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Munno M, Mallia A, Greco A, Modafferi G, Banfi C, Eligini S. Radical Oxygen Species, Oxidized Low-Density Lipoproteins, and Lectin-like Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor 1: A Vicious Circle in Atherosclerotic Process. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:583. [PMID: 38790688 PMCID: PMC11118168 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13050583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a complex condition that involves the accumulation of lipids and subsequent plaque formation in the arterial intima. There are various stimuli, cellular receptors, and pathways involved in this process, but oxidative modifications of low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) are particularly important in the onset and progression of atherosclerosis. Ox-LDLs promote foam-cell formation, activate proinflammatory pathways, and induce smooth-muscle-cell migration, apoptosis, and cell death. One of the major receptors for ox-LDL is LOX-1, which is upregulated in several cardiovascular diseases, including atherosclerosis. LOX-1 activation in endothelial cells promotes endothelial dysfunction and induces pro-atherogenic signaling, leading to plaque formation. The binding of ox-LDLs to LOX-1 increases the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can induce LOX-1 expression and oxidize LDLs, contributing to ox-LDL generation and further upregulating LOX-1 expression. This creates a vicious circle that is amplified in pathological conditions characterized by high plasma levels of LDLs. Although LOX-1 has harmful effects, the clinical significance of inhibiting this protein remains unclear. Further studies both in vitro and in vivo are needed to determine whether LOX-1 inhibition could be a potential therapeutic target to counteract the atherosclerotic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Munno
- Unit of Functional Proteomics, Metabolomics and Network Analysis, Centro Cardiologico Monzino, 20138 Milan, Italy; (M.M.); (A.M.); (A.G.); (G.M.); (S.E.)
| | - Alice Mallia
- Unit of Functional Proteomics, Metabolomics and Network Analysis, Centro Cardiologico Monzino, 20138 Milan, Italy; (M.M.); (A.M.); (A.G.); (G.M.); (S.E.)
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie “Lazzaro Spallanzani”, Università di Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Arianna Greco
- Unit of Functional Proteomics, Metabolomics and Network Analysis, Centro Cardiologico Monzino, 20138 Milan, Italy; (M.M.); (A.M.); (A.G.); (G.M.); (S.E.)
| | - Gloria Modafferi
- Unit of Functional Proteomics, Metabolomics and Network Analysis, Centro Cardiologico Monzino, 20138 Milan, Italy; (M.M.); (A.M.); (A.G.); (G.M.); (S.E.)
| | - Cristina Banfi
- Unit of Functional Proteomics, Metabolomics and Network Analysis, Centro Cardiologico Monzino, 20138 Milan, Italy; (M.M.); (A.M.); (A.G.); (G.M.); (S.E.)
| | - Sonia Eligini
- Unit of Functional Proteomics, Metabolomics and Network Analysis, Centro Cardiologico Monzino, 20138 Milan, Italy; (M.M.); (A.M.); (A.G.); (G.M.); (S.E.)
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Roper BWR, Tiede C, Abdul-Zani I, Cuthbert GA, Jade D, Al-Aufi A, Critchley WR, Saikia Q, Homer-Vanniasinkam S, Sawamura T, McPherson MJ, Harrison MA, Tomlinson DC, Ponnambalam S. "Affimer" synthetic protein scaffolds block oxidized LDL binding to the LOX-1 scavenger receptor and inhibit ERK1/2 activation. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105325. [PMID: 37805141 PMCID: PMC10641530 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In multicellular organisms, a variety of lipid-protein particles control the systemic flow of triacylglycerides, cholesterol, and fatty acids between cells in different tissues. The chemical modification by oxidation of these particles can trigger pathological responses, mediated by a group of membrane proteins termed scavenger receptors. The lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LOX-1) scavenger receptor binds to oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) and mediates both signaling and trafficking outcomes. Here, we identified five synthetic proteins termed Affimers from a phage display library, each capable of binding recombinant LOX-1 extracellular (oxLDL-binding) domain with high specificity. These Affimers, based on a phytocystatin scaffold with loop regions of variable sequence, were able to bind to the plasma membrane of HEK293T cells exclusively when human LOX-1 was expressed. Binding and uptake of fluorescently labeled oxLDL by the LOX-1-expressing cell model was inhibited with subnanomolar potency by all 5 Affimers. ERK1/2 activation, stimulated by oxLDL binding to LOX-1, was also significantly inhibited (p < 0.01) by preincubation with LOX-1-specific Affimers, but these Affimers had no direct agonistic effect. Molecular modeling indicated that the LOX-1-specific Affimers bound predominantly via their variable loop regions to the surface of the LOX-1 lectin-like domain that contains a distinctive arrangement of arginine residues previously implicated in oxLDL binding, involving interactions with both subunits of the native, stable scavenger receptor homodimer. These data provide a new class of synthetic tools to probe and potentially modulate the oxLDL/LOX-1 interaction that plays an important role in vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barnaby W R Roper
- School of Molecular & Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Christian Tiede
- School of Molecular & Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Izma Abdul-Zani
- School of Molecular & Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Gary A Cuthbert
- School of Molecular & Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK; Leeds Vascular Institute, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, UK
| | - Dhananjay Jade
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Ahmed Al-Aufi
- School of Molecular & Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK; Leeds Vascular Institute, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, UK
| | | | - Queen Saikia
- School of Molecular & Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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3
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Korkmaz FT, Shenoy AT, Symer EM, Baird LA, Odom CV, Arafa EI, Dimbo EL, Na E, Molina-Arocho W, Brudner M, Standiford TJ, Mehta JL, Sawamura T, Jones MR, Mizgerd JP, Traber KE, Quinton LJ. Lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor 1 attenuates pneumonia-induced lung injury. JCI Insight 2022; 7:e149955. [PMID: 36264633 PMCID: PMC9746901 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.149955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Identifying host factors that contribute to pneumonia incidence and severity are of utmost importance to guiding the development of more effective therapies. Lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor 1 (LOX-1, encoded by OLR1) is a scavenger receptor known to promote vascular injury and inflammation, but whether and how LOX-1 functions in the lung are unknown. Here, we provide evidence of substantial accumulation of LOX-1 in the lungs of patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome and in mice with pneumonia. Unlike previously described injurious contributions of LOX-1, we found that LOX-1 is uniquely protective in the pulmonary airspaces, limiting proteinaceous edema and inflammation. We also identified alveolar macrophages and recruited neutrophils as 2 prominent sites of LOX-1 expression in the lungs, whereby macrophages are capable of further induction during pneumonia and neutrophils exhibit a rapid, but heterogenous, elevation of LOX-1 in the infected lung. Blockade of LOX-1 led to dysregulated immune signaling in alveolar macrophages, marked by alterations in activation markers and a concomitant elevation of inflammatory gene networks. However, bone marrow chimeras also suggested a prominent role for neutrophils in LOX-1-mediated lung protection, further supported by LOX-1+ neutrophils exhibiting transcriptional changes consistent with reparative processes. Taken together, this work establishes LOX-1 as a tissue-protective factor in the lungs during pneumonia, possibly mediated by its influence on immune signaling in alveolar macrophages and LOX-1+ airspace neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filiz T. Korkmaz
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Matthew Brudner
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Theodore J. Standiford
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jawahar L. Mehta
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and the Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Tatsuya Sawamura
- Department of Molecular Pathophysiology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Nagano, Japan
| | | | - Joseph P. Mizgerd
- Pulmonary Center
- Department of Microbiology, and
- Department of Medicine and
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Lee J. Quinton
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
- Pulmonary Center
- Department of Medicine and
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4
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The structural basis of effective LOX-1 inhibition. Future Med Chem 2022; 14:731-743. [PMID: 35466695 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2022-0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Along with other scavenger receptors, splice variants of LOX-1 play an important role in modulating numerous subcellular mechanisms such as normal cell development, differentiation and growth in response to physiological stimuli. Thus, LOX-1 activity is a key regulator in determining the severity of many genetic, metabolic, cardiovascular, renal, and neurodegenerative diseases and/or cancer. Increased expression of LOX-1 precipitates pathological disorders during the aging process. Therefore, it becomes important to develop novel LOX-1 inhibitors based on its ligand binding polarity and/or affinity and disrupt the uptake of its ligand: oxidized low-density lipoproteins (ox-LDL). In this review, we shed light on the presently studied and developed novel LOX-1 inhibitors that may have potential for treatment of diseases characterized by LOX-1 activation.
