States
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Qian L, Lin X, Gao X, Khan RU, Liao JY, Du S, Ge J, Zeng S, Yao SQ. The Dawn of a New Era: Targeting the "Undruggables" with Antibody-Based Therapeutics. Chem Rev 2023. [PMID: 37186942 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The high selectivity and affinity of antibodies toward their antigens have made them a highly valuable tool in disease therapy, diagnosis, and basic research. A plethora of chemical and genetic approaches have been devised to make antibodies accessible to more "undruggable" targets and equipped with new functions of illustrating or regulating biological processes more precisely. In this Review, in addition to introducing how naked antibodies and various antibody conjugates (such as antibody-drug conjugates, antibody-oligonucleotide conjugates, antibody-enzyme conjugates, etc.) work in therapeutic applications, special attention has been paid to how chemistry tools have helped to optimize the therapeutic outcome (i.e., with enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects) or facilitate the multifunctionalization of antibodies, with a focus on emerging fields such as targeted protein degradation, real-time live-cell imaging, catalytic labeling or decaging with spatiotemporal control as well as the engagement of antibodies inside cells. With advances in modern chemistry and biotechnology, well-designed antibodies and their derivatives via size miniaturization or multifunctionalization together with efficient delivery systems have emerged, which have gradually improved our understanding of important biological processes and paved the way to pursue novel targets for potential treatments of various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linghui Qian
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cancer Center, & Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xuefen Lin
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cancer Center, & Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xue Gao
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cancer Center, & Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Rizwan Ullah Khan
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cancer Center, & Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jia-Yu Liao
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cancer Center, & Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Shubo Du
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Jingyan Ge
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Su Zeng
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cancer Center, & Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Shao Q Yao
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 4 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117544
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Manso T, Kushwaha A, Abdollahi N, Duroux P, Giudicelli V, Kossida S. Mechanisms of action of monoclonal antibodies in oncology integrated in IMGT/mAb-DB. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1129323. [PMID: 37215135 PMCID: PMC10196129 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1129323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cancer cells activate different immune checkpoint (IC) pathways in order to evade immunosurveillance. Immunotherapies involving ICs either block or stimulate these pathways and enhance the efficiency of the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells. In this way, the development of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) targeting ICs has significant success in cancer treatment. Recently, a systematic description of the mechanisms of action (MOA) of the mAbs has been introduced in IMGT/mAb-DB, the IMGT® database dedicated to mAbs for therapeutic applications. The characterization of these antibodies provides a comprehensive understanding of how mAbs work in cancer. Methods In depth biocuration taking advantage of the abundant literature data as well as amino acid sequence analyses from mAbs managed in IMGT/2Dstructure-DB, the IMGT® protein database, allowed to define a standardized and consistent description of the MOA of mAbs targeting immune checkpoints in cancer therapy. Results A fine description and a standardized graphical representation of the MOA of selected mAbs are integrated within IMGT/mAb-DB highlighting two main mechanisms in cancer immunotherapy, either Blocking or Agonist. In both cases, the mAbs enhance cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL)-mediated anti-tumor immune response (Immunostimulant effect) against tumor cells. On the one hand, mAbs targeting co-inhibitory receptors may have a functional Fc region to increase anti-tumor activity by effector properties that deplete Treg cells (Fc-effector function effect) or may have limited FcγR binding to prevent Teff cells depletion and reduce adverse events. On the other hand, agonist mAbs targeting co-stimulatory receptors may bind to FcγRs, resulting in antibody crosslinking (FcγR crosslinking effect) and substantial agonism. Conclusion In IMGT/mAb-DB, mAbs for cancer therapy are characterized by their chains, domains and sequence and by several therapeutic metadata, including their MOA. MOAs were recently included as a search criterion to query the database. IMGT® is continuing standardized work to describe the MOA of mAbs targeting additional immune checkpoints and novel molecules in cancer therapy, as well as expanding this study to other clinical domains.
