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Shoji Y, Terashima Y, Ohkubo K, Ito H, Maruyama K, Fukuzumi S, Nakanishi I. Scandium Ion-Promoted Electron-Transfer Disproportionation of 2-Phenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl 3-Oxide (PTIO •) in Acetonitrile and Its Regeneration Induced by Water. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4417. [PMID: 38674002 PMCID: PMC11050215 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
2-Phenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl 3-oxide (PTIO•), a persistent nitronyl nitroxide radical, has been used for the detection and trapping of nitric oxide, as a redox mediator for batteries, for the activity estimation of antioxidants, and so on. However, there is no report on the reactivity of PTIO• in the presence of redox-inactive metal ions. In this study, it is demonstrated that the addition of scandium triflate, Sc(OTf)3 (OTf = OSO2CF3), to an acetonitrile (MeCN) solution of PTIO• resulted in an electron-transfer disproportionation to generate the corresponding cation (PTIO+) and anion (PTIO-), the latter of which is suggested to be stabilized by Sc3+ to form [(PTIO)Sc]2+. The decay of the absorption band at 361 nm due to PTIO•, monitored using a stopped-flow technique, obeyed second-order kinetics. The second-order rate constant for the disproportionation, thus determined, increased with increasing the Sc(OTf)3 concentration to reach a constant value. A drastic change in the cyclic voltammogram recorded for PTIO• in deaerated MeCN containing 0.10 M Bu4NClO4 was also observed upon addition of Sc(OTf)3, suggesting that the large positive shift of the one-electron reduction potential of PTIO• (equivalent to the one-electron oxidation potential of PTIO-) in the presence of Sc(OTf)3 may result in the disproportionation. When H2O was added to the PTIO•-Sc(OTf)3 system in deaerated MeCN, PTIO• was completely regenerated. It is suggested that the complex formation of Sc3+ with H2O may weaken the interaction between PTIO- and Sc3+, leading to electron-transfer comproportionation to regenerate PTIO•. The reversible disproportionation of PTIO• was also confirmed by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy.
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Grants
- JP18K06620 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
- JP20H02779 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
- JP20H04819 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
- JP18H04650 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
- JP17H03010 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
- JP16H02268 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
- JP23K04686 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimi Shoji
- Quantum RedOx Chemistry Team, Institute for Quantum Life Science (iQLS), Quantum Life and Medical Science Directorate (QLMS), National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology (QST), Chiba-shi 263-8555, Chiba, Japan; (Y.S.); (H.I.)
| | - Yuri Terashima
- Environmental Radiation Effects Research Group, Department of Radiation Measurement and Dose Assessment, Institute for Radiological Science (NIRS), Quantum Life and Medical Science Directorate (QLMS), National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology (QST), Chiba-shi 263-8555, Chiba, Japan; (Y.T.); (K.M.)
| | - Kei Ohkubo
- Institute for Advanced Co-Creation Studies, Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan;
| | - Hiromu Ito
- Quantum RedOx Chemistry Team, Institute for Quantum Life Science (iQLS), Quantum Life and Medical Science Directorate (QLMS), National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology (QST), Chiba-shi 263-8555, Chiba, Japan; (Y.S.); (H.I.)
| | - Kouichi Maruyama
- Environmental Radiation Effects Research Group, Department of Radiation Measurement and Dose Assessment, Institute for Radiological Science (NIRS), Quantum Life and Medical Science Directorate (QLMS), National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology (QST), Chiba-shi 263-8555, Chiba, Japan; (Y.T.); (K.M.)
| | - Shunichi Fukuzumi
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea;
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8571, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Ikuo Nakanishi
- Quantum RedOx Chemistry Team, Institute for Quantum Life Science (iQLS), Quantum Life and Medical Science Directorate (QLMS), National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology (QST), Chiba-shi 263-8555, Chiba, Japan; (Y.S.); (H.I.)
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Matsumoto KI, Nakanishi I, Zhelev Z, Bakalova R, Aoki I. Nitroxyl Radical as a Theranostic Contrast Agent in Magnetic Resonance Redox Imaging. Antioxid Redox Signal 2022; 36:95-121. [PMID: 34148403 PMCID: PMC8792502 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2021.0110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Significance:In vivo assessment of paramagnetic and diamagnetic conversions of nitroxyl radicals based on cyclic redox mechanism can be an index of tissue redox status. The redox mechanism of nitroxyl radicals, which enables their use as a normal tissue-selective radioprotector, is seen as being attractive on planning radiation therapy. Recent Advances:In vivo redox imaging using nitroxyl radicals as redox-sensitive contrast agents has been developed to assess tissue redox status. Chemical and biological behaviors depending on chemical structures of nitroxyl radical compounds have been understood in detail. Polymer types of nitroxyl radical contrast agents and/or nitroxyl radical-labeled drugs were designed for approaching theranostics. Critical Issues: Nitroxyl radicals as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents have several advantages compared with those used in electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) imaging, while support by EPR spectroscopy is important to understand information from MRI. Redox-sensitive paramagnetic contrast agents having a medicinal benefit, that is, nitroxyl-labeled drug, have been developed and proposed. Future Directions: A development of suitable nitroxyl contrast agent for translational theranostic applications with high reaction specificity and low normal tissue toxicity is under progress. Nitroxyl radicals as redox-sensitive magnetic resonance contrast agents can be a useful tool to detect an abnormal tissue redox status such as disordered oxidative stress. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 36, 95-121.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-Ichiro Matsumoto
- Quantitative RedOx Sensing Group, Department of Radiation Regulatory Science Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Quantum Life and Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba-shi, Japan
| | - Ikuo Nakanishi
- Quantum RedOx Chemistry Group, Institute for Quantum Life Science, Quantum Life and Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba-shi, Japan
| | - Zhivko Zhelev
- Medical Faculty, Trakia University, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria.,Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Rumiana Bakalova
- Functional and Molecular Imaging Goup, Department of Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, Quantum Life and Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba-shi, Japan
| | - Ichio Aoki
- Functional and Molecular Imaging Goup, Department of Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, Quantum Life and Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba-shi, Japan
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Mathew AT, Akshaya KB, Vinod TP, Varghese A, George L. TEMPO‐Mediated Aqueous Phase Electrooxidation of Pyridyl Methanol at Palladium‐Decorated PANI on Carbon Fiber Paper Electrode. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201904432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Agnus T. Mathew