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Zhang HY, Lu X, Hao YH, Tang L, He ZY. Oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor 1: a novel potential therapeutic target for intracerebral hemorrhage. Neural Regen Res 2022; 17:1795-1801. [PMID: 35017440 PMCID: PMC8820711 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.332157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor 1 (OLR1) is upregulated in neurons and participates in hypertension-induced neuronal apoptosis. OLR1 deletion exerts protective effects on cerebral damage induced by hypertensive-induced stroke. Therefore, OLR1 is likely involved in the progress of intracerebral hemorrhage. In this study, we examined the potential role of OLR1 in intracerebral hemorrhage using a rat model. OLR1 small interfering RNA (10 μL; 50 pmol/μL) was injected into the right basal ganglia to knock down OLR1. Twenty-four hours later, 0.5 U collagenase type VII was injected to induce intracerebral hemorrhage. We found that knockdown of OLR1 attenuated neurological behavior impairment in rats with intracerebral hemorrhage and reduced hematoma, neuron loss, inflammatory reaction, and oxidative stress in rat brain tissue. We also found that silencing of OLR1 suppressed ferroptosis induced by intracerebral hemorrhage and the p38 signaling pathway. Therefore, silencing OLR1 exhibits protective effects against secondary injury of intracerebral hemorrhage. These findings suggest that OLR1 may be a novel potential therapeutic target for intracerebral hemorrhage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Yuan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Xi Lu
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Yue-Han Hao
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Ling Tang
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Zhi-Yi He
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
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6
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Koniari I, Artopoulou E, Velissaris D, Ainslie M, Mplani V, Karavasili G, Kounis N, Tsigkas G. Biomarkers in the clinical management of patients with atrial fibrillation and heart failure. J Geriatr Cardiol 2021; 18:908-951. [PMID: 34908928 PMCID: PMC8648548 DOI: 10.11909/j.issn.1671-5411.2021.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Atrial fibrillation (AF) and heart failure (HF) are two cardiovascular diseases with an increasing prevalence worldwide. These conditions share common pathophysiologiesand frequently co-exit. In fact, the occurrence of either condition can 'cause' the development of the other, creating a new patient group that demands different management strategies to that if they occur in isolation. Regardless of the temproral association of the two conditions, their presence is linked with adverse cardiovascular outcomes, increased rate of hospitalizations, and increased economic burden on healthcare systems. The use of low-cost, easily accessible and applicable biomarkers may hasten the correct diagnosis and the effective treatment of AF and HF. Both AF and HF effect multiple physiological pathways and thus a great number of biomarkers can be measured that potentially give the clinician important diagnostic and prognostic information. These will then guide patient centred therapeutic management. The current biomarkers that offer potential for guiding therapy, focus on the physiological pathways of miRNA, myocardial stretch and injury, oxidative stress, inflammation, fibrosis, coagulation and renal impairment. Each of these has different utility in current clinincal practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Koniari
- Manchester Heart Institute, Manchester University Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Eleni Artopoulou
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | | | - Mark Ainslie
- Manchester Heart Institute, Manchester University Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester
| | - Virginia Mplani
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Georgia Karavasili
- Manchester Heart Institute, Manchester University Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas Kounis
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Grigorios Tsigkas
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital of Patras, Patras, Greece
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Kore RA, Wang X, Henson JC, Ding Z, Jamshidi-Parsian A, Mehta JL. Proteomic basis of modulation of postischemic fibrosis by MSC exosomes. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2021; 321:R639-R654. [PMID: 34431382 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00124.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
After an ischemic event, there is activation of fibroblasts leading to scar formation. It is critical to limit the profibrotic remodeling and activate the reparative remodeling phase to limit cardiac diastolic dysfunction. Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) exosomes offer significant protection against ischemia-related systolic dysfunction. Here, we studied if MSC exosomes would offer protection against profibrotic events in mouse hearts subjected to acute ischemia [1 h left coronary artery (LCA) occlusion] or chronic ischemia (7 days LCA occlusion). After acute ischemia, there was activation of inflammatory signals, more in the peri-infarct than in the infarct area, in the saline (vehicle)-treated mice. At the same time, there was expression of cardiac remodeling signals (vimentin, collagens-1 and -3, and fibronectin), more in the infarct area. Treatment with MSC exosomes before LCA ligation suppressed inflammatory signals during acute and chronic ischemia. Furthermore, exosome treatment promoted pro-reparative cardiac extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling in both infarct and peri-infarct areas by suppressing fibronectin secretion and by modulating collagen secretion to reduce fibrotic scar formation through altered cellular signaling pathways. Proteomics study revealed intense expression of IL-1β and activation of profibrotic signals in the saline-treated hearts and their suppression in MSC exosome-treated hearts. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the infarct and peri-infarct area proteomics of ischemic mice hearts to explain MSC exosome-mediated suppression of scar formation in the ischemic mouse hearts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajshekhar A Kore
- Cardiology Section, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, and the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Xianwei Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Jeffrey Curran Henson
- Cardiology Section, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, and the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Zufeng Ding
- Cardiology Section, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, and the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Azemat Jamshidi-Parsian
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Jawahar L Mehta
- Cardiology Section, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, and the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
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MSC exosome-mediated cardioprotection in ischemic mouse heart comparative proteomics of infarct and peri-infarct areas. Mol Cell Biochem 2021; 476:1691-1704. [PMID: 33423165 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-020-04029-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) exosomes may limit cardiac injury, and even reverse cardiac damage in animal models of ischemia. To understand exosome-mediated improvement in cardiac function we examined the proteomic alternations in the MSC exosome-treated mice hearts subjected to left coronary artery (LCA) ligation, with particular emphasis on peri-infarct areas. At 7 days after LCA ligation, left ventricular end systolic thickness, infarct size and survival of mice were studied. Mass spectrometric analysis of infarct and peri-infarct areas was carried out. Expression of inflammatory markers (LOX-1 and NLRP3) and cell death markers (Bax, Bcl-2, Caspases 1 and 3 and GSDMD) were investigated by Western blots and immunofluorescence. Proteomic analysis of the infarct and peri-infarct areas in saline-treated hearts revealed differentially expressed proteins involved in inflammation and apoptotic cell death, while showing depletion of processes governing cell death. Exosome treatment significantly improved the proteomic profile in both infarct and peri-infarct areas, more so in the peri-infarct areas. The infarct size was smaller (9 ± 1%), and cardiac contractile function (fractional shortening) was preserved in the exosome-treated mice (28 ± 2%). Survival of exosome-treated mice was also better. White blood cell accumulation in and around the infarct area, expression of LOX-1 and NLRP3 inflammasome, and markers of cell death (cleaved Caspase-3, Caspase-1, GSDMD, Bcl-2 and Bax) were dramatically reduced by MSC exosome treatment (all p < 0.01). In cultured primary mouse cardiomyocytes, treatment with MSC exosomes essentially reversed inflammation-induced pro-apoptotic and inflammatory signals (p < 0.01). MSC exosomes exert their cardioprotective effects by suppressing inflammation and pro-apoptotic processes, particularly in the peri-infarct areas, resulting in preservation of cardiac function after LCA ligation.
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9
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Cuthbert GA, Shaik F, Harrison MA, Ponnambalam S, Homer-Vanniasinkam S. Scavenger Receptors as Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets in Cardiovascular Disease. Cells 2020; 9:cells9112453. [PMID: 33182772 PMCID: PMC7696859 DOI: 10.3390/cells9112453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The process of atherosclerosis leads to the formation of plaques in the arterial wall, resulting in a decreased blood supply to tissues and organs and its sequelae: morbidity and mortality. A class of membrane-bound proteins termed scavenger receptors (SRs) are closely linked to the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. Increasing interest in understanding SR structure and function has led to the idea that these proteins could provide new routes for cardiovascular disease diagnosis, management, and treatment. In this review, we consider the main classes of SRs that are implicated in arterial disease. We consider how our understanding of SR-mediated recognition of diverse ligands, including modified lipid particles, lipids, and carbohydrates, has enabled us to better target SR-linked functionality in disease. We also link clinical studies on vascular disease to our current understanding of SR biology and highlight potential areas that are relevant to cardiovascular disease management and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary A. Cuthbert
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.:+44 113 3433007
| | - Faheem Shaik
- School of Molecular & Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; (F.S.); (S.P.)
| | | | - Sreenivasan Ponnambalam
- School of Molecular & Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; (F.S.); (S.P.)
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10
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Ding Z, Pothineni NVK, Goel A, Lüscher TF, Mehta JL. PCSK9 and inflammation: role of shear stress, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and LOX-1. Cardiovasc Res 2020; 116:908-915. [PMID: 31746997 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvz313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
PCSK9 degrades low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) receptors and subsequently increases serum LDL cholesterol. Clinical trials show that inhibition of PCSK9 efficiently lowers LDL cholesterol levels and reduces cardiovascular events. PCSK9 inhibitors also reduce the extent of atherosclerosis. Recent studies show that PCSK9 is secreted by vascular endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and macrophages. PCSK9 induces secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines in macrophages, liver cells, and in a variety of tissues. PCSK9 regulates toll-like receptor 4 expression and NF-κB activation as well as development of apoptosis and autophagy. PCSK9 also interacts with oxidized-LDL receptor-1 (LOX-1) in a mutually facilitative fashion. These observations suggest that PCSK9 is inter-twined with inflammation with implications in atherosclerosis and its major consequence-myocardial ischaemia. This relationship provides a basis for the use of PCSK9 inhibitors in prevention of atherosclerosis and related clinical events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zufeng Ding
- Division of Cardiology, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System and the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA.,Henan Key Laboratory of Medical Tissue Regeneration, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Naga Venkata K Pothineni
- Division of Cardiology, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System and the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Akshay Goel
- Division of Cardiology, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System and the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | | | - Jawahar L Mehta
- Division of Cardiology, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System and the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
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11
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Kore RA, Henson JC, Hamzah RN, Griffin RJ, Tackett AJ, Ding Z, Mehta JL. Molecular events in MSC exosome mediated cytoprotection in cardiomyocytes. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19276. [PMID: 31848380 PMCID: PMC6917778 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55694-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
A host of hormonal-metabolic alterations take place following exposure of cardiomyocytes to hypoxia and other noxious stimuli. Here, we demonstrate that exposure of cultured rat cardiomyocytes to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) resulted in upregulation (~1.5 fold) of oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 (LOX-1). There was also a marked increase in apoptosis 12 hrs after LPS treatment with caspase-3 levels being significantly elevated (~1.3 fold) and a significant increase in LDH release at 24 hrs. Interestingly, there was a ~1.4-fold upregulation of LC-3 expression post-LPS treatment indicating development of autophagy, which probably is a compensatory response to combat cellular injury induced by LPS. Treatment with LPS also reduced the size and morphology of cardiomyocyte spheroids. In an attempt to limit LPS-induced injury, cardiomyocytes were treated with exosomes derived from mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs). We noted a significant suppression of LOX-1 expression that in turn suppressed apoptosis as well as autophagic response and restored spheroid morphology. Mass spectrophotometric analysis of MSC exosomes revealed a cargo rich in proteins which are involved in pathways negatively modulating cell death and apoptosis while promoting cell survival. This is first report to our knowledge on the initial molecular events in MSC exosome mediated cytoprotection of stressed cardiomyocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajshekhar A Kore
- Department of Medicine, Cardiology Division, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR and the Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare system, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - Jeffrey C Henson
- Department of Medicine, Cardiology Division, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR and the Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare system, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - Rabab N Hamzah
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA.,Center for Integrative Nanotechnology Sciences, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, Little Rock, AR, 72204, USA
| | - Robert J Griffin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - Alan J Tackett
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - Zufeng Ding
- Department of Medicine, Cardiology Division, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR and the Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare system, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - Jawahar L Mehta
- Department of Medicine, Cardiology Division, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR and the Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare system, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA.