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Colja S, Jovčevska I, Šamec N, Romih R, Zottel A. Sonication is a suitable method for loading nanobody into glioblastoma small extracellular vesicles. Heliyon 2023; 9:e15674. [PMID: 37131433 PMCID: PMC10149266 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is one of the deadliest cancers, therefore novel efficient therapeutic approaches are urgently required. One of such are nanobodies, prospective nano-sized bio-drugs with advantageous characteristics. Nanobodies can target intracellular proteins, but to increase their efficiency, the delivery system should be applied. Here, we examined small extracellular vesicles as a delivery system for anti-vimentin nanobody Nb79. Nb79 was loaded in small extracellular vesicles either by incubation with glioblastoma cells, by passive loading into isolated small extracellular vesicles or by sonication of isolated small extracellular vesicles. Small extracellular vesicles secreted by glioblastoma cells were isolated by ultracentrifugation on sucrose cushion. The size distribution and average size of sonicated and non-sonicated small extracellular vesicles were determined by nanoparticle tracking analysis method. The loading of Nb79 into small extracellular vesicles by incubation with cells, passive loading or sonication was confirmed by Western blot and electron microscopy. The effect of small extracellular vesicles on cell survival was determined by WST-1 reagent. Loading of small extracellular vesicles by incubation of cells with Nb79 was unsuccessful and resulted in substantial cell death. On the other hand, as confirmed by Western blot and electron microscopy, sonication is a successful method for obtaining Nb79-loaded small extracellular vesicles. Small extracellular vesicles also had an effect on cell viability. Small extracellular vesicles without Nb79 increased survival of U251 and NCH644 cells for 20-25%, while the Nb79-loaded small extracellular vesicles decreased survival of NCH421k by 11%. We demonstrated that sonication is a suitable method to load nanobodies into exosome, and these small extracellular vesicles could in turn reduce cell survival. The method could be translated also to other applications, such as targeted delivery system of other protein-based drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Colja
- Medical Centre for Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ivana Jovčevska
- Medical Centre for Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Neja Šamec
- Medical Centre for Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Rok Romih
- Institute of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Alja Zottel
- Medical Centre for Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Corresponding author.
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Huang X, Shi S, Wang H, Zhao T, Wang Y, Huang S, Su Y, Zhao C, Yang M. Advances in antibody-based drugs and their delivery through the blood-brain barrier for targeted therapy and immunotherapy of gliomas. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 117:109990. [PMID: 37012874 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.109990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
Gliomas are highly invasive and are the most common type of primary malignant brain tumor. The routine treatments for glioma include surgical resection, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. However, glioma recurrence and patient survival remain unsatisfactory after employing these traditional treatment approaches. With the rapid development of molecular immunology, significant breakthroughs have been made in targeted glioma therapy and immunotherapy. Antibody-based therapy has excellent advantages in treating gliomas due to its high specificity and sensitivity. This article reviewed various targeted antibody drugs for gliomas, including anti-glioma surface marker antibodies, anti-angiogenesis antibodies, and anti-immunosuppressive signal antibodies. Notably, many antibodies have been validated clinically, such as bevacizumab, cetuximab, panitumumab, and anti-PD-1 antibodies. These antibodies can improve the targeting of glioma therapy, enhance anti-tumor immunity, reduce the proliferation and invasion of glioma, and thus prolong the survival time of patients. However, the existence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) has caused significant difficulties in drug delivery for gliomas. Therefore, this paper also summarized drug delivery methods through the BBB, including receptor-mediated transportation, nano-based carriers, and some physical and chemical methods for drug delivery. With these exciting advancements, more antibody-based therapies will likely enter clinical practice and allow more successful control of malignant gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Huang
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China
| | - Shuyou Shi
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China
| | - Hongrui Wang
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China
| | - Tiesuo Zhao
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Yibo Wang
- The College of Clinical College, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Sihua Huang
- The College of Clinical College, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yingying Su
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China
| | - Chunyan Zhao
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China.
| | - Ming Yang
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China.
