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Caruso M, Saberiseyedabad K, Mourao L, Scheele CLGJ. A Decision Tree to Guide Human and Mouse Mammary Organoid Model Selection. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2764:77-105. [PMID: 38393590 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3674-9_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Over the past 50 years, researchers from the mammary gland field have launched a collection of distinctive 3D cell culture systems to study multiple aspects of mammary gland physiology and disease. As our knowledge about the mammary gland evolves, more sophisticated 3D cell culture systems are required to answer more and more complex questions. Nowadays, morphologically complex mammary organoids can be generated in distinct 3D settings, along with reproduction of multiple aspects of the gland microenvironment. Yet, each 3D culture protocol comes with its advantages and limitations, where some culture systems are best suited to study stemness potential, whereas others are tailored towards the study of mammary gland morphogenesis. Therefore, prior to starting a 3D mammary culture experiment, it is important to consider and select the ideal culture model to address the biological question of interest. The number and technical requirements of novel 3D cell culture methods vastly increased over the past decades, making it currently challenging and time consuming to identify the best experimental testing. In this chapter, we provide a summary of the most promising murine and human 3D organoid models that are currently used in mammary gland biology research. For each model, we will provide a brief description of the protocol and an overview of the expected morphological outcome, the advantages of the model, and the potential pitfalls, to guide the reader to the best model of choice for specific applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marika Caruso
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Larissa Mourao
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, Leuven, Belgium
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Trossbach M, Åkerlund E, Langer K, Seashore-Ludlow B, Joensson HN. High-throughput cell spheroid production and assembly analysis by microfluidics and deep learning. SLAS Technol 2023; 28:423-432. [PMID: 36990352 DOI: 10.1016/j.slast.2023.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
3D cell culture models are important tools in translational research but have been out of reach for high-throughput screening due to complexity, requirement of large cell numbers and inadequate standardization. Microfluidics and culture model miniaturization technologies could overcome these challenges. Here, we present a high-throughput workflow to produce and characterize the formation of miniaturized spheroids using deep learning. We train a convolutional neural network (CNN) for cell ensemble morphology classification for droplet microfluidic minispheroid production, benchmark it against more conventional image analysis, and characterize minispheroid assembly determining optimal surfactant concentrations and incubation times for minispheroid production for three cell lines with different spheroid formation properties. Notably, this format is compatible with large-scale spheroid production and screening. The presented workflow and CNN offer a template for large scale minispheroid production and analysis and can be extended and re-trained to characterize morphological responses in spheroids to additives, culture conditions and large drug libraries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Trossbach
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, and Science for Life Laboratory, Sweden.
| | - Emma Åkerlund
- Karolinska Institutet, and Science for Life Laboratory, Sweden
| | - Krzysztof Langer
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, and Science for Life Laboratory, Sweden; Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, United States
| | | | - Haakan N Joensson
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, and Science for Life Laboratory, Sweden.
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Yao H, Dou Z, Zhao Z, Liang X, Yue H, Ma W, Su Z, Wang Y, Hao Z, Yan H, Wu Z, Wang L, Chen G, Yang J. Transcriptome analysis of the Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus) reveals candidate genes affecting milk production traits. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:660. [PMID: 37919661 PMCID: PMC10621195 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09703-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Milk production traits are complex traits with vital economic importance in the camel industry. However, the genetic mechanisms regulating milk production traits in camels remain poorly understood. Therefore, we aimed to identify candidate genes and metabolic pathways that affect milk production traits in Bactrian camels. METHODS We classified camels (fourth parity) as low- or high-yield, examined pregnant camels using B-mode ultrasonography, observed the microscopic changes in the mammary gland using hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining, and used RNA sequencing to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and pathways. RESULTS The average standard milk yield over the 300 days during parity was recorded as 470.18 ± 9.75 and 978.34 ± 3.80 kg in low- and high-performance camels, respectively. Nine female Junggar Bactrian camels were subjected to transcriptome sequencing, and 609 and 393 DEGs were identified in the low-yield vs. high-yield (WDL vs. WGH) and pregnancy versus colostrum period (RSQ vs. CRQ) comparison groups, respectively. The DEGs were compared with genes associated with milk production traits in the Animal Quantitative Trait Loci database and in Alashan Bactrian camels, and 65 and 46 overlapping candidate genes were obtained, respectively. Functional enrichment and protein-protein interaction network analyses of the DEGs and candidate genes were conducted. After comparing our results with those of other livestock studies, we identified 16 signaling pathways and 27 core candidate genes associated with maternal parturition, estrogen regulation, initiation of lactation, and milk production traits. The pathways suggest that emerged milk production involves the regulation of multiple complex metabolic and cellular developmental processes in camels. Finally, the RNA sequencing results were validated using quantitative real-time PCR; the 15 selected genes exhibited consistent expression changes. CONCLUSIONS This study identified DEGs and metabolic pathways affecting maternal parturition and milk production traits. The results provides a theoretical foundation for further research on the molecular mechanism of genes related to milk production traits in camels. Furthermore, these findings will help improve breeding strategies to achieve the desired milk yield in camels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaibing Yao
- Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, 777 Huarui Street, Urumqi, 830017, Xinjiang, PR China
- Xinjiang Camel Industry Engineering Technology Research Center, Urumqi, 830017, China
| | - Zhihua Dou
- Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, 777 Huarui Street, Urumqi, 830017, Xinjiang, PR China
- Xinjiang Camel Industry Engineering Technology Research Center, Urumqi, 830017, China
| | - Zhongkai Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, 777 Huarui Street, Urumqi, 830017, Xinjiang, PR China
- Xinjiang Camel Industry Engineering Technology Research Center, Urumqi, 830017, China
| | - Xiaorui Liang
- Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, 777 Huarui Street, Urumqi, 830017, Xinjiang, PR China
- Xinjiang Camel Industry Engineering Technology Research Center, Urumqi, 830017, China
| | - Haitao Yue
- Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, 777 Huarui Street, Urumqi, 830017, Xinjiang, PR China
- Xinjiang Camel Industry Engineering Technology Research Center, Urumqi, 830017, China
| | - Wanpeng Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, 830052, China
| | - Zhanqiang Su
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, 830052, China
| | - Yuzhuo Wang
- Xinjiang Altai Regional Animal Husbandry Veterinary Station, Altay, 836500, Xinjiang, China
| | - Zelin Hao
- Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, 777 Huarui Street, Urumqi, 830017, Xinjiang, PR China
- Xinjiang Camel Industry Engineering Technology Research Center, Urumqi, 830017, China
| | - Hui Yan
- Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, 777 Huarui Street, Urumqi, 830017, Xinjiang, PR China
- Xinjiang Camel Industry Engineering Technology Research Center, Urumqi, 830017, China
| | - Zhuangyuan Wu
- Xinjiang Altai Regional Animal Husbandry Veterinary Station, Altay, 836500, Xinjiang, China
| | - Liang Wang
- Xinjiang Camel Industry Engineering Technology Research Center, Urumqi, 830017, China
- Bactrian Camel Academy of Xinjiang, Xinjiang Wangyuan Camel Milk Limited Company, Altay, 836500, Xinjiang, China
| | - Gangliang Chen
- Xinjiang Camel Industry Engineering Technology Research Center, Urumqi, 830017, China
- Bactrian Camel Academy of Xinjiang, Xinjiang Wangyuan Camel Milk Limited Company, Altay, 836500, Xinjiang, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, 777 Huarui Street, Urumqi, 830017, Xinjiang, PR China.
- Xinjiang Camel Industry Engineering Technology Research Center, Urumqi, 830017, China.
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Sahito JZA, Deng S, Qin L, Xiao L, Zhang D, Huang B. CeRNA Network Reveals the Circular RNA Characterization in Goat Ear Fibroblasts Reprogramming into Mammary Epithelial Cells. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1831. [PMID: 37895180 PMCID: PMC10606430 DOI: 10.3390/genes14101831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a type of non-coding RNA that play a crucial role in the development and lactation of mammary glands in mammals. A total of 107 differentially expressed circRNAs (DE circRNAs) were found, of which 52 were up-regulated and 55 were down-regulated. We also found that DE circRNA host genes were mainly involved in GO terms related to the development process of mammary epithelial cells and KEGG pathways were mostly related to mammary epithelial cells, lactation, and gland development. Protein network analysis found that DE circRNAs can competitively bind to miRNAs as key circRNAs by constructing a circRNA-miRNA-mRNA network. CircRNAs competitively bind to miRNAs (miR-10b-3p, miR-671-5p, chi-miR-200c, chi-miR-378-3p, and chi-miR-30e-5p) involved in goat mammary gland development, mammary epithelial cells, and lactation, affecting the expression of core genes (CDH2, MAPK1, ITGB1, CAMSAP2, and MAPKAPK5). Here, we generated CiMECs and systematically explored the differences in the transcription profile for the first time using whole-transcriptome sequencing. We also analyzed the interaction among mRNA, miRNA, and cirRNA and predicted that circRNA plays an important role in the maintenance of mammary epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jam Zaheer Ahmed Sahito
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (J.Z.A.S.); (S.D.); (L.Q.); (L.X.); (D.Z.)
| | - Shan Deng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (J.Z.A.S.); (S.D.); (L.Q.); (L.X.); (D.Z.)
| | - Liangshan Qin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (J.Z.A.S.); (S.D.); (L.Q.); (L.X.); (D.Z.)
| | - Lianggui Xiao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (J.Z.A.S.); (S.D.); (L.Q.); (L.X.); (D.Z.)
| | - Dandan Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (J.Z.A.S.); (S.D.); (L.Q.); (L.X.); (D.Z.)
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Eye Health, The People’s Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Ben Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (J.Z.A.S.); (S.D.); (L.Q.); (L.X.); (D.Z.)