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Role of oxidative stress-related biomarkers in heart failure: galectin 3, α1-antitrypsin and LOX-1: new therapeutic perspective? Mol Cell Biochem 2019; 464:143-152. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-019-03656-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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13
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Tian K, Ogura S, Little PJ, Xu SW, Sawamura T. Targeting LOX-1 in atherosclerosis and vasculopathy: current knowledge and future perspectives. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2018; 1443:34-53. [PMID: 30381837 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
LOX-1 (lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1; also known as OLR1) is the dominant receptor that recognizes and internalizes oxidized low-density lipoproteins (ox-LDLs) in endothelial cells. Several genetic variants of LOX-1 are associated with the risk and severity of coronary artery disease. The LOX-1-ox-LDL interaction induces endothelial dysfunction, leukocyte adhesion, macrophage-derived foam cell formation, smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration, and platelet activation. LOX-1 activation eventually leads to the rupture of atherosclerotic plaques and acute cardiovascular events. In addition, LOX-1 can be cleaved to generate soluble LOX-1 (sLOX-1), which is a useful diagnostic and prognostic marker for atherosclerosis-related diseases in human patients. Of therapeutic relevance, several natural products and clinically used drugs have emerged as LOX-1 inhibitors that have antiatherosclerotic actions. We hereby provide an updated overview of role of LOX-1 in atherosclerosis and associated vascular diseases, with an aim to highlighting the potential of LOX-1 as a novel theranostic tool for cardiovascular disease prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunming Tian
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Sayoko Ogura
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Peter J Little
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Wooloongabba, Queensland, Australia.,Department of Pharmacy, Xinhua College of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Suo-Wen Xu
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
| | - Tatsuya Sawamura
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan.,Research Center for Next Generation Medicine, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan
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14
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Ayoub KF, Pothineni NVK, Rutland J, Ding Z, Mehta JL. Immunity, Inflammation, and Oxidative Stress in Heart Failure: Emerging Molecular Targets. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2018; 31:593-608. [PMID: 28956198 DOI: 10.1007/s10557-017-6752-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Heart failure (HF) remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Although various therapies developed over the last two decades have shown improved long term outcomes in patients with established HF, there has been little progress in preventing the adverse cardiac remodeling that initiates HF. To fill the gap in treatment, current research efforts are focused on understanding novel mechanisms and signaling pathways. Immune activation, inflammation, oxidative stress, alterations in mitochondrial bioenergetics, and autophagy have been postulated as important pathophysiological events in this process. An improved understanding of these complex processes could facilitate a therapeutic shift toward molecular targets that can potentially alter the course of HF. METHODS In this review, we address the role of immunity, inflammation, and oxidative stress as well as other novel emerging concepts in the pathophysiology of HF that may have therapeutic implications. CONCLUSION Based on the experimental and clinical studies presented here, we anticipate that a better understanding of the pathophysiology of HF will open the door for new therapeutic targets. A one-size-fits-all approach may not be appropriate for all patients with HF, and further clinical trials utilizing molecular targeting in HF may result in improved outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karam F Ayoub
- Division of Cardiology, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System and the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Naga Venkata K Pothineni
- Division of Cardiology, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System and the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Joshua Rutland
- Division of Cardiology, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System and the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Zufeng Ding
- Division of Cardiology, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System and the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Jawahar L Mehta
- Division of Cardiology, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System and the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA. .,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham Street, #532, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA.
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15
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Hofmann A, Brunssen C, Morawietz H. Contribution of lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 and LOX-1 modulating compounds to vascular diseases. Vascul Pharmacol 2017; 107:S1537-1891(17)30171-4. [PMID: 29056472 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 (LOX-1) is the major receptor for binding and uptake of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) in endothelial cells. LOX-1 is also expressed in macrophages, smooth muscle cells and platelets. Following internalization of oxLDL, LOX-1 initiates a vicious cycle from activation of pro-inflammatory signaling pathways, thus promoting an increased reactive oxygen species formation and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. LOX-1 plays a pivotal role in the development of endothelial dysfunction, foam cell and advanced lesions formation as well as in myocardial ischemia. Furthermore, it is known that LOX-1 plays a pivotal role in mitochondrial DNA damage, vascular cell apoptosis, and autophagy. A large number of studies provide evidence of a LOX-1's role in endothelial dysfunction, hypertension, diabetes, and obesity. In addition, novel insights into LOX-1 ligands and the activated signaling pathways have been gained. Recent studies have shown an interaction of LOX-1 with microRNA's, thus providing novel tools to regulate LOX-1 function. Because LOX-1 is increased in atherosclerotic plaques and contributes to endothelial dysfunction, several compounds were tested in vivo and in vitro to modulate the LOX-1 expression in therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Hofmann
- Division of Vascular Endothelium and Microcirculation, Department of Medicine III, University Hospital and Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Coy Brunssen
- Division of Vascular Endothelium and Microcirculation, Department of Medicine III, University Hospital and Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Henning Morawietz
- Division of Vascular Endothelium and Microcirculation, Department of Medicine III, University Hospital and Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
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16
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Caliceti C, Rizzo P, Ferrari R, Fortini F, Aquila G, Leoncini E, Zambonin L, Rizzo B, Calabria D, Simoni P, Mirasoli M, Guardigli M, Hrelia S, Roda A, Cicero AFG. Novel role of the nutraceutical bioactive compound berberine in lectin-like OxLDL receptor 1-mediated endothelial dysfunction in comparison to lovastatin. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2017; 27:552-563. [PMID: 28511903 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Oxidized LDL (oxLDL) or pro-inflammatory stimuli lead to increased oxidative stress linked to endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis. The oxLDL receptor-1 (LOX1) is elevated within atheromas and cholesterol-lowering statins inhibit LOX1 expression. Berberine (BBR), an alkaloid extracted from plants of gender Berberis, has lipid-lowering and anti-inflammatory activity. However, its role in regulating LOX1-mediated signaling is still unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of BBR on oxLDL- and TNFα-induced endothelial dysfunction in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and to compare it with that of lovastatin (LOVA). METHODS AND RESULTS Cytotoxicity was determined by lactate dehydrogenase assay. Antioxidant capacity was measured with chemiluminescent and fluorescent method and intracellular ROS levels through a fluorescent dye. Gene and protein expression levels were assayed by qRT-PCR and western blot, respectively. HUVECs exposure to oxLDL (30 μg/ml) or TNFα (10 ng/ml) for 24 h led to a significant increase in LOX1 expression, effect abrogated by BBR (5 μM) and LOVA (5 μM). BBR but not LOVA treatment abolished the TNFα-induced cytotoxicity and restored the activation of Akt signaling. In spite of a low direct antioxidant capacity, both compounds reduced intracellular ROS levels generated by treatment of TNFα but only BBR inhibited NOX2 expression, MAPK/Erk1/2 signaling and subsequent NF-κB target genes VCAM and ICAM expression, induced by TNFα. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrated for the first time that BBR could prevent the oxLDL and TNFα - induced LOX1 expression and oxidative stress, key events that lead to NOX, MAPK/Erk1/2 and NF-κB activation linked to endothelial dysfunction. CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS STUDIED IN THIS ARTICLE Berberine (PubChem CID: 2353); Lovastatin (PubChem CID: 53232).