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Cooper AJ, Heist RS. New Therapies on the Horizon. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2023; 37:623-658. [PMID: 37029036 DOI: 10.1016/j.hoc.2023.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Although lung cancer treatment has been transformed by the advent of checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapies, there remains a high unmet need for new effective therapies for patients with progressive disease. Novel treatment strategies include combination therapies with currently available programmed death ligand 1 inhibitors, targeting alternative immune checkpoints, and the use of novel immunomodulatory therapies. In addition, antibody-drug conjugates offer great promise as potent management options. As these agents are further tested in clinical trials, we anticipate that more effective therapies for patients with lung cancer are integrated into regular clinical practice.
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Zhao C, Pan Y, Yu G, Zhao XZ, Chen X, Rao L. Vesicular Antibodies: Shedding Light on Antibody Therapeutics with Cell Membrane Nanotechnology. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2207875. [PMID: 36721058 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202207875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The high stability of antibodies and their ability to precisely bind to antigens and endogenous immune receptors, as well as their susceptibility to protein engineering, enable antibody-based therapeutics to be widely applied in cancer, inflammation, infection, and other disorders. Nevertheless, the application of traditional antibody-based therapeutics has certain limitations, such as high price, limited permeability, and protein engineering complexity. Recent breakthroughs in cell membrane nanotechnology have deepened the understanding of the critical role of membrane protein receptors in disease treatment, enabling vesicular-antibody-based therapeutics. Here, the concept of vesicular antibodies that are obtained by modifying target antibodies onto cell membranes for biomedical applications is proposed. Given that an antibody is basically a protein, as an extension of this concept, vesicles or membrane-coated nanoparticles that use surface antibodies and protein receptors on cell membranes for biomedical applications as vesicular antibodies are defined. Furthermore, several engineering strategies for vesicular antibodies are summarized and how vesicular antibodies can be used in a variety of situations is highlighted. In addition, current challenges and future prospects of vesicular antibodies are also discussed. It is anticipated this perspective will provide new insights on the development of next-generation antibodies for enhanced therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenchen Zhao
- Institute of Biomedical Health Technology and Engineering, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, 518132, China
- School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Yuanwei Pan
- Institute of Biomedical Health Technology and Engineering, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, 518132, China
- Departments of Diagnostic Radiology, Surgery, Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Biomedical Engineering, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine and College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119074, Singapore
| | - Guocan Yu
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xing-Zhong Zhao
- School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Chen
- Departments of Diagnostic Radiology, Surgery, Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Biomedical Engineering, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine and College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119074, Singapore
- Centre for Translational Medicine, Clinical Imaging Research Centre, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117599, Singapore
- Nanomedicine Translational Research Program, NUS Center for Nanomedicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117597, Singapore
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, 138673, Singapore
| | - Lang Rao
- Institute of Biomedical Health Technology and Engineering, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, 518132, China
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Liu D, Zhang P, Zhang K, Bi C, Li L, Xu Y, Zhang T, Zhang J. Role of GPR56 in Platelet Activation and Arterial Thrombosis. Thromb Haemost 2023; 123:295-306. [PMID: 36402131 DOI: 10.1055/a-1983-0457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The adhesion G protein-coupled receptor GPR56 mediates cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix interactions. To examine the function of GPR56 in platelet activation and arterial thrombosis, we generated GPR56-knockout mice and evaluated GPR56 expression in human and mouse platelets. The results revealed that the levels of the GPR56 N-terminal fragment were significantly higher on the first day after myocardial infarction than on the seventh day in the plasma of patients with ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction. Next, we investigated the effects of GPR56 on platelet function in vitro and in vivo. We observed that collagen-induced aggregation and adenosine triphosphate release were reduced in Gpr56 -/- platelets. Furthermore, P-selectin expression on the Gpr56 -/- platelet surface was also reduced, and the spreading area on immobilized collagen was decreased in Gpr56 -/- platelets. Furthermore, collagen-induced platelet activation in human platelets was inhibited by an anti-GPR56 antibody. Gpr56 -/- mice showed an extended time to the first occlusion in models with cremaster arteriole laser injury and FeCl3-induced carotid artery injury. GPR56 activated the G protein 13 signaling pathway following collagen stimulation, which promoted platelet adhesion and thrombus formation at the site of vascular injury. Thus, our study confirmed that GPR56 regulated the formation of arterial thrombosis. Inhibition of the initial response of GPR56 to collagen could significantly inhibit platelet activation and thrombus formation. Our results provide new insights for research into antiplatelet drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongsheng Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Kandi Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Changlong Bi