- Department of ChemistryCHRIST (Deemed to be University) Hosur Road Bengaluru 560029 India
| | - K. B. Akshaya
- Department of ChemistryCHRIST (Deemed to be University) Hosur Road Bengaluru 560029 India
| | - T. P. Vinod
- Department of ChemistryCHRIST (Deemed to be University) Hosur Road Bengaluru 560029 India
| | - Anitha Varghese
- Department of ChemistryCHRIST (Deemed to be University) Hosur Road Bengaluru 560029 India
| | - Louis George
- Department of ChemistryCHRIST (Deemed to be University) Hosur Road Bengaluru 560029 India
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Platinum decorated polythiophene modified stainless steel for electrocatalytic oxidation of benzyl alcohol. J APPL ELECTROCHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10800-019-01336-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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"Redox Imaging" to Distinguish Cells with Different Proliferative Indexes: Superoxide, Hydroperoxides, and Their Ratio as Potential Biomarkers. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:6373685. [PMID: 31089411 PMCID: PMC6476105 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6373685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The present study was directed to the development of EPR methodology for distinguishing cells with different proliferative activities, using “redox imaging.” Three nitroxide radicals were used as redox sensors: (a) mito-TEMPO—cell-penetrating and localized mainly in the mitochondria; (b) methoxy-TEMPO—cell-penetrating and randomly distributed between the cytoplasm and the intracellular organelles; and (c) carboxy-PROXYL—nonpenetrating in living cells and evenly distributed in the extracellular environment. The experiments were conducted on eleven cell lines with different proliferative activities and oxidative capacities, confirmed by conventional analytical tests. The data suggest that cancer cells and noncancer cells are characterized by a completely different redox status. This can be analyzed by EPR spectroscopy using mito-TEMPO and methoxy-TEMPO, but not carboxy-PROXYL. The correlation analysis shows that the EPR signal intensity of mito-TEMPO in cell suspensions is closely related to the superoxide level. The described methodology allows the detection of overproduction of superoxide in living cells and their identification based on the intracellular redox status. The experimental data provide evidences about the role of superoxide and hydroperoxides in cell proliferation and malignancy.
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Mason RP, Ganini D. Immuno-spin trapping of macromolecules free radicals in vitro and in vivo - One stop shopping for free radical detection. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 131:318-331. [PMID: 30552998 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2018] [Revised: 11/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The only general technique that allows the unambiguous detection of free radicals is electron spin resonance (ESR). However, ESR spin trapping has severe limitations especially in biological systems. The greatest limitation of ESR is poor sensitivity relative to the low steady-state concentration of free radical adducts, which in cells and in vivo is much lower than the best sensitivity of ESR. Limitations of ESR have led to an almost desperate search for alternatives to investigate free radicals in biological systems. Here we explore the use of the immuno-spin trapping technique, which combine the specificity of the spin trapping to the high sensitivity and universal use of immunological techniques. All of the immunological techniques based on antibody binding have become available for free radical detection in a wide variety of biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald P Mason
- Inflammation, Immunity and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
| | - Douglas Ganini
- Inflammation, Immunity and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
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Scheinok S, Leveque P, Sonveaux P, Driesschaert B, Gallez B. Comparison of different methods for measuring the superoxide radical by EPR spectroscopy in buffer, cell lysates and cells. Free Radic Res 2018; 52:1182-1196. [PMID: 30362382 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2018.1541321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
As superoxide anion is of keen interest in biomedical research, it is highly desirable to have a technique allowing its detection sensitively and specifically in biological media. If electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) techniques and probes have been individually described in the literature, there is actually no comparison of these techniques in the same conditions that may help guiding researchers for selecting the most appropriate approach. The aim of the present study was to compare different EPR strategies in terms of sensitivity and specificity to detect superoxide (vs. hydroxyl radical). Three main classes of EPR probes were used, including paramagnetic superoxide scavengers (such as nitroxides TEMPOL and mitoTEMPO as well as trityl CT-03), a spin trap (DIPPMPO), and diamagnetic superoxide scavengers (such as cyclic hydroxylamines CMH and mitoTEMPO-H). We analysed the reactivity of the different probes in the presence of a constant production of superoxide or hydroxyl radical in buffers and in cell lysates. We also assessed the performances of the different probes to detect superoxide produced by RAW264.7 macrophages stimulated by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate. In our conditions and models, we found that nitroxides were not specific for superoxide. CT-03 was specific, but the sensitivity of detection was low. Comparatively, we found that nitrone DIPPMPO and cyclic hydroxylamine CMH were good candidates to sensitively and specifically detect superoxide in complex biological media, CMH offering the best sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Scheinok
- a Biomedical Magnetic Resonance , Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute (LDRI) , Brussels , Belgium
| | - Philippe Leveque
- a Biomedical Magnetic Resonance , Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute (LDRI) , Brussels , Belgium
| | - Pierre Sonveaux
- b Institut de Recherches Expérimentales et Cliniques (IREC) Pole of Pharmacology and Therapeutics , Université Catholique de Louvain , Brussels , Belgium
| | - Benoit Driesschaert
- c Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences School of Pharmacy & In Vivo Multifunctional Magnetic Resonance Center , West Virginia University , Morgantown , WV , USA
| | - Bernard Gallez
- a Biomedical Magnetic Resonance , Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute (LDRI) , Brussels , Belgium