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Affiliation(s)
- C Caliceti
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician" - Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca Industriale Energia e Ambiente (CIRI EA) - Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Istituto Nazionale Biostrutture e Biosistemi (INBB), Roma, Italy.
| | - P Rizzo
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy; Maria Cecilia Hospital, GVM Care&Research, E.S: Health Science Foundation, Cotignola, Italy
| | - R Ferrari
- Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiology and Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy; Maria Cecilia Hospital, GVM Care&Research, E.S: Health Science Foundation, Cotignola, Italy
| | - F Fortini
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - G Aquila
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - E Leoncini
- Department for Life Quality Studies - Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - L Zambonin
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology - Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - B Rizzo
- Department for Life Quality Studies - Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - D Calabria
- Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca Industriale Energia e Ambiente (CIRI EA) - Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Istituto Nazionale Biostrutture e Biosistemi (INBB), Roma, Italy
| | - P Simoni
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences-DIMEC, Sant'Orsola Malpighi Hospital, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - M Mirasoli
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician" - Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca Industriale Energia e Ambiente (CIRI EA) - Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Istituto Nazionale Biostrutture e Biosistemi (INBB), Roma, Italy
| | - M Guardigli
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician" - Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Istituto Nazionale Biostrutture e Biosistemi (INBB), Roma, Italy
| | - S Hrelia
- Department for Life Quality Studies - Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - A Roda
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician" - Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca Industriale Energia e Ambiente (CIRI EA) - Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Istituto Nazionale Biostrutture e Biosistemi (INBB), Roma, Italy
| | - A F G Cicero
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences-DIMEC, Sant'Orsola Malpighi Hospital, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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17
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Yokoyama C, Aoyama T, Ido T, Kakino A, Shiraki T, Tanaka T, Nishigaki K, Hasegawa A, Fujita Y, Sawamura T, Minatoguchi S. Deletion of LOX-1 Protects against Heart Failure Induced by Doxorubicin. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154994. [PMID: 27195769 PMCID: PMC4873018 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is one of the major factors in doxorubicin (DOX)-induced cardiomyopathy. Lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) receptor-1 (LOX-1) plays an important role to regulate cardiac remodeling and oxidative stress after ischemia-reperfusion. Therefore, we examined whether or not LOX-1 contributes to the pathogenesis of DOX-induced cardiomyopathy. Cardiomyopathy was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of DOX into wild-type (WT) mice and LOX-1 knockout (KO) mice. Echocardiography and catheter-based hemodynamic assessment apparently revealed preserved left ventricular (LV) fractional shortening (FS) and cavity size of LOX-1 KO mice compared with those of WT mice after DOX administration. Less production of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1ß) was observed in LOX-1 KO mice than WT mice after DOX administration. Western blotting analysis also showed lower activation of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) in LOX-1 KO mice treated with DOX than WT mice treated with DOX. In fact, NF-κB-dependent gene expressions of LOX-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) were suppressed in LOX-1 KO mice treated with DOX compared with WT mice treated with DOX. Therefore, histological analyses showed attenuation of leukocyte infiltration and cardiac fibrosis in LOX-1 KO mice compared with WT mice. Meanwhile, extracellular signal-regulated kinase MAPK (ERK) inactivation and decreased expression of sarcomeric proteins and related transcription factor GATA-4 in WT mice treated with DOX administration were not seen in LOX-1 KO mice treated with DOX administration and WT and LOX-1 KO mice treated with vehicle. Decreased expression of sarcometric proteins resulted in smaller diameters of cardiomyocytes in WT mice than in LOX-1 KO mice after DOX treatment. The expression of LOX-1 in cardiomyocytes was much more abundant than that in endothelial cells, fibroblasts and inflammatory cells. Endothelial cells, fibroblasts and inflammatory cells treated with DOX showed no elevated LOX-1 expression compared with those treated with vehicle. However, cardiomyocytes treated with DOX showed much more expression of LOX-1 than those treated with vehicle. Immunohistochemistry study also showed that LOX-1 expression was strongly elevated in cardiomyocytes in the heart tissue of mice treated with DOX in vivo. We conclude that LOX-1 in cardiomyocytes plays the most important roles in the pathology of DOX-induced cardiomyopathy. LOX-1 deletion altered the LOX-1-related signaling pathway, which led to improvements in cardiac function, myocardial inflammation, fibrosis and degenerative changes after DOX treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiharu Yokoyama
- Department of Cardiology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Takuma Aoyama
- Department of Cardiology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
- Cardiovascular Center, Kizawa Memorial Hospital, Minokamo, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Takahiro Ido
- Department of Cardiology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
- Cardiovascular Center, Kizawa Memorial Hospital, Minokamo, Japan
| | - Akemi Kakino
- Department of Vascular Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Physiology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Takeru Shiraki
- Department of Cardiology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Toshiki Tanaka
- Department of Cardiology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Nishigaki
- Department of Cardiology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Aiko Hasegawa
- Department of Physiology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Fujita
- Department of Physiology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Sawamura
- Department of Vascular Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Physiology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Shinya Minatoguchi
- Department of Cardiology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
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18
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Biocca S, Iacovelli F, Matarazzo S, Vindigni G, Oteri F, Desideri A, Falconi M. Molecular mechanism of statin-mediated LOX-1 inhibition. Cell Cycle 2016; 14:1583-95. [PMID: 25950192 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2015.1026486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Statins are largely used in clinics in the treatment of patients with cardiovascular diseases for their effect on lowering circulating cholesterol. Lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LOX-1), the primary receptor for ox-LDL, plays a central role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disorders. We have recently shown that chronic exposure of cells to lovastatin disrupts LOX-1 receptor cluster distribution in plasma membranes, leading to a marked loss of LOX-1 function. Here we investigated the molecular mechanism of statin-mediated LOX-1 inhibition and we demonstrate that all tested statins are able to displace the binding of fluorescent ox-LDL to LOX-1 by a direct interaction with LOX-1 receptors in a cell-based binding assay. Molecular docking simulations confirm the interaction and indicate that statins completely fill the hydrophobic tunnel that crosses the C-type lectin-like (CTLD) recognition domain of LOX-1. Classical molecular dynamics simulation technique applied to the LOX-1 CTLD, considered in the entire receptor structure with or without a statin ligand inside the tunnel, indicates that the presence of a ligand largely increases the dimer stability. Electrophoretic separation and western blot confirm that different statins binding stabilize the dimer assembly of LOX-1 receptors in vivo. The simulative and experimental results allow us to propose a CTLD clamp motion, which enables the receptor-substrate coupling. These findings reveal a novel and significant functional effect of statins.
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Key Words
- Ato, atorvastatin
- CTLD, C-type lectin-like domain
- Cav-1, caveolin-1
- DMEM, Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium
- DiI, 1,1′-dioctadecyl-3,3,3′,3′-tetramethyllindocarbocyanine perchlorate
- Flu, fluvastatin
- HEK, human embryonic kidney
- HMG-CoA, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A
- LDL, low-density lipoprotein
- LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol
- LOX-1 receptor
- LOX-1, lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1
- Lov, lovastatin
- Mab, monoclonal antibody
- Pra, pravastatin
- molecular docking
- molecular dynamics simulation
- monomer-dimer ratio
- ox-LDL, oxidized low-density lipoprotein
- statin
- substrate recognition
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Biocca
- a Department of Systems Medicine and Center of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics ; University of Rome Tor Vergata ; Rome , Italy
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Lubrano V, Balzan S. Roles of LOX-1 in microvascular dysfunction. Microvasc Res 2016; 105:132-40. [PMID: 26907636 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2016.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Studies from human and animal models with metabolic disease and hypertension highlight atrophic remodeling, reduced lumen size and thinner vascular walls of microvessels with profound density reduction. This impaired vascular response limits the perfusion of peripheral tissues inducing organ damage. These conditions are strongly associated with oxidative stress and in particular with the up-regulation of lectin-like oxidized low density lipoprotein receptor-1 (LOX-1). Several factors such as cytokines, shear stress, and advanced glycation end-products, especially oxLDL, can up-regulate LOX-1. The activation of this receptor induces the production of adhesion molecules, cytokines and the release of reactive oxygen species via NADPH oxidase. LOX-1 is considered a potent mediator of endothelial dysfunction and it is significantly associated with reduced microvascular endothelium NO-dependent vasodilation in hypercholesterolemia and hypertension. Microvascular endothelial cells increased the expression of IL-6 in association with the increased concentration of LDL and its degree of oxidation. Moreover, increased IL-6 levels are associated with up-regulation of LOX-1 in a dose-dependent manner. Another consequence of microvascular inflammation is the generation of small amounts of ROS, similar to those induced by low concentration of oxLDL (<5 μg/mL) which induces capillary tube formation of endothelial cells, through LOX-1 up-regulation. In light of its central role, LOX-1 represents an attractive therapeutic target for the treatment of human atherosclerotic diseases and microvascular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valter Lubrano
- Fondazione CNR/Regione Toscana G. Monasterio, Pisa, Italy.