- Department of Cardiology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanyan Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tiantian Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Junfeng Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Li J, Zhang Z, Zhang B, Yan X, Fan K. Transferrin receptor 1 targeted nanomedicine for brain tumor therapy. Biomater Sci 2023; 11:3394-3413. [PMID: 36847174 DOI: 10.1039/d2bm02152h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Achieving effective drug delivery to traverse the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and target tumor cells remains the greatest challenge for brain tumor therapy. Importantly, the overexpressed membrane receptors on the brain endothelial cells, especially transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1), which mediate their ligands/antibodies to overcome the BBB by transcytosis, have been emerging as promising targets for brain tumor therapy. By employing ligands (e.g., transferrin, H-ferritin), antibodies or targeting peptides of TfR1 or aptamers, various functional nano-formulations have been developed in the last decade. These agents showed great potential for the treatment of brain diseases due to their ideal size, high loading capacity, controlled drug release and suitable pharmacokinetics. Herein, we summarize the latest advances on TfR1-targeted nanomedicine for brain tumor therapy. Moreover, we also discuss the strategies of improving stability, targeting ability and accumulation of nano-formulations in brain tumors for better outcomes. In this review, we hope to provide inspiration for the rational design of TfR1-targeted nanomedicine against brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianru Li
- CAS Engineering Laboratory for Nanozyme, Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceutical, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P. R. China.
| | - Zixia Zhang
- CAS Engineering Laboratory for Nanozyme, Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceutical, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P. R. China.
| | - Baoli Zhang
- CAS Engineering Laboratory for Nanozyme, Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceutical, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P. R. China.
| | - Xiyun Yan
- CAS Engineering Laboratory for Nanozyme, Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceutical, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P. R. China. .,Nanozyme Medical Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
| | - Kelong Fan
- CAS Engineering Laboratory for Nanozyme, Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceutical, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P. R. China. .,Nanozyme Medical Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
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de Almeida Oliveira A, Praia Borges Freire D, Rodrigues de Andrade A, de Miranda Marques A, da Silva Madeira L, Moreno Senna JP, Freitas Brasileiro da Silveira IA, de Castro Fialho B. The Landscape of Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibodies (nAbs) for Treatment and Prevention of COVID-19. J Pharm Innov 2023; 18:1-19. [PMID: 36843665 PMCID: PMC9943047 DOI: 10.1007/s12247-023-09713-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Purpose After nearly 3 years of the COVID-19 pandemic, even though a vast body of knowledge and products (including vaccines and treatments) have been developed and disseminated, the virus is still evolving and new variants arising. Consequently, thousands of lives continue to be lost. Neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (nAbs) are promising drugs that emerged to treat SARS-CoV-2. In the uncertainty of the current situation, there is the question of whether organizations should continue to invest in this technology. To help decision-making in scientifical and pharmaceutical organizations, it is of major importance to monitor the development of products and technologies. Therefore, the aim of this study is analyze the landscape of nAbs for COVID-19. Methods The scenario of 473 biotherapeutics focusing on nAbs was evaluated using foresight techniques and a review of literature. Data were obtained from structured and semi-structured databases and processed for treatment, cleaning, consistency, validation, and enrichment. Results We identified 227 nAbs and performed an extensive literature review of 16 nAbs in late clinical development, including development technologies, responses to variants of concern (VOCs), manufacturing, and clinical aspects. Conclusions Even though the emergence of new VOCs is a threat to the effectiveness of this treatment, demanding constant genomic surveillance, the use of nAbs to treat and prevent COVID-19 will probably continue to be relevant due to excellent safety profiles and the possibility of immediate immunity transfer, especially in patients showing inadequate immunological response to vaccination. Therefore, we suggest that organizations should keep investing in improvements in this technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline de Almeida Oliveira
- Immunobiological Technology Institute, Bio-Manguinhos/Fiocruz, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Avenida Brasil, 4.365, NAPA, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21040‑900 Brazil
| | - Diana Praia Borges Freire
- Immunobiological Technology Institute, Bio-Manguinhos/Fiocruz, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Avenida Brasil, 4.365, NAPA, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21040‑900 Brazil