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Dikalov SI, Polienko YF, Kirilyuk I. Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Measurements of Reactive Oxygen Species by Cyclic Hydroxylamine Spin Probes. Antioxid Redox Signal 2018; 28:1433-1443. [PMID: 29037084 PMCID: PMC5910043 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Oxidative stress contributes to numerous pathophysiological conditions such as development of cancer, neurodegenerative, and cardiovascular diseases. A variety of measurements of oxidative stress markers in biological systems have been developed; however, many of these methods are not specific, can produce artifacts, and do not directly detect the free radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS) that cause oxidative stress. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) is a unique tool that allows direct measurements of free radical species. Cyclic hydroxylamines are useful and convenient molecular probes that readily react with ROS to produce stable nitroxide radicals, which can be quantitatively measured by EPR. In this work, we critically review recent applications of various cyclic hydroxylamine spin probes in biology to study oxidative stress, their advantages, and the shortcomings. Recent Advances: In the past decade, a number of new cyclic hydroxylamine spin probes have been developed and their successful application for ROS measurement using EPR has been published. These new state-of-the-art methods provide improved selectivity and sensitivity for in vitro and in vivo studies. CRITICAL ISSUES Although cyclic hydroxylamine spin probes EPR application has been previously described, there has been lack of translation of these new methods into biomedical research, limiting their widespread use. This work summarizes "best practice" in applications of cyclic hydroxylamine spin probes to assist with EPR studies of oxidative stress. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Additional studies to advance hydroxylamine spin probes from the "basic science" to biomedical applications are needed and could lead to better understanding of pathological conditions associated with oxidative stress. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 28, 1433-1443.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey I Dikalov
- 1 Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Yuliya F Polienko
- 2 Laboratory of Nitrogen Compounds, Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry , Novosibirsk, Russia .,3 Department of Organic Chemistry, Novosibirsk State University , Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Igor Kirilyuk
- 2 Laboratory of Nitrogen Compounds, Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry , Novosibirsk, Russia .,3 Department of Organic Chemistry, Novosibirsk State University , Novosibirsk, Russia
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R(+)-Thioctic Acid Effects on Oxidative Stress and Peripheral Neuropathy in Type II Diabetic Patients: Preliminary Results by Electron Paramagnetic Resonance and Electroneurography. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:1767265. [PMID: 29849866 PMCID: PMC5914101 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1767265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Diabetic neuropathy is the most common complication of diabetes. The idea of alterations in energy metabolism in diabetes is emerging. The biogenic antioxidant R(+)-thioctic acid has been successfully used in the treatment of diabetic polyneuropathic (DPN) patients. Methods The effects of R(+)-thioctic acid (1 tablet, 1.6 g) administration were evaluated in 12 DPN patients at baseline and at 15, 30, 60, and 120 administration days throughout the assessment of oxidative stress (OxS); ROS production rate by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) technique; and oxidative damage biomarkers (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and protein carbonyls (PC)), electroneurography (ENG) and visual analogue scale. Results Supplementation induced significant changes (p < 0.05) at 30 and 60 days. ROS production rate up to -16%; TBARS (-31%), PC (-38%), and TAC up to +48%. Motor nerve conduction velocity in SPE and ulnar nerves (+22% and +16%) and sensor conduction velocity in sural and median nerves (+22% and +5%). Patients reported a general wellness sensation improvement (+35%) at 30 days: lower limb pain sensation (-40%) and upper limbs (-23%). Conclusion The results strongly indicate that an increased antioxidant capacity plays an important role in OxS, nerve conduction velocity, pain, and general wellness improvement. Nevertheless, the effects of the antioxidant compound were found positive up to 60 days. Then, a hormesis effect was observed. Novelty of the research would be a challenge for investigators to carefully address issues, including dose range factors, appropriate administration time, and targeting population to counteract possible "boomerang effects." The great number of monitored parameters would firmly stress these conclusions.
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Gomes BRB, Firmino M, Jorge JS, Ferreira MLO, Rodovalho TM, Weis SN, Souza GEP, Morais PC, Sousa MV, Souza PEN, Veiga-Souza FH. Increase of reactive oxygen species in different tissues during lipopolysaccharide-induced fever and antipyresis: an electron paramagnetic resonance study. Free Radic Res 2018; 52:351-361. [PMID: 29308684 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2018.1425549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Fever is a regulated increase in body temperature and a component of the acute-phase response, triggered mainly after the invasion of pathogens in the body. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated during the physiological and pathological processes, and can act as both signalling molecules as well as promoters of oxidative stress. Male Wistar rats, pretreated with oral doses of acetaminophen, celecoxib, dipyrone, or ibuprofen 30 min before an intravenous lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or sterile saline injection, showed a reduced febrile response in all animals tested. The formation of ROS in the fresh blood, liver, brown adipose tissue (BAT), and hypothalamus of febrile and antipyretic-treated animals was assessed by electron paramagnetic resonance using the spin probe 1-hydroxy-3-methoxycarbonyl-2,2,5,5-tetramethylpyrrolidine (CMH). While the CM• concentrations remained unaltered in the blood samples examined 5 h after the induction of fever, we found increased CM• levels in the liver (in µM, saline: 290 ± 42; LPS: 512 ± 34), BAT (in µM, saline: 509 ± 79, LPS: 855 ± 79), and hypothalamus (in µM, saline: 292 ± 35; LPS: 467 ± 8) at the same time point. Importantly, none of the antipyretics were seen to alter the CM• accumulation profile. Data from this study suggest that there is an increased formation of ROS in the different tissues during fever, which may cause oxidative stress, and that the antipyretics tested do not interfere with ROS production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna R B Gomes
- a Department of Cell Biology, Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Biochemistry , Institute of Biology, University of Brasilia , Brasília , Brazil
| | - Marina Firmino
- a Department of Cell Biology, Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Biochemistry , Institute of Biology, University of Brasilia , Brasília , Brazil
| | - Jardeson S Jorge
- b School of Ceilandia , University of Brasilia , Brasília , Brazil
| | | | | | - Simone N Weis
- a Department of Cell Biology, Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Biochemistry , Institute of Biology, University of Brasilia , Brasília , Brazil
| | - Gloria E P Souza
- c Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto , University of São Paulo , Ribeirão Preto , Brazil
| | - Paulo C Morais
- d School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Anhui University , Hefei , China.,e Laboratory of Electron Paramagnetic Resonance , Institute of Physics, University of Brasilia , Brasília , Brazil
| | - Marcelo V Sousa
- a Department of Cell Biology, Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Biochemistry , Institute of Biology, University of Brasilia , Brasília , Brazil
| | - Paulo E N Souza
- e Laboratory of Electron Paramagnetic Resonance , Institute of Physics, University of Brasilia , Brasília , Brazil
| | - Fabiane H Veiga-Souza