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20
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Shiraki T, Aoyama T, Yokoyama C, Hayakawa Y, Tanaka T, Nishigaki K, Sawamura T, Minatoguchi S. LOX-1 plays an important role in ischemia-induced angiogenesis of limbs. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114542. [PMID: 25514797 PMCID: PMC4267738 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
LOX-1, lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor-1, is a single transmembrane receptor mainly expressed on endothelial cells. LOX-1 mediates the uptake of oxidized LDL, an early step in atherosclerosis; however, little is known about whether LOX-1 is involved in angiogenesis during tissue ischemia. Therefore, we examined the role of LOX-1 in ischemia-induced angiogenesis in the hindlimbs of LOX-1 knockout (KO) mice. Angiogenesis was evaluated in a surgically induced hindlimb ischemia model using laser Doppler blood flowmetry (LDBF) and histological capillary density (CD) and arteriole density (AD). After right hindlimb ischemia, the ischemic/nonischemic hindlimb blood flow ratio was persistently lower in LOX-1 KO mice than in wild-type (WT) mice. CD and AD were significantly smaller in LOX-1 KO mice than in WT mice on postoperative day 14. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that the number of macrophages infiltrating ischemic tissues was significantly smaller in LOX-1 KO mice than in WT mice. The number of infiltrated macrophages expressing VEGF was also significantly smaller in LOX-1 KO mice than in WT mice. Western blot analysis and ROS production assay revealed that LOX- KO mice show significant decrease in Nox2 expression, ROS production and HIF-1α expression, the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and NF-κB p65 subunit as well as expression of redox-sensitive vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and LOX-1 itself in ischemic muscles, which is supposed to be required for macrophage infiltration expressing angiogenic factor VEGF. Reduction of VEGF expression successively suppressed the phosphorylation of Akt and eNOS, which accelerated angiogenesis, in the ischemic leg of LOX-1 KO mice. Our findings indicate that LOX-1 plays an important role in ischemia-induced angiogenesis by 1) Nox2-ROS-NF-κB activation, 2) upregulated expression of adhesion molecules: VCAM-1 and LOX-1 and 3) promoting macrophage infiltration, which expresses angiogenic factor VEGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeru Shiraki
- Department of Cardiology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Takuma Aoyama
- Department of Cardiology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Chiharu Yokoyama
- Department of Cardiology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Yuka Hayakawa
- Department of Cardiology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Toshiki Tanaka
- Department of Cardiology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Nishigaki
- Department of Cardiology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Sawamura
- Department of Vascular Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Japan
- Department of Physiology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Shinya Minatoguchi
- Department of Cardiology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
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Mao X, Xie L, Greenberg DA. LOX-1 expression and oxidized LDL uptake and toxicity in the HN33 neuronal cell line. Neurosci Lett 2014; 580:182-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2014.03.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Revised: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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22
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Chatauret N, Favreau F, Giraud S, Thierry A, Rossard L, Le Pape S, Lerman LO, Hauet T. Diet-induced increase in plasma oxidized LDL promotes early fibrosis in a renal porcine auto-transplantation model. J Transl Med 2014; 12:76. [PMID: 24655356 PMCID: PMC3994364 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-12-76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In kidney transplantation, the prevalence of hypercholesterolemia as a co-morbidity factor known to affect graft function, is rising due to the increased number of older donors in response to organ shortage as well as to the hyperlipidemic effects of immunosuppressors in recipient. This study aimed to characterize the effects of hypercholesterolemia on renal graft outcome, investigating the role of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (OxLDL). METHODS In vivo, we used a porcine preclinical model of renal auto-transplantation modulated by two experimental diets: a normal (n = 6) or a hyperlipidemic diet (n = 5) maintained during the 3 month follow-up after the surgical procedure. Kidney function and OxLDL levels were monitored as well as fibrosis, LOX-1 and TGF beta signaling pathways. In vitro, we used human artery endothelial cells subjected to OxLDL to investigate the TGF beta profibrotic pathway and the role of the scavenger receptor LOX-1. RESULTS Hyperlipidemic diet-induced increase in plasma OxLDL levels at the time of surgery correlated with an increase in proteinuria 3 months after transplantation, associated with an early graft fibrosis combined with an activation of renal TGF beta signaling. These data suggest a direct involvement of OxLDL in the hyperlipidemic diet-induced activation of the pro-fibrotic TGF beta pathway which seems to be activated by LOX-1 signaling. These results were supported by studies with endothelial cells incubated in culture medium containing OxLDL promoting TGF beta expression inhibited by LOX-1 antibody. CONCLUSIONS These results implicate OxLDL in the hyperlipidemic diet-promoted fibrosis in transplanted kidneys, suggesting LOX-1 as a potential therapeutic target and reinforce the need to control cholesterol levels in kidney transplant recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Thierry Hauet
- INSERM, U1082, Ischémie-reperfusion en transplantation rénale, Université de Poitiers, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Poitiers 86000, France.
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23
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Abrogation of lectin-like oxidized LDL receptor-1 attenuates acute myocardial ischemia-induced renal dysfunction by modulating systemic and local inflammation. Kidney Int 2013; 82:436-44. [PMID: 22673889 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2012.186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
It is assumed that acute myocardial infarction affects renal function. To study the mechanism, we used mice following permanent ligation of their left coronary artery that results in extensive myocardial infarction. Soon after ligation, there was a marked rise in circulating pro-inflammatory cytokines and malondialdehyde (thiobarbituric acid-positive evidence of lipid peroxidation). Renal function had significantly declined by the third day in association with mild fibrosis, and swelling of glomeruli and tubules. There was a significant increase in the expression of the lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 (LOX-1), interelukin-1β, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances in the kidney. Renal function showed some recovery by Day 21; however, there was progressive fibrosis of the kidneys. LOX-1 knockout mice had significantly diminished increases in systemic and renal pro-inflammatory cytokines, malondialdehyde, structural alterations, and decline in renal function than the wild-type mice following ligation of the left coronary artery. Cardiac function and survival rates were also significantly better in the LOX-1 knockout mice than in the wild-type mice. Hence, severe myocardial ischemia results in renal dysfunction and histological abnormalities suggestive of acute renal injury. Thus, LOX-1 is a key modulator among multiple mechanisms underlying renal dysfunction following extensive myocardial infarction.
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24
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LOX-1, OxLDL, and atherosclerosis. Mediators Inflamm 2013; 2013:152786. [PMID: 23935243 PMCID: PMC3723318 DOI: 10.1155/2013/152786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 504] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 06/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (OxLDL) contributes to the atherosclerotic plaque formation and progression by several mechanisms, including the induction of endothelial cell activation and dysfunction, macrophage foam cell formation, and smooth muscle cell migration and proliferation. Vascular wall cells express on their surface several scavenger receptors that mediate the cellular effects of OxLDL. The lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 (LOX-1) is the main OxLDL receptor of endothelial cells, and it is expressed also in macrophages and smooth muscle cells. LOX-1 is almost undetectable under physiological conditions, but it is upregulated following the exposure to several proinflammatory and proatherogenic stimuli and can be detected in animal and human atherosclerotic lesions. The key contribution of LOX-1 to the atherogenic process has been confirmed in animal models; LOX-1 knockout mice exhibit reduced intima thickness and inflammation and increased expression of protective factors; on the contrary, LOX-1 overexpressing mice present an accelerated atherosclerotic lesion formation which is associated with increased inflammation. In humans, LOX-1 gene polymorphisms were associated with increased susceptibility to myocardial infarction. Inhibition of the LOX-1 receptor with chemicals or antisense nucleotides is currently being investigated and represents an emerging approach for controlling OxLDL-LOX-1 mediated proatherogenic effects.
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Zhang M, Perino A, Ghigo A, Hirsch E, Shah AM. NADPH oxidases in heart failure: poachers or gamekeepers? Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 18:1024-41. [PMID: 22747566 PMCID: PMC3567780 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.4550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Oxidative stress is involved in the pathogenesis of heart failure but clinical antioxidant trials have been unsuccessful. This may be because effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS) depend upon their source, location, and concentration. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (Nox) proteins generate ROS in a highly regulated fashion and modulate several components of the heart failure phenotype. RECENT ADVANCES Two Nox isoforms, Nox2 and Nox4, are expressed in the heart. Studies using gene-modified mice deficient in Nox2 activity indicate that Nox2 activation contributes to angiotensin II-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, atrial fibrillation, and the development of interstitial fibrosis but may also positively modulate physiological excitation-contraction coupling. Nox2 contributes to myocyte death under stress situations and plays important roles in postmyocardial infarction remodeling, in part by modulating matrix metalloprotease activity. In contrast to Nox2, Nox4 is constitutively active at a low level and induces protective effects in the heart under chronic stress, for example, by maintaining myocardial capillary density. However, high levels of Nox4 could have detrimental effects. CRITICAL ISSUES The effects of Nox proteins during the development of heart failure likely depend upon the isoform, activation level, and cellular distribution, and may include beneficial as well as detrimental effects. More needs to be learnt about the precise regulation of abundance and biochemical activity of these proteins in the heart as well as the downstream signaling pathways that they regulate. FUTURE DIRECTIONS The development of specific approaches to target individual Nox isoforms and/or specific cell types may be important for the achievement of therapeutic efficacy in heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhang
- Cardiovascular Division, James Black Centre, King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, London, UK
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Xu T, Li D, Jiang D. Targeting cell signaling and apoptotic pathways by luteolin: cardioprotective role in rat cardiomyocytes following ischemia/reperfusion. Nutrients 2012; 4:2008-19. [PMID: 23235403 PMCID: PMC3546619 DOI: 10.3390/nu4122008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Revised: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocardial ischemia often results in damaged heart structure and function, which can be restored through ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) in most cases. However, I/R can exacerbate myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI). Luteolin, a widely distributed flavonoid, a member of a group of naturally occurring polyphenolic compounds found in many fruits, vegetables and medicinal herbs, has been reported to exhibit anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-carcinogenic activities. In recent years, luteolin has been shown to play an important role in the cardioprotection of IRI. However, its role and mechanism in cardioprotection against IRI has not been clearly elucidated with respect to the apoptosis pathway. The purpose of this paper is to review luteolin's anti-apoptotic role and mechanism following I/R in rats, and indicate luteolin as a potential candidate for preventing and treating cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongda Xu
- The First Clinical College, Nanjing Traditional Chinese Medicine University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210046, China; E-Mail:
- Research Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, China; E-Mail:
| | - Dongye Li
- The First Clinical College, Nanjing Traditional Chinese Medicine University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210046, China; E-Mail:
- Research Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, China; E-Mail:
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +86-0516-8558-2763; Fax: +86-0516-8558-2753
| | - Dehua Jiang
- Research Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, China; E-Mail:
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Zhang D, Sun L, Zhu H, Wang L, Wu W, Xie J, Gu J. Microglial LOX-1 reacts with extracellular HSP60 to bridge neuroinflammation and neurotoxicity. Neurochem Int 2012; 61:1021-35. [PMID: 22847064 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2012.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2012] [Revised: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 07/21/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Chronic neurodegeneration is in part caused by a vicious cycle of persistent microglial activation and progressive neuronal cell loss. However, the driving force behind this cycle remains poorly understood. In this study, we used medium conditioned by necrotic differentiated-PC12 cells to confirm that damaged neurons can release soluble injury signals, including heat shock protein 60 (HSP60), to efficiently promote the neurotoxic cycle involving microglia. Since lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 (LOX-1) has previously been identified as a novel receptor for HSP60, we hypothesize that LOX-1 through binding to extracellular HSP60 promotes microglia-mediated neuroinflammation. In this study, we observed that LOX-1 expression is induced upon toxic microglial activation, and discovered that LOX-1 is necessary in microglia for sensing soluble neuronal injury signal(s) in the conditioned medium to induce generation of pro-inflammatory mediators (IL-1β, TNF-α, NO and ROS) that promote neurotoxicity. Employing a unique eukaryotic HSP60-overexpression method, we further demonstrated that extracellular HSP60 acts on microglial LOX-1 to boost the production of pro-inflammatory factors (IL-1β, NO and ROS) in microglia and to propagate neuronal damage. These results indicate that LOX-1 is essential in microglia for promoting an inflammatory response in the presence of soluble neuronal-injury signals such as extracellular HSP60, thereby linking neuroinflammation and neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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LOX-1, oxidative stress and inflammation: a novel mechanism for diabetic cardiovascular complications. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2012; 25:451-9. [PMID: 21993919 DOI: 10.1007/s10557-011-6342-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a common metabolic disease characterized by a state of oxidative stress, inflammation and endothelial dysfunction. This malady can lead to a number of complications such as ischemic heart disease, nephropathy, neuropathy, retinopathy and impaired wound healing. The etiology of diabetic complications is multifactorial, and is closely associated with oxidative stress and inflammation. Lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 (LOX-1), a receptor for oxidized low density lipoprotein (ox-LDL), plays critical roles in multiple signal transduction pathways and is involved in the process of oxidative stress and inflammation. Recent studies provide important insights into the roles of LOX-1 in the development and progression of diabetic vasculopathy which is the underlying mechanism of diabetic complications. In this review, we summarize mechanistic studies, mainly related to LOX-1, on the development and progression of diabetes mellitus and its cardiovascular complications.
