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Menon AM, Chandran GR, Bommuraj V, Ramaswamy BR, Ramasamy T. Behavioural, Teratogenic and Genotoxic Effects of Antibacterial Compounds, Triclocarban and Triclosan, in Hydra vulgaris. J Appl Toxicol 2025; 45:551-562. [PMID: 39578987 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2024] [Revised: 11/08/2024] [Accepted: 11/08/2024] [Indexed: 11/24/2024]
Abstract
Triclocarban (TCC) and triclosan (TCS) are antibacterial compounds used in household, veterinary, industrial and personal care products, which are known to be environmental pollutants and also toxic to organisms. The toxicological effects of these antibacterial chemicals on higher organisms have been studied in detail. But in lower invertebrates like hydra, it is still rare and yet to be explored. In this study, the toxicological effects of these two antibacterial compounds in Hydra vulgaris was performed to clearly understand the organismal, developmental, molecular and behavioural changes. Both TCC and TCS are toxic with respective LC50 values of 0.09 and 0.25 mg/L, whereas TCC is comparatively more toxic than TCS. The structural damage of battery cell complexes (BCCs) on the tentacles was observed and ultimately made prey capturing difficult. It was evident that TCC and TCS exposure caused developmental toxicity by affecting reproduction and regeneration in H. vulgaris at higher sublethal doses (0.045 and 0.125 mg/L, respectively). TCC and TCS also caused DNA damage resulting in apoptosis. This study further reveals that these two antibacterial compounds are teratogenic and genotoxic in the organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Mohan Menon
- Ecotoxicology and Toxicogenomics Lab, Department of Environmental Biotechnology, School of Environmental Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, India
| | - Gayathri R Chandran
- Ecotoxicology and Toxicogenomics Lab, Department of Environmental Biotechnology, School of Environmental Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, India
| | - Vijayakumar Bommuraj
- Ecotoxicology and Toxicogenomics Lab, Department of Environmental Biotechnology, School of Environmental Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, India
| | - Babu Rajendran Ramaswamy
- Ecotoxicology and Toxicogenomics Lab, Department of Environmental Biotechnology, School of Environmental Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, India
| | - Thirumurugan Ramasamy
- Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, India
- National Centre for Alternatives in Animal Experiment (NCAAE), Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, India
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Sahm A, Riege K, Groth M, Bens M, Kraus J, Fischer M, Kestler H, Englert C, Schaible R, Platzer M, Hoffmann S. Hydra has mammal-like mutation rates facilitating fast adaptation despite its nonaging phenotype. Genome Res 2024; 34:2217-2228. [PMID: 39632086 PMCID: PMC11694757 DOI: 10.1101/gr.279025.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 10/18/2024] [Indexed: 12/07/2024]
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests that somatic mutations may be a major cause of the aging process. However, it remains to be tested whether the predictions of the theory also apply to species with longer life spans than humans. Hydra is a genus of freshwater polyps with remarkable regeneration abilities and a potentially unlimited life span under laboratory conditions. By genome sequencing of single cells and whole animals, we found that the mutation rates in Hydra's stem cells are even slightly higher than in humans or mice. A potential explanation for this deviation from the prediction of the theory may lie in the adaptability offered by a higher mutation rate, as we were able to show that the genome of the widely studied Hydra magnipapillata strain 105 has undergone a process of strong positive selection since the strain's cultivation 50 years ago. This most likely represents a rapid adaptation to the drastically altered environmental conditions associated with the transition from the wild to laboratory conditions. Processes under positive selection in captive animals include pathways associated with Hydra's simple nervous system, its nucleic acid metabolic process, cell migration, and hydrolase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Sahm
- Computational Phenomics group, IUF-Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany;
- Computational Biology Group, Leibniz Institute on Aging-Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), 07745 Jena, Germany
- Computational Phenomics group, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Konstantin Riege
- Computational Biology Group, Leibniz Institute on Aging-Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Marco Groth
- Core Facility Next Generation Sequencing, Leibniz Institute on Aging-Fritz Lipmann Institute, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Martin Bens
- Core Facility Next Generation Sequencing, Leibniz Institute on Aging-Fritz Lipmann Institute, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Johann Kraus
- Institute of Medical Systems Biology, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Martin Fischer
- Computational Biology Group, Leibniz Institute on Aging-Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Hans Kestler
- Institute of Medical Systems Biology, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Christoph Englert
- Molecular Genetics Lab, Leibniz Institute on Aging-Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), 07745 Jena, Germany
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Ralf Schaible
- Computational Biology Group, Leibniz Institute on Aging-Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Matthias Platzer
- Computational Biology Group, Leibniz Institute on Aging-Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Steve Hoffmann
- Computational Biology Group, Leibniz Institute on Aging-Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), 07745 Jena, Germany
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Denner A, Steger J, Ries A, Morozova-Link E, Ritter J, Haas F, Cole AG, Technau U. Nanos2 marks precursors of somatic lineages and is required for germline formation in the sea anemone Nematostella vectensis. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eado0424. [PMID: 39151009 PMCID: PMC11328910 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ado0424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/18/2024]
Abstract
In animals, stem cell populations of varying potency facilitate regeneration and tissue homeostasis. Notably, germline stem cells in both vertebrates and invertebrates express highly conserved RNA binding proteins, such as nanos, vasa, and piwi. In highly regenerative animals, these genes are also expressed in somatic stem cells, which led to the proposal that they had an ancestral role in all stem cells. In cnidarians, multi- and pluripotent interstitial stem cells have only been identified in hydrozoans. Therefore, it is currently unclear if cnidarian stem cell systems share a common evolutionary origin. We, therefore, aimed to characterize conserved stem cell marker genes in the sea anemone Nematostella vectensis. Through transgenic reporter genes and single-cell transcriptomics, we identify cell populations expressing the germline-associated markers piwi1 and nanos2 in the soma and germline, and gene knockout shows that Nanos2 is indispensable for germline formation. This suggests that nanos and piwi genes have a conserved role in somatic and germline stem cells in cnidarians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Denner
- Department of Neurosciences and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Djerassiplatz 1, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Julia Steger
- Department of Neurosciences and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Djerassiplatz 1, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexander Ries
- Department of Neurosciences and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Djerassiplatz 1, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Elizaveta Morozova-Link
- Department of Neurosciences and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Djerassiplatz 1, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Josefine Ritter
- Department of Neurosciences and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Djerassiplatz 1, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Franziska Haas
- Department of Neurosciences and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Djerassiplatz 1, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Alison G Cole
- Department of Neurosciences and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Djerassiplatz 1, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ulrich Technau
- Department of Neurosciences and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Djerassiplatz 1, 1030 Vienna, Austria
- Research platform SINCEREST, University of Vienna, Djerassiplatz 1, 1030 Vienna, Austria
- Max Perutz labs, University of Vienna, Dr. Bohrgasse 7, 1030 Vienna, Austria
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Cho CJ, Brown JW, Mills JC. Origins of cancer: ain't it just mature cells misbehaving? EMBO J 2024; 43:2530-2551. [PMID: 38773319 PMCID: PMC11217308 DOI: 10.1038/s44318-024-00099-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
A pervasive view is that undifferentiated stem cells are alone responsible for generating all other cells and are the origins of cancer. However, emerging evidence demonstrates fully differentiated cells are plastic, can be coaxed to proliferate, and also play essential roles in tissue maintenance, regeneration, and tumorigenesis. Here, we review the mechanisms governing how differentiated cells become cancer cells. First, we examine the unique characteristics of differentiated cell division, focusing on why differentiated cells are more susceptible than stem cells to accumulating mutations. Next, we investigate why the evolution of multicellularity in animals likely required plastic differentiated cells that maintain the capacity to return to the cell cycle and required the tumor suppressor p53. Finally, we examine an example of an evolutionarily conserved program for the plasticity of differentiated cells, paligenosis, which helps explain the origins of cancers that arise in adults. Altogether, we highlight new perspectives for understanding the development of cancer and new strategies for preventing carcinogenic cellular transformations from occurring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles J Cho
- Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jeffrey W Brown
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jason C Mills
- Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
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Bahraoui S, Tejedor G, Mausset-Bonnefont AL, Autelitano F, Barthelaix A, Terraza-Aguirre C, Gisbert V, Arribat Y, Jorgensen C, Wei M, Djouad F. PLOD2, a key factor for MRL MSC metabolism and chondroprotective properties. Stem Cell Res Ther 2024; 15:70. [PMID: 38454524 PMCID: PMC10921602 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-024-03650-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Initially discovered for its ability to regenerate ear holes, the Murphy Roth Large (MRL) mouse has been the subject of multiple research studies aimed at evaluating its ability to regenerate other body tissues and at deciphering the mechanisms underlying it. These enhanced abilities to regenerate, retained during adulthood, protect the MRL mouse from degenerative diseases such as osteoarthritis (OA). Here, we hypothesized that mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSC) derived from the regenerative MRL mouse could be involved in their regenerative potential through the release of pro-regenerative mediators. METHOD To address this hypothesis, we compared the secretome of MRL and BL6 MSC and identified several candidate molecules expressed at significantly higher levels by MRL MSC than by BL6 MSC. We selected one candidate, Plod2, and performed functional in vitro assays to evaluate its role on MRL MSC properties including metabolic profile, migration, and chondroprotective effects. To assess its contribution to MRL protection against OA, we used an experimental model for osteoarthritis induced by collagenase (CiOA). RESULTS Among the candidate molecules highly expressed by MRL MSC, we focused our attention on procollagen-lysine,2-oxoglutarate 5-dioxygenase 2 (PLOD2). Plod2 silencing induced a decrease in the glycolytic function of MRL MSC, resulting in the alteration of their migratory and chondroprotective abilities in vitro. In vivo, we showed that Plod2 silencing in MRL MSC significantly impaired their capacity to protect mouse from developing OA. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate that the chondroprotective and therapeutic properties of MRL MSC in the CiOA experimental model are in part mediated by PLOD2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Bahraoui
- IRMB, University of Montpellier, INSERM U 1183, Hôpital Saint-Eloi, 80 Avenue Augustin Fliche, 34295, Montpellier cedex 5, France
- CellVax, Villejuif Bio Park, 1 Mail du Professeur Georges Mathé, 94800, Villejuif, France
| | - Gautier Tejedor
- IRMB, University of Montpellier, INSERM U 1183, Hôpital Saint-Eloi, 80 Avenue Augustin Fliche, 34295, Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Anne-Laure Mausset-Bonnefont
- IRMB, University of Montpellier, INSERM U 1183, Hôpital Saint-Eloi, 80 Avenue Augustin Fliche, 34295, Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | | | - Audrey Barthelaix
- IRMB, University of Montpellier, INSERM U 1183, Hôpital Saint-Eloi, 80 Avenue Augustin Fliche, 34295, Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Claudia Terraza-Aguirre
- IRMB, University of Montpellier, INSERM U 1183, Hôpital Saint-Eloi, 80 Avenue Augustin Fliche, 34295, Montpellier cedex 5, France
- CellVax, Villejuif Bio Park, 1 Mail du Professeur Georges Mathé, 94800, Villejuif, France
| | - Vincent Gisbert
- IRMB, University of Montpellier, INSERM U 1183, Hôpital Saint-Eloi, 80 Avenue Augustin Fliche, 34295, Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Yoan Arribat
- IRMB, University of Montpellier, INSERM U 1183, Hôpital Saint-Eloi, 80 Avenue Augustin Fliche, 34295, Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Christian Jorgensen
- IRMB, University of Montpellier, INSERM U 1183, Hôpital Saint-Eloi, 80 Avenue Augustin Fliche, 34295, Montpellier cedex 5, France
- Clinical Immunology and Osteoarticular Disease Therapeutic Unit, Department of Rheumatology, CHU Montpellier, 34095, Montpellier, France
| | - Mingxing Wei
- CellVax, Villejuif Bio Park, 1 Mail du Professeur Georges Mathé, 94800, Villejuif, France
| | - Farida Djouad
- IRMB, University of Montpellier, INSERM U 1183, Hôpital Saint-Eloi, 80 Avenue Augustin Fliche, 34295, Montpellier cedex 5, France.