- a Department of Cell Biology, Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Biochemistry , Institute of Biology, University of Brasilia , Brasília , Brazil.,b School of Ceilandia , University of Brasilia , Brasília , Brazil
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Darvishi-Khezri H, Salehifar E, Kosaryan M, Karami H, Alipour A, Shaki F, Aliasgharian A. The impact of silymarin on antioxidant and oxidative status in patients with β-thalassemia major: A crossover, randomized controlled trial. Complement Ther Med 2017; 35:25-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ctim.2017.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 08/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
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Xu Y, Qian S. Techniques for Detecting Reactive Oxygen Species in Pulmonary Vasculature Redox Signaling. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 967:361-372. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-63245-2_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Panth N, Paudel KR, Parajuli K. Reactive Oxygen Species: A Key Hallmark of Cardiovascular Disease. Adv Med 2016; 2016:9152732. [PMID: 27774507 PMCID: PMC5059509 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9152732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) have been the prime cause of mortality worldwide for decades. However, the underlying mechanism of their pathogenesis is not fully clear yet. It has been already established that reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a vital role in the progression of CVDs. ROS are chemically unstable reactive free radicals containing oxygen, normally produced by xanthine oxidase, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase, lipoxygenases, or mitochondria or due to the uncoupling of nitric oxide synthase in vascular cells. When the equilibrium between production of free radicals and antioxidant capacity of human physiology gets altered due to several pathophysiological conditions, oxidative stress is induced, which in turn leads to tissue injury. This review focuses on pathways behind the production of ROS, its involvement in various intracellular signaling cascades leading to several cardiovascular disorders (endothelial dysfunction, ischemia-reperfusion, and atherosclerosis), methods for its detection, and therapeutic strategies for treatment of CVDs targeting the sources of ROS. The information generated by this review aims to provide updated insights into the understanding of the mechanisms behind cardiovascular complications mediated by ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Panth
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health and Allied Sciences, Pokhara University, Dhungepatan, Kaski 33701, Nepal
| | - Keshav Raj Paudel
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health and Allied Sciences, Pokhara University, Dhungepatan, Kaski 33701, Nepal
| | - Kalpana Parajuli
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health and Allied Sciences, Pokhara University, Dhungepatan, Kaski 33701, Nepal
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Sandeep K, Mukhopadhyay CS, Arora JS, Sethi RS. Indoxacarb interaction alters immunotoxic and genotoxic potential of endotoxin. JOURNAL OF PESTICIDE SCIENCE 2016; 41:65-70. [PMID: 30363127 PMCID: PMC6140663 DOI: 10.1584/jpestics.d16-012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Indoxacarb is commonly used to effectively control pests, cockroaches, termites, fleas, and houseflies. Although the toxicological profile of indoxacarb had already been well characterized, we examined the possible toxicological interaction with indoxacarb and endotoxin. Male Swiss albino mice aged 8-10 weeks were orally administered indoxacarb dissolved in groundnut oil at 4 mg/kg/day and 2 mg/kg/day for 90 days. On day 91, five animals from each group were challenged with lipopolysaccharides (LPS) at 80 µg/mouse, administered intranasally. Indoxacarb at 4 mg/kg significantly decreased Total leukocyte count, lymphocytopenia, and neutrophilia. Both doses of indoxacarb combined with LPS resulted in significant lymphocytopenia. Indoxacarb did not produce DNA damage in comet assay, but when combined with LPS, it resulted in a significant increase in tail length, tail moment, and olive moment. The data indicate that indoxacarb at 4 mg/kg administered orally for 90 days induced immune-response change. Further, both doses of indoxacarb, when combined with LPS, accelerate immunotoxicity and endotoxin-induced DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaur Sandeep
- Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | | | - Jaspreet S. Arora
- Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Ram S. Sethi
- Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
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Mrakic-Sposta S, Gussoni M, Moretti S, Pratali L, Giardini G, Tacchini P, Dellanoce C, Tonacci A, Mastorci F, Borghini A, Montorsi M, Vezzoli A. Effects of Mountain Ultra-Marathon Running on ROS Production and Oxidative Damage by Micro-Invasive Analytic Techniques. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141780. [PMID: 26540518 PMCID: PMC4634988 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Aiming to gain a detailed insight into the physiological mechanisms involved under extreme conditions, a group of experienced ultra-marathon runners, performing the mountain Tor des Géants® ultra-marathon: 330 km trail-run in Valle d'Aosta, 24000 m of positive and negative elevation changes, was monitored. ROS production rate, antioxidant capacity, oxidative damage and inflammation markers were assessed, adopting micro-invasive analytic techniques. METHODS Forty-six male athletes (45.04±8.75 yr, 72.6±8.4 kg, 1.76±0.05 m) were tested. Capillary blood and urine were collected before (Pre-), in the middle (Middle-) and immediately after (Post-) Race. Samples were analyzed for: Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) production by Electron Paramagnetic Resonance; Antioxidant Capacity by Electrochemistry; oxidative damage (8-hydroxy-2-deoxy Guanosine: 8-OH-dG; 8-isoprostane: 8-isoPGF2α) and nitric oxide metabolites by enzymatic assays; inflammatory biomarkers (plasma and urine interleukin-6: IL-6-P and IL-6-U) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA); Creatinine and Neopterin by HPLC, hematologic (lactate, glucose and hematocrit) and urine parameters by standard analyses. RESULTS Twenty-five athletes finished the race, while twenty-one dropped out of it. A significant increase (Post-Race vs Pre) of the ROS production rate (2.20±0.27 vs 1.65±0.22 μmol.min-1), oxidative damage biomarkers (8-OH-dG: 6.32±2.38 vs 4.16±1.25 ng.mg-1 Creatinine and 8-isoPGF2α: 1404.0±518.30 vs 822.51±448.91 pg.mg-1Creatinine), inflammatory state (IL-6-P: 66.42±36.92 vs 1.29±0.54 pg.mL-1 and IL-6-U: 1.33±0.56 vs 0.71±0.17 pg.mL1) and lactate production (+190%), associated with a decrease of both antioxidant capacity (-7%) and renal function (i.e. Creatinine level +76%) was found. CONCLUSIONS The used micro-invasive analytic methods allowed us to perform most of them before, during and immediately after the race directly in the field, by passing the need of storing and transporting samples for further analysis. Considered altogether the investigated variables showed up that exhaustive and prolonged exercise not only promotes the generation of ROS but also induces oxidative stress, transient renal impairment and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Mrakic-Sposta
- Institute of Bioimaging and Molecular Physiology, National Council of Research (CNR), Segrate (Milan), Italy
| | - Maristella Gussoni