| | - Ana Rodrigues de Andrade
- Immunobiological Technology Institute, Bio-Manguinhos/Fiocruz, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Avenida Brasil, 4.365, NAPA, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21040‑900 Brazil
| | - Amanda de Miranda Marques
- Immunobiological Technology Institute, Bio-Manguinhos/Fiocruz, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Avenida Brasil, 4.365, NAPA, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21040‑900 Brazil
| | - Luciana da Silva Madeira
- Immunobiological Technology Institute, Bio-Manguinhos/Fiocruz, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Avenida Brasil, 4.365, NAPA, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21040‑900 Brazil
| | - José Procópio Moreno Senna
- Immunobiological Technology Institute, Bio-Manguinhos/Fiocruz, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Avenida Brasil, 4.365, NAPA, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21040‑900 Brazil
| | - Ivna Alana Freitas Brasileiro da Silveira
- Immunobiological Technology Institute, Bio-Manguinhos/Fiocruz, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Avenida Brasil, 4.365, NAPA, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21040‑900 Brazil
| | - Beatriz de Castro Fialho
- Immunobiological Technology Institute, Bio-Manguinhos/Fiocruz, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Avenida Brasil, 4.365, NAPA, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21040‑900 Brazil
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Leone GM, Mangano K, Petralia MC, Nicoletti F, Fagone P. Past, Present and (Foreseeable) Future of Biological Anti-TNF Alpha Therapy. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12041630. [PMID: 36836166 PMCID: PMC9963154 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12041630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the key role of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in the pathogenesis of immunoinflammatory diseases, TNF-α inhibitors have been successfully developed and used in the clinical treatment of autoimmune disorders. Currently, five anti-TNF-α drugs have been approved: infliximab, adalimumab, golimumab, certolizumab pegol and etanercept. Anti-TNF-α biosimilars are also available for clinical use. Here, we will review the historical development as well as the present and potential future applications of anti-TNF-α therapies, which have led to major improvements for patients with several autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), ankylosing spondylitis (AS), Crohn's disease (CD), ulcerative colitis (UC), psoriasis (PS) and chronic endogenous uveitis. Other therapeutic areas are under evaluation, including viral infections, e.g., COVID-19, as well as chronic neuropsychiatric disorders and certain forms of cancer. The search for biomarkers able to predict responsiveness to anti-TNF-α drugs is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gian Marco Leone
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 97, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Katia Mangano
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 97, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Petralia
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Nicoletti
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 97, 95123 Catania, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Paolo Fagone
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 97, 95123 Catania, Italy
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bioTCIs: Middle-to-Macro Biomolecular Targeted Covalent Inhibitors Possessing Both Semi-Permanent Drug Action and Stringent Target Specificity as Potential Antibody Replacements. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043525. [PMID: 36834935 PMCID: PMC9968108 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibody therapies targeting immuno-modulatory targets such as checkpoint proteins, chemokines, and cytokines have made significant impact in several areas, including cancer, inflammatory disease, and infection. However, antibodies are complex biologics with well-known limitations, including high cost for development and production, immunogenicity, a limited shelf-life because of aggregation, denaturation, and fragmentation of the large protein. Drug modalities such as peptides and nucleic acid aptamers showing high-affinity and highly selective interaction with the target protein have been proposed alternatives to therapeutic antibodies. The fundamental limitation of short in vivo half-life has prevented the wide acceptance of these alternatives. Covalent drugs, also known as targeted covalent inhibitors (TCIs), form permanent bonds to target proteins and, in theory, eternally exert the drug action, circumventing the pharmacokinetic limitation of other antibody alternatives. The TCI drug platform, too, has been slow in gaining acceptance because of its potential prolonged side-effect from off-target covalent binding. To avoid the potential risks of irreversible adverse drug effects from off-target conjugation, the TCI modality is broadening from the conventional small molecules to larger biomolecules possessing desirable properties (e.g., hydrolysis resistance, drug-action reversal, unique pharmacokinetics, stringent target specificity, and inhibition of protein-protein interactions). Here, we review the historical development of the TCI made of bio-oligomers/polymers (i.e., peptide-, protein-, or nucleic-acid-type) obtained by rational design and combinatorial screening. The structural optimization of the reactive warheads and incorporation into the targeted biomolecules enabling a highly selective covalent interaction between the TCI and the target protein is discussed. Through this review, we hope to highlight the middle to macro-molecular TCI platform as a realistic replacement for the antibody.