- Clinical Immunology and Osteoarticular Disease Therapeutic Unit, Department of Rheumatology, CHU Montpellier, 34095, Montpellier, France.
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Rajagopalan K, Christyraj JDS, Chelladurai KS, Das P, Mahendran K, Nagarajan L, Gunalan S. Understanding the Multi-Functional Role of TCTP in the Regeneration Process of Earthworm, Perionyx excavatus. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2024; 21:353-366. [PMID: 37935935 PMCID: PMC10825100 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-023-00599-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Regeneration is a highly complex process that requires the coordination of numerous molecular events, and identifying the key ruler that governs is important to investigate. While it has been shown that TCTP is a multi-functional protein that regulates cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, anti-apoptosis, stem cell maintenance, and immune responses, but only a few studies associated to regeneration have been reported. To investigate the multi-functional role of TCTP in regeneration, the earthworm Perionyx excavatus was chosen. METHODS Through pharmacological suppression of TCTP, amputation, histology, molecular docking, and western blotting, the multi-function role of TCTP involved in regeneration is revealed. RESULTS Amputational studies show that P. excavatus is a clitellum-independent regenerating earthworm resulting in two functional worms upon amputation. Arresting cell cycle at the G1/S boundary using 2 mM Thymidine confirms that P. excavatus execute both epimorphosis and morphallaxis regeneration mode. The pharmacological suppression of TCTP using buclizine results in regeneration suppression. Following the combinatorial injection of 2 mM Thymidine and buclizine, the earthworm regeneration is completely blocked, which suggests a critical functional role of TCTP in morphallaxis. The pharmacological inhibition of TCTP also suppresses the key proteins involved in regeneration: Wnt3a (stem cell marker), PCNA (cell proliferation) and YAP1 (Hippo signalling) but augments the expression of cellular stress protein p53. CONCLUSION The collective results indicate that TCTP synchronously is involved in the process of stem cell activation, cell proliferation, morphallaxis, and organ development in the regeneration event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamarajan Rajagopalan
- Molecular Biology and Stem Cell Research Lab, Centre for Molecular and Nanomedical Sciences, International Research Centre, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology (Deemed to be University), Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Jackson Durairaj Selvan Christyraj
- Molecular Biology and Stem Cell Research Lab, Centre for Molecular and Nanomedical Sciences, International Research Centre, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology (Deemed to be University), Chennai, Tamilnadu, India.
| | - Karthikeyan Subbiahanadar Chelladurai
- Molecular Biology and Stem Cell Research Lab, Centre for Molecular and Nanomedical Sciences, International Research Centre, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology (Deemed to be University), Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, 550 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Puja Das
- Molecular Biology and Stem Cell Research Lab, Centre for Molecular and Nanomedical Sciences, International Research Centre, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology (Deemed to be University), Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Karthikeyan Mahendran
- Department of Zoology and Microbiology, Thiyagarajar College, Madurai, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Logeshwari Nagarajan
- Molecular Biology and Stem Cell Research Lab, Centre for Molecular and Nanomedical Sciences, International Research Centre, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology (Deemed to be University), Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Saritha Gunalan
- Molecular Biology and Stem Cell Research Lab, Centre for Molecular and Nanomedical Sciences, International Research Centre, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology (Deemed to be University), Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
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Ros-Rocher N, Kidner R, Gerdt C, Davidson W, Ruiz-Trillo I, Gerdt J. Chemical factors induce aggregative multicellularity in a close unicellular relative of animals. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2216668120. [PMID: 37094139 PMCID: PMC10161120 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2216668120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulated cellular aggregation is an essential process for development and healing in many animal tissues. In some animals and a few distantly related unicellular species, cellular aggregation is regulated by diffusible chemical cues. However, it is unclear whether regulated cellular aggregation was part of the life cycles of the first multicellular animals and/or their unicellular ancestors. To fill this gap, we investigated the triggers of cellular aggregation in one of animals' closest unicellular living relatives-the filasterean Capsaspora owczarzaki. We discovered that Capsaspora aggregation is induced by chemical cues, as observed in some of the earliest branching animals and other unicellular species. Specifically, we found that calcium ions and lipids present in lipoproteins function together to induce aggregation of viable Capsaspora cells. We also found that this multicellular stage is reversible as depletion of the cues triggers disaggregation, which can be overcome upon reinduction. Our finding demonstrates that chemically regulated aggregation is important across diverse members of the holozoan clade. Therefore, this phenotype was plausibly integral to the life cycles of the unicellular ancestors of animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Núria Ros-Rocher
- Department of Functional Genomics and Evolution, Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology and Infection and Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Ria Q. Kidner
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN47405
| | - Catherine Gerdt
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN47405
| | - W. Sean Davidson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH45221
| | - Iñaki Ruiz-Trillo
- Department of Functional Genomics and Evolution, Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, 08010Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joseph P. Gerdt
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN47405
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Holstein TW. The Hydra stem cell system - Revisited. Cells Dev 2023; 174:203846. [PMID: 37121433 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdev.2023.203846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Cnidarians are >600 million years old and are considered the sister group of Bilateria based on numerous molecular phylogenetic studies. Apart from Hydra, the genomes of all major clades of Cnidaria have been uncovered (e.g. Aurelia, Clytia, Nematostella and Acropora) and they reveal a remarkable completeness of the metazoan genomic toolbox. Of particular interest is Hydra, a model system of aging research, regenerative biology, and stem cell biology. With the knowledge gained from scRNA research, it is now possible to characterize the expression profiles of all cell types with great precision. In functional studies, our picture of the Hydra stem cell biology has changed, and we are in the process of obtaining a clear picture of the homeostasis and properties of the different stem cell populations. Even though Hydra is often compared to plant systems, the new data on germline and regeneration, but also on the dynamics and plasticity of the nervous system, show that Hydra with its simple body plan represents in a nutshell the prototype of an animal with stem cell lineages, whose properties correspond in many ways to Bilateria. This review provides an overview of the four stem cell lineages, the two epithelial lineages that constitute the ectoderm and the endoderm, as well as the multipotent somatic interstitial lineage (MPSC) and the germline stem cell lineage (GSC), also known as the interstitial cells of Hydra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W Holstein
- Heidelberg University, Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Molecular Evolution and Genomics, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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Tursch A, Holstein TW. From injury to patterning—MAPKs and Wnt signaling in Hydra. Curr Top Dev Biol 2023; 153:381-417. [PMID: 36967201 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2023.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Hydra has a regenerative capacity that is not limited to individual organs but encompasses the entire body. Various global and integrative genome, transcriptome and proteome approaches have shown that many of the signaling pathways and transcription factors present in vertebrates are already present in Cnidaria, the sister group of Bilateria, and are also activated in regeneration. It is now possible to investigate one of the central questions of regeneration biology, i.e., how does the patterning system become activated by the injury signals that initiate regeneration. This review will present the current data obtained in Hydra and draw parallels with regeneration in Bilateria. Important findings of this global analysis are that the Wnt signaling pathway has a dual function in the regeneration process. In the early phase Wnt is activated generically and in a second phase of pattern formation it is activated in a position specific manner. Thus, Wnt signaling is part of the generic injury response, in which mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are initially activated via calcium and reactive oxygen species (ROS). The MAPKs, p38, c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs) and extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) are essential for Wnt activation in Hydra head and foot regenerates. Furthermore, the antagonism between the ERK signaling pathway and stress-induced MAPKs results in a balanced induction of apoptosis and mitosis. However, the early Wnt genes are activated by MAPK signaling rather than apoptosis. Early Wnt gene activity is differentially integrated with a stable, β-Catenin-based gradient along the primary body axis maintaining axial polarity and activating further Wnts in the regenerating head. Because MAPKs and Wnts are highly evolutionarily conserved, we hypothesize that this mechanism is also present in vertebrates but may be activated to different degrees at the level of early Wnt gene integration.
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Puntin G, Sweet M, Fraune S, Medina M, Sharp K, Weis VM, Ziegler M. Harnessing the Power of Model Organisms To Unravel Microbial Functions in the Coral Holobiont. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2022; 86:e0005322. [PMID: 36287022 PMCID: PMC9769930 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00053-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Stony corals build the framework of coral reefs, ecosystems of immense ecological and economic importance. The existence of these ecosystems is threatened by climate change and other anthropogenic stressors that manifest in microbial dysbiosis such as coral bleaching and disease, often leading to coral mortality. Despite a significant amount of research, the mechanisms ultimately underlying these destructive phenomena, and what could prevent or mitigate them, remain to be resolved. This is mostly due to practical challenges in experimentation on corals and the highly complex nature of the coral holobiont that also includes bacteria, archaea, protists, and viruses. While the overall importance of these partners is well recognized, their specific contributions to holobiont functioning and their interspecific dynamics remain largely unexplored. Here, we review the potential of adopting model organisms as more tractable systems to address these knowledge gaps. We draw on parallels from the broader biological and biomedical fields to guide the establishment, implementation, and integration of new and emerging model organisms with the aim of addressing the specific needs of coral research. We evaluate the cnidarian models Hydra, Aiptasia, Cassiopea, and Astrangia poculata; review the fast-evolving field of coral tissue and cell cultures; and propose a framework for the establishment of "true" tropical reef-building coral models. Based on this assessment, we also suggest future research to address key aspects limiting our ability to understand and hence improve the response of reef-building corals to future ocean conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Puntin
- Department of Animal Ecology and Systematics, Marine Holobiomics Lab, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Michael Sweet
- Aquatic Research Facility, Environmental Sustainability Research Centre, University of Derby, Derby, United Kingdom
| | - Sebastian Fraune
- Institute for Zoology and Organismic Interactions, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Mónica Medina
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Koty Sharp
- Department of Biology, Marine Biology, and Environmental Science, Roger Williams University, Bristol, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Virginia M. Weis
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Maren Ziegler
- Department of Animal Ecology and Systematics, Marine Holobiomics Lab, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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Onorato G, Fardella F, Lewinska A, Gobbo F, Tommasini G, Wnuk M, Tino A, Moros M, Antognazza MR, Tortiglione C. Optical Control of Tissue Regeneration through Photostimulation of Organic Semiconducting Nanoparticles. Adv Healthc Mater 2022; 11:e2200366. [PMID: 35861262 PMCID: PMC11469744 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202200366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Next generation bioengineering strives to identify crucial cues that trigger regeneration of damaged tissues, and to control the cells that execute these programs with biomaterials and devices. Molecular and biophysical mechanisms driving embryogenesis may inspire novel tools to reactivate developmental programs in situ. Here nanoparticles based on conjugated polymers are employed for optical control of regenerating tissues by using an animal with unlimited regenerative potential, the polyp Hydra, as in vivo model, and human keratinocytes as an in vitro model to investigate skin repair. By integrating animal, cellular, molecular, and biochemical approaches, nanoparticles based on poly-3-hexylthiophene (P3HT) are shown able to enhance regeneration kinetics, stem cell proliferation, and biomolecule oxidation levels. Opposite outputs are obtained with PCPDTBT-NPs (Poly[2,6-(4,4-bis-(2-ethylhexyl)-4H-cyclopenta [2,1-b;3,4-b'] dithiophene)-alt-4,7(2,1,3-benzothiadiazole)], causing a beneficial effect on Hydra regeneration but not on the migratory capability of keratinocytes. These results suggest that the artificial modulation of the redox potential in injured tissues may represent a powerful modality to control their regenerative potential. Importantly, the possibility to fine-tuning materials' photocatalytic efficiency may enable a biphasic modulation over a wide dynamic range, which can be exploited to augment the tissue regenerative capacity or inhibit the unlimited potential of cancerous cells in pathological contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giada Onorato
- Istituto di Scienze Applicate e Sistemi Intelligenti “E. Caianiello”Consiglio Nazionale delle RicercheVia Campi Flegrei 34Pozzuoli80078Italy
- Institute of Biosciences and BioresourcesNational Research CouncilVia Pietro Castellino 111NapoliItaly
| | - Federica Fardella
- Istituto di Scienze Applicate e Sistemi Intelligenti “E. Caianiello”Consiglio Nazionale delle RicercheVia Campi Flegrei 34Pozzuoli80078Italy
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de AragónC/Mariano Esquillor 15Zaragoza50018Spain
| | - Anna Lewinska
- Department of BiotechnologyInstitute of Biology and BiotechnologyFaculty of BiotechnologyUniversity of RzeszowPigonia 1Rzeszow35–310Poland
| | - Federico Gobbo
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMiIstituto Italiano di TecnologiaVia Pascoli 70/3Milano20133Italy
- Politecnico di MilanoDip. di FisicaP.zza L. Da Vinci 32Milano20133Italy
| | - Giuseppina Tommasini
- Istituto di Scienze Applicate e Sistemi Intelligenti “E. Caianiello”Consiglio Nazionale delle RicercheVia Campi Flegrei 34Pozzuoli80078Italy
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de AragónC/Mariano Esquillor 15Zaragoza50018Spain
| | - Maciej Wnuk
- Department of BiologyFaculty of BiotechnologyUniversity of RzeszowPigonia 1Rzeszow35–310Poland
| | - Angela Tino
- Istituto di Scienze Applicate e Sistemi Intelligenti “E. Caianiello”Consiglio Nazionale delle RicercheVia Campi Flegrei 34Pozzuoli80078Italy
| | - Maria Moros
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de AragónC/Mariano Esquillor 15Zaragoza50018Spain