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Abstract
Atherosclerosis is the first cause of death in industrialized countries. Together with traditional risk factors (male gender, hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, diabetes, smoking and age), non-traditional risk factors have also been described as predisposing to this disease. Among these, oxidized low density lipoproteins (OxLDL) have been described in correlation to many proatherogenic processes. Many of the effects of OxLDL are mediated by the lectin like oxidized low density lipoprotein receptor 1 (LOX-1), expressed on endothelial cells, macrophages, SMCs and platelets. LOX-1 is encoded by the lectin like oxidized low density lipoprotein receptor 1 (OLR1) gene, located in the p12.3-p13.2 region of human chromosome 12. Variations on this gene have been studied extensively both at the functional and epidemiological level. Despite the fact that functional roles for two variants have been demonstrated, the epidemiological studies have provided inconsistent and inconclusive results. Of particular interest, it has been demonstrated that a linkage disequilibirum block of SNPs located in the intronic sequence of the OLR1 gene modulates the alternative splicing of OLR1 mRNA, leading to different ratios of LOX-1 full receptor and LOXIN, an isoform lacking part of the functional domain. As demonstrated, LOXIN acts by blocking the negative effective of LOX-1 activation. Here we review the state of the art regarding LOX-1, LOXIN, and the functional effects that are associated with the interaction of these molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruggiero Mango
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
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Luo P, Yan M, Frohlich ED, Mehta JL, Hu C. Novel concepts in the genesis of hypertension: role of LOX-1. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2012; 25:441-9. [PMID: 21912849 DOI: 10.1007/s10557-011-6337-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Hypertension is a common disease and a potent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Tremendous strides have been made in understanding its genesis in the last 2 decades. Hypertension is often clustered with other cardiovascular risk factors, such as dyslipidemia and diabetes. The state of hypertension is often associated with increased vascular oxidative stress. Oxidative stress promotes proliferation and hypertrophy of vascular smooth muscle cell and collagen deposition, leading to thickening of the vascular media and narrowing of the vascular lumen. Oxidative stress also injures endothelium, impairs endothelium-dependent vascular relaxation and increases vascular contractile activity. Further, oxidative stress also oxidizes LDL-cholesterol. It has been shown that oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) activates renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and angiotensin II via its type 1 receptor activates ox-LDL receptor LOX-1. This mutually facilitative cross-talk between ox-LDL and RAS may be an important component in the development of hypertension. Lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 (LOX-1) is a receptor for ox-LDL. This review summarizes the role of LOX-1 in the pathogenesis of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Luo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha,China
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Mehta JL, Khaidakov M, Hermonat PL, Mitra S, Wang X, Novelli G, Sawamura T. LOX-1: a new target for therapy for cardiovascular diseases. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2012; 25:495-500. [PMID: 21826406 DOI: 10.1007/s10557-011-6325-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
There is much interest in the role of oxidant stress in an ever-increasing list of disease states. However, the precise mediator of oxidant stress and the stressor molecule/s have not been identified. Accordingly, trials of inhibitors of oxidant stress in animal models of disease states have met only limited success. The trials of traditional anti-oxidant vitamins have been largely unsuccessful in the treatment of a wide array of disease states in humans. Recent identification of LOX-1 in vascular endothelial cells and its activation by oxidant species have led to a marked improvement in our understanding of the pathology of several cardiovascular disease states. Here, we review the disease states where therapy targeted at LOX-1 inhibition might be helpful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jawahar L Mehta
- Division of Cardiology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and the Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
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Sattler S, Ghadially H, Hofer E. Evolution of the C-type lectin-like receptor genes of the DECTIN-1 cluster in the NK gene complex. ScientificWorldJournal 2012; 2012:931386. [PMID: 22550468 PMCID: PMC3322459 DOI: 10.1100/2012/931386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Pattern recognition receptors are crucial in initiating and shaping innate and adaptive immune responses and often belong to families of structurally and evolutionarily related proteins. The human C-type lectin-like receptors encoded in the DECTIN-1 cluster within the NK gene complex contain prominent receptors with pattern recognition function, such as DECTIN-1 and LOX-1. All members of this cluster share significant homology and are considered to have arisen from subsequent gene duplications. Recent developments in sequencing and the availability of comprehensive sequence data comprising many species showed that the receptors of the DECTIN-1 cluster are not only homologous to each other but also highly conserved between species. Even in Caenorhabditis elegans, genes displaying homology to the mammalian C-type lectin-like receptors have been detected. In this paper, we conduct a comprehensive phylogenetic survey and give an up-to-date overview of the currently available data on the evolutionary emergence of the DECTIN-1 cluster genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Sattler
- Department of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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Fujita Y, Yamaguchi S, Kakino A, Iwamoto S, Yoshimoto R, Sawamura T. Lectin-like Oxidized LDL Receptor 1 Is Involved in CRP-Mediated Complement Activation. Clin Chem 2011; 57:1398-405. [DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2011.168625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND
C-reactive protein (CRP) is purported to be a risk factor that acts independently of LDL cholesterol in predicting all-cause mortality in patients with ischemic heart disease. Lectin-like oxidized LDL receptor 1 (LOX-1) impairs endothelial function and exacerbates myocardial injury. We recently demonstrated that CRP increased vascular permeability through direct binding to LOX-1. Here we examined, using a hypertensive rat model, whether LOX-1 is involved in CRP-induced complement activation.
METHODS AND RESULTS
In the cultured LOX-1–expressing cell line hLOX-1-CHO, CRP increased complement activation, but did not do so in native CHO cells. Depleting C1q from serum abolished CRP-induced complement activation. Incubation of CRP with serum on immobilized recombinant LOX-1 similarly showed that CRP activated C1q-requiring classical complement pathway in a LOX-1–dependent manner. Interestingly, the interaction between CRP and LOX-1 was dependent on Ca2+ ion and competed with phosphocholine, suggesting that LOX-1 bound to the B-face of CRP with a phosphocholine-binding domain. This was in contrast to Fcγ receptors, to which CRP bound in A-face with complement-binding domain. In vivo, intradermal injection of CRP to hypertensive SHRSP rats induced complement activation detected by C3d deposition and leukocyte infiltration around the injected area. Anti–LOX-1 antibody reduced the extent of complement activation and leukocyte infiltration.