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Eye Health, The People’s Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanning, 530021, China
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Fonseca PAS, Suárez-Vega A, Esteban-Blanco C, Pelayo R, Marina H, Gutiérrez-Gil B, Arranz JJ. Epigenetic regulation of functional candidate genes for milk production traits in dairy sheep subjected to protein restriction in the prepubertal stage. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:511. [PMID: 37658326 PMCID: PMC10472666 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09611-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As the prepubertal stage is a crucial point for the proper development of the mammary gland and milk production, this study aims to evaluate how protein restriction at this stage can affect methylation marks in milk somatic cells. Here, 28 Assaf ewes were subjected to 42.3% nutritional protein restriction (14 animals, NPR) or fed standard diets (14 animals, C) during the prepubertal stage. During the second lactation, the milk somatic cells of these ewes were sampled, and the extracted DNA was subjected to whole-genome bisulfite sequencing. RESULTS A total of 1154 differentially methylated regions (DMRs) were identified between the NPR and C groups. Indeed, the results of functional enrichment analyses of the genes harboring these DMRs suggested their relevant effects on the development of the mammary gland and lipid metabolism in sheep. The additional analysis of the correlations of the mean methylation levels within these DMRs with fat, protein, and dry extract percentages in the milk and milk somatic cell counts suggested associations between several DMRs and milk production traits. However, there were no phenotypic differences in these traits between the NPR and C groups. CONCLUSION In light of the above, the results obtained in the current study might suggest potential candidate genes for the regulation of milk production traits in the sheep mammary gland. Further studies focusing on elucidating the genetic mechanisms affected by the identified DMRs may help to better understand the biological mechanisms modified in the mammary gland of dairy sheep as a response to nutritional challenges and their potential effects on milk production.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. A. S. Fonseca
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana S/N, 24071 León, Spain
| | - A. Suárez-Vega
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana S/N, 24071 León, Spain
| | - C. Esteban-Blanco
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana S/N, 24071 León, Spain
| | - R. Pelayo
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana S/N, 24071 León, Spain
| | - H. Marina
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana S/N, 24071 León, Spain
| | - B. Gutiérrez-Gil
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana S/N, 24071 León, Spain
| | - J. J. Arranz
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana S/N, 24071 León, Spain
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van Amerongen R, Bentires-Alj M, van Boxtel AL, Clarke RB, Fre S, Suarez EG, Iggo R, Jechlinger M, Jonkers J, Mikkola ML, Koledova ZS, Sørlie T, Vivanco MDM. Imagine beyond: recent breakthroughs and next challenges in mammary gland biology and breast cancer research. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2023; 28:17. [PMID: 37450065 PMCID: PMC10349020 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-023-09544-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
On 8 December 2022 the organizing committee of the European Network for Breast Development and Cancer labs (ENBDC) held its fifth annual Think Tank meeting in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Here, we embraced the opportunity to look back to identify the most prominent breakthroughs of the past ten years and to reflect on the main challenges that lie ahead for our field in the years to come. The outcomes of these discussions are presented in this position paper, in the hope that it will serve as a summary of the current state of affairs in mammary gland biology and breast cancer research for early career researchers and other newcomers in the field, and as inspiration for scientists and clinicians to move the field forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renée van Amerongen
- Developmental, Stem Cell and Cancer Biology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Mohamed Bentires-Alj
- Laboratory of Tumor Heterogeneity, Metastasis and Resistance, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel and University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Antonius L van Boxtel
- Developmental, Stem Cell and Cancer Biology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Robert B Clarke
- Manchester Breast Centre, Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Silvia Fre
- Institut Curie, Genetics and Developmental Biology Department, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR3215, U93475248, InsermParis, France
| | - Eva Gonzalez Suarez
- Transformation and Metastasis Laboratory, Molecular Oncology, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
- Oncobell, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Richard Iggo
- INSERM U1312, University of Bordeaux, 33076, Bordeaux, France
| | - Martin Jechlinger
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Department, EMBL, Heidelberg, Germany
- Molit Institute of Personalized Medicine, Heilbronn, Germany
| | - Jos Jonkers
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Oncode Institute, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marja L Mikkola
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, P.O.B. 56, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Zuzana Sumbalova Koledova
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Therese Sørlie
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Maria dM Vivanco
- Cancer Heterogeneity Lab, CIC bioGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance, BRTA, Technological Park Bizkaia, 48160, Derio, Spain
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Gomez AL, Altamirano GA, Alcaraz MR, Montemurro M, Schierano-Marotti G, Oddi SL, Culzoni MJ, Muñoz-de-Toro M, Bosquiazzo VL, Kass L. Mammary Gland Development in Male Rats Perinatally Exposed to Propiconazole, Glyphosate, or their Mixture. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2023; 101:104184. [PMID: 37328086 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2023.104184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to assess whether perinatal exposure to propiconazole (PRO), glyphosate (GLY) or their mixture (PROGLY) alters key endocrine pathways and the development of the male rat mammary gland. To this end, pregnant rats were orally exposed to vehicle, PRO, GLY, or a mixture of PRO and GLY from gestation day 9 until weaning. Male offspring were euthanized on postnatal day (PND) 21 and PND60. On PND21, GLY-exposed rats showed reduced mammary epithelial cell proliferation, whereas PRO-exposed ones showed increased ductal p-Erk1/2 expression without histomorphological alterations. On PND60, GLY-exposed rats showed reduced mammary gland area and estrogen receptor alpha expression and increased aromatase expression, whereas PRO-exposed ones showed enhanced lobuloalveolar development and increased lobular hyperplasia. However, PROGLY did not modify any of the endpoints evaluated. In summary, PRO and GLY modified the expression of key molecules and the development of the male mammary gland individually but not together.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayelen L Gomez
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL, UNL-CONICET), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina; Cátedra de Patología Humana, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Gabriela A Altamirano
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL, UNL-CONICET), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina; Cátedra de Patología Humana, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Mirta R Alcaraz
- Laboratorio de Desarrollo Analítico y Quimiometría (LADAQ), Cátedra de Química Analítica I, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Milagros Montemurro
- Laboratorio de Desarrollo Analítico y Quimiometría (LADAQ), Cátedra de Química Analítica I, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Gonzalo Schierano-Marotti
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL, UNL-CONICET), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Sofia L Oddi
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL, UNL-CONICET), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - María J Culzoni
- Laboratorio de Desarrollo Analítico y Quimiometría (LADAQ), Cátedra de Química Analítica I, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Mónica Muñoz-de-Toro
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL, UNL-CONICET), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina; Cátedra de Patología Humana, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Verónica L Bosquiazzo
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL, UNL-CONICET), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina; Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica y Cuantitativa, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Laura Kass
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL, UNL-CONICET), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina; Cátedra de Patología Humana, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina.
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Morato A, Accornero P, Hovey RC. ERBB Receptors and Their Ligands in the Developing Mammary Glands of Different Species: Fifteen Characters in Search of an Author. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2023; 28:10. [PMID: 37219601 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-023-09538-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The ERBB tyrosine kinase receptors and their ligands belong to a complex family that has diverse biological effects and expression profiles in the developing mammary glands, where its members play an essential role in translating hormone signals into local effects. While our understanding of these processes stems mostly from mouse models, there is the potential for differences in how this family functions in the mammary glands of other species, particularly in light of their unique histomorphological features. Herein we review the postnatal distribution and function of ERBB receptors and their ligands in the mammary glands of rodents and humans, as well as for livestock and companion animals. Our analysis highlights the diverse biology for this family and its members across species, the regulation of their expression, and how their roles and functions might be modulated by varying stromal composition and hormone interactions. Given that ERBB receptors and their ligands have the potential to influence processes ranging from normal mammary development to diseased states such as cancer and/or mastitis, both in human and veterinary medicine, a more complete understanding of their biological functions should help to direct future research and the identification of new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Morato
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - Paolo Accornero
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, Grugliasco, TO, 10095, Italy
| | - Russell C Hovey
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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Zhou Y, Ye Z, Wei W, Zhang M, Huang F, Li J, Cai C. Macrophages maintain mammary stem cell activity and mammary homeostasis via TNF-α-PI3K-Cdk1/Cyclin B1 axis. NPJ Regen Med 2023; 8:23. [PMID: 37130846 PMCID: PMC10154328 DOI: 10.1038/s41536-023-00296-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult stem cell niche is a special environment composed of a variety stromal cells and signals, which cooperatively regulate tissue development and homeostasis. It is of great interest to study the role of immune cells in niche. Here, we show that mammary resident macrophages regulate mammary epithelium cell division and mammary development through TNF-α-Cdk1/Cyclin B1 axis. In vivo, depletion of macrophages reduces the number of mammary basal cells and mammary stem cells (MaSCs), while increases mammary luminal cells. In vitro, we establish a three-dimensional culture system in which mammary basal cells are co-cultured with macrophages, and interestingly, macrophage co-culture promotes the formation of branched functional mammary organoids. Moreover, TNF-α produced by macrophages activates the intracellular PI3K/Cdk1/Cyclin B1 signaling in mammary cells, thereby maintaining the activity of MaSCs and the formation of mammary organoids. Together, these findings reveal the functional significance of macrophageal niche and intracellular PI3K/Cdk1/Cyclin B1 axis for maintaining MaSC activity and mammary homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhou
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University; Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Zi Ye
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University; Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University; Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Mengna Zhang
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University; Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Fujing Huang
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University; Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Jinpeng Li
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University; Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China.
| | - Cheguo Cai
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University; Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China.
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China.
- Key Laboratory of Systems Health Science of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310024, China.