| | - Maria Rosa Antognazza
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMiIstituto Italiano di TecnologiaVia Pascoli 70/3Milano20133Italy
| | - Claudia Tortiglione
- Istituto di Scienze Applicate e Sistemi Intelligenti “E. Caianiello”Consiglio Nazionale delle RicercheVia Campi Flegrei 34Pozzuoli80078Italy
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12
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Costa S, Ragusa MA, Lo Buglio G, Scilabra SD, Nicosia A. The Repertoire of Tissue Inhibitors of Metalloproteases: Evolution, Regulation of Extracellular Matrix Proteolysis, Engineering and Therapeutic Challenges. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:life12081145. [PMID: 36013323 PMCID: PMC9409782 DOI: 10.3390/life12081145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteases (TIMPs) belong to a fascinating protein family expressed in all Metazoa. They act as regulators of the turnover of the extracellular matrix, and they are consistently involved in essential processes. Herein, we recapitulate the main activities of mammalian TIMPs (TIMP1-4) in the control of extracellular-matrix degradation and pathologies associated with aberrant proteostasis. We delineate the activity of TIMPs in the control of extracellular matrix (ECM) homeostasis and discuss the diversity of TIMPs across metazoans taking into account the emergence of the components of the ECM during evolution. Thus, the TIMP repertoire herein analysed includes the homologues from cnidarians, which are coeval with the origins of ECM components; protostomes (molluscs, arthropods and nematodes); and deuterostomes (echinoderms and vertebrates). Several questions, including the maintenance of the structure despite low sequence similarity and the strategies for TIMP engineering, shed light on the possibility to use recombinant TIMPs integrating unique features and binding selectivity for therapeutic applications in the treatment of inflammatory pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Costa
- Department of “Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche” (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (S.C.); (M.A.R.); (G.L.B.)
| | - Maria Antonietta Ragusa
- Department of “Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche” (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (S.C.); (M.A.R.); (G.L.B.)
| | - Gabriele Lo Buglio
- Department of “Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche” (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (S.C.); (M.A.R.); (G.L.B.)
| | - Simone Dario Scilabra
- Proteomics Group of Fondazione Ri.MED, Research Department IRCCS ISMETT, Istituto Mediterraneo per i Trapianti e Terapie ad Alta Specializzazione, Via E. Tricomi 5, 90127 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Aldo Nicosia
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation—National Research Council (IRIB-CNR), 90146 Palermo, Italy
- Correspondence:
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13
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Vimalkumar K, Sangeetha S, Felix L, Kay P, Pugazhendhi A. A systematic review on toxicity assessment of persistent emerging pollutants (EPs) and associated microplastics (MPs) in the environment using the Hydra animal model. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2022; 256:109320. [PMID: 35227876 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2022.109320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Emerging pollutants (EPs) are causative for teratogenic and reproductive effects. EPs are detected in all the environmental matrices at higher levels. A suitable model for aquatic toxicity assessment is Hydra, because of morphological, behavioral, reproductive (sexual and asexual), and biochemical changes. Many researchers have used Hydra for toxicity assessment of organic chemicals (BPA), heavy metals, pharmaceuticals, nanomaterials and microplastics. Various Hydra species were used for environmental toxicity studies; however H. magnipapillata was predominantly used due to the availability of its genome and proteome sequences. Teratogenic and reproductive changes in Hydra are species specific. Teratogenic effects were studied using sterozoom dissecting microscope, acridine orange (AO) and 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DPAI) staining. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation by EPs had been understood by the Dichlorodihydrofluorescein Diacetate (DCFDA) staining and comet assay. Multiple advanced techniques would aid to understand the effects at molecular level, such as real-time PCR, rapid amplification of cDNA end- PCR. EPs modulated the major antioxidant enzyme levels, therefore, defense mechanism was affected by the higher generation of reactive oxygen species. Genome sequencing helps to know the mode of action of pollutants, role of enzymes in detoxification, defense genes and stress responsive genes. Molecular techniques were used to obtain the information for evolutionary changes of genes and modulation of gene expression by EPs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Seethappan Sangeetha
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Lewisoscar Felix
- Infectious Diseases Division, Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Paul Kay
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Arivalagan Pugazhendhi
- Emerging Materials for Energy and Environmental Applications Research Group, School of Engineering and Technology, Van Lang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
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14
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Traffic light Hydra allows for simultaneous in vivo imaging of all three cell lineages. Dev Biol 2022; 488:74-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2022.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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15
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Wu YC, Franzenburg S, Ribes M, Pita L. Wounding response in Porifera (sponges) activates ancestral signaling cascades involved in animal healing, regeneration, and cancer. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1307. [PMID: 35079031 PMCID: PMC8789774 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05230-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon injury, the homeostatic balance that ensures tissue function is disrupted. Wound-induced signaling triggers the recovery of tissue integrity and offers a context to understand the molecular mechanisms for restoring tissue homeostasis upon disturbances. Marine sessile animals are particularly vulnerable to chronic wounds caused by grazers that can compromise prey's health. Yet, in comparison to other stressors like warming or acidification, we know little on how marine animals respond to grazing. Marine sponges (Phylum Porifera) are among the earliest-diverging animals and play key roles in the ecosystem; but they remain largely understudied. Here, we investigated the transcriptomic responses to injury caused by a specialist spongivorous opisthobranch (i.e., grazing treatment) or by clipping with a scalpel (i.e., mechanical damage treatment), in comparison to control sponges. We collected samples 3 h, 1 d, and 6 d post-treatment for differential gene expression analysis on RNA-seq data. Both grazing and mechanical damage activated a similar transcriptomic response, including a clotting-like cascade (e.g., with genes annotated as transglutaminases, metalloproteases, and integrins), calcium signaling, and Wnt and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways. Wound-induced gene expression signature in sponges resembles the initial steps of whole-body regeneration in other animals. Also, the set of genes responding to wounding in sponges included putative orthologs of cancer-related human genes. Further insights can be gained from taking sponge wound healing as an experimental system to understand how ancient genes and regulatory networks determine healthy animal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chen Wu
- Research Unit Marine Microbiology, Department Marine Ecology, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, Kiel, Germany
- Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Soeren Franzenburg
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology (IKMB), Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Marta Ribes
- Department Marine Biology and Oceanography, Institute of Marine Sciences (ICM-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lucía Pita
- Research Unit Marine Microbiology, Department Marine Ecology, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, Kiel, Germany.
- Department Marine Biology and Oceanography, Institute of Marine Sciences (ICM-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain.
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16
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García-Lepe UO, Torres-Dimas E, Espinal-Centeno A, Cruz-Ramírez A, Bermúdez-Cruz RM. Evidence of requirement for homologous-mediated DNA repair during Ambystoma mexicanum limb regeneration. Dev Dyn 2022; 251:1035-1053. [PMID: 35040539 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Limb regeneration in the axolotl is achieved by epimorphosis, thus depending on the blastema formation, a mass of progenitor cells capable of proliferating and differentiating to recover all lost structures functionally. During regeneration, the blastema cells accelerate the cell cycle and duplicate its genome, which is inherently difficult to replicate because of its length and composition, thus being prone to suffer double-strand breaks. RESULTS We identified and characterized two remarkable components of the homologous recombination repair pathway (Amex.RAD51 and Amex.MRE11), which were heterologously expressed, biochemically characterized, and inhibited by specific chemicals. These same inhibitors were applied at different time points after amputation to study their effects during limb regeneration. We observed an increase in cellular senescent accompanied by a slight delay in regeneration at 28 days post-amputation regenerated tissues; moreover, inhibitors caused a rise in the double-strand break signaling as a response to the inhibition of the repair mechanisms. CONCLUSIONS We confirmed the participation and importance of homologous recombination during limb regeneration. Where the chemical inhibition induces double-strand breaks that lead to DNA damage associated senescence, or in an alternatively way, this damage could be possibly repaired by a different DNA repair pathway, permitting proper regeneration and avoiding senescence. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulises Omar García-Lepe
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Department, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del IPN Mexico city, Mexico
| | - Esteban Torres-Dimas
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Department, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del IPN Mexico city, Mexico
| | - Annie Espinal-Centeno
- Molecular and Developmental Complexity Group, Unidad de Genómica Avanzada (LANGEBIO), Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Alfredo Cruz-Ramírez
- Molecular and Developmental Complexity Group, Unidad de Genómica Avanzada (LANGEBIO), Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Rosa María Bermúdez-Cruz
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Department, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del IPN Mexico city, Mexico
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17
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Buzgariu W, Aubry-Lachainaye JP, Galliot B. Studying Stem Cell Biology in Intact and Whole-Body Regenerating Hydra by Flow Cytometry. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2450:373-398. [PMID: 35359319 PMCID: PMC9761490 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2172-1_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The freshwater Hydra polyp is a versatile model to study whole-body regeneration from a developmental as well as a cellular point of view. The outstanding regenerative capacities of Hydra are based on its three populations of adult stem cells located in the central body column of the animal. There, these three populations, gastrodermal epithelial, epidermal epithelial, and interstitial, continuously cycle in homeostatic conditions, and their activity is locally regulated after mid-gastric bisection. Moreover, they present an unusual cycling behavior with a short G1 phase and a pausing in G2. This particular cell cycle has been studied for a long time with classical microscopic methods. We describe here two flow cytometry methods that provide accurate and reproducible quantitative data to monitor cell cycle regulation in homeostatic and regenerative contexts. We also present a cell sorting procedure based on flow cytometry, whereby stem cells expressing a fluorescent reporter protein in transgenic lines can be enriched for use in applications such as transcriptomic, proteomic, or cell cycle analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanda Buzgariu
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, iGE3, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | | | - Brigitte Galliot
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, iGE3, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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18
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Abstract
The evolutionary theory of aging has set the foundations for a comprehensive understanding of aging. The biology of aging has listed and described the "hallmarks of aging," i.e., cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in human aging. The present paper is the first to infer the order of appearance of the hallmarks of bilaterian and thereby human aging throughout evolution from their presence in progressively narrower clades. Its first result is that all organisms, even non-senescent, have to deal with at least one mechanism of aging - the progressive accumulation of misfolded or unstable proteins. Due to their cumulation, these mechanisms are called "layers of aging." A difference should be made between the first four layers of unicellular aging, present in some unicellular organisms and in all multicellular opisthokonts, that stem and strike "from the inside" of individual cells and span from increasingly abnormal protein folding to deregulated nutrient sensing, and the last four layers of metacellular aging, progressively appearing in metazoans, that strike the cells of a multicellular organism "from the outside," i.e., because of other cells, and span from transcriptional alterations to the disruption of intercellular communication. The evolution of metazoans and eumetazoans probably solved the problem of aging along with the problem of unicellular aging. However, metacellular aging originates in the mechanisms by which the effects of unicellular aging are kept under control - e.g., the exhaustion of stem cells that contribute to replace damaged somatic cells. In bilaterians, additional functions have taken a toll on generally useless potentially limited lifespan to increase the fitness of organisms at the price of a progressively less efficient containment of the damage of unicellular aging. In the end, this picture suggests that geroscience should be more efficient in targeting conditions of metacellular aging rather than unicellular aging itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maël Lemoine
- CNRS, ImmunoConcEpT, UMR 5164, Univ. Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
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19
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Lovas JR, Yuste R. Ensemble synchronization in the reassembly of Hydra's nervous system. Curr Biol 2021; 31:3784-3796.e3. [PMID: 34297913 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.06.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Although much is known about how the structure of the nervous system develops, it is still unclear how its functional modularity arises. A dream experiment would be to observe the entire development of a nervous system, correlating the emergence of functional units with their associated behaviors. This is possible in the cnidarian Hydra vulgaris, which, after its complete dissociation into individual cells, can reassemble itself back together into a normal animal. We used calcium imaging to monitor the complete neuronal activity of dissociated Hydra as they reaggregated over several days. Initially uncoordinated neuronal activity became synchronized into coactive neuronal ensembles. These local modules then synchronized with others, building larger functional ensembles that eventually extended throughout the entire reaggregate, generating neuronal rhythms similar to those of intact animals. Global synchronization was not due to neurite outgrowth but to strengthening of functional connections between ensembles. We conclude that Hydra's nervous system achieves its functional reassembly through the hierarchical modularity of neuronal ensembles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R Lovas
- Neurotechnology Center, Department Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA; Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02354, USA.