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation−Physiology Section, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Sarah Moretti
- Institute of Bioimaging and Molecular Physiology, National Council of Research (CNR), Segrate (Milan), Italy
| | - Lorenza Pratali
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Council of Research (CNR), Pisa, Italy
| | - Guido Giardini
- Neurology and Neurophysiology Department. Mountain Medicine Center Valle d’Aosta Regional Hospital Umberto Parini, Aosta, Italy
| | | | - Cinzia Dellanoce
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Council of Research (CNR), Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessandro Tonacci
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Council of Research (CNR), Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesca Mastorci
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Council of Research (CNR), Pisa, Italy
| | - Andrea Borghini
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Council of Research (CNR), Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Alessandra Vezzoli
- Institute of Bioimaging and Molecular Physiology, National Council of Research (CNR), Segrate (Milan), Italy
- * E-mail:
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Liu J, Pan T, You X, Xu Y, Liang J, Limpanont Y, Sun X, Okanurak K, Zheng H, Wu Z, Lv Z. SjCa8, a calcium-binding protein from Schistosoma japonicum, inhibits cell migration and suppresses nitric oxide release of RAW264.7 macrophages. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:513. [PMID: 26445908 PMCID: PMC4597762 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-1119-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Schistosomiasis is considered second only to malaria as the most devastating parasitic disease in tropical countries. Schistosome cercariae invade the host by penetrating the skin and migrate though the lungs and portal circulation to their final destination in the hepatic portal system and eventually the mesenteric veins. Previous studies have shown that the cytotoxic pathways that target schistosomulum in the lung-stage involve nitric oxide (NO) produced by macrophages. By contrast, skin-stage schistosomulas can evade clearance, indicating that they might be freed from macrophage NO-mediated cytotoxicity to achieve immune evasion; however, the critical molecules and mechanisms involved remain unknown. Methods Recombinant SjCa8 (rSjCa8), an 8-kDa calcium-binding protein that is stage-specifically expressed in cercaria and early skin-stage schistosomulas of Schistosoma japonicum, was incubated with mouse RAW264.7 macrophages. Effects on macrophage proliferation were determined using Cell Counting Kit-8. Next, transwell assay was carried out to further investigate the role of rSjCa8 in macrophage migration. The effects of rSjCa8 on macrophage apoptosis were evaluated using confocal microscopy and flow cytometry. Additional impacts of rSjCa8 on NO release by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophages as well as the underlying mechanisms were explored using fluorescent probe, nitric oxide signaling pathway microarray, quantitative real-time PCR, mutagenesis, and neutralizing antibody approaches. Results rSjCa8 exhibited a striking inhibitory effect on macrophage migration, but did not markedly increase cell proliferation or apoptosis. Additionally, rSjCa8 potently inhibited NO release by LPS-stimulated macrophages in a dose- and time-dependent manner, and the inhibitory mechanism was closely associated with intracellular Ca2+ levels, the up-regulation of catalase expression, and the down-regulation of the expression of 47 genes, including Myc, Gadd45a, Txnip, Fas, Sod2, Nos2, and Hmgb1. Vaccination with rSjCa8 increased NO concentration in the challenging skin area of infected mice and reduced the number of migrated schistosomula after skin penetration by cercariae. Conclusions Our findings indicate that SjCa8 might be a novel molecule that plays a critical role in immune evasion by S. japonicum cercaria during the process of skin penetration. The inhibitory impacts of rSjCa8 on macrophage migration and [Ca2+]i-dependent NO release suggest it might represent a novel vaccine candidate and chemotherapeutic target for the prevention and treatment of schistosomiasis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-015-1119-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Liu
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 2nd Zhongshan Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China. .,Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
| | - Tong Pan
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 2nd Zhongshan Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China. .,Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
| | - Xu You
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 2nd Zhongshan Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China. .,Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
| | - Yiyue Xu
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 2nd Zhongshan Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China. .,Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
| | - Jinyi Liang
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 2nd Zhongshan Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China. .,Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
| | - Yanin Limpanont
- Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
| | - Xi Sun
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 2nd Zhongshan Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China. .,Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
| | - Kamolnetr Okanurak
- Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
| | - Huanqin Zheng
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 2nd Zhongshan Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China. .,Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
| | - Zhongdao Wu
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 2nd Zhongshan Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China. .,Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
| | - Zhiyue Lv
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 2nd Zhongshan Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China. .,Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
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Liu S, Ngo DTM, Stewart S, Horowitz JD, Chirkov YY. B-Type natriuretic peptide suppression of neutrophil superoxide generation: mechanistic studies in normal subjects. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2015; 41:739-43. [PMID: 25115801 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Revised: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Many acute cardiovascular disease states are associated with neutrophil infiltration of myocardium and subsequent release of superoxide (O2 (-) ) and myeloperoxidase (MPO), which contribute to inflammatory reactions. B-Type natriuretic peptide (BNP) is known to exert anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic effects, but it is not known whether these may include interactions with neutrophils. In neutrophils isolated from 20 healthy subjects, we assessed the effect of BNP on the 'neutrophil burst' (O2 (-) production and MPO release) stimulated by phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) and N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP), respectively. Effects of BNP on cGMP accumulation, and the effects of the cell-permeable cGMP analogue 8-(4-chlorophenylthio) guanosine-cGMP (8-p-CPT-cGMP) and protein kinase G (PKG) inhibition with KT5823 on the neutrophil-BNP interaction were also evaluated. B-Type natriuretic peptide suppressed O2 (-) release from neutrophils by 23 ± 6% (P < 0.001) and 24 ± 8% (P < 0.05) following PMA and fMLP stimulation, respectively. Although BNP did not significantly increase cGMP formation, 8-p-CPT-cGMP suppressed both PMA- and fMLP-induced neutrophil O2 (-) release by 16% and 28%, respectively (P < 0.05). The PKG inhibitor KT5823 attenuated the effects of BNP on both fMLP- and PMA-associated O2 (-) production. Neither BNP nor 8-p-CPT-cGMP significantly affected MPO release from neutrophils. Suppression of O2 (-) release from neutrophils by BNP may contribute to its anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saifei Liu