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10
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Whitford MKM, McCaffrey L. Polarity in breast development and cancer. Curr Top Dev Biol 2023; 154:245-283. [PMID: 37100520 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2023.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Mammary gland development and breast cancer progression are associated with extensive remodeling of epithelial tissue architecture. Apical-basal polarity is a key feature of epithelial cells that coordinates key elements of epithelial morphogenesis including cell organization, proliferation, survival, and migration. In this review we discuss advances in our understanding of how apical-basal polarity programs are used in breast development and cancer. We describe cell lines, organoids, and in vivo models commonly used for studying apical-basal polarity in breast development and disease and discuss advantages and limitations of each. We also provide examples of how core polarity proteins regulate branching morphogenesis and lactation during development. We describe alterations to core polarity genes in breast cancer and their associations with patient outcomes. The impact of up- or down-regulation of key polarity proteins in breast cancer initiation, growth, invasion, metastasis, and therapeutic resistance are discussed. We also introduce studies demonstrating that polarity programs are involved in regulating the stroma, either through epithelial-stroma crosstalk, or through signaling of polarity proteins in non-epithelial cell types. Overall, a key concept is that the function of individual polarity proteins is highly contextual, depending on developmental or cancer stage and cancer subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara K M Whitford
- Goodman Cancer Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Luke McCaffrey
- Goodman Cancer Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Gerald Bronfman Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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11
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Wakasa H, Tsugami Y, Koyama T, Han L, Nishimura T, Isobe N, Kobayashi K. Adverse Effects of High Temperature On Mammary Alveolar Development In Vitro. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2022; 27:155-170. [PMID: 35581442 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-022-09518-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In the mammary glands during pregnancy, the alveolar buds are first branched from the mammary ducts after which they form the alveolar luminal structure for milk production postparturition. Body temperature could increase for several reasons, such as infectious disease and heat stress. We have previously reported that high temperature adversely effects on the lactation capacity of mouse mammary epithelial cells (MECs). However, it remains unclear how high temperature influences mammary morophogenesis during pregnancy. In this study, we investigated the effects of high temperature on this mammary alveolar development process using two types of culture models including embedded organoids of MECs in Matrigel; these models reproduced mammary alveolar bud induction and alveolar luminal formation. Results showed that a culture temperature of 41 °C repressed alveolar bud induction and inhibited alveolar luminal formation. In addition, the treatment at 41 °C decreased the number of proliferating mammary epithelial cells but did not affect cell migration. Levels of phosphorylated Akt, -ERK1/2, -HSP90, and -HSP27 were increased in organoids cultured at 41 °C. The specific inhibitors of HSP90 and HSP27 exacerbated the disruption of organoids at 41 °C but not at 37 °C. Furthermore, the organoids precultured at 37 and 41 °C in the alveolar luminal formation model showed differences in the expression levels of caseins and tight junction proteins, which express in MECs in lactating mammary glands, after induction of MEC differentiation by prolactin and dexamethasone treatment in vitro. These results suggest that elevated temperature directly hinders mammary alveolar development; however, heat shock proteins may mitigate the adverse effects of high temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruka Wakasa
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, North 9, West 9, 060-8589, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yusaku Tsugami
- Laboratory of Animal Histophysiology, Graduate School of Integrated Science for Life Faculty of Applied Biological Science, Hiroshima University, 1-4-4, Kagamiyama, 739-8528, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Taku Koyama
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, North 9, West 9, 060-8589, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Liang Han
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, North 9, West 9, 060-8589, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takanori Nishimura
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, North 9, West 9, 060-8589, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Naoki Isobe
- Laboratory of Animal Histophysiology, Graduate School of Integrated Science for Life Faculty of Applied Biological Science, Hiroshima University, 1-4-4, Kagamiyama, 739-8528, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Ken Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, North 9, West 9, 060-8589, Sapporo, Japan.
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12
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Mu T, Hu H, Ma Y, Wen H, Yang C, Feng X, Wen W, Zhang J, Gu Y. Identifying key genes in milk fat metabolism by weighted gene co-expression network analysis. Sci Rep 2022; 12:6836. [PMID: 35477736 PMCID: PMC9046402 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-10435-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Milk fat is the most important and energy-rich substance in milk, and its content and composition are important reference elements in the evaluation of milk quality. However, the current identification of valuable candidate genes affecting milk fat is limited. IlluminaPE150 was used to sequence bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMECs) with high and low milk fat rates (MFP), the weighted gene co-expression network (WGCNA) was used to analyze mRNA expression profile data in this study. As a result, a total of 10,310 genes were used to construct WGCNA, and the genes were classified into 18 modules. Among them, violet (r = 0.74), yellow (r = 0.75) and darkolivegreen (r = − 0.79) modules were significantly associated with MFP, and 39, 181, 75 hub genes were identified, respectively. Combining enrichment analysis and differential genes (DEs), we screened five key candidate DEs related to lipid metabolism, namely PI4K2A, SLC16A1, ATP8A2, VEGFD and ID1, respectively. Relative to the small intestine, liver, kidney, heart, ovary and uterus, the gene expression of PI4K2A is the highest in mammary gland, and is significantly enriched in GO terms and pathways related to milk fat metabolism, such as monocarboxylic acid transport, phospholipid transport, phosphatidylinositol signaling system, inositol phosphate metabolism and MAPK signaling pathway. This study uses WGCNA to form an overall view of MFP, providing a theoretical basis for identifying potential pathways and hub genes that may be involved in milk fat synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Mu
- School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750021, China
| | - Honghong Hu
- School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750021, China
| | - Yanfen Ma
- School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750021, China.,Key Laboratory of Ruminant Molecular and Cellular Breeding, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750021, China
| | - Huiyu Wen
- Maosheng Pasture of He Lanshan in Ningxia State Farm, Yinchuan, 750001, China
| | - Chaoyun Yang
- School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750021, China
| | - Xiaofang Feng
- School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750021, China
| | - Wan Wen
- Animal Husbandry Extension Station, Yinchuan, 750001, China
| | - Juan Zhang
- School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750021, China
| | - Yaling Gu
- School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750021, China.
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13
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Bartlett AP, Harman RM, Weiss JR, Van de Walle GR. Establishment and characterization of equine mammary organoids using a method translatable to other non-traditional model species. Development 2022; 149:274742. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.200412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Mammary organoid (MaO) models are only available for a few traditional model organisms, limiting our ability to investigate mammary gland development and cancer across mammals. This study established equine mammary organoids (EqMaOs) from cryopreserved mammary tissue, in which mammary tissue fragments were isolated and embedded into a 3D matrix to produce EqMaOs. We evaluated viability, proliferation and budding capacity of EqMaOs at different time points during culture, showing that although the number of proliferative cells decreased over time, viability was maintained and budding increased. We further characterized EqMaOs based on expression of stem cell, myoepithelial and luminal markers, and found that EqMaOs expressed these markers throughout culture and that a bilayered structure as seen in vivo was recapitulated. We used the milk-stimulating hormone prolactin to induce milk production, which was verified by the upregulation of milk proteins, most notably β-casein. Additionally, we showed that our method is also applicable to additional non-traditional mammalian species, particularly domesticated animals such as cats, pigs and rabbits. Collectively, MaO models across species will be a useful tool for comparative developmental and cancer studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna P. Bartlett
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Rebecca M. Harman
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Jennifer R. Weiss
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Gerlinde R. Van de Walle
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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14
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The Mammary Gland: Basic Structure and Molecular Signaling during Development. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073883. [PMID: 35409243 PMCID: PMC8998991 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammary gland is a compound, branched tubuloalveolar structure and a major characteristic of mammals. The mammary gland has evolved from epidermal apocrine glands, the skin glands as an accessory reproductive organ to support postnatal survival of offspring by producing milk as a source of nutrition. The mammary gland development begins during embryogenesis as a rudimentary structure that grows into an elementary branched ductal tree and is embedded in one end of a larger mammary fat pad at birth. At the onset of ovarian function at puberty, the rudimentary ductal system undergoes dramatic morphogenetic change with ductal elongation and branching. During pregnancy, the alveolar differentiation and tertiary branching are completed, and during lactation, the mature milk-producing glands eventually develop. The early stages of mammary development are hormonal independent, whereas during puberty and pregnancy, mammary gland development is hormonal dependent. We highlight the current understanding of molecular regulators involved during different stages of mammary gland development.