| | - Rafael Yuste
- Neurotechnology Center, Department Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA; Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02354, USA
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20
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Berthézène CD, Rabiller L, Jourdan G, Cousin B, Pénicaud L, Casteilla L, Lorsignol A. Tissue Regeneration: The Dark Side of Opioids. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7336. [PMID: 34298954 PMCID: PMC8307464 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Opioids are regarded as among the most effective analgesic drugs and their use for the management of pain is considered standard of care. Despite their systematic administration in the peri-operative period, their impact on tissue repair has been studied mainly in the context of scar healing and is only beginning to be documented in the context of true tissue regeneration. Indeed, in mammals, growing evidence shows that opioids direct tissue repair towards scar healing, with a loss of tissue function, instead of the regenerative process that allows for recovery of both the morphology and function of tissue. Here, we review recent studies that highlight how opioids may prevent a regenerative process by silencing nociceptive nerve activity and a powerful anti-inflammatory effect. These data open up new perspectives for inducing tissue regeneration and argue for opioid-restricted strategies for managing pain associated with tissue injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Dromard Berthézène
- RESTORE Research Center, INSERM, CNRS, EFS, ENVT, Université P. Sabatier, 31000 Toulouse, France; (C.D.B.); (G.J.); (B.C.); (L.P.); (L.C.)
| | - Lise Rabiller
- Alan Edwards Center for Research on Pain, Department of Physiology and Cell Information Systems, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G1, Canada;
| | - Géraldine Jourdan
- RESTORE Research Center, INSERM, CNRS, EFS, ENVT, Université P. Sabatier, 31000 Toulouse, France; (C.D.B.); (G.J.); (B.C.); (L.P.); (L.C.)
| | - Béatrice Cousin
- RESTORE Research Center, INSERM, CNRS, EFS, ENVT, Université P. Sabatier, 31000 Toulouse, France; (C.D.B.); (G.J.); (B.C.); (L.P.); (L.C.)
| | - Luc Pénicaud
- RESTORE Research Center, INSERM, CNRS, EFS, ENVT, Université P. Sabatier, 31000 Toulouse, France; (C.D.B.); (G.J.); (B.C.); (L.P.); (L.C.)
| | - Louis Casteilla
- RESTORE Research Center, INSERM, CNRS, EFS, ENVT, Université P. Sabatier, 31000 Toulouse, France; (C.D.B.); (G.J.); (B.C.); (L.P.); (L.C.)
| | - Anne Lorsignol
- RESTORE Research Center, INSERM, CNRS, EFS, ENVT, Université P. Sabatier, 31000 Toulouse, France; (C.D.B.); (G.J.); (B.C.); (L.P.); (L.C.)
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21
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Parisi MG, Grimaldi A, Baranzini N, La Corte C, Dara M, Parrinello D, Cammarata M. Mesoglea Extracellular Matrix Reorganization during Regenerative Process in Anemonia viridis (Forskål, 1775). Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5971. [PMID: 34073146 PMCID: PMC8198993 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Given the anatomical simplicity and the extraordinary ability to regenerate missing parts of the body, Cnidaria represent an excellent model for the study of the mechanisms regulating regenerative processes. They possess the mesoglea, an amorphous and practically acellular extracellular matrix (ECM) located between the epidermis and the gastrodermis of the body and tentacles and consists of the same molecules present in the ECM of vertebrates, such as collagen, laminin, fibronectin and proteoglycans. This feature makes cnidarians anthozoans valid models for understanding the ECM role during regenerative processes. Indeed, it is now clear that its role in animal tissues is not just tissue support, but instead plays a key role during wound healing and tissue regeneration. This study aims to explore regenerative events after tentacle amputation in the Mediterranean anemone Anemonia viridis, focusing in detail on the reorganization of the ECM mesoglea. In this context, both enzymatic, biometric and histological experiments reveal how this gelatinous connective layer plays a fundamental role in the correct restoration of the original structures by modifying its consistency and stiffness. Indeed, through the deposition of collagen I, it might act as a scaffold and as a guide for the reconstruction of missing tissues and parts, such as amputated tentacles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Giovanna Parisi
- Marine Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Earth and Sea Sciences, University of Palermo, 90123 Palermo, Italy; (C.L.C.); (M.D.); (D.P.); (M.C.)
| | - Annalisa Grimaldi
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, University of Insubria, Via Dunant 3, 21100 Varese, Italy;
| | - Nicolò Baranzini
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, University of Insubria, Via Dunant 3, 21100 Varese, Italy;
| | - Claudia La Corte
- Marine Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Earth and Sea Sciences, University of Palermo, 90123 Palermo, Italy; (C.L.C.); (M.D.); (D.P.); (M.C.)
| | - Mariano Dara
- Marine Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Earth and Sea Sciences, University of Palermo, 90123 Palermo, Italy; (C.L.C.); (M.D.); (D.P.); (M.C.)
| | - Daniela Parrinello
- Marine Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Earth and Sea Sciences, University of Palermo, 90123 Palermo, Italy; (C.L.C.); (M.D.); (D.P.); (M.C.)
| | - Matteo Cammarata
- Marine Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Earth and Sea Sciences, University of Palermo, 90123 Palermo, Italy; (C.L.C.); (M.D.); (D.P.); (M.C.)
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22
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A New Protocol of Computer-Assisted Image Analysis Highlights the Presence of Hemocytes in the Regenerating Cephalic Tentacles of Adult Pomacea canaliculata. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22095023. [PMID: 34065143 PMCID: PMC8126035 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22095023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In humans, injuries and diseases can result in irreversible tissue or organ loss. This well-known fact has prompted several basic studies on organisms capable of adult regeneration, such as amphibians, bony fish, and invertebrates. These studies have provided important biological information and helped to develop regenerative medicine therapies, but important gaps concerning the regulation of tissue and organ regeneration remain to be elucidated. To this aim, new models for studying regenerative biology could prove helpful. Here, the description of the cephalic tentacle regeneration in the adult of the freshwater snail Pomacea canaliculata is presented. In this invasive mollusk, the whole tentacle is reconstructed within 3 months. Regenerating epithelial, connective, muscular and neural components are already recognizable 72 h post-amputation (hpa). Only in the early phases of regeneration, several hemocytes are retrieved in the forming blastema. In view of quantifying the hemocytes retrieved in regenerating organs, granular hemocytes present in the tentacle blastema at 12 hpa were counted, with a new and specific computer-assisted image analysis protocol. Since it can be applied in absence of specific cell markers and after a common hematoxylin-eosin staining, this protocol could prove helpful to evidence and count the hemocytes interspersed among regenerating tissues, helping to unveil the role of immune-related cells in sensory organ regeneration.
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23
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Elchaninov A, Sukhikh G, Fatkhudinov T. Evolution of Regeneration in Animals: A Tangled Story. Front Ecol Evol 2021; 9. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.621686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The evolution of regenerative capacity in multicellular animals represents one of the most complex and intriguing problems in biology. How could such a seemingly advantageous trait as self-repair become consistently attenuated by the evolution? This review article examines the concept of the origin and nature of regeneration, its connection with the processes of embryonic development and asexual reproduction, as well as with the mechanisms of tissue homeostasis. The article presents a variety of classical and modern hypotheses explaining different trends in the evolution of regenerative capacity which is not always beneficial for the individual and notably for the species. Mechanistically, these trends are driven by the evolution of signaling pathways and progressive restriction of differentiation plasticity with concomitant advances in adaptive immunity. Examples of phylogenetically enhanced regenerative capacity are considered as well, with appropriate evolutionary reasoning for the enhancement and discussion of its molecular mechanisms.