- Cardiology Unit, Basil Hetzel Institute, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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Idelman G, Smith DLH, Zucker SD. Bilirubin inhibits the up-regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase by scavenging reactive oxygen species generated by the toll-like receptor 4-dependent activation of NADPH oxidase. Redox Biol 2015; 5:398-408. [PMID: 26163808 PMCID: PMC4506991 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2015.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been previously shown that bilirubin prevents the up-regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in response to LPS. The present study examines whether this effect is exerted through modulation of Toll-Like Receptor-4 (TLR4) signaling. LPS-stimulated iNOS and NADPH oxidase (Nox) activity in RAW 264.7 murine macrophages was assessed by measuring cellular nitrate and superoxide ( [Formula: see text] ) production, respectively. The generation of both nitrate and [Formula: see text] in response to LPS was suppressed by TLR4 inhibitors, indicating that activation of iNOS and Nox is TLR4-dependent. While treatment with superoxide dismutase (SOD) and bilirubin effectively abolished LPS-mediated [Formula: see text] production, hydrogen peroxide and nitrate release were inhibited by bilirubin and PEG-catalase, but not SOD, supporting that iNOS activation is primarily dependent upon intracellular H2O2. LPS treatment increased nuclear translocation of the redox-sensitive transcription factor Hypoxia Inducible Factor-1α (HIF-1α), an effect that was abolished by bilirubin. Cells transfected with murine iNOS reporter constructs in which the HIF-1α-specific hypoxia response element was disrupted exhibited a blunted response to LPS, supporting that HIF-1α mediates Nox-dependent iNOS expression. Bilirubin, but not SOD, blocked the cellular production of interferon-β, while interleukin-6 production remained unaffected. These data support that bilirubin inhibits the TLR4-mediated up-regulation of iNOS by preventing activation of HIF-1α through scavenging of Nox-derived reactive oxygen species. Bilirubin also suppresses interferon-β release via a ROS-independent mechanism. These findings characterize potential mechanisms for the anti-inflammatory effects of bilirubin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gila Idelman
- Division of Digestive Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0595, USA
| | - Darcey L H Smith
- Division of Digestive Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0595, USA
| | - Stephen D Zucker
- Division of Digestive Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0595, USA.
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Superoxide microsensor integrated into a Sensing Cell Culture Flask microsystem using direct oxidation for cell culture application. Biosens Bioelectron 2015; 65:354-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2014.10.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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20
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Protective effect of mangiferin against lipopolysaccharide-induced depressive and anxiety-like behaviour in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 740:337-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Revised: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Gustafsson H, Hallbeck M, Lindgren M, Kolbun N, Jonson M, Engström M, de Muinck E, Zachrisson H. Visualization of oxidative stress in ex vivo biopsies using electron paramagnetic resonance imaging. Magn Reson Med 2014; 73:1682-91. [DOI: 10.1002/mrm.25267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Håkan Gustafsson
- Department of Medical Technology (MTÖ), Radiation Physics; Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University; Linköping Sweden
- Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization (CMIV); Linköping University; Sweden
| | - Martin Hallbeck
- Department of Clinical Pathology and Clinical Genetics, and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine; Linköping University; Linköping Sweden
| | - Mikael Lindgren
- Department of Physics; Norwegian University of Science and Technology; Trondheim Norway
- IFM-Department of Chemistry; Linköping University; Linköping Sweden
| | - Natallia Kolbun
- Department of Medical Technology (MTÖ), Radiation Physics; Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University; Linköping Sweden
- Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization (CMIV); Linköping University; Sweden
| | - Maria Jonson
- IFM-Department of Chemistry; Linköping University; Linköping Sweden
| | - Maria Engström
- Department of Medical Technology (MTÖ), Radiation Physics; Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University; Linköping Sweden
- Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization (CMIV); Linköping University; Sweden
| | - Ebo de Muinck
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medical and Health Sciences; Linköping University; Linköping Sweden
| | - Helene Zachrisson
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medical and Health Sciences; Linköping University; Linköping Sweden
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A high precision method for quantitative measurements of reactive oxygen species in frozen biopsies. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90964. [PMID: 24603936 PMCID: PMC3947958 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE An electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) technique using the spin probe cyclic hydroxylamine 1-hydroxy-3-methoxycarbonyl-2,2,5,5-tetramethylpyrrolidine (CMH) was introduced as a versatile method for high precision quantification of reactive oxygen species, including the superoxide radical in frozen biological samples such as cell suspensions, blood or biopsies. MATERIALS AND METHODS Loss of measurement precision and accuracy due to variations in sample size and shape were minimized by assembling the sample in a well-defined volume. Measurement was carried out at low temperature (150 K) using a nitrogen flow Dewar. The signal intensity was measured from the EPR 1st derivative amplitude, and related to a sample, 3-carboxy-proxyl (CP•) with known spin concentration. RESULTS The absolute spin concentration could be quantified with a precision and accuracy better than ±10 µM (k = 1). The spin concentration of samples stored at -80°C could be reproduced after 6 months of storage well within the same error estimate. CONCLUSION The absolute spin concentration in wet biological samples such as biopsies, water solutions and cell cultures could be quantified with higher precision and accuracy than normally achievable using common techniques such as flat cells, tissue cells and various capillary tubes. In addition; biological samples could be collected and stored for future incubation with spin probe, and also further stored up to at least six months before EPR analysis, without loss of signal intensity. This opens for the possibility to store and transport incubated biological samples with known accuracy of the spin concentration over time.