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15
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Caruso M, Huang S, Mourao L, Scheele CLGJ. A Mammary Organoid Model to Study Branching Morphogenesis. Front Physiol 2022; 13:826107. [PMID: 35399282 PMCID: PMC8988230 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.826107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Branching morphogenesis is the process that gives rise to branched structures in several organs, such as the lung, the kidney, and the mammary gland. Although morphologically well described, the exact mechanisms driving branch elongation and bifurcation are still poorly understood. Signaling cues from the stroma and extracellular matrix have an important role in driving branching morphogenesis. Organoid models derived from primary mammary epithelial cells have emerged as a powerful tool to gain insight into branching morphogenesis of the mammary gland. However, current available mammary organoid culture protocols result in morphologically simple structures which do not resemble the complex branched structure of the in vivo mammary gland. Supplementation of growth factors to mammary organoids cultured in basement membrane extract or collagen I were shown to induce bud formation and elongation but are not sufficient to drive true branching events. Here, we present an improved culture approach based on 3D primary mammary epithelial cell culture to develop branched organoids with a complex morphology. By alternating the addition of fibroblast growth factor 2 and epidermal growth factor to mammary organoids cultured in a basement membrane extract matrix enriched with collagen type I fibers, we obtain complex mammary organoid structures with primary, secondary, and tertiary branches over a period of 15–20 days. Mammary organoid structures grow >1 mm in size and show an elongated and branched shape which resembles in vivo mammary gland morphology. This novel branched mammary organoid model offers many possibilities to study the mechanisms of branching in the developing mammary gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marika Caruso
- Laboratory for Intravital Imaging and Dynamics of Tumor Progression, VIB Center for Cancer Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sjanie Huang
- Laboratory for Intravital Imaging and Dynamics of Tumor Progression, VIB Center for Cancer Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Larissa Mourao
- Laboratory for Intravital Imaging and Dynamics of Tumor Progression, VIB Center for Cancer Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Colinda L. G. J. Scheele
- Laboratory for Intravital Imaging and Dynamics of Tumor Progression, VIB Center for Cancer Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Colinda L. G. J. Scheele,
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16
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Pak C, Sun Y. Organoids: expanding applications enabled by emerging technologies. J Mol Biol 2021; 434:167411. [PMID: 34933020 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2021.167411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- ChangHui Pak
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, UMass Amherst, 01003
| | - Yubing Sun
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, UMass Amherst, 01003
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17
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Morato A, Martignani E, Miretti S, Baratta M, Accornero P. External and internal EGFR-activating signals drive mammary epithelial cells proliferation and viability. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 520:111081. [PMID: 33181234 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.111081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
During puberty, the mammary gland undergoes an intense growth, dependent on the interplay between the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) in the stroma and different mammary epithelial receptors. We hypothesize that EGFR expressed in the mammary epithelium also has a role in puberty and the epithelial cells can self-sustain by EGFR-mediated autocrine signaling. We adopted mammary cell lines from different species, as in vitro model for the epithelium, and we observed that EGFR-signaling positively affects their survival and proliferation. Once deprived of external growth factors, mammary cells still showed strong Erk 1/2 phosphorylation, abolished upon EGFR inhibition, coupled with a further reduction in survival and proliferation. Based on gene expression analysis, three EGFR-ligands (AREG, EREG and HBEGF) are likely to mediate this autocrine signaling. In conclusion, internal EGFR-activating signals sustain mammary epithelial cell proliferation and survival in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Morato
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Eugenio Martignani
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Silvia Miretti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Mario Baratta
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Paolo Accornero
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco, TO, Italy.
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18
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Barbosa GO, Biancardi MF, Carvalho HF. Heparan sulfate fine‐tunes stromal‐epithelial communication in the prostate gland. Dev Dyn 2020; 250:618-628. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme O. Barbosa
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology State University of Campinas Campinas Brazil
| | - Manoel F. Biancardi
- Department of Histology, Embryology and Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences Federal University of Goiás Goiânia Brazil
| | - Hernandes F. Carvalho
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology State University of Campinas Campinas Brazil
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19
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Sumbal J, Budkova Z, Traustadóttir GÁ, Koledova Z. Mammary Organoids and 3D Cell Cultures: Old Dogs with New Tricks. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2020; 25:273-288. [PMID: 33210256 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-020-09468-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
3D cell culture methods have been an integral part of and an essential tool for mammary gland and breast cancer research for half a century. In fact, mammary gland researchers, who discovered and deciphered the instructive role of extracellular matrix (ECM) in mammary epithelial cell functional differentiation and morphogenesis, were the pioneers of the 3D cell culture techniques, including organoid cultures. The last decade has brought a tremendous increase in the 3D cell culture techniques, including modifications and innovations of the existing techniques, novel biomaterials and matrices, new technological approaches, and increase in 3D culture complexity, accompanied by several redefinitions of the terms "3D cell culture" and "organoid". In this review, we provide an overview of the 3D cell culture and organoid techniques used in mammary gland biology and breast cancer research. We discuss their advantages, shortcomings and current challenges, highlight the recent progress in reconstructing the complex mammary gland microenvironment in vitro and ex vivo, and identify the missing 3D cell cultures, urgently needed to aid our understanding of mammary gland development, function, physiology, and disease, including breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Sumbal
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Budkova
- Stem Cell Research Unit, Biomedical Center, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Gunnhildur Ásta Traustadóttir
- Stem Cell Research Unit, Biomedical Center, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland.
| | - Zuzana Koledova
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.
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20
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Yu J, Huang W. The Progress and Clinical Application of Breast Cancer Organoids. Int J Stem Cells 2020; 13:295-304. [PMID: 32840232 PMCID: PMC7691857 DOI: 10.15283/ijsc20082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the malignant tumor with the highest incidence in women. Nowadays, the objects in vitro of models of this disease are mainly from breast cancer cell lines and patient-derived patient-derived xenograft (PDX). However, there is a significant gap between traditional cell lines and breast cancer solid tumors, meanwhiles, PDX is not highly consistent with patients due to different species. As a techonlogy, obtaining patient-derived tumor cells, combined with three-dimensional culture technology, adding cytokines that promotes the proliferation of breast cancer stem cells and inhibit their apoptosis, breast cancer organoids form a structure in vitro which is similar to tumor in the body. This model can not only study the occurrence and envolution of breast cancer, but is more prominent in clinical application. screening drugs by high-throughput, personalized treatment, textingtoxicity and immunotherapy. This article will review the breast cancer organoids, in evolution, source, culture system and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Yu
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, China
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21
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PtdIns(3,4,5)P 3-dependent Rac exchanger 1 (P-Rex1) promotes mammary tumor initiation and metastasis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:28056-28067. [PMID: 33097662 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2006445117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Rac-GEF, P-Rex1, activates Rac1 signaling downstream of G protein-coupled receptors and PI3K. Increased P-Rex1 expression promotes melanoma progression; however, its role in breast cancer is complex, with differing reports of the effect of its expression on disease outcome. To address this we analyzed human databases, undertook gene array expression analysis, and generated unique murine models of P-Rex1 gain or loss of function. Analysis of PREX1 mRNA expression in breast cancer cDNA arrays and a METABRIC cohort revealed that higher PREX1 mRNA in ER+ve/luminal tumors was associated with poor outcome in luminal B cancers. Prex1 deletion in MMTV-neu or MMTV-PyMT mice reduced Rac1 activation in vivo and improved survival. High level MMTV-driven transgenic PREX1 expression resulted in apicobasal polarity defects and increased mammary epithelial cell proliferation associated with hyperplasia and development of de novo mammary tumors. MMTV-PREX1 expression in MMTV-neu mice increased tumor initiation and enhanced metastasis in vivo, but had no effect on primary tumor growth. Pharmacological inhibition of Rac1 or MEK1/2 reduced P-Rex1-driven tumoroid formation and cell invasion. Therefore, P-Rex1 can act as an oncogene and cooperate with HER2/neu to enhance breast cancer initiation and metastasis, despite having no effect on primary tumor growth.
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22
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Lu Y, Deng R, You H, Xu Y, Antos C, Sun J, Klein OD, Lu P. Asymmetric Stratification-Induced Polarity Loss and Coordinated Individual Cell Movements Drive Directional Migration of Vertebrate Epithelium. Cell Rep 2020; 33:108246. [PMID: 33053348 PMCID: PMC7668195 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Collective migration is essential for development, wound repair, and cancer metastasis. For most collective systems, "leader cells" determine both the direction and the power of the migration. It has remained unclear, however, how the highly polarized vertebrate epithelium migrates directionally during branching morphogenesis. We show here that, unlike in other systems, front-rear polarity of the mammary epithelium is set up by preferential cell proliferation in the front in response to the FGF10 gradient. This leads to frontal stratification, loss of apicobasal polarity, and leader cell formation. Leader cells are a dynamic population and move faster and more directionally toward the FGF10 signal than do follower cells, partly because of their intraepithelial protrusions toward the signal. Together, our data show that directional migration of the mammary epithelium is a unique multistep process and that, despite sharing remarkable cellular and molecular similarities, vertebrate and invertebrate epithelial branching are fundamentally distinct processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunzhe Lu
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Ruolan Deng
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Huanyang You
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yishu Xu
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Christopher Antos
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Jianlong Sun
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Ophir D Klein
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, UCSF Box 0422, 513 Parnassus Avenue, HSE1508, San Francisco, CA 94143-0422, USA; Department of Pediatrics and Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Pengfei Lu
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China.