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Ngo KS, R-Almási B, Barta Z, Tökölyi J. Experimental manipulation of body size alters life history in hydra. Ecol Lett 2021; 24:728-738. [PMID: 33606896 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Body size has fundamental impacts on animal ecology and physiology but has been strongly influenced by recent climate change and human activities, such as size-selective harvesting. Understanding the ecological and life history consequences of body size has proved difficult due to the inseparability of direct effects of body size from processes connected to it (such as growth rate and individual condition). Here, we used the cnidarian Hydra oligactis to directly manipulate body size and understand its causal effects on reproduction and senescence. We found that experimentally reducing size delayed sexual development and lowered fecundity, while post-reproductive survival increased, implying that smaller individuals can physiologically detect their reduced size and adjust life history decisions to achieve higher survival. Our experiment suggests that ecological or human-induced changes in body size will have immediate effects on life history and population dynamics through a growth-independent link between body size, reproduction and senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kha Sach Ngo
- MTA-DE Behavioral Ecology Research Group, Department of Evolutionary Zoology, Univ. of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Berta R-Almási
- MTA-DE Behavioral Ecology Research Group, Department of Evolutionary Zoology, Univ. of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Barta
- MTA-DE Behavioral Ecology Research Group, Department of Evolutionary Zoology, Univ. of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Jácint Tökölyi
- MTA-DE Behavioral Ecology Research Group, Department of Evolutionary Zoology, Univ. of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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Luz BLP, Miller DJ, Kitahara MV. High regenerative capacity is a general feature within colonial dendrophylliid corals (Anthozoa, Scleractinia). JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2021; 336:281-292. [PMID: 33503321 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.23021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The regenerative capacity of cnidarians plays an essential role in the maintenance and restoration of coral reef ecosystems by allowing faster recovery from disturbances and more efficient small-scale dispersal. However, in the case of invasive species, this property may contribute to their dispersal and success in nonnative habitats. Given that four Indo-Pacific members of the coral genus Tubastraea have invaded the Atlantic, here we evaluated the ability of three of these species (Tubastraea coccinea, Tubastraea diaphana, and Tubastraea micranthus) to regenerate from fragments of undifferentiated coral tissue to fully functional polyps in response to differences in food supply and fragment size. For comparative purposes, another colonial dendrophylliid (Dendrophyllia sp.) was included in the analyses. All dendrophylliids displayed regenerative ability and high survival rates that were independent of whether or not food was supplied or fragment size. However, regeneration rates varied between species and were influenced by fragment size. Temporal expression of key genes of the regenerative process (Wnt and FGF) was profiled during whole-body regeneration of T. coccinea, suggesting a remarkable regenerative ability of T. coccinea that points to its potential use as a laboratory model for the investigation of regeneration in colonial calcified anthozoans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Louise Pereira Luz
- Coastal and Ocean Systems Graduate Program, Federal University of Paraná, Pontal do Sul, Pontal do Paraná, Paraná, Brazil.,Center for Marine Biology, University of São Paulo, Praia do Cabelo Gordo, São Sebastião, Brazil.,ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies and Centre for Tropical Bioinformatics and Molecular Biology, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - David John Miller
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies and Centre for Tropical Bioinformatics and Molecular Biology, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Marcelo Visentini Kitahara
- Coastal and Ocean Systems Graduate Program, Federal University of Paraná, Pontal do Sul, Pontal do Paraná, Paraná, Brazil.,Center for Marine Biology, University of São Paulo, Praia do Cabelo Gordo, São Sebastião, Brazil.,Department of Marine Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, Santos, São Paulo, Brazil
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Tracy AM, Weil E, Burge CA. Ecological Factors Mediate Immunity and Parasitic Co-Infection in Sea Fan Octocorals. Front Immunol 2021; 11:608066. [PMID: 33505396 PMCID: PMC7829190 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.608066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The interplay among environment, demography, and host-parasite interactions is a challenging frontier. In the ocean, fundamental changes are occurring due to anthropogenic pressures, including increased disease outbreaks on coral reefs. These outbreaks include multiple parasites, calling into question how host immunity functions in this complex milieu. Our work investigates the interplay of factors influencing co-infection in the Caribbean sea fan octocoral, Gorgonia ventalina, using metrics of the innate immune response: cellular immunity and expression of candidate immune genes. We used existing copepod infections and live pathogen inoculation with the Aspergillus sydowii fungus, detecting increased expression of the immune recognition gene Tachylectin 5A (T5A) in response to both parasites. Cellular immunity increased by 8.16% in copepod infections compared to controls and single Aspergillus infections. We also detected activation of cellular immunity in reef populations, with a 13.6% increase during copepod infections. Cellular immunity was similar in the field and in the lab, increasing with copepod infections and not the fungus. Amoebocyte density and the expression of T5A and a matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) gene were also positively correlated across all treatments and colonies, irrespective of parasitic infection. We then assessed the scaling of immune metrics to population-level disease patterns and found random co-occurrence of copepods and fungus across 15 reefs in Puerto Rico. The results suggest immune activation by parasites may not alter parasite co-occurrence if factors other than immunity prevail in structuring parasite infection. We assessed non-immune factors in the field and found that sea fan colony size predicted infection by the copepod parasite. Moreover, the effect of infection on immunity was small relative to that of site differences and live coral cover, and similar to the effect of reproductive status. While additional immune data would shed light on the extent of this pattern, ecological factors may play a larger role than immunity in controlling parasite patterns in the wild. Parsing the effects of immunity and ecological factors in octocoral co-infection shows how disease depends on more than one host and one parasite and explores the application of co-infection research to a colonial marine organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison M. Tracy
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Ernesto Weil
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, PR, United States
| | - Colleen A. Burge
- Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, United States
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Reddy PC, Pradhan SJ, Karmodiya K, Galande S. Origin of RNA Polymerase II pause in eumetazoans: Insights from Hydra. J Biosci 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12038-019-9979-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Ferrario C, Sugni M, Somorjai IML, Ballarin L. Beyond Adult Stem Cells: Dedifferentiation as a Unifying Mechanism Underlying Regeneration in Invertebrate Deuterostomes. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:587320. [PMID: 33195242 PMCID: PMC7606891 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.587320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The diversity of regenerative phenomena seen in adult metazoans, as well as their underlying mechanistic bases, are still far from being comprehensively understood. Reviewing both ultrastructural and molecular data, the present work aims to showcase the increasing relevance of invertebrate deuterostomes, i.e., echinoderms, hemichordates, cephalochordates and tunicates, as invaluable models to study cellular aspects of adult regeneration. Our comparative approach suggests a fundamental contribution of local dedifferentiation -rather than mobilization of resident undifferentiated stem cells- as an important cellular mechanism contributing to regeneration in these groups. Thus, elucidating the cellular origins, recruitment and fate of cells, as well as the molecular signals underpinning tissue regrowth in regeneration-competent deuterostomes, will provide the foundation for future research in tackling the relatively limited regenerative abilities of vertebrates, with clear applications in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Ferrario
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Center for Complexity and Biosystems, Department of Physics, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Michela Sugni
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Center for Complexity and Biosystems, Department of Physics, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- GAIA 2050 Center, Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Ildiko M. L. Somorjai
- The Willie Russel Laboratories, Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, North Haugh, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom
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Taubenheim J, Willoweit-Ohl D, Knop M, Franzenburg S, He J, Bosch TCG, Fraune S. Bacteria- and temperature-regulated peptides modulate β-catenin signaling in Hydra. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:21459-21468. [PMID: 32817436 PMCID: PMC7474684 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2010945117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal development has traditionally been viewed as an autonomous process directed by the host genome. But, in many animals, biotic and abiotic cues, like temperature and bacterial colonizers, provide signals for multiple developmental steps. Hydra offers unique features to encode these complex interactions of developmental processes with biotic and abiotic factors, and we used it here to investigate the impact of bacterial colonizers and temperature on the pattern formation process. In Hydra, formation of the head organizer involves the canonical Wnt pathway. Treatment with alsterpaullone (ALP) results in acquiring characteristics of the head organizer in the body column. Intriguingly, germfree Hydra polyps are significantly more sensitive to ALP compared to control polyps. In addition to microbes, β-catenin-dependent pattern formation is also affected by temperature. Gene expression analyses led to the identification of two small secreted peptides, named Eco1 and Eco2, being up-regulated in the response to both Curvibacter sp., the main bacterial colonizer of Hydra, and low temperatures. Loss-of-function experiments revealed that Eco peptides are involved in the regulation of pattern formation and have an antagonistic function to Wnt signaling in Hydra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Taubenheim
- Zoology and Organismic Interactions, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
- Zoological Institute, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Doris Willoweit-Ohl
- Zoological Institute, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Mirjam Knop
- Zoological Institute, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Sören Franzenburg
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Jinru He
- Zoological Institute, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Thomas C G Bosch
- Zoological Institute, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Sebastian Fraune
- Zoology and Organismic Interactions, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany;
- Zoological Institute, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany
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Genome and single-cell RNA-sequencing of the earthworm Eisenia andrei identifies cellular mechanisms underlying regeneration. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2656. [PMID: 32461609 PMCID: PMC7253469 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16454-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The earthworm is particularly fascinating to biologists because of its strong regenerative capacity. However, many aspects of its regeneration in nature remain elusive. Here we report chromosome-level genome, large-scale transcriptome and single-cell RNA-sequencing data during earthworm (Eisenia andrei) regeneration. We observe expansion of LINE2 transposable elements and gene families functionally related to regeneration (for example, EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor) particularly for genes exhibiting differential expression during earthworm regeneration. Temporal gene expression trajectories identify transcriptional regulatory factors that are potentially crucial for initiating cell proliferation and differentiation during regeneration. Furthermore, early growth response genes related to regeneration are transcriptionally activated in both the earthworm and planarian. Meanwhile, single-cell RNA-sequencing provides insight into the regenerative process at a cellular level and finds that the largest proportion of cells present during regeneration are stem cells. The mechanisms regulating regeneration of the earthworm are unclear. Here, the authors use genomic and transcriptomic analysis of the earthworm Eisenia andrei together with Hi-C analysis to identify genes involved and show activation of LINE2 transposable elements on regeneration.
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Ferrario C, Czarkwiani A, Dylus DV, Piovani L, Candia Carnevali MD, Sugni M, Oliveri P. Extracellular matrix gene expression during arm regeneration in Amphiura filiformis. Cell Tissue Res 2020; 381:411-426. [PMID: 32350640 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-020-03201-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM) plays a dynamic role during tissue development and re-growth. Body part regeneration efficiency relies also on effective ECM remodelling and deposition. Among invertebrates, echinoderms are well known for their striking regenerative abilities since they can rapidly regenerate functioning complex structures. To gather insights on the involvement of ECM during arm regeneration, the brittle star Amphiura filiformis was chosen as experimental model. Eight ECM genes were identified and cloned, and their spatio-temporal and quantitative expression patterns were analysed by means of whole mount in situ hybridisation and quantitative PCR on early and advanced regenerative stages. Our results show that almost none of the selected ECM genes are expressed at early stages of regeneration, suggesting a delay in their activation that may be responsible for the high regeneration efficiency of these animals, as described for other echinoderms and in contrast to most vertebrates. Moreover, at advanced stages, these genes are spatially and temporally differentially expressed, suggesting that the molecular regulation of ECM deposition/remodelling varies throughout the regenerative process. Phylogenetic analyses of the identified collagen-like genes reveal complex evolutionary dynamics with many rounds of duplications and losses and pinpointed their homologues in selected vertebrates. The study of other ECM genes will allow a better understanding of ECM contribution to brittle star arm regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Ferrario
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, via Celoria, 2, 20133, Milan, Italy
- Center for Complexity and Biosystems, Department of Physics, University of Milan, via Celoria, 16, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Czarkwiani
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, Darwin Building, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT,, UK
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Fetscherstraße 105, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - David Viktor Dylus
- Department of Computational Biology, University Lausanne, Genopode, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Genopode, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Laura Piovani
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, via Celoria, 2, 20133, Milan, Italy
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, Darwin Building, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT,, UK
| | - Maria Daniela Candia Carnevali
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, via Celoria, 2, 20133, Milan, Italy
- GAIA 2050 Center, Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, via Celoria, 2, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Michela Sugni
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, via Celoria, 2, 20133, Milan, Italy.
- Center for Complexity and Biosystems, Department of Physics, University of Milan, via Celoria, 16, 20133, Milan, Italy.
- GAIA 2050 Center, Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, via Celoria, 2, 20133, Milan, Italy.
| | - Paola Oliveri
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, Darwin Building, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT,, UK.
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van der Burg CA, Pavasovic A, Gilding EK, Pelzer ES, Surm JM, Smith HL, Walsh TP, Prentis PJ. The Rapid Regenerative Response of a Model Sea Anemone Species Exaiptasia pallida Is Characterised by Tissue Plasticity and Highly Coordinated Cell Communication. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2020; 22:285-307. [PMID: 32016679 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-020-09951-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Regeneration of a limb or tissue can be achieved through multiple different pathways and mechanisms. The sea anemone Exaiptasia pallida has been observed to have excellent regenerative proficiency, but this has not yet been described transcriptionally. In this study, we examined the genetic expression changes during a regenerative timecourse and reported key genes involved in regeneration and wound healing. We found that the major response was an early (within the first 8 h) upregulation of genes involved in cellular movement and cell communication, which likely contribute to a high level of tissue plasticity resulting in the rapid regeneration response observed in this species. We find the immune system was only transcriptionally active in the first 8 h post-amputation and conclude, in accordance with previous literature, that the immune system and regeneration have an inverse relationship. Fifty-nine genes (3.8% of total) differentially expressed during regeneration were identified as having no orthologues in other species, indicating that regeneration in E. pallida may rely on the activation of species-specific novel genes. Additionally, taxonomically restricted novel genes, including species-specific novels, and highly conserved genes were identified throughout the regenerative timecourse, showing that both may work in concert to achieve complete regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloé A van der Burg
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia.