CONCLUSIONS
LOX-1 appears to be involved in CRP-induced complement activation, and thus may serve to locate the site of CRP-induced complement activation and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiko Fujita
- Department of Vascular Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Saburo Yamaguchi
- Department of Vascular Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Akemi Kakino
- Department of Vascular Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shin Iwamoto
- Department of Vascular Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ryo Yoshimoto
- Department of Vascular Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Sawamura
- Department of Vascular Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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Lü J, Mehta JL. LOX-1: A Critical Player in the Genesis and Progression of Myocardial Ischemia. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2011; 25:431-40. [DOI: 10.1007/s10557-011-6329-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Iwamoto S, Fujita Y, Kakino A, Yanagida K, Matsuda H, Yoshimoto R, Sawamura T. An alternative protein standard to measure activity of LOX-1 ligand containing apoB (LAB) - utilization of anti-LOX-1 single- chain antibody fused to apoB fragment. J Atheroscler Thromb 2011; 18:818-28. [PMID: 21727756 DOI: 10.5551/jat.9142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM We have recently demonstrated that the circulating level of LOX-1 ligand containing apoB (LAB) predicts the risk of cardiovascular events; however, as is the case in other assays measuring oxidized LDL (oxLDL), chemical unstability and inter-lot variance of standard oxLDL may limit the utility of measuring LAB. This study aimed to develop an alternative protein standard that is simultaneously recognized by LOX-1 and anti-apoB antibody instead of copper-oxidized LDL. METHODS AND RESULTS cDNAs encoding the variable regions of anti-LOX-1 monoclonal antibody were cloned from hybridomas and reorganized to express anti-LOX-1 single-chain variable fragment (Fv). cDNAs of four regions of human apoB (B1 to B4), which were reported to be epitopes of many anti-apoB antibodies, were also cloned. After confirming the respective reactivity of Fv and apoB fragments to LOX-1 and anti-apoB antibodies, cDNAs of Fv and apoB fragments were connected to express Fv-ApoB chimeric proteins. These fusion proteins were found to be recognized by both LOX-1 and anti-apoB antibodies. Among them, the fusion proteins of Fv-B1 and Fv-B3 gave saturable binding curves against immobilized LOX-1 when detected by anti-apoB antibodies. The binding curves of different Fv-B1 preparations to LOX-1 were almost identical while those of oxLDL varied among the preparations, suggesting better quality control of Fv-B1 preparations. CONCLUSIONS The fusion proteins composed of Fv-form anti-LOX-1 antibody and apoB fragment are useful alternatives to copper-oxidized LDL in determining LAB, which would facilitate the application of modified LDL analyses to the clinical diagnosis and risk evaluation of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Iwamoto
- Department of Vascular Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osasa, Japan
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Khaidakov M, Mitra S, Kang BY, Wang X, Kadlubar S, Novelli G, Raj V, Winters M, Carter WC, Mehta JL. Oxidized LDL receptor 1 (OLR1) as a possible link between obesity, dyslipidemia and cancer. PLoS One 2011; 6:e20277. [PMID: 21637860 PMCID: PMC3102697 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2010] [Accepted: 04/28/2011] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have linked expression of lectin-like ox-LDL receptor 1
(OLR1) to tumorigenesis. We analyzed microarray data from
Olr1 knockout (KO) and wild type (WT) mice for genes
involved in cellular transformation and evaluated effects of
OLR1 over-expression in normal mammary epithelial cells
(MCF10A) and breast cancer cells (HCC1143) in terms of gene expression,
migration, adhesion and transendothelial migration. Twenty-six out of 238 genes
were inhibited in tissues of OLR1 KO mice; the vast majority of OLR1 sensitive
genes contained NF-κB binding sites in their promoters. Further studies
revealed broad inhibition of NF-kB target genes outside of the
transformation-associated gene pool, with enrichment themes of defense response,
immune response, apoptosis, proliferation, and wound healing. Transcriptome of
Olr1 KO mice also revealed inhibition of de
novo lipogenesis, rate-limiting enzymes fatty acid synthase
(Fasn), stearoyl-CoA desaturase (Scd1) and
ELOVL family member 6 (Elovl6), as well as lipolytic
phospholipase A2 group IVB (Pla2g4b). In studies comparing
MCF10A and HCC1143, the latter displayed 60% higher OLR1
expression. Forced over-expression of OLR1 resulted in
upregulation of NF-κB (p65) and its target pro-oncogenes involved in
inhibition of apoptosis (BCL2, BCL2A1,
TNFAIP3) and regulation of cell cycle
(CCND2) in both cell lines. Basal expression of
FASN, SCD1 and PLA2G4B,
as well as lipogenesis transcription factors PPARA,
SREBF2 and CREM, was higher in HCC1143
cells. Over-expression of OLR1 in HCC1143 cells also enhanced
cell migration, without affecting their adherence to TNFα-activated
endothelium or transendothelial migration. On the other hand,
OLR1 neutralizing antibody inhibited both adhesion and
transmigration of untreated HCC1143 cells. We conclude that
OLR1 may act as an oncogene by activation of NF-kB target
genes responsible for proliferation, migration and inhibition of apoptosis and
de novo lipogenesis genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magomed Khaidakov
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, and the Central
Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States of
America
- * E-mail: (MK); (JLM)
| | - Sona Mitra
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, and the Central
Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States of
America
| | - Bum-Yong Kang
- Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Xianwei Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, and the Central
Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States of
America
| | - Susan Kadlubar
- Division of Medical Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas
for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States of
America
| | - Giuseppe Novelli
- Department of Genetics, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”,
Rome, Italy
| | - Vinay Raj
- Division of Medical Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas
for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States of
America
| | - Maria Winters
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, and the Central
Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States of
America
| | - Weleetka C. Carter
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, and the Central
Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States of
America
| | - Jawahar L. Mehta
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, and the Central
Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States of
America
- * E-mail: (MK); (JLM)
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Yen JH, Weng CY, Li S, Lo YH, Pan MH, Fu SH, Ho CT, Wu MJ. Citrus flavonoid 5-demethylnobiletin suppresses scavenger receptor expression in THP-1 cells and alters lipid homeostasis in HepG2 liver cells. Mol Nutr Food Res 2011; 55:733-48. [PMID: 21225617 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201000226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2010] [Revised: 10/23/2010] [Accepted: 11/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Nobiletin, a polymethoxyflavone from the peel of citrus fruits, has been reported to inhibit modified LDL uptake in macrophages and enhance hepatic LDL receptor expression and activity. We report the anti-atherogenic effect and mechanism of 5-demethylnobiletin, an auto-hydrolysis product of nobiletin. METHODS AND RESULTS 5-Demethylnobiletin significantly attenuated phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate-induced gene expression and activity of scavenger receptors, CD36, scavenger receptor-A and lectin-like oxidized LDL receptor-1. The inhibitory effect is partly associated with the inhibition of protein-kinase C activity and c-Jun NH(2) -terminal kinase 1/2 phosphorylation, thereby inhibiting the activation of activator protein-1 and nuclear factor-κB. 5-Demethylnobiletin treatment also led to reduction of oxidized LDL-induced CD36 mRNA expression and blockade of 1,1'-dioctadecyl-3,3,3',3'-tetramethylindocarbocyanide perchlorate-modified LDL uptake in THP-1-derived macrophages. In the human hepatoma cell line HepG2, 5-demethylnobiletin significantly induced LDL receptor activity and transcription, at least in part, through steroid-response element-binding protein-2 activation. 5-Demethylnobiletin also decreased the mRNA expression of acyl CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase 2, the key enzyme involved in the hepatic triacylglycerol biosyntheses. CONCLUSION Current results suggest that 5-demethylnobiletin has diverse anti-atherogenic bioactivities. It is more potent in inhibiting monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation and foam cell formation than its permethoxylated counterpart, nobiletin. It exhibits similar hypolipidemic activity as nobiletin and both can enhance LDL receptor gene expression and activity and decreased acyl CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase 2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jui-Hung Yen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
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NISHIZUKA T, FUJITA Y, SATO Y, NAKANO A, KAKINO A, OHSHIMA S, KANDA T, YOSHIMOTO R, SAWAMURA T. Procyanidins are potent inhibitors of LOX-1: a new player in the French Paradox. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2011; 87:104-13. [PMID: 21422743 PMCID: PMC3066543 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.87.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Lectin-like oxidized LDL receptor-1 (LOX-1) is an endothelial receptor for oxidized LDL (oxLDL) and plays multiple roles in the development of cardiovascular diseases. We screened more than 400 foodstuff extracts for identifying materials that inhibit oxLDL binding to LOX-1. Results showed that 52 extracts inhibited LOX-1 by more than 70% in cell-free assays. Subsequent cell-based assays revealed that a variety of foodstuffs known to be rich in procyanidins such as grape seed extracts and apple polyphenols, potently inhibited oxLDL uptake in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells expressing LOX-1. Indeed, purified procyanidins significantly inhibited oxLDL binding to LOX-1 while other ingredients of apple polyphenols did not. Moreover, chronic administration of oligomeric procyanidins suppressed lipid accumulation in vascular wall in hypertensive rats fed with high fat diet. These results suggest that procyanidins are LOX-1 inhibitors and LOX-1 inhibition might be a possible underlying mechanism of the well-known vascular protective effects of red wine, the French Paradox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taichi NISHIZUKA
- Department of Vascular Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan
- Research Laboratories for Fundamental Technology of Food, Asahi Breweries, Ltd., Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yoshiko FUJITA
- Department of Vascular Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuko SATO
- Department of Vascular Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Atushi NAKANO
- Department of Vascular Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Akemi KAKINO
- Department of Vascular Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shunji OHSHIMA
- Research Laboratories for Fundamental Technology of Food, Asahi Breweries, Ltd., Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Tomomasa KANDA
- Research Laboratories for Fundamental Technology of Food, Asahi Breweries, Ltd., Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Ryo YOSHIMOTO
- Department of Vascular Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tatsuya SAWAMURA
- Department of Vascular Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan
- Correspondence should be addressed: T. Sawamura, MD, PhD, Department of Vascular Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Osaka 565-8565, Japan (e-mail: )