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23
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Rivetti S, Chen C, Chen C, Bellusci S. Fgf10/Fgfr2b Signaling in Mammary Gland Development, Homeostasis, and Cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:415. [PMID: 32676501 PMCID: PMC7333592 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 10 (Fgf10) is a secreted ligand acting via the Fibroblast growth factor receptor 2b (Fgfr2b). Fgf10/Fgfr2b signaling plays important roles both in the epithelium and in the mesenchyme during mammary gland development. Evidence in mice show that Fgf10 is critical for the induction of four out of five of the mammary placodes and for the formation of the white adipose tissue. Fgfr2b ligands also play important function in the maintenance of the terminal end buds, specialized structures at the tip of the ramified ducts during the postnatal phase of mammary gland development. Finally, in humans, FGF10 has been described to be expressed in 10% of the breast adenocarcinoma and activation of FGFR2b signaling correlates with a worse prognostic. Therefore, Fgf10 plays pleiotropic roles in both mammary gland development, homeostasis and cancer and elucidating its mechanism of action and cellular targets will be crucial to either enhance mammary gland development or to find innovative targets to treat aggressive breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Rivetti
- Key Laboratory of Interventional Pulmonology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Cardio-Pulmonary Institute and Institute of Lung Health, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Chaolei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Interventional Pulmonology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Chengshui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Interventional Pulmonology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Saverio Bellusci
- Key Laboratory of Interventional Pulmonology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Cardio-Pulmonary Institute and Institute of Lung Health, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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Gomez AL, Altamirano GA, Tschopp MV, Bosquiazzo VL, Muñoz-de-Toro M, Kass L. Exposure to a Glyphosate-based Herbicide Alters the Expression of Key Regulators of Mammary Gland Development on Pre-pubertal Male Rats. Toxicology 2020; 439:152477. [PMID: 32360609 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2020.152477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that exposure during gestation and lactation to a low dose of glyphosate-based herbicide (GBH) reduced the area and perimeter of male offspring mammary gland at postnatal day 60 (PND60), whereas a higher dose increased the longitudinal growth of the gland. Here, our aim was to assess whether perinatal exposure to GBH exhibits endocrine disruptive action in male mammary gland at an early time point (pre-puberty), which could be related to the changes observed after puberty. We also wanted to explore whether an early evaluation of the male rat mammary gland is appropriate to assess exposure to potential endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). Pregnant rats were orally exposed, through the diet, to vehicle (saline solution), 3.5 or 350 mg/kg/day of GBH from gestational day 9 until weaning. At PND21, the male offspring were euthanized, and mammary gland samples were collected. The histology and proliferation index of the mammary glands were evaluated, and the mRNA expression of estrogen (ESR1) and androgen (AR) receptors, cyclin D1 (Ccnd1), amphiregulin (Areg), insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and IGF1 receptor (IGF1R) were assessed. Moreover, the phosphorylated-Erk1/2 (p-ERK1/2) protein expression was determined. No differences were observed in mammary epithelial structures and AR expression between experimental groups; however, the proliferation index was reduced in GBH3.5-exposed males. This result was associated with decreased ESR1, Ccnd1, Areg, IGF1, EGFR and IGF1R mRNA expressions, as well as reduced p-Erk1/2 protein expression in these animals. ESR1, Ccnd1, IGF1R and EGFR expressions were also reduced in GBH350-exposed males. In conclusion, the mammary gland development of pre-pubertal male rats is affected by perinatal exposure to GBH. Although further studies are still needed to understand the molecular mechanisms involved in GBH350 exposure, the present results may explain the alterations observed in mammary gland growth of post-pubertal males exposed to low doses of GBH. Our results also suggest that early evaluation of the male rat mammary gland is useful in assessing exposure to potential EDCs. However, analysis of EDCs effects at later time points should not be excluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayelen L Gomez
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL, UNL-CONICET), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina; Cátedra de Patología Humana, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Gabriela A Altamirano
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL, UNL-CONICET), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina; Cátedra de Patología Humana, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - María V Tschopp
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL, UNL-CONICET), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina; Cátedra de Fisiología Humana, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Verónica L Bosquiazzo
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL, UNL-CONICET), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina; Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica y Cuantitativa, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Mónica Muñoz-de-Toro
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL, UNL-CONICET), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina; Cátedra de Patología Humana, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Laura Kass
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL, UNL-CONICET), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina; Cátedra de Patología Humana, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina.
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25
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Lloyd-Lewis B. Multidimensional Imaging of Mammary Gland Development: A Window Into Breast Form and Function. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:203. [PMID: 32296702 PMCID: PMC7138012 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
An in-depth appreciation of organ form and function relies on the ability to image intact tissues across multiple scales. Difficulties associated with imaging deep within organs, however, can preclude high-resolution multidimensional imaging of live and fixed tissues. This is particularly challenging in the mammary gland, where the epithelium lies deeply encased within a stromal matrix. Recent advances in deep-tissue and live imaging methodologies are increasingly facilitating the visualization of complex cellular structures within their native environment. Alongside, refinements in optical tissue clearing and immunostaining methods are enabling 3D fluorescence imaging of whole organs at unprecedented resolutions. Collectively, these methods are illuminating the dynamic biological processes underlying tissue morphogenesis, homeostasis, and disease. This review provides a snapshot of the current and state-of-the-art multidimensional imaging techniques applied to the postnatal mammary gland, illustrating how these approaches have revealed important new insights into mammary gland ductal development and lactation. Continual evolution of multidimensional image acquisition and analysis methods will undoubtedly offer further insights into mammary gland biology that promises to shed new light on the perturbations leading to breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethan Lloyd-Lewis
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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26
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Marsh T, Kenific CM, Suresh D, Gonzalez H, Shamir ER, Mei W, Tankka A, Leidal AM, Kalavacherla S, Woo K, Werb Z, Debnath J. Autophagic Degradation of NBR1 Restricts Metastatic Outgrowth during Mammary Tumor Progression. Dev Cell 2020; 52:591-604.e6. [PMID: 32084360 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2020.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Although autophagy is being pursued as a therapeutic target in clinical oncology trials, its effects on metastasis, the principal cause of cancer mortality, remain unclear. Here, we utilize mammary cancer models to temporally delete essential autophagy regulators during carcinoma progression. Though genetic ablation of autophagy strongly attenuates primary mammary tumor growth, impaired autophagy promotes spontaneous metastasis and enables the outgrowth of disseminated tumor cells into overt macro-metastases. Transcriptomic analysis reveals that autophagy deficiency elicits a subpopulation of otherwise luminal tumor cells exhibiting basal differentiation traits, which is reversed upon preventing accumulation of the autophagy cargo receptor, Neighbor to BRCA1 (NBR1). Furthermore, pharmacological and genetic induction of autophagy suppresses pro-metastatic differentiation and metastatic outgrowth. Analysis of human breast cancer data reveal that autophagy gene expression inversely correlates with pro-metastatic differentiation signatures and predicts overall and distant metastasis-free survival. Overall, these findings highlight autophagy-dependent control of NBR1 as a key determinant of metastatic progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Marsh
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Biomedical Sciences Graduate program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Candia M Kenific
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Biomedical Sciences Graduate program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Deepthisri Suresh
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Hugo Gonzalez
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Eliah R Shamir
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Wenbin Mei
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Alexandra Tankka
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Andrew M Leidal
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Sandhya Kalavacherla
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Kimberly Woo
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Zena Werb
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Biomedical Sciences Graduate program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jayanta Debnath
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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27
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Bhattacharya S, Patel KK, Dehari D, Agrawal AK, Singh S. Melatonin and its ubiquitous anticancer effects. Mol Cell Biochem 2019; 462:133-155. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-019-03617-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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28
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A human organoid system that self-organizes to recapitulate growth and differentiation of a benign mammary tumor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:11444-11453. [PMID: 31101720 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1702372116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
As 3D culture has become central to investigation of tissue biology, mammary epithelial organoids have emerged as powerful tools for investigation of epithelial cell polarization and carcinogenesis. However, most current protocols start from single cells suspended in Matrigel, which can also restrict cell differentiation and behavior. Here, we show that the noncancerous mammary cell line HMT-3522 S1, when allowed to spontaneously form cell aggregates ("spheroids") in medium without Matrigel, switches to a collective growth mode that recapitulates many attributes of "usual ductal hyperplasia" (UDH), a common benign mammary lesion. Interestingly, these spheroids undergo a complex maturation process reminiscent of embryonic development: solid-cell cords form their own basement membrane, grow on the surface of initially homogeneous cell aggregates, and form asymmetric lumina lined by two distinct cell types that express basal and luminal cytokeratins. This sequence of events provides a cellular mechanism that explains how the characteristic crescent-shaped, asymmetrical lumina form in UDH. Our results suggest that HMT-3522 S1 spheroids are useful as an in vitro model system to study UDH biology, glandular lumen formation, and stem cell biology of the mammary gland.
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Xia X, Li F, He J, Aji R, Gao D. Organoid technology in cancer precision medicine. Cancer Lett 2019; 457:20-27. [PMID: 31078736 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2019.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Organoid technology has been remarkably improved over the last decade. Various organoids have been derived from different types of tissues and recapitulate their organ-specific gene expression signatures, particular tissue spatial structures and functions of their original tissue. The patient-derived organoids (PDOs) have been used to elucidate crucial scientific questions, including the relationships between genetic/epigenetic alterations and drug responses, cell plasticity during disease progressions, and mechanisms of drug resistances. With the great expectations, PDOs will be widely used to facilitate the personalized medical decisions, which have the potential to profoundly improve patient outcomes. In this review, we will discuss the developmental details, current achievements, applications and challenges of organoid technology in precision cancer medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Fei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Juan He
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Rebiguli Aji
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Dong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China.