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Advances in antibody-based therapy in oncology. NATURE CANCER 2023; 4:165-180. [PMID: 36806801 DOI: 10.1038/s43018-023-00516-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies are a growing class of targeted cancer therapeutics, characterized by exquisite specificity, long serum half-life, high affinity and immune effector functions. In this review, we outline key advances in the field with a particular focus on recent and emerging classes of engineered antibody therapeutic candidates, discuss molecular structure and mechanisms of action and provide updates on clinical development and practice.
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Leading Edge: Intratumor Delivery of Monoclonal Antibodies for the Treatment of Solid Tumors. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032676. [PMID: 36768997 PMCID: PMC9917067 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapies based on immune checkpoint blockade have shown remarkable clinical outcomes and durable responses in patients with many tumor types. Nevertheless, these therapies lack efficacy in most cancer patients, even causing severe adverse events in a small subset of patients, such as inflammatory disorders and hyper-progressive disease. To diminish the risk of developing serious toxicities, intratumor delivery of monoclonal antibodies could be a solution. Encouraging results have been shown in both preclinical and clinical studies. Thus, intratumor immunotherapy as a new strategy may retain efficacy while increasing safety. This approach is still an exploratory frontier in cancer research and opens up new possibilities for next-generation personalized medicine. Local intratumor delivery can be achieved through many means, but an attractive approach is the use of gene therapy vectors expressing mAbs inside the tumor mass. Here, we summarize basic, translational, and clinical results of intratumor mAb delivery, together with descriptions of non-viral and viral strategies for mAb delivery in preclinical and clinical development. Currently, this is an expanding research subject that will surely play a key role in the future of oncology.
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Su J, Liu X, Guo S, Zhang J, Wei X, Li X. Nanobodies: a new potential for prostate cancer treatment. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2023:10.1007/s00432-022-04515-y. [PMID: 36680579 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-022-04515-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The current progressive increase in the cancer burden of prostate cancer requires the exploration of new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. Nanobodies are single-domain antibodies with the advantages of small size, high stability, easy processing and modification, which are increasingly used in the treatment of many types of cancer. METHODS This review analyzed the relevant literature in PubMed and other databases. RESULT In the retrieved literature, nanobodies are widely used in the treatment of prostate cancer. The preparation of nanobodies targeting PSA or PSMA is straightforward. For diagnostic purposes, nanobodies can be used in the preparation of biosensors for more sensitive identification of prostate cancer; for therapeutic purposes, nanobodies are used in the preparation of immunotoxic and ADC drugs. Preclinical in vivo and in vitro experiments have shown that this therapeutic approach is feasible. This article is a review of the above to provide new ideas for the treatment of prostate cancer. CONCLUSION Compared with traditional antibodies, nano-antibodies have the advantages of small size, high stability, and high penetration. These advantages make nano-antibodies worthy to be widely used. Current studies have shown that nanobodies have advantages and future in the diagnosis and treatment of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfei Su
- National Clinical Research Center of Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaodi Liu
- National Clinical Research Center of Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Shanqi Guo
- National Clinical Research Center of Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Jingxian Zhang
- National Clinical Research Center of Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Xueqin Wei
- National Clinical Research Center of Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaojiang Li
- National Clinical Research Center of Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.