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Dikalov SI, Harrison DG. Methods for detection of mitochondrial and cellular reactive oxygen species. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 20:372-82. [PMID: 22978713 PMCID: PMC3887411 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.4886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 407] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Mitochondrial and cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) play important roles in both physiological and pathological processes. Different ROS, such as superoxide (O2(•-)), hydrogen peroxide, and peroxynitrite (ONOO(-)), stimulate distinct cell-signaling pathways and lead to diverse outcomes depending on their amount and subcellular localization. A variety of methods have been developed for ROS detection; however, many of these methods are not specific, do not allow subcellular localization, and can produce artifacts. In this review, we will critically analyze ROS detection and present advantages and the shortcomings of several available methods. RECENT ADVANCES In the past decade, a number of new fluorescent probes, electron-spin resonance approaches, and immunoassays have been developed. These new state-of-the-art methods provide improved selectivity and subcellular resolution for ROS detection. CRITICAL ISSUES Although new methods for HPLC superoxide detection, application of fluorescent boronate-containing probes, use of cell-targeted hydroxylamine spin probes, and immunospin trapping have been available for several years, there has been lack of translation of these into biomedical research, limiting their widespread use. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Additional studies to translate these new technologies from the test tube to physiological applications are needed and could lead to a wider application of these approaches to study mitochondrial and cellular ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey I Dikalov
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee
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Somasuntharam I, Boopathy AV, Khan RS, Martinez MD, Brown ME, Murthy N, Davis ME. Delivery of Nox2-NADPH oxidase siRNA with polyketal nanoparticles for improving cardiac function following myocardial infarction. Biomaterials 2013; 34:7790-8. [PMID: 23856052 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.06.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Myocardial infarction (MI) is the most common cause of heart failure (HF), the leading cause of death in the developed world. Oxidative stress due to excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) plays a key role in the pathogenesis of cardiac remodeling leading to HF. NADPH oxidase with Nox2 as the catalytic subunit is a major source for cardiac ROS production. Nox2-NADPH expression is significantly increased in the infarcted myocardium, primarily in neutrophils, macrophages and myocytes. Moreover, mice lacking the Nox2 gene are protected from ischemic injury, implicating Nox2 as a potential therapeutic target. RNAi-mediated gene silencing holds great promise as a therapeutic owing to its high specificity and potency. However, in vivo delivery hurdles have limited its effective clinical use. Here, we demonstrate acid-degradable polyketal particles as delivery vehicles for Nox2-siRNA to the post-MI heart. In vitro, Nox2-siRNA particles are effectively taken up by macrophages and significantly knockdown Nox2 expression and activity. Following in vivo intramyocardial injection in experimental mice models of MI, Nox2-siRNA particles prevent upregulation of Nox2 and significantly recovered cardiac function. This study highlights the potential of polyketals as siRNA delivery vehicles to the MI heart and represents a viable therapeutic approach for targeting oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inthirai Somasuntharam
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Potential implication of the chemical properties and bioactivity of nitrone spin traps for therapeutics. Future Med Chem 2012; 4:1171-207. [PMID: 22709256 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.12.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrone therapeutics has been employed in the treatment of oxidative stress-related diseases such as neurodegeneration, cardiovascular disease and cancer. The nitrone-based compound NXY-059, which is the first drug to reach clinical trials for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke, has provided promise for the development of more robust pharmacological agents. However, the specific mechanism of nitrone bioactivity remains unclear. In this review, we present a variety of nitrone chemistry and biological activity that could be implicated for the nitrone's pharmacological activity. The chemistries of spin trapping and spin adduct reveal insights on the possible roles of nitrones for altering cellular redox status through radical scavenging or nitric oxide donation, and their biological effects are presented. An interdisciplinary approach towards the development of novel synthetic antioxidants with improved pharmacological properties encompassing theoretical, synthetic, biochemical and in vitro/in vivo studies is covered.