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30
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Ma G, Gao A, Yang Y, He Y, Zhang X, Zhang B, Zhang Z, Li M, Fu X, Zhao D, Wu R, Qi L, Hu Q, Li J, Fu L, Zhu Z, Dong JT. Zfhx3 is essential for progesterone/progesterone receptor signaling to drive ductal side-branching and alveologenesis in mouse mammary glands. J Genet Genomics 2019; 46:119-131. [PMID: 30954439 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Progesterone (Pg)/progesterone receptor (PR) signaling drives mammary gland side-branching and alveologenesis, but the mechanisms through which Pg/PR signaling functions remain to be clarified. Using in vitro and in vivo models and histological and molecular analyses, we determined the role of Zfhx3 transcription factor in mammary gland development driven by Pg/PR signaling. Postnatal deletion of Zfhx3 in mouse mammary epithelial cells attenuated side-branching morphogenesis and alveologenesis. These effects were undetectable in the absence of Pg/PR signaling. During the estrus cycle, Zfhx3 expression corresponded to that of Pg, being at the highest level at the diestrus stage; Zfhx3 deletion inhibited mammary gland branching more potently at diestrus than estrus stage. Loss of Zfhx3 not only attenuated the expansion of stem/progenitor cells driven by Pg/PR signaling, but also impaired the function of Pg/PR signaling in the transcriptional activation of multiple genes. In addition, Pg/PR signaling significantly expanded PR- and Zfhx3-positive epithelial cells, and induced the physical association of ZFHX3 with PR. These findings establish Zfhx3 as an integral transcription factor of Pg/PR signaling in driving side-branching and alveologenesis during mammary gland development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui Ma
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Ang Gao
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Yinan Yang
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Yuan He
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Baotong Zhang
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Zhiqian Zhang
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Mei Li
- Ningbo Institute of Medical Sciences, Ningbo, 315020, China
| | - Xing Fu
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Dan Zhao
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Rui Wu
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Leilei Qi
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Qingxia Hu
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Juan Li
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Liya Fu
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Zhengmao Zhu
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Jin-Tang Dong
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China; Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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31
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Jung HY, Fattet L, Tsai JH, Kajimoto T, Chang Q, Newton AC, Yang J. Apical-basal polarity inhibits epithelial-mesenchymal transition and tumour metastasis by PAR-complex-mediated SNAI1 degradation. Nat Cell Biol 2019; 21:359-371. [PMID: 30804505 PMCID: PMC6546105 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-019-0291-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Loss of apical-basal polarity and activation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) both contribute to carcinoma progression and metastasis. Here, we report that apical-basal polarity inhibits EMT to suppress metastatic dissemination. Using mouse and human epithelial three-dimensional organoid cultures, we show that the PAR-atypical protein kinase C (aPKC) polarity complex inhibits EMT and invasion by promoting degradation of the SNAIL family protein SNAI1. Under intact apical-basal polarity, aPKC kinases phosphorylate S249 of SNAI1, which leads to protein degradation. Loss of apical-basal polarity prevents aPKC-mediated SNAI1 phosphorylation and stabilizes the SNAI1 protein to promote EMT and invasion. In human breast tumour xenografts, inhibition of the PAR-complex-mediated SNAI1 degradation mechanism promotes tumour invasion and metastasis. Analyses of human breast tissue samples reveal negative correlations between PAR3 and SNAI1 protein levels. Our results demonstrate that apical-basal polarity functions as a critical checkpoint of EMT to precisely control epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity during tumour metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hae-Yun Jung
- Department of Pharmacology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Laurent Fattet
- Department of Pharmacology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jeff H Tsai
- Department of Pharmacology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Taketoshi Kajimoto
- Department of Pharmacology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Qiang Chang
- Department of Medical Genetics and Department of Neurology, Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Alexandra C Newton
- Department of Pharmacology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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32
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Djomehri SI, Burman B, Gonzalez ME, Takayama S, Kleer CG. A reproducible scaffold-free 3D organoid model to study neoplastic progression in breast cancer. J Cell Commun Signal 2019; 13:129-143. [PMID: 30515709 PMCID: PMC6381373 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-018-0498-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
While 3D cellular models are useful to study biological processes, gel-embedded organoids have large variability. This paper describes high-yield production of large (~1 mm diameter), scaffold-free, highly-spherical organoids in a one drop-one organoid format using MCF10A cells, a non-tumorigenic breast cell line. These organoids display a hollow lumen and secondary acini, and express mammary gland-specific and progenitor markers, resembling normal human breast acini. When subjected to treatment with TGF-β, the hypoxia-mimetic reagent CoCl2, or co-culture with mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSC), the organoids increase collagen I production and undergo large phenotypic and morphological changes of neoplastic progression, which were reproducible and quantifiable. Advantages of this scaffold-free, 3D breast organoid model include high consistency and reproducibility, ability to measure cellular collagen I production without noise from exogenous collagen, and capacity to subject the organoid to various stimuli from the microenvironment and exogenous treatments with precise timing without concern of matrix binding. Using this system, we generated organoids from primary metaplastic mammary carcinomas of MMTV-Cre;Ccn6fl/fl mice, which retained the high grade spindle cell morphology of the primary tumors. The platform is envisioned to be useful as a standardized 3D cellular model to study how microenvironmental factors influence breast tumorigenesis, and to potential therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabra I Djomehri
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Pathology Training Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Boris Burman
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Maria E Gonzalez
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Shuichi Takayama
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Celina G Kleer
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
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Bhat SA, Ahmad SM, Ibeagha-Awemu EM, Bhat BA, Dar MA, Mumtaz PT, Shah RA, Ganai NA. Comparative transcriptome analysis of mammary epithelial cells at different stages of lactation reveals wide differences in gene expression and pathways regulating milk synthesis between Jersey and Kashmiri cattle. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0211773. [PMID: 30721247 PMCID: PMC6363229 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Jersey and Kashmiri cattle are important dairy breeds that contribute significantly to the total milk production of the Indian northern state of Jammu and Kashmir. The Kashmiri cattle germplasm has been extensively diluted through crossbreeding with Jersey cattle with the goal of enhancing its milk production ability. However, crossbred animals are prone to diseases resulting to unsustainable milk production. This study aimed to provide a comprehensive transcriptome profile of mammary gland epithelial cells at different stages of lactation and to find key differences in genes and pathways regulating milk traits between Jersey and Kashmiri cattle. Mammary epithelial cells (MEC) isolated from milk obtained from six lactating cows (three Jersey and three Kashmiri cattle) on day 15 (D15), D90 and D250 in milk, representing early, mid and late lactation, respectively were used. RNA isolated from MEC was subjected to next-generation RNA sequencing and bioinformatics processing. Casein and whey protein genes were found to be highly expressed throughout the lactation stages in both breeds. Largest differences in differentially expressed genes (DEG) were between D15 vs D90 (1,805 genes) in Kashmiri cattle and, D15 vs D250 (3,392 genes) in Jersey cattle. A total of 1,103, 1,356 and 1,397 genes were differentially expressed between Kashmiri and Jersey cattle on D15, D90 and D250, respectively. Antioxidant genes like RPLPO and RPS28 were highly expressed in Kashmiri cattle. Differentially expressed genes in both Kashmiri and Jersey were enriched for multicellular organismal process, receptor activity, catalytic activity, signal transducer activity, macromolecular complex and developmental process gene ontology terms. Whereas, biological regulation, endopeptidase activity and response to stimulus were enriched in Kashmiri cattle and, reproduction and immune system process were enriched in Jersey cattle. Most of the pathways responsible for regulation of milk production like JAK-STAT, p38 MAPK pathway, PI3 kinase pathway were enriched by DEG in Jersey cattle only. Although Kashmiri has poor milk production efficiency, the present study suggests possible physicochemical and antioxidant properties of Kashmiri cattle milk that needs to be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shakil Ahmad Bhat
- Division of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, SKUAST-Kashmir, India
| | - Syed Mudasir Ahmad
- Division of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, SKUAST-Kashmir, India
- * E-mail:
| | - Eveline M. Ibeagha-Awemu
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Basharat A. Bhat
- Department of Life Science, Shiv Nadar University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mashooq Ahmad Dar
- Division of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, SKUAST-Kashmir, India
| | - Peerzada Tajamul Mumtaz
- Division of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, SKUAST-Kashmir, India
| | - Riaz A. Shah
- Division of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, SKUAST-Kashmir, India
| | - Nazir A. Ganai
- Division of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, SKUAST-Kashmir, India
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Koledova Z, Sumbal J. FGF signaling in mammary gland fibroblasts regulates multiple fibroblast functions and mammary epithelial morphogenesis. Development 2019; 146:dev.185306. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.185306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling is crucial for mammary gland development. While multiple roles for FGF signaling in the epithelium were described, the function of FGF signaling in mammary stroma has not been elucidated. In this study, we investigated FGF signaling in mammary fibroblasts. We found that mammary fibroblasts express FGF receptors FGFR1 and FGFR2 and respond to FGF ligands. In particular, FGF2 and FGF9 induce sustained ERK1/2 signaling and promote fibroblast proliferation and migration in 2D. Intriguingly, only FGF2 induces fibroblast migration in 3D extracellular matrix (ECM) through regulation of actomyosin cytoskeleton and promotes force-mediated collagen remodeling by mammary fibroblasts. Moreover, FGF2 regulates production of ECM proteins by mammary fibroblasts, including collagens, fibronectin, osteopontin, and matrix metalloproteinases. Finally, using organotypic 3D co-cultures we show that FGF2 and FGF9 signaling in mammary fibroblasts enhances fibroblast-induced branching of mammary epithelium by modulating paracrine signaling and that knockdown of Fgfr1 and Fgfr2 in mammary fibroblasts reduces branching of mammary epithelium. Our results demonstrate a pleiotropic role for FGF signaling in mammary fibroblasts with implications for regulation of mammary stromal functions and epithelial branching morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Koledova
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 3, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Sumbal
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 3, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
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35
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Neuroprotective effects of overexpressed microRNA-200a on activation of glaucoma-related retinal glial cells and apoptosis of ganglion cells via downregulating FGF7-mediated MAPK signaling pathway. Cell Signal 2018; 54:179-190. [PMID: 30439502 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2018.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Glaucoma is a progressive optic neuropathy and is one of the leading causes of blindness in the industrialized countries. The involvement of microRNAs (miRs) has been implicated in regulating the complex biological responses to changes in intraocular pressure. However, the therapeutic role of miR-200a on glaucoma has not been well studied yet. In this study, we confirmed the role of miR-200a in glaucoma progression and identified the related mechanism. Microarray expression profiles were used to screen the glaucoma-related genes. The relationship between miR-200a and FGF7 was validated by bioinformatics analysis and dual-luciferase reporter gene assay. Glaucoma-related parameters including the expression of CD11b and iNOS, activation of Muller cells, and apoptosis of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in the mouse model were measured by immunohistochemistry, MTT assay and TUNEL assay, respectively. miR-200a was reduced in glaucoma, whereas FGF7 was robustly induced. Thereby, we speculated that FGF7 was negatively regulated by miR-200a. Downregulated miR-200a could activate the MAPK signaling pathway following elevations in ERK, JNK, p38 and Bax expression and reduction in Bcl-2 expression. In the mouse model, downregulated miR-200a increased the expression of CD11b and iNOS and the apoptosis of RGCs, but stimulated the inactivation of Muller cells. However, the above-mentioned alternations induced by downregulated miR-200a were reversed after FGF7 repression. miR-200a can inhibit the FGF7-mediated MAPK signaling pathway and play a protective role on improving the glaucoma-induced optical nerve injury.