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IgG Fc Affinity Ligands and Their Applications in Antibody-Involved Drug Delivery: A Brief Review. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15010187. [PMID: 36678816 PMCID: PMC9862274 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15010187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibodies are not only an important class of biotherapeutic drugs, but also are targeting moieties for achieving active targeting drug delivery. Meanwhile, the rapidly increasing application of antibodies and Fc-fusion proteins has inspired the emerging development of downstream processing technologies. Thus, IgG Fc affinity ligands have come into being and have been widely exploited in antibody purification strategies. Given the high binding affinity and specificity to IgGs, binding stability in physiological medium conditions, and favorable toxicity and immunogenicity profiles, Fc affinity ligands are gradually applied to antibody delivery, non-covalent antibody-drug conjugates or antibody-mediated active-targeted drug delivery systems. In this review, we will briefly introduce IgG affinity ligands that are widely used at present and summarize their diverse applications in the field of antibody-involved drug delivery. The challenges and outlook of these systems are also discussed.
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Diethelm-Varela B, Soto JA, Riedel CA, Bueno SM, Kalergis AM. New Developments and Challenges in Antibody-Based Therapies for the Respiratory Syncytial Virus. Infect Drug Resist 2023; 16:2061-2074. [PMID: 37063935 PMCID: PMC10094422 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s379660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the discovery of the human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV), multiple research efforts have been conducted to develop vaccines and treatments capable of reducing the risk of severe disease, hospitalization, long-term sequelae, and death from this pathogen in susceptible populations. In this sense, therapies specifically directed against hRSV are mainly based on monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies such as intravenous IgG (IVIG)-RSV and the monoclonal antibody palivizumab. However, these therapies are associated with significant limitations, including the need for the recruitment of a high number of convalescent volunteers who donate blood to procure IVIG-RSV and the costs associated with the need for repeated administrations of palivizumab. These limitations render this product not cost-effective for populations other than high-risk patients. These problems have underscored that it is still necessary to identify new safe and effective therapies for human use. However, these new therapies must benefit from a comparatively cheap production cost and the opportunity to be available to the high-risk population and anyone who requires treatment. Here, we review the different antibodies used to prevent the pathology caused by hRSV infection, highlighting therapies currently approved for human use and their clinical value. Also, the new, most promising candidates based on preclinical studies and clinical trial results are revised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamín Diethelm-Varela
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jorge A Soto
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudia A Riedel
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Susan M Bueno
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexis M Kalergis
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Correspondence: Alexis M Kalergis, Email
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Xue J, Lou X, Ning D, Shao R, Chen G. Mechanism and treatment of α-amanitin poisoning. Arch Toxicol 2023; 97:121-131. [PMID: 36271256 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03396-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
Abstract
Amanita poisoning has a high mortality rate. The α-amanitin toxin in Amanita is the main lethal toxin. There is no specific detoxification drug for α-amanitin, and the clinical treatment mainly focuses on symptomatic and supportive therapy. The pathogenesis of α-amanitin mainly includes: α-amanitin can inhibit the activity of RNA polymeraseII in the nucleus, including the inhibition of the largest subunit of RNA polymeraseII, RNApb1, bridge helix, and trigger loop. In addition, α-amanitin acts in vivo through the enterohepatic circulation and transport system. α-Amanitin can cause the cell death. The existing mechanisms of cell damage mainly focus on apoptosis, oxidative stress, and autophagy. In addition to the pathogenic mechanism, α-amanitin also has a role in cancer treatment, which is the focus of current research. The mechanism of action of α-amanitin on the body is still being explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfang Xue
- Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiran Lou
- Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Deyuan Ning
- Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruifei Shao
- Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Guobing Chen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, No. 157 Jinbi Road, Xishan District, Kunming, 650032, People's Republic of China.
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