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Antiangiogenic and Antimitotic Effects of Aspirin in Hypoxia–Reoxygenation Modulation of the LOX-1-NADPH Oxidase Axis as a Potential Mechanism. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2010; 56:635-41. [DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0b013e3181f801e4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Khaidakov M, Szwedo J, Mitra S, Mehta JL. Angiostatic Effects of Aspirin in Hypoxia-Reoxygenation Are Linked to Modulation of TGFβ1 Signaling. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2010; 16:105-10. [DOI: 10.1177/1074248410378505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia-reoxygenation (HR) is a major driver for angiogenesis in atherosclerotic plaques and tumors. Angiogenesis is a multistep process requiring stimulation of proliferation and migration of endothelial cells in response to a number of growth factors, including transforming growth factor (TGFβ1). Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) has been shown to reduce atherosclerosis-related events as well as development of certain tumors. We examined the role of aspirin in HR-mediated angiogenesis from human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). We found that aspirin (0.5 and 1 mmol/L) markedly (by about 30%, P < .01) reduced HR-mediated tube formation. Next, we studied changes in TGFβ1 and its type 1 receptor (TGFβ-R1) as well as in the transcription of p53 and p21 during HR-mediated angiogenesis. Hypoxia-reoxygenation modestly increased TGFβ1 and decreased its type 1 receptor (TGFβ-R1) transcription (both P-NS) and reduced the transcription of p53 and p21 (P < .05). Treatment of HUVECs with aspirin suppressed TGFβ1 and enhanced TGFβ-R1 mRNA expression during HR (both P < .05 vs HR alone) without a change in p53 and p21 (P-NS). In other experiments, treatment of cells with TGFβ1 antibody modestly decreased HR-mediated angiogenesis; however, TGFβ1 antibody treatment significantly enhanced the inhibitory effect of aspirin on tube formation. Based on these data, we suggest that the inhibitory effect of aspirin on HR-mediated angiogenesis involves TGFβ1-TGFβ-R1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magomed Khaidakov
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and VA Medical Center, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Jacob Szwedo
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and VA Medical Center, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Sona Mitra
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and VA Medical Center, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Jawahar L. Mehta
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and VA Medical Center, Little Rock, AR, USA, or
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Antoniak S, Rojas M, Spring D, Bullard TA, Verrier ED, Blaxall BC, Mackman N, Pawlinski R. Protease-activated receptor 2 deficiency reduces cardiac ischemia/reperfusion injury. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2010; 30:2136-42. [PMID: 20724699 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.110.213280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of protease-activated receptor (PAR) 2 deficiency on ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury-induced infarct size, inflammation, heart remodeling, and cardiac function. METHODS AND RESULTS PAR-2 signaling enhances inflammation in different diseases. The effect of PAR-2 deficiency in cardiac I/R injury is unknown. PAR-2(-/-) mice and wild-type littermates were subjected to 30 minutes of ischemia and up to 4 weeks of reperfusion. Infarct size, oxidative/nitrative stress, phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases, and inflammatory gene expression were assessed 2 hours after reperfusion. Changes in heart size and function were measured by echocardiography up to 4 weeks after reperfusion. Infarct size was significantly reduced in hearts of PAR-2(-/-) mice compared with wild-type littermates. In addition, oxidative/nitrative stress, phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase, and expression of proinflammatory genes were significantly attenuated in injured hearts of PAR-2(-/-) mice. Finally, PAR-2(-/-) mice were protected from postinfarction remodeling and showed less impairment in heart function compared with wild-type littermates up to 4 weeks after I/R injury. CONCLUSIONS PAR-2 deficiency reduces myocardial infarction and heart remodeling after I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvio Antoniak
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, UNC McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7035, USA
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Kang BY, Hu C, Ryu S, Khan JA, Biancolella M, Prayaga S, Seung KB, Novelli G, Mehta P, Mehta JL. Genomics of cardiac remodeling in angiotensin II-treated wild-type and LOX-1-deficient mice. Physiol Genomics 2010; 42:42-54. [DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00009.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied the gene expression profile during cardiac hypertrophy induced by angiotensin (ANG) II in wild-type mice and the influence of LOX-1 deletion on the gene expression profile. Wild-type and LOX-1 knockout mice were given saline or ANG II infusion for 4 wk. The saline-treated LOX-1 knockout mice showed upregulation of several genes including Ddx3y and Eif2s3y. ANG II infusion enhanced expression of genes known to be associated with cardiac remodeling, such as Agt, Ace, Timp4, Fstl, and Tnfrst12a, as well as oxidant stress-related genes Gnaq, Sos1, and Rac1. Some other strongly upregulated genes identified in this study have not been previously associated with LOX-1 deletion and/or hypertension. To confirm these observations with ANG II infusion and LOX-1 deletion, cultured HL-1 mouse cardiomyocytes were exposed to ANG II or transfected with pCI-neo/LOX-1, which resulted in severalfold increase in reactive oxygen species generation, upregulation of ANG II type 1 (AT1) receptor, and cardiomyocyte growth. Quantitative PCR analysis of these treated cardiomyocytes confirmed upregulation of many of the genes identified in the in vivo study. This study provides the first set of data on the gene expression profiling of cardiac tissue treated with ANG II and expands on the important role of LOX-1 in cardiac response to ANG II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bum-Yong Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Changping Hu
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, Arkansas
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Sunhyo Ryu
- Department of Dermatology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Junaid A. Khan
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Michela Biancolella
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; and
- Department of Biopathology and Diagnostic Imaging, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | - Sastry Prayaga
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Ki-Bae Seung
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Giuseppe Novelli
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, Arkansas
- Department of Biopathology and Diagnostic Imaging, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | - Paulette Mehta
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Jawahar L. Mehta
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, Arkansas
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Cardiac hypertrophy during hypercholesterolemia and its amelioration with rosuvastatin and amlodipine. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2010; 54:327-34. [PMID: 19687748 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0b013e3181b76713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Hypercholesterolemia is a common accompaniment of atherosclerosis and may be associated with cardiac hypertrophy. To define the mechanistic basis of cardiac hypertrophy in hypercholesterolemia, we fed low-density lipoprotein receptor knockout (LDLR KO) mice regular diet or high cholesterol (HC) diet for 26 weeks. There was clear evidence of cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and collagen deposition in the hearts of LDLR KO mice fed with HC diet, confirmed by histopathology (hematoxylin and eosin and Picrosirius staining) and upregulation of genes for brain natriuretic peptide, alpha-tubulin, transforming growth factor beta1, and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF). These changes were independent of change in blood pressure. The hypercholesterolemic mice hearts showed an upregulation of LOX-1, an oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor, and angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) at messenger RNA level. In addition, there was a marked upregulation of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase and nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) messenger RNA, indicating overexpression of markers of oxidant stress. A separate group of LDLR KO mice were fed HC diet along with a potent 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutarylcoenzyme A reductase inhibitor rosuvastatin or a dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker amlodipine. Administration of rosuvastatin or amlodipine reduced the overexpression of genes for LOX-1 and AT1R and associated NADPH oxidase and NF-kappaB. These phenomena were associated with a marked decrease in cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and collagen deposits in and around the cardiomyocytes. In conclusion, this study provides evidence of cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis in hypercholesterolemia independent of blood pressure change LOX-1 and AT1R act as possible signals for oxidant stress leading to alterations in cardiac structure during hypercholesterolemia. Most importantly, rosuvastatin and amlodipine ameliorate cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and fibrosis.
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Navarra T, Del Turco S, Berti S, Basta G. The lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 and its soluble form: cardiovascular implications. J Atheroscler Thromb 2009; 17:317-31. [PMID: 20009416 DOI: 10.5551/jat.3228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The lectin-like oxidized low density lipoprotein receptor-1 (LOX-1) is a multiligand receptor, whose repertoire of ligands includes oxidized low-density lipoprotein, advanced glycation endproducts, platelets, neutrophils, apoptotic/aged cells and bacteria. Sustained expression of LOX-1 by critical target cells, including endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells and macrophages in proximity to these ligands, sets the stage for chronic cellular activation and tissue damage suggesting the interaction of cellular LOX-1 with its ligands to contribute to the formation and development of atherosclerotic plaques. Studies with transgenic and knockout mouse models have elucidated in part the role of LOX-1 in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and cardiac remodeling. Recently, a circulating soluble form of LOX-1 (sLOX-1), corresponding solely to its extracellular domain, has been identified in human serum. Circulating levels of sLOX-1 are increased in inflammatory and atherosclerotic conditions and are associated with acute coronary syndrome, with the severity of coronary artery disease, and with serum biomarkers for oxidative stress and inflammation, suggesting that they could be a useful marker for vascular injury. However, many interesting questions have not yet been answered and in this review, we provide an updated overview of the literature on this receptor and on likely future directions.
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Hyodo Y, Miyake H, Kondo Y, Fujisawa M. Downregulation of Lectin-like Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor-1 After Ischemic Preconditioning in Ischemia-Reperfused Rat Kidneys. Urology 2009; 73:906-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2008.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2008] [Revised: 11/07/2008] [Accepted: 11/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Kang BY, Hu C, Prayaga S, Khaidakov M, Sawamura T, Seung KB, Mehta JL. LOX-1 dependent overexpression of immunoglobulins in cardiomyocytes in response to angiotensin II. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 379:395-9. [PMID: 19126408 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.12.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2008] [Accepted: 12/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
LOX-1, a cell surface lectin-like receptor, is upregulated by oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) and angiotensin II (Ang II), and plays an important role in host defense. The specific C-type lectin domain on LOX-1 is essential for ox-LDL binding and internalization, generation of oxidant species and eliciting immune response. Here, we show that LOX-1 deletion alters genes that relate to immune response. Microarray (and qPCR) analysis of cardiac tissues showed downregulated expression of several immunoglobulins (Igk-V8, Igk-C, Igh-6, Igj, Ighg, Igh, and Igl-V1) in the LOX-1 knockout (KO) mice [p<0.05 vs. the wild-type (WT) mice]. The expression of these immunoglobulins was upregulated several-fold in the LOX-1 KO mice hearts when these mice were infused with Ang II (p<0.05, vs. WT mice). Importantly, cultured mouse HL-1 cardiomyocytes expressed these immunoglobulins, and pretreatment of cardiomyocytes with a specific anti-LOX-1 antibody enhanced the generation of immunoglobulins upon subsequent exposure to Ang II. These observations mirrored the data obtained from WT and LOX-1 KO mice hearts in the resting state and following Ang II infusion. This study provides first set of data on immunoglobulin expression in cardiac tissues of WT and LOX-1 KO mice and in cultured HL-1 cardiomyocytes, and demonstrates that LOX-1 inactivation leads to upregulation of immunoglobulins in cardiomyocytes upon challenge with Ang II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bum-Yong Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, 4301 West Markham St., Slot 532, Little Rock, AR 72205-7199, USA
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