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36
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Anlaş AA, Nelson CM. Tissue mechanics regulates form, function, and dysfunction. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2018; 54:98-105. [PMID: 29890398 PMCID: PMC6214752 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2018.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Morphogenesis encompasses the developmental processes that reorganize groups of cells into functional tissues and organs. The spatiotemporal patterning of individual cell behaviors is influenced by how cells perceive and respond to mechanical forces, and determines final tissue architecture. Here, we review recent work examining the physical mechanisms of tissue morphogenesis in vertebrate and invertebrate models, discuss how epithelial cells employ contractility to induce global changes that lead to tissue folding, and describe how tissue form itself regulates cell behavior. We then highlight novel tools to recapitulate these processes in engineered tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alişya A Anlaş
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, United States
| | - Celeste M Nelson
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, United States; Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, United States.
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37
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38
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Bissell MJ. Goodbye flat biology - time for the 3rd and the 4th dimensions. J Cell Sci 2018; 130:3-5. [PMID: 28043963 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.200550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mina J Bissell
- Distinguished Scientist, Division Biological Systems and Engineering, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, MS 977-225A, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA .,Graduate Groups in Comparative Biochemistry, Endocrinology, Molecular Toxicology and Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94708, USA
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39
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Nerger BA, Nelson CM. 3D culture models for studying branching morphogenesis in the mammary gland and mammalian lung. Biomaterials 2018; 198:135-145. [PMID: 30174198 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.08.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The intricate architecture of branched tissues and organs has fascinated scientists and engineers for centuries. Yet-despite their ubiquity-the biophysical and biochemical mechanisms by which tissues and organs undergo branching morphogenesis remain unclear. With the advent of three-dimensional (3D) culture models, an increasingly powerful and diverse set of tools are available for investigating the development and remodeling of branched tissues and organs. In this review, we discuss the application of 3D culture models for studying branching morphogenesis of the mammary gland and the mammalian lung in the context of normal development and disease. While current 3D culture models lack the cellular and molecular complexity observed in vivo, we emphasize how these models can be used to answer targeted questions about branching morphogenesis. We highlight the specific advantages and limitations of using 3D culture models to study the dynamics and mechanisms of branching in the mammary gland and mammalian lung. Finally, we discuss potential directions for future research and propose strategies for engineering the next generation of 3D culture models for studying tissue morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan A Nerger
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Celeste M Nelson
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA; Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA.
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40
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Understanding Disease Biology and Informing the Management of Pancreas Cancer With Preclinical Model Systems. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 23:326-332. [PMID: 29189328 DOI: 10.1097/ppo.0000000000000289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in cytotoxic therapies for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) are overshadowed by stalled clinical progress of more targeted strategies, the vast majority of which have failed in clinical trials. Inability to translate preclinical promise into clinical efficacy derives, in part, from imperfect disease modeling and mismatches between preclinical and clinical study design and execution. Into these gaps fall our patients who enter the clinical trial landscape expectantly and bear the brunt of its inadequacies. If improving patient survival is paramount, then it must be acknowledged that the failure of a phase III trial represents a larger failure of all of the work that preceded it. Repeated failures suggest a need to reappraise the current preclinical-to-clinical apparatus. Exceptional models of PDA are now available to researchers, and the first steps toward a new era of success can begin with improved selection and application of these systems. We discuss the key features of the major preclinical platforms for PDA and propose a paradigm for rigorous interrogation of prospective therapies.
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41
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Rauner G, Kudinov T, Gilad S, Hornung G, Barash I. High Expression of CD200 and CD200R1 Distinguishes Stem and Progenitor Cell Populations within Mammary Repopulating Units. Stem Cell Reports 2018; 11:288-302. [PMID: 29937142 PMCID: PMC6067058 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2018.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Aiming to unravel the top of the mammary epithelial cell hierarchy, a subset of the CD49fhighCD24med mammary repopulating units (MRUs) was identified by flow cytometry, expressing high levels of CD200 and its receptor CD200R1. These MRUCD200/CD200R1 repopulated a larger area of de-epithelized mammary fat pads than the rest of the MRUs, termed MRUnot CD200/CD200R1. MRUCD200/CD200R1 maintained a much lower number of divergently defined, highly expressed genes and pathways that support better cell growth, development, differentiation, and progenitor activity than their MRUnot CD200/CD200R1 counterparts. A defined profile of hierarchically associated genes supporting a single-lineage hypothesis was confirmed by in vitro mammosphere analysis that assembled 114 genes with decreased expression from MRUCD200/CD200R1 via MRUnot CD200/CD200R1 toward CD200+CD200R1- and CD200R1+CD200- cells. About 40% of these genes were shared by a previously published database of upregulated genes in mammary/breast stem cells and may represent the core genes involved in mammary stemness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gat Rauner
- Institute of Animal Science, ARO, The Volcani Center, Bet-Dagan 50250, Israel; The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 7610001, Israel
| | - Tania Kudinov
- Institute of Animal Science, ARO, The Volcani Center, Bet-Dagan 50250, Israel; The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 7610001, Israel
| | - Shlomit Gilad
- The Nancy & Stephen Grand Israel National Center for Personalized Medicine, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Gil Hornung
- The Nancy & Stephen Grand Israel National Center for Personalized Medicine, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Itamar Barash
- Institute of Animal Science, ARO, The Volcani Center, Bet-Dagan 50250, Israel.
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42
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Yue X, Nguyen TD, Zellmer V, Zhang S, Zorlutuna P. Stromal cell-laden 3D hydrogel microwell arrays as tumor microenvironment model for studying stiffness dependent stromal cell-cancer interactions. Biomaterials 2018; 170:37-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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43
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Jeong W, Bae H, Lim W, Bazer FW, Song G. Adiponectin: A prosurvival and proproliferation signal that increases bovine mammary epithelial cell numbers and protects them from endoplasmic reticulum stress responses. J Anim Sci 2018; 95:5278-5289. [PMID: 29293771 DOI: 10.2527/jas2017.1885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell-cell interactions between epithelial and stromal cells are predominant in the mammary gland, and various stromal cell-derived factors can elicit mitogenic responses in adjacent epithelial cells. Adiponectin is a hormone secreted mainly by adipocytes that mediates stromal-epithelial interactions in a number of tissues. Adiponectin receptors are expressed by bovine mammary epithelial cells, but the regulatory effects of adiponectin on the development and function of the mammary gland remain unclear. We therefore sought to investigate the effects of adiponectin on bovine mammary epithelial (MAC-T) cells and the regulatory mechanisms that underlie these adiponectin-induced actions. Our results revealed an increase in MAC-T cell proliferation and cell cycle progression in response to adiponectin. The expression of nuclear proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and cyclin D1 was induced in MAC-T cells, and intracellular signaling molecules such as serine/threonine protein kinase (AKT), 70 kDa ribosomal S6 kinase (P70S6K), ribosomal protein S6 (S6), extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2), 90 kDa ribosomal S6 kinase (P90S6K), and cyclin D1 were activated in a dose-dependent manner. The abundance of adiponectin-induced signaling proteins was suppressed following inhibition of AKT or ERK1/2 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling. In addition, inhibition of AKT or ERK1/2 signaling significantly reduced adiponectin-stimulated MAC-T cell proliferation. Furthermore, adiponectin reduced tunicamycin-induced expression and activation of endoplasmic reticulum stress-related proteins in MAC-T cells and attenuated the repressive effect of tunicamycin on proliferation of MAC-T cells. Collectively, these results suggest that adiponectin-mediated signaling may affect the development and function of the mammary gland in dairy cows by increasing mammary epithelial cell numbers. These findings may result in important implications for improving our fundamental understanding of lactation physiology in livestock species.
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44
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Jeong W, Bae H, Lim W, Bazer FW, Lee H, Song G. The functional effects and mechanisms by which fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) controls bovine mammary epithelial cells: Implications for the development and functionality of the bovine mammary gland. J Anim Sci 2018; 95:5365-5377. [PMID: 29293786 DOI: 10.2527/jas2017.1877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling plays essential roles in tissue development and homeostasis. Accumulating evidence reveals that fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) regulates ductal elongation, which requires cell proliferation and epithelial expansion in the mammary gland. However, the function and mechanisms by which FGF2 controls functionality of epithelial cells is less well defined. Here, we demonstrate the functional effects of FGF2 on bovine mammary epithelial (MAC-T) cells and the intracellular signaling mechanisms for these FGF2-induced actions. The current results show that treatment of MAC-T cells with a recombinant FGF2 induced cell proliferation and cell-cycle progression with increased expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen and cyclin D1. Moreover, FGF2 increased phosphorylation of serine/threonine protein kinase (protein kinase B [AKT]), extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2), Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), 70 kDa ribosomal S6 kinase (P70S6K), 90 kDa ribosomal S6 kinase (P90S6K), ribosomal protein S6 (S6), and cyclin D1 proteins. These FGF2-induced activations of signaling pathway proteins were inhibited by blocking AKT, ERK1/2, or JNK phosphorylation. The effect of FGF2 to stimulate MAC-T cell proliferation was mediated by activation of FGF receptors (FGFR) and AKT, ERK1/2, and JNK mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways in response to FGF2 stimulation. Furthermore, expression and activation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-related factors and ER stress-induced MAC-T cell death was reduced by FGF2. Together, these results suggest that the FGF2-FGFR-intracellular signaling cascades may contribute to maintaining and/or increasing numbers of mammary epithelial cells by inducing proliferation of mammary epithelial cells and by protecting cells from ER stress responses. Therefore, this study provides evidence that FGF2 signaling is a positive factor for mammary gland remodeling and for increasing persistency of milk production.