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4059, Australia.
| | - Ana Pavasovic
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4059, Australia
| | - Edward K Gilding
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4067, Australia
| | - Elise S Pelzer
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4059, Australia
| | - Joachim M Surm
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 9190401, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Hayden L Smith
- Earth, Environment and Biological Sciences, Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
- Institute for Future Environments, Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Terence P Walsh
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4059, Australia
| | - Peter J Prentis
- Earth, Environment and Biological Sciences, Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
- Institute for Future Environments, Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
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Goel T, Wang R, Martin S, Lanphear E, Collins EMS. Linalool acts as a fast and reversible anesthetic in Hydra. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0224221. [PMID: 31648269 PMCID: PMC6812832 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to make transgenic Hydra lines has allowed for quantitative in vivo studies of Hydra regeneration and physiology. These studies commonly include excision, grafting and transplantation experiments along with high-resolution imaging of live animals, which can be challenging due to the animal’s response to touch and light stimuli. While various anesthetics have been used in Hydra studies, they tend to be toxic over the course of a few hours or their long-term effects on animal health are unknown. Here, we show that the monoterpenoid alcohol linalool is a useful anesthetic for Hydra. Linalool is easy to use, non-toxic, fast acting, and reversible. It has no detectable long-term effects on cell viability or cell proliferation. We demonstrate that the same animal can be immobilized in linalool multiple times at intervals of several hours for repeated imaging over 2–3 days. This uniquely allows for in vivo imaging of dynamic processes such as head regeneration. We directly compare linalool to currently used anesthetics and show its superior performance. Linalool will be a useful tool for tissue manipulation and imaging in Hydra research in both research and teaching contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapan Goel
- Department of Physics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
- Department of Biology, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, PA, United States of America
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Biology, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, PA, United States of America
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Sara Martin
- Department of Biology, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, PA, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Lanphear
- Department of Biology, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, PA, United States of America
| | - Eva-Maria S. Collins
- Department of Physics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
- Department of Biology, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, PA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Turwankar A, Ghaskadbi S. VEGF and FGF signaling during head regeneration in hydra. Gene 2019; 717:144047. [PMID: 31421190 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2019.144047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling pathways play important roles in the formation of the blood vascular system and nervous system across animal phyla. We have earlier reported VEGF and FGF from Hydra vulgaris Ind-Pune, a cnidarian with a defined body axis, an organized nervous system and a remarkable ability of regeneration. We have now identified three more components of VEGF and FGF signaling pathways from hydra. These include FGF-1, FGF receptor 1 (FGFR-1) and VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR-2) with a view to deciphering their possible roles in regeneration. METHODS In silico analysis of proteins was performed using Clustal omega, Swiss model, MEGA 7.0, etc. Gene expression was studied by whole mount in situ hybridization. VEGF and FGF signaling was inhibited using specific pharmacological inhibitors and their effects on head regeneration were studied. RESULTS Expression patterns of the genes indicate a possible interaction between FGF-1 and FGFR-1 and also VEGF and VEGFR-2. Upon treatment of decapitated hydra with pharmacological inhibitor of FGFR-1 or VEGFR-2 for 48 h, head regeneration was delayed in treated as compared to untreated, control regenerates. When we studied the expression of head specific genes HyBra1 and HyKs1 and tentacle specific gene HyAlx in control and treated regenerates using whole mount in situ hybridization, expression of all the three genes was found to be adversely affected in treated regenerates. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that VEGF and FGF signaling play important roles in regeneration of hypostome and tentacles in hydra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuprita Turwankar
- Developmental Biology Group, MACS-Agharkar Research Institute, Savitribai Phule Pune University, G.G. Agarkar Road, Pune 411004, India
| | - Surendra Ghaskadbi
- Developmental Biology Group, MACS-Agharkar Research Institute, Savitribai Phule Pune University, G.G. Agarkar Road, Pune 411004, India.
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Zhang R, Jin L, Zhang N, Petridis AK, Eckert T, Scheiner-Bobis G, Bergmann M, Scheidig A, Schauer R, Yan M, Wijesundera SA, Nordén B, Chatterjee BK, Siebert HC. The Sialic Acid-Dependent Nematocyst Discharge Process in Relation to Its Physical-Chemical Properties Is A Role Model for Nanomedical Diagnostic and Therapeutic Tools. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:E469. [PMID: 31409009 PMCID: PMC6722915 DOI: 10.3390/md17080469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Formulas derived from theoretical physics provide important insights about the nematocyst discharge process of Cnidaria (Hydra, jellyfishes, box-jellyfishes and sea-anemones). Our model description of the fastest process in living nature raises and answers questions related to the material properties of the cell- and tubule-walls of nematocysts including their polysialic acid (polySia) dependent target function. Since a number of tumor-cells, especially brain-tumor cells such as neuroblastoma tissues carry the polysaccharide chain polySia in similar concentration as fish eggs or fish skin, it makes sense to use these findings for new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches in the field of nanomedicine. Therefore, the nematocyst discharge process can be considered as a bionic blue-print for future nanomedical devices in cancer diagnostics and therapies. This approach is promising because the physical background of this process can be described in a sufficient way with formulas presented here. Additionally, we discuss biophysical and biochemical experiments which will allow us to define proper boundary conditions in order to support our theoretical model approach. PolySia glycans occur in a similar density on malignant tumor cells than on the cell surfaces of Cnidarian predators and preys. The knowledge of the polySia-dependent initiation of the nematocyst discharge process in an intact nematocyte is an essential prerequisite regarding the further development of target-directed nanomedical devices for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. The theoretical description as well as the computationally and experimentally derived results about the biophysical and biochemical parameters can contribute to a proper design of anti-tumor drug ejecting vessels which use a stylet-tubule system. Especially, the role of nematogalectins is of interest because these bridging proteins contribute as well as special collagen fibers to the elastic band properties. The basic concepts of the nematocyst discharge process inside the tubule cell walls of nematocysts were studied in jellyfishes and in Hydra which are ideal model organisms. Hydra has already been chosen by Alan Turing in order to figure out how the chemical basis of morphogenesis can be described in a fundamental way. This encouraged us to discuss the action of nematocysts in relation to morphological aspects and material requirements. Using these insights, it is now possible to discuss natural and artificial nematocyst-like vessels with optimized properties for a diagnostic and therapeutic use, e.g., in neurooncology. We show here that crucial physical parameters such as pressure thresholds and elasticity properties during the nematocyst discharge process can be described in a consistent and satisfactory way with an impact on the construction of new nanomedical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiyan Zhang
- Institute of BioPharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China.
| | - Li Jin
- Institute of BioPharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Institute of BioPharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China
- RI-B-NT-Research Institute of Bioinformatics and Nanotechnology, Schauenburgerstr. 116, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Athanasios K Petridis
- Neurochirurgische Klinik, Universität Düsseldorf, Geb. 11.54, Moorenstraße 5, Düsseldorf 40255, Germany
| | - Thomas Eckert
- Institut für Veterinärphysiolgie und-Biochemie, Fachbereich Veterinärmedizin, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Frankfurter Str. 100, 35392 Gießen, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Applied Sciences Fresenius, Limburger Str. 2, 65510 Idstein, Germany
- RISCC-Research Institute for Scientific Computing and Consulting, Ludwig-Schunk-Str. 15, 35452 Heuchelheim, Germany
| | - Georgios Scheiner-Bobis
- Institut für Veterinärphysiolgie und-Biochemie, Fachbereich Veterinärmedizin, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Frankfurter Str. 100, 35392 Gießen, Germany
| | - Martin Bergmann
- Institut für Veterinäranatomie, Histologie und Embryologie, Fachbereich Veterinärmedizin, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Frankfurter Str. 98, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Axel Scheidig
- Zoologisches Institut-Strukturbiologie, Zentrum für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, Am Botanischen Garten 19, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Roland Schauer
- Biochemisches Institut, Christian-Albrechts Universität Kiel, Olshausenstrasse 40, Kiel 24098, Germany
| | - Mingdi Yan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Lowell, 1 University Avenue, Lowell, MA 01854, USA
| | - Samurdhi A Wijesundera
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Lowell, 1 University Avenue, Lowell, MA 01854, USA
| | - Bengt Nordén
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Barun K Chatterjee
- Department of Physics, Bose Institute, 93/1, A P C Road, Kolkata-700009, India
| | - Hans-Christian Siebert
- RI-B-NT-Research Institute of Bioinformatics and Nanotechnology, Schauenburgerstr. 116, 24118 Kiel, Germany.
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Fu Y, Liu L, Wang C, Zhu F, Liu X. Suppression of limb regeneration by RNA interference of WNT4 in the swimming crab Portunus trituberculatus. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 234:41-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Alié A, Hiebert LS, Simion P, Scelzo M, Prünster MM, Lotito S, Delsuc F, Douzery EJP, Dantec C, Lemaire P, Darras S, Kawamura K, Brown FD, Tiozzo S. Convergent Acquisition of Nonembryonic Development in Styelid Ascidians. Mol Biol Evol 2019; 35:1728-1743. [PMID: 29660002 PMCID: PMC5995219 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msy068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Asexual propagation and whole body regeneration are forms of nonembryonic development (NED) widespread across animal phyla and central in life history and evolutionary diversification of metazoans. Whereas it is challenging to reconstruct the gains or losses of NED at large phylogenetic scale, comparative studies could benefit from being conducted at more restricted taxonomic scale, in groups for which phylogenetic relationships are well established. The ascidian family of Styelidae encompasses strictly sexually reproducing solitary forms as well as colonial species that combine sexual reproduction with different forms of NED. To date, the phylogenetic relationships between colonial and solitary styelids remain controversial and so is the pattern of NED evolution. In this study, we built an original pipeline to combine eight genomes with 18 de novo assembled transcriptomes and constructed data sets of unambiguously orthologous genes. Using a phylogenomic super-matrix of 4,908 genes from these 26 tunicates we provided a robust phylogeny of this family of chordates, which supports two convergent acquisitions of NED. This result prompted us to further describe the budding process in the species Polyandrocarpa zorritensis, leading to the discovery of a novel mechanism of asexual development. Whereas the pipeline and the data sets produced can be used for further phylogenetic reconstructions in tunicates, the phylogeny provided here sets an evolutionary framework for future experimental studies on the emergence and disappearance of complex characters such as asexual propagation and whole body regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Alié
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-mer (LBDV), 06230 Paris, France
| | - Laurel Sky Hiebert
- Departamento de Zoologia - Instituto Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Centro de Biologia Marinha (CEBIMar), Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paul Simion
- ISEM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, EPHE, Montpellier, France
| | - Marta Scelzo
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-mer (LBDV), 06230 Paris, France
| | - Maria Mandela Prünster
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-mer (LBDV), 06230 Paris, France
| | - Sonia Lotito
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-mer (LBDV), 06230 Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Delsuc
- ISEM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, EPHE, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | | | - Sébastien Darras
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Biologie Int[1]egrative des Organismes Marins (BIOM),Observatoire Oc[1]eanologique, Banyuls/Mer, 06230 Paris, France
| | - Kazuo Kawamura
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Kochi University, Kochi, Japan
| | - Federico D Brown
- Departamento de Zoologia - Instituto Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Centro de Biologia Marinha (CEBIMar), Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Estudos Interdisciplinares e Transdisciplinares em Ecologia e Evolução (IN-TREE), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Stefano Tiozzo
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-mer (LBDV), 06230 Paris, France
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Mouton S, Wudarski J, Grudniewska M, Berezikov E. The regenerative flatworm Macrostomum lignano, a model organism with high experimental potential. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2019; 62:551-558. [PMID: 29938766 DOI: 10.1387/ijdb.180077eb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the process of regeneration has been one of the longstanding scientific aims, from a fundamental biological perspective, as well as within the applied context of regenerative medicine. Because regeneration competence varies greatly between organisms, it is essential to investigate different experimental animals. The free-living marine flatworm Macrostomum lignano is a rising model organism for this type of research, and its power stems from a unique set of biological properties combined with amenability to experimental manipulation. The biological properties of interest include production of single-cell fertilized eggs, a transparent body, small size, short generation time, ease of culture, the presence of a pluripotent stem cell population, and a large regeneration competence. These features sparked the development of molecular tools and resources for this animal, including high-quality genome and transcriptome assemblies, gene knockdown, in situ hybridization, and transgenesis. Importantly, M. lignano is currently the only flatworm species for which transgenesis methods are established. This review summarizes biological features of M. lignano and recent technological advances towards experimentation with this animal. In addition, we discuss the experimental potential of this model organism for different research questions related to regeneration and stem cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stijn Mouton
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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39
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Alternative NAD(P)H dehydrogenase and alternative oxidase: Proposed physiological roles in animals. Mitochondrion 2019; 45:7-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2018.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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40
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Anokhin BA, Kuznetsova VG. FISH-based karyotyping of Pelmatohydraoligactis (Pallas, 1766), Hydraoxycnida Schulze, 1914, and H.magnipapillata Itô, 1947 (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa). COMPARATIVE CYTOGENETICS 2018; 12:539-548. [PMID: 30613371 PMCID: PMC6308218 DOI: 10.3897/compcytogen.v12i2.32120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
An account is given of the karyotypes of Hydramagnipapillata Itô, 1947, H.oxycnida Schulze, 1914, and Pelmatohydraoligactis (Pallas, 1766) (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Hydridae). A number of different techniques were used: conventional karyotype characterization by standard staining, DAPI-banding and C-banding was complemented by the physical mapping of the ribosomal RNA (18S rDNA probe) and H3 histone genes, and the telomeric (TTAGGG) n sequence by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). We found that the species studied had 2n = 30; constitutive heterochromatin was present in the centromeric regions of the chromosomes; the "vertebrate" telomeric (TTAGGG) n motif was located on both ends of each chromosome and no interstitial sites were detected; 18S rDNA was mapped on the largest chromosome pair in H.magnipapillata and on one of the largest chromosome pairs in H.oxycnida and P.oligactis; in H.magnipapillata, the major rRNA and H3 histone multigene families were located on the largest pair of chromosomes, on their long arms and in the centromeric areas respectively. This is the first chromosomal mapping of H3 in hydras.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris A. Anokhin
- Zoological Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, 199034, RussiaZoological Institute of Russian Academy of SciencesSt. PetersburgRussia
| | - Valentina G. Kuznetsova
- Zoological Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, 199034, RussiaZoological Institute of Russian Academy of SciencesSt. PetersburgRussia
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41
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Lavrov AI, Bolshakov FV, Tokina DB, Ereskovsky AV. Sewing up the wounds : The epithelial morphogenesis as a central mechanism of calcaronean sponge regeneration. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2018; 330:351-371. [PMID: 30421540 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.22830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Sponges (Porifera) demonstrate prominent regeneration abilities and possess a wide variety of mechanisms, used during this process. In the current study, we combined in vivo observations with histological, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural technics to elucidate the fine cellular mechanisms of the regeneration in the calcareous sponge Leucosolenia cf. variabilis. The regeneration of Leucosolenia cf. variabilis ends within 4-6 days. The crucial step of the process is the formation of the transient regenerative membrane, formed by the epithelial morphogenesis-spreading of the intact exopinacoderm and choanoderm. The spreading of the choanoderm is accompanied by the transdifferentiation of the choanocytes. The regenerative membrane develops without any contribution of the mesohyl cells. Subsequently, the membrane gradually transforms into the body wall. The cell proliferation is neither affected nor contributes to the regeneration at any stage. Thus, Leucosolenia cf. variabilis regeneration relies on the remodeling of the intact tissues through the epithelial morphogenesis, accompanied by the transdifferentiation of some differentiated cell types, which makes it similar to the regeneration in homoscleromorphs and eumetazoans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey I Lavrov
- Pertsov White Sea Biological Station, Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.,Department Embryology, Faculty of Biology, Saint-Petersburg State University, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Fyodor V Bolshakov
- Pertsov White Sea Biological Station, Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.,Department Embryology, Faculty of Biology, Saint-Petersburg State University, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Daria B Tokina
- Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie marine et continentale (IMBE), Aix Marseille University, CNRS, IRD, Avignon University, Station Marine d'Endoume, Marseille, France
| | - Alexander V Ereskovsky
- Department Embryology, Faculty of Biology, Saint-Petersburg State University, Saint-Petersburg, Russia.,Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie marine et continentale (IMBE), Aix Marseille University, CNRS, IRD, Avignon University, Station Marine d'Endoume, Marseille, France
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Dong WF, Zhang H, Wang RM, Pan HC. Molecular cloning, antiserum preparation and expression analysis during head regeneration of
$$\upalpha $$
α
-crystallin type heat shock protein in Hydra vulgaris. J Genet 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12041-018-0982-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Guarnieri MC, de Albuquerque Modesto JC, Pérez CD, Ottaiano TF, Ferreira RDS, Batista FP, de Brito MV, Campos IHMP, Oliva MLV. Zoanthid mucus as new source of useful biologically active proteins. Toxicon 2018; 143:96-107. [PMID: 29360533 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Palythoa caribaeorum is a very common colonial zoanthid in the coastal reefs of Brazil. It is known for its massive production of mucus, which is traditionally used in folk medicine by fishermen in northeastern Brazil. This study identified biologically active compounds in P. caribaerum mucus. Crude mucus was collected during low tides by the manual scraping of colonies; samples were maintained in an ice bath, homogenized, and centrifuged at 16,000 g for 1 h at 4 °C; the supernatant (mucus) was kept at -80 °C until use. The enzymatic (proteolytic and phospholipase A2), inhibitory (metallo, cysteine and serine proteases), and hemagglutinating (human erythrocyte) activities were determined. The results showed high levels of cysteine and metallo proteases, intermediate levels of phosholipase A2, low levels of trypsin, and no elastase and chymotrypsin like activities. The mucus showed potent inhibitory activity on snake venom metalloproteases and cysteine proteinase papain. In addition, it showed agglutinating activity towards O+, B+, and A+ erythrocyte types. The hemostatic results showed that the mucus prolongs the aPTT and PT, and strongly inhibited platelet aggregation induced by arachidonic acid, collagen, epinephrine, ADP, and thrombin. The antimicrobial activity was tested on 15 strains of bacteria and fungi through the radial diffusion assay in agar, and no activity was observed. Compounds in P. caribaeorum mucus were analyzed for the first time in this study, and our results show potential pharmacological activities in these compounds, which are relevant for use in physiopathological investigations. However, the demonstration of these activities indicates caution in the use of crude mucus in folk medicine. Furthermore, the present or absent activities identified in this mucus suggest that the studied P. caribaeorum colonies were in thermal stress conditions at the time of sample collection; these conditions may precede the bleaching process in zoanthids. Hence, the use of mucus as an indicator of this process should be evaluated in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Míriam Camargo Guarnieri
- Department of Zoology, Federal University of Pernambuco, Av. Prof Moraes Rego 1235, CEP 50670-901, Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, Brazil; Biochemistry Department, Federal University of São Paulo, Rua Três de maio 100, CEP 04044-020, Vila Clementino, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Jeanne Claíne de Albuquerque Modesto
- Vitória Academic Center, Federal University of Pernambuco, Rua Alto do Reservatório, s/n, CEP 55608-680, Bela Vista, Vitória de Santo Antão, PE, Brazil.
| | - Carlos Daniel Pérez
- Vitória Academic Center, Federal University of Pernambuco, Rua Alto do Reservatório, s/n, CEP 55608-680, Bela Vista, Vitória de Santo Antão, PE, Brazil.
| | - Tatiana Fontes Ottaiano
- Biochemistry Department, Federal University of São Paulo, Rua Três de maio 100, CEP 04044-020, Vila Clementino, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Rodrigo da Silva Ferreira
- Biochemistry Department, Federal University of São Paulo, Rua Três de maio 100, CEP 04044-020, Vila Clementino, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Fabrício Pereira Batista
- Biochemistry Department, Federal University of São Paulo, Rua Três de maio 100, CEP 04044-020, Vila Clementino, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Marlon Vilela de Brito
- Biochemistry Department, Federal University of São Paulo, Rua Três de maio 100, CEP 04044-020, Vila Clementino, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Ikaro Henrique Mendes Pinto Campos
- Department of Zoology, Federal University of Pernambuco, Av. Prof Moraes Rego 1235, CEP 50670-901, Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, Brazil.
| | - Maria Luiza Vilela Oliva
- Biochemistry Department, Federal University of São Paulo, Rua Três de maio 100, CEP 04044-020, Vila Clementino, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Londono R, Sun AX, Tuan RS, Lozito TP. TISSUE REPAIR AND EPIMORPHIC REGENERATION: AN OVERVIEW. CURRENT PATHOBIOLOGY REPORTS 2018; 6:61-69. [PMID: 29967714 PMCID: PMC6025457 DOI: 10.1007/s40139-018-0161-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF THE REVIEW This manuscript discusses wound healing as a component of epimorphic regeneration and the role of the immune system in this process. RECENT FINDINGS Epimorphic regeneration involves formation of a blastema, a mass of undifferentiated cells capable of giving rise to the regenerated tissues. The apical epithelial cap plays an important role in blastemal formation. SUMMARY True regeneration is rarely observed in mammals. With the exception of transgenic strains, tissue repair in mammals usually leads to non-functional fibrotic tissue formation. In contrast, a number of lower order species including planarians, salamanders, and reptiles, have the ability to overcome the burden of scarring and tissue loss through complex adaptations that allow them to regenerate various anatomic structures through epimorphic regeneration. Blastemal cells have been suggested to originate via various mechanisms including de-differentiation, transdifferentiation, migration of pre-existing adult stem cell niches, and combinations of these.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Londono
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Aaron X. Sun
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Rocky S. Tuan
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Thomas P. Lozito
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Lai AG, Aboobaker AA. EvoRegen in animals: Time to uncover deep conservation or convergence of adult stem cell evolution and regenerative processes. Dev Biol 2018; 433:118-131. [PMID: 29198565 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
How do animals regenerate specialised tissues or their entire body after a traumatic injury, how has this ability evolved and what are the genetic and cellular components underpinning this remarkable feat? While some progress has been made in understanding mechanisms, relatively little is known about the evolution of regenerative ability. Which elements of regeneration are due to lineage specific evolutionary novelties or have deeply conserved roots within the Metazoa remains an open question. The renaissance in regeneration research, fuelled by the development of modern functional and comparative genomics, now enable us to gain a detailed understanding of both the mechanisms and evolutionary forces underpinning regeneration in diverse animal phyla. Here we review existing and emerging model systems, with the focus on invertebrates, for studying regeneration. We summarize findings across these taxa that tell us something about the evolution of adult stem cell types that fuel regeneration and the growing evidence that many highly regenerative animals harbor adult stem cells with a gene expression profile that overlaps with germline stem cells. We propose a framework in which regenerative ability broadly evolves through changes in the extent to which stem cells generated through embryogenesis are maintained into the adult life history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvina G Lai
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, United Kingdom
| | - A Aziz Aboobaker
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, United Kingdom.