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45
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Mori H, Cardiff RD, Borowsky AD. Aging Mouse Models Reveal Complex Tumor-Microenvironment Interactions in Cancer Progression. Front Cell Dev Biol 2018; 6:35. [PMID: 29651417 PMCID: PMC5884881 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2018.00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mouse models and genetically engineered mouse models (GEMM) are essential experimental tools for the understanding molecular mechanisms within complex biological systems. GEMM are especially useful for inferencing phenocopy information to genetic human diseases such as breast cancer. Human breast cancer modeling in mice most commonly employs mammary epithelial-specific promoters to investigate gene function(s) and, in particular, putative oncogenes. Models are specifically useful in the mammary epithelial cell in the context of the complete mammary gland environment. Gene targeted knockout mice including conditional targeting to specific mammary cells can reveal developmental defects in mammary organogenesis and demonstrate the importance of putative tumor suppressor genes. Some of these models demonstrate a non-traditional type of tumor suppression which involves interplay between the tumor susceptible cell and its host/environment. These GEMM help to reveal the processes of cancer progression beyond those intrinsic to cancer cells. Furthermore, the, analysis of mouse models requires appropriate consideration of mouse strain, background, and environmental factors. In this review, we compare aging-related factors in mouse models for breast cancer. We introduce databases of GEMM attributes and colony functional variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidetoshi Mori
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Robert D Cardiff
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Alexander D Borowsky
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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46
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Takai K, Drain AP, Lawson DA, Littlepage LE, Karpuj M, Kessenbrock K, Le A, Inoue K, Weaver VM, Werb Z. Discoidin domain receptor 1 (DDR1) ablation promotes tissue fibrosis and hypoxia to induce aggressive basal-like breast cancers. Genes Dev 2018; 32:244-257. [PMID: 29483153 PMCID: PMC5859966 DOI: 10.1101/gad.301366.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Here, Takai et al. researched the function of discoidin domain receptor 1 (DDR1), a member of the subfamily of receptor tyrosine kinases activated by collagens that is overexpressed in breast and other carcinoma cells. Using bioinformatics analysis, breast cancer cell lines, and knockout mice, they demonstrate that DDR1 ablation leads to aggressive breast cancer, and their findings suggest that the absence of DDR1 provides a growth and adhesion advantage that favors the expansion of basal cells, potentiates fibrosis, and enhances necrosis/hypoxia and basal differentiation of transformed cells to increase their aggression and metastatic potential. The discoidin domain receptor 1 (DDR1) is overexpressed in breast carcinoma cells. Low DDR1 expression is associated with worse relapse-free survival, reflecting its controversial role in cancer progression. We detected DDR1 on luminal cells but not on myoepithelial cells of DDR1+/+ mice. We found that DDR1 loss compromises cell adhesion, consistent with data that older DDR1−/− mammary glands had more basal/myoepithelial cells. Basal cells isolated from older mice exerted higher traction forces than the luminal cells, in agreement with increased mammary branches observed in older DDR1−/− mice and higher branching by their isolated organoids. When we crossed DDR1−/− mice with MMTV-PyMT mice, the PyMT/DDR1−/− mammary tumors grew faster and had increased epithelial tension and matricellular fibrosis with a more basal phenotype and increased lung metastases. DDR1 deletion induced basal differentiation of CD90+CD24+ cancer cells, and the increase in basal cells correlated with tumor cell mitoses. K14+ basal cells, including K8+K14+ cells, were increased adjacent to necrotic fields. These data suggest that the absence of DDR1 provides a growth and adhesion advantage that favors the expansion of basal cells, potentiates fibrosis, and enhances necrosis/hypoxia and basal differentiation of transformed cells to increase their aggression and metastatic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Takai
- Department of Anatomy, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA.,Division of Breast Oncology, Saitama Cancer Center, Saitama 362-0806, Japan
| | - Allison P Drain
- Department of Surgery, Center for Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | - Devon A Lawson
- Department of Anatomy, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | - Laurie E Littlepage
- Department of Anatomy, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | - Marcela Karpuj
- Department of Anatomy, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | - Kai Kessenbrock
- Department of Anatomy, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | - Annie Le
- Department of Anatomy, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | - Kenichi Inoue
- Division of Breast Oncology, Saitama Cancer Center, Saitama 362-0806, Japan
| | - Valerie M Weaver
- Department of Surgery, Center for Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA.,Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA.,Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | - Zena Werb
- Department of Anatomy, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
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47
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Takai K, Le A, Weaver VM, Werb Z. Targeting the cancer-associated fibroblasts as a treatment in triple-negative breast cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 7:82889-82901. [PMID: 27756881 PMCID: PMC5341254 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased collagen expression in tumors is associated with increased risk of metastasis, and triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) has the highest propensity to develop distant metastases when there is evidence of central fibrosis. Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) ligands regulated by cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) promote accumulation of fibrosis and cancer progression. In the present study, we have evaluated TNBC tumors with enhanced collagen to determine whether we can reduce metastasis by targeting the CAFs with Pirfenidone (PFD), an anti-fibrotic agent as well as a TGF-β antagonist. In patient-derived xenograft models, TNBC tumors exhibited accumulated collagen and activated TGF-β signaling, and developed lung metastasis. Next, primary CAFs were established from 4T1 TNBC homograft tumors, TNBC xenograft tumors and tumor specimens of breast cancer patients. CAFs promoted primary tumor growth with more fibrosis and TGF-β activation and lung metastasis in 4T1 mouse model. We then examined the effects of PFD in vitro and in vivo. We found that PFD had inhibitory effects on cell viability and collagen production of CAFs in 2D culture. Furthermore, CAFs enhanced tumor growth and PFD inhibited the tumor growth induced by CAFs by causing apoptosis in the 3D co-culture assay of 4T1 tumor cells and CAFs. In vivo, PFD alone inhibited tumor fibrosis and TGF-β signaling but did not inhibit tumor growth and lung metastasis. However, PFD inhibited tumor growth and lung metastasis synergistically in combination with doxorubicin. Thus, PFD has great potential for a novel clinically applicable TNBC therapy that targets tumor-stromal interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Takai
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Present address: Division of Breast Oncology, Saitama Cancer Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - Annie Le
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Present address: St. George's University School of Medicine, Grenada
| | - Valerie M Weaver
- Department of Surgery and Center for Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Zena Werb
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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48
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Martignani E, Accornero P, Miretti S, Baratta M. Bovine Mammary Organoids: A Model to Study Epithelial Mammary Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1817:137-144. [PMID: 29959710 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8600-2_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Bovine mammary organoids are cell aggregates that are produced by an association of a mechanical and an enzymatic dissociation of mammary gland tissue. They provide a useful source to isolate mammary epithelial cells, but can also be frozen as an intermediate dissociation step.Due to the strong cell-cell interactions among epithelial cells, the production and isolation of organoids is an efficient way to remove unwanted cell population of non-epithelial origin like fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenio Martignani
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Grugliasco, TO, Italy.
| | - Paolo Accornero
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Silvia Miretti
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Mario Baratta
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
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49
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Spurlin JW, Nelson CM. Building branched tissue structures: from single cell guidance to coordinated construction. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2017; 372:rstb.2015.0527. [PMID: 28348257 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Branched networks are ubiquitous throughout nature, particularly found in tissues that require large surface area within a restricted volume. Many tissues with a branched architecture, such as the vasculature, kidney, mammary gland, lung and nervous system, function to exchange fluids, gases and information throughout the body of an organism. The generation of branched tissues requires regulation of branch site specification, initiation and elongation. Branching events often require the coordination of many cells to build a tissue network for material exchange. Recent evidence has emerged suggesting that cell cooperativity scales with the number of cells actively contributing to branching events. Here, we compare mechanisms that regulate branching, focusing on how cell cohorts behave in a coordinated manner to build branched tissues.This article is part of the themed issue 'Systems morphodynamics: understanding the development of tissue hardware'.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Spurlin
- Departments of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, 303 Hoyt Laboratory, William Street, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Celeste M Nelson
- Departments of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, 303 Hoyt Laboratory, William Street, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA .,Molecular Biology, Princeton University, 303 Hoyt Laboratory, William Street, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
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50
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Diermeier SD, Chang KC, Freier SM, Song J, El Demerdash O, Krasnitz A, Rigo F, Bennett CF, Spector DL. Mammary Tumor-Associated RNAs Impact Tumor Cell Proliferation, Invasion, and Migration. Cell Rep 2017; 17:261-274. [PMID: 27681436 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.08.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) represent the largest and most diverse class of non-coding RNAs, comprising almost 16,000 currently annotated transcripts in human and 10,000 in mouse. Here, we investigated the role of lncRNAs in mammary tumors by performing RNA-seq on tumor sections and organoids derived from MMTV-PyMT and MMTV-Neu-NDL mice. We identified several hundred lncRNAs that were overexpressed compared to normal mammary epithelium. Among these potentially oncogenic lncRNAs we prioritized a subset as Mammary Tumor Associated RNAs (MaTARs) and determined their human counterparts, hMaTARs. To functionally validate the role of MaTARs, we performed antisense knockdown and observed reduced cell proliferation, invasion, and/or organoid branching in a cancer-specific context. Assessing the expression of hMaTARs in human breast tumors revealed that 19 hMaTARs are significantly upregulated and many of these correlate with breast cancer subtype and/or hormone receptor status, indicating potential clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kung-Chi Chang
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA; Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | | | - Junyan Song
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA; Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | | | - Alexander Krasnitz
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA; Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Frank Rigo
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, CA 92010, USA
| | | | - David L Spector
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA; Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.
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