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46
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Ferrario C, Ben Khadra Y, Czarkwiani A, Zakrzewski A, Martinez P, Colombo G, Bonasoro F, Candia Carnevali MD, Oliveri P, Sugni M. Fundamental aspects of arm repair phase in two echinoderm models. Dev Biol 2017; 433:297-309. [PMID: 29291979 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2017] [Revised: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Regeneration is a post-embryonic developmental process that ensures complete morphological and functional restoration of lost body parts. The repair phase is a key step for the effectiveness of the subsequent regenerative process: in vertebrates, efficient re-epithelialisation, rapid inflammatory/immune response and post-injury tissue remodelling are fundamental aspects for the success of this phase, their impairment leading to an inhibition or total prevention of regeneration. Among deuterostomes, echinoderms display a unique combination of striking regenerative abilities and diversity of useful experimental models, although still largely unexplored. Therefore, the brittle star Amphiura filiformis and the starfish Echinaster sepositus were here used to comparatively investigate the main repair phase events after injury as well as the presence and expression of immune system and extracellular matrix (i.e. collagen) molecules using both microscopy and molecular tools. Our results showed that emergency reaction and re-epithelialisation are similar in both echinoderm models, being faster and more effective than in mammals. Moreover, in comparison to the latter, both echinoderms showed delayed and less abundant collagen deposition at the wound site (absence of fibrosis). The gene expression patterns of molecules related to the immune response, such as Ese-fib-like (starfishes) and Afi-ficolin (brittle stars), were described for the first time during echinoderm regeneration providing promising starting points to investigate the immune system role in these regeneration models. Overall, the similarities in repair events and timing within the echinoderms and the differences with what has been reported in mammals suggest that effective repair processes in echinoderms play an important role for their subsequent ability to regenerate. Targeted molecular and functional analyses will shed light on the evolution of these abilities in the deuterostomian lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Ferrario
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria, 26, 20133 Milano, Italy; Center for Complexity&Biosystems, Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria, 16, 20133 Milano, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze e Politiche Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria, 2, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Yousra Ben Khadra
- Laboratoire de Recherche, Génétique, Biodiversité et Valorisation des Bioressources, Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Monastir, Université de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia.
| | - Anna Czarkwiani
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, Darwin Building, Gower Street, WC1E 6BT London, United Kingdom.
| | - Anne Zakrzewski
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, Darwin Building, Gower Street, WC1E 6BT London, United Kingdom.
| | - Pedro Martinez
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia I Estadística, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal, 645, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain; ICREA (Institut Català de Recerca i Estudis Avancats), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Graziano Colombo
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria, 26, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Francesco Bonasoro
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria, 26, 20133 Milano, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze e Politiche Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria, 2, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Maria Daniela Candia Carnevali
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria, 26, 20133 Milano, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze e Politiche Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria, 2, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Paola Oliveri
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, Darwin Building, Gower Street, WC1E 6BT London, United Kingdom.
| | - Michela Sugni
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria, 26, 20133 Milano, Italy; Center for Complexity&Biosystems, Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria, 16, 20133 Milano, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze e Politiche Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria, 2, 20133 Milano, Italy.
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Kamran Z, Zellner K, Kyriazes H, Kraus CM, Reynier JB, Malamy JE. In vivo imaging of epithelial wound healing in the cnidarian Clytia hemisphaerica demonstrates early evolution of purse string and cell crawling closure mechanisms. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2017; 17:17. [PMID: 29258421 PMCID: PMC5735930 DOI: 10.1186/s12861-017-0160-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Background All animals have mechanisms for healing damage to the epithelial sheets that cover the body and line internal cavities. Epithelial wounds heal either by cells crawling over the wound gap, by contraction of a super-cellular actin cable (“purse string”) that surrounds the wound, or some combination of the two mechanisms. Both cell crawling and purse string closure of epithelial wounds are widely observed across vertebrates and invertebrates, suggesting early evolution of these mechanisms. Cnidarians evolved ~600 million years ago and are considered a sister group to the Bilateria. They have been much studied for their tremendous regenerative potential, but epithelial wound healing has not been characterized in detail. Conserved elements of wound healing in bilaterians and cnidarians would suggest an evolutionary origin in a common ancestor. Here we test this idea by characterizing epithelial wound healing in live medusae of Clytia hemisphaerica. Results We identified cell crawling and purse string-mediated mechanisms of healing in Clytia epithelium that appear highly analogous of those seen in higher animals, suggesting that these mechanisms may have emerged in a common ancestor. Interestingly, we found that epithelial wound healing in Clytia is 75 to >600 times faster than in cultured cells or embryos of other animals previously studied, suggesting that Clytia may provide valuable clues about optimized healing efficiency. Finally, in Clytia, we show that damage to the basement membrane in a wound gap causes a rapid shift between the cell crawling and purse string mechanisms for wound closure. This is consistent with work in other systems showing that cells marginal to a wound choose between a super-cellular actin cable or lamellipodia formation to close wounds, and suggests a mechanism underlying this decision. Conclusions 1. Cell crawling and purse string mechanisms of epithelial wound healing likely evolved before the divergence of Cnidaria from the bilaterian lineage ~ 600mya 2. In Clytia, the choice between cell crawling and purse string mechanisms of wound healing depends on interactions between the epithelial cells and the basement membrane. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12861-017-0160-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zach Kamran
- Biological Sciences Collegiate Division, The University of Chicago, 924 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Katie Zellner
- Biological Sciences Collegiate Division, The University of Chicago, 924 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Harry Kyriazes
- Niles North High School, District 219, 7700 Gross Point Rd., Skokie, IL, 60077, USA
| | - Christine M Kraus
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Jean-Baptiste Reynier
- Biological Sciences Collegiate Division, The University of Chicago, 924 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Jocelyn E Malamy
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
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Gufler S, Artes B, Bielen H, Krainer I, Eder MK, Falschlunger J, Bollmann A, Ostermann T, Valovka T, Hartl M, Bister K, Technau U, Hobmayer B. β-Catenin acts in a position-independent regeneration response in the simple eumetazoan Hydra. Dev Biol 2017; 433:310-323. [PMID: 29108673 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Wnt/β-Catenin signaling plays crucial roles in regenerative processes in eumetazoans. It also acts in regeneration and axial patterning in the simple freshwater polyp Hydra, whose morphallactic regenerative capacity is unparalleled in the animal kingdom. Previous studies have identified β-catenin as an early response gene activated within the first 30min in Hydra head regeneration. Here, we have studied the role of β-Catenin in more detail. First, we show that nuclear β-Catenin signaling is required for head and foot regeneration. Loss of nuclear β-Catenin function blocks head and foot regeneration. Transgenic Hydra tissue, in which β-Catenin is over-expressed, regenerates more heads and feet. In addition, we have identified a set of putative β-Catenin target genes by transcriptional profiling, and these genes exhibit distinct expression patterns in the hypostome, in the tentacles, or in an apical gradient in the body column. All of them are transcriptionally up-regulated in the tips of early head and foot regenerates. In foot regenerates, this is a transient response, and expression starts to disappear after 12-36h. ChIP experiments using an anti-HydraTcf antibody show Tcf binding at promoters of these targets. We propose that gene regulatory β-Catenin activity in the pre-patterning phase is generally required as an early regeneration response. When regenerates are blocked with iCRT14, initial local transcriptional activation of β-catenin and the target genes occurs, and all these genes remain upregulated at the site of both head and foot regeneration for the following 2-3 days. This indicates that the initial regulatory network is followed by position-specific programs that inactivate fractions of this network in order to proceed to differentiation of head or foot structures. brachyury1 (hybra1) has previously been described as early response gene in head and foot regeneration. The HyBra1 protein, however, appears in head regenerating tips not earlier than about twelve hours after decapitation, and HyBra1 translation does not occur in iCRT14-treated regenerates. Foot regenerates never show detectable levels of HyBra1 protein at all. These results suggest that translational control mechanisms may play a decisive role in the head- and foot-specific differentiation phase, and HyBra1 is an excellent candidate for such a key regulator of head specification.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gufler
- Institute of Zoology and Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - B Artes
- Institute of Zoology and Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - H Bielen
- Department of Molecular Evolution and Development, University of Vienna, Austria
| | - I Krainer
- Institute of Zoology and Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - M-K Eder
- Institute of Zoology and Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - J Falschlunger
- Institute of Zoology and Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - A Bollmann
- Institute of Zoology and Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - T Ostermann
- Institute of Zoology and Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - T Valovka
- Institute of Biochemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - M Hartl
- Institute of Biochemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - K Bister
- Institute of Biochemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - U Technau
- Department of Molecular Evolution and Development, University of Vienna, Austria
| | - B Hobmayer
- Institute of Zoology and Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, Austria.
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Bonesso JL, Leggat W, Ainsworth TD. Exposure to elevated sea-surface temperatures below the bleaching threshold impairs coral recovery and regeneration following injury. PeerJ 2017; 5:e3719. [PMID: 28828283 PMCID: PMC5564385 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated sea surface temperatures (SSTs) are linked to an increase in the frequency and severity of bleaching events due to temperatures exceeding corals’ upper thermal limits. The temperatures at which a breakdown of the coral-Symbiodinium endosymbiosis (coral bleaching) occurs are referred to as the upper thermal limits for the coral species. This breakdown of the endosymbiosis results in a reduction of corals’ nutritional uptake, growth, and tissue integrity. Periods of elevated sea surface temperature, thermal stress and coral bleaching are also linked to increased disease susceptibility and an increased frequency of storms which cause injury and physical damage to corals. Herein we aimed to determine the capacity of corals to regenerate and recover from injuries (removal of apical tips) sustained during periods of elevated sea surface temperatures which result in coral stress responses, but which do not result in coral bleaching (i.e., sub-bleaching thermal stress events). In this study, exposure of the species Acropora aspera to an elevated SST of 32 °C (2 °C below the bleaching threshold, 34 °C) was found to result in reduced fluorescence of green fluorescent protein (GFP), reduced skeletal calcification and a lack of branch regrowth at the site of injury, compared to corals maintained under ambient SST conditions (26 °C). Corals maintained under normal, ambient, sea surface temperatures expressed high GFP fluorescence at the injury site, underwent a rapid regeneration of the coral branch apical tip within 12 days of sustaining injury, and showed extensive regrowth of the coral skeleton. Taken together, our results have demonstrated that periods of sustained increased sea surface temperatures, below the corals’ bleaching threshold but above long-term summertime averages, impair coral recovery from damage, regardless of the onset or occurrence of coral bleaching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Louis Bonesso
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
| | - William Leggat
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
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Slack JM. Animal regeneration: ancestral character or evolutionary novelty? EMBO Rep 2017; 18:1497-1508. [PMID: 28747491 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201643795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
An old question about regeneration is whether it is an ancestral character which is a general property of living matter, or whether it represents a set of specific adaptations to the different circumstances faced by different types of animal. In this review, some recent results on regeneration are assessed to see if they can throw any new light on this question. Evidence in favour of an ancestral character comes from the role of Wnt and bone morphogenetic protein signalling in controlling the pattern of whole-body regeneration in acoels, which are a basal group of bilaterian animals. On the other hand, there is some evidence for adaptive acquisition or maintenance of the regeneration of appendages based on the occurrence of severe non-lethal predation, the existence of some novel genes in regenerating organisms, and differences at the molecular level between apparently similar forms of regeneration. It is tentatively concluded that whole-body regeneration is an ancestral character although has been lost from most animal lineages. Appendage regeneration is more likely to represent a derived character resulting from many specific adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Mw Slack
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, UK .,Department of Genetics, Cell Biology & Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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