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Mariappan N, Elks CM, Haque M, Francis J. Interaction of TNF with angiotensin II contributes to mitochondrial oxidative stress and cardiac damage in rats. PLoS One 2012; 7:e46568. [PMID: 23056347 PMCID: PMC3467241 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2012] [Accepted: 08/31/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF) and angiotensin II (ANGII) induce oxidative stress contribute to cardiovascular disease progression. Here, we examined whether an interaction between TNF and ANGII contributes to altered cardiac mitochondrial biogenesis and ATP production to cause cardiac damage in rats. Rats received intraperitoneal injections of TNF (30 µg/kg), TNF + losartan (LOS, 1 mg/kg), or vehicle for 5 days. Left ventricular (LV) function was measured using echocardiography. Rats were sacrificed and LV tissues removed for gene expression, electron paramagnetic resonance and mitochondrial assays. TNF administration significantly increased expression of the NADPH oxidase subunit, gp91phox, and the angiotensin type 1 receptor (AT-1R) and decreased eNOS in the LV of rats. Rats that received TNF only had increased production rates of superoxide, peroxynitrite and total reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the cytosol and increased production rates of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide in mitochondria. Decreased activities of mitochondrial complexes I, II, and III and mitochondrial genes were observed in rats given TNF. In addition, TNF administration also resulted in a decrease in fractional shortening and an increase in Tei index, suggesting diastolic dysfunction. TNF administration with concomitant LOS treatment attenuated mitochondrial damage, restored cardiac function, and decreased expression of AT1-R and NADPH oxidase subunits. Mitochondrial biogenesis and function is severely impaired by TNF as evidenced by downregulation of mitochondrial genes and increased free radical production, and may contribute to cardiac damage. These defects are independent of the downregulation of mitochondrial gene expression, suggesting novel mechanisms for mitochondrial dysfunction in rats given TNF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nithya Mariappan
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JF); (NM)
| | - Carrie M. Elks
- Nutritional Neuroscience and Aging Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Masudul Haque
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Joseph Francis
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JF); (NM)
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Ganini D, Canistro D, Jang J, Stadler K, Mason RP, Kadiiska MB. Ceruloplasmin (ferroxidase) oxidizes hydroxylamine probes: deceptive implications for free radical detection. Free Radic Biol Med 2012; 53:1514-21. [PMID: 22824865 PMCID: PMC3448871 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2012] [Revised: 06/22/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Ceruloplasmin (ferroxidase) is a copper-binding protein known to promote Fe(2+) oxidation in plasma of mammals. In addition to its classical ferroxidase activity, ceruloplasmin is known to catalyze the oxidation of various substrates, such as amines and catechols. Assays based on cyclic hydroxylamine oxidation are used to quantify and detect free radicals in biological samples ex vivo and in vitro. We show here that human ceruloplasmin promotes the oxidation of the cyclic hydroxylamine 1-hydroxy-3-carboxy-2,2,5,5-tetramethylpyrrolidine hydrochloride (CPH) and related probes in Chelex-treated phosphate buffer and rat serum. The reaction is suppressed by the metal chelators DTPA, EDTA, and desferal, whereas heparin and bathocuproine have no effect. Catalase or superoxide dismutase additions do not interfere with the CPH-oxidation yield, demonstrating that oxygen-derived free radicals are not involved in the CPH oxidation mediated by ceruloplasmin. Plasma samples immunodepleted of ceruloplasmin have lower levels of CPH oxidation, which confirms the role of ceruloplasmin (ferroxidase) as a biological oxidizing agent of cyclic hydroxylamines. In conclusion, we show that the ferroxidase activity of ceruloplasmin is a possible biological source of artifacts in the cyclic hydroxylamine-oxidation assay used for reactive oxygen species detection and quantification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Ganini
- Free Radical Metabolism Section, Laboratory of Toxicology and Pharmacology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Donatella Canistro
- Department of Pharmacology, Molecular Toxicology Unit, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - JinJie Jang
- Free Radical Metabolism Section, Laboratory of Toxicology and Pharmacology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Krisztian Stadler
- Oxidative Stress and Disease Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA
| | - Ronald P. Mason
- Free Radical Metabolism Section, Laboratory of Toxicology and Pharmacology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Maria B. Kadiiska
- Free Radical Metabolism Section, Laboratory of Toxicology and Pharmacology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
- Corresponding author: Maria B. Kadiiska, Free Radical Metabolism Section, Laboratory of Toxicology and Pharmacology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA. Telephone number: (919) 541-0201. Fax number: (919) 541-1043.
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Choi SJ, Choy JH. Layered double hydroxide nanoparticles as target-specific delivery carriers: uptake mechanism and toxicity. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2011; 6:803-14. [PMID: 21793673 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.11.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Layered double hydroxides (LDHs), also known as anionic nanoclays or hydrotalcite-like compounds, have attracted a great deal of interest for their potential as delivery carriers. In this article, we describe the cellular uptake behaviors and uptake pathway of LDHs in vitro and in vivo, which can not only explain the mechanism by which high efficacy of biomolecules delivered through LDH nanocarriers could be obtained, but also provide novel strategies to enhance their delivery efficiency. Toxicological effects of LDHs in cell lines and in animal models are also present, aiming at providing critical information about their toxicity potential, which should be carefully considered for their biomedical application. Understanding the uptake behaviors, uptake mechanism and toxicity of LDHs in terms of dose-response relationship, diverse physicochemical properties and interaction with different biological systems is important to optimize delivery efficiency as well as biocompatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Jin Choi
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Seoul Women's University, Seoul, Korea
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The role of microglial mtDNA damage in age-dependent prolonged LPS-induced sickness behavior. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 7:17-23. [PMID: 22032249 DOI: 10.1017/s1740925x1100010x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Microglia are the main cellular source of oxidation products and inflammatory molecules in the brain during aging. The accumulation of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) oxidative damage in microglia during aging results in the increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The increased intracellular ROS, in turn, activates a redox-sensitive nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) to provoke excessive neuroinflammation, resulting in memory deficits and the prolonged behavioral consequence of infection. Besides its role in regulating the gene copy number, mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) is closely associated with the stabilization of mtDNA structures. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induces the generation of ROS from the actively respirating mitochondria as well as NADPH oxidase, and leads to the subsequent activation of the NF-κB-dependent inflammatory pathway in aging microglia. The overexpression of human TFAM improves the age-dependent prolonged LPS-induced sickness behaviors by ameliorating the mtDNA damage and reducing the resultant redox-regulated inflammatory responses. Therefore, 'microglia-aging' plays important roles in the age-dependent enhanced behavioral consequences of infection.
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Khachatryan L, Vejerano E, Lomnicki S, Dellinger B. Environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs). 1. Generation of reactive oxygen species in aqueous solutions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2011; 45:8559-66. [PMID: 21823585 PMCID: PMC3230252 DOI: 10.1021/es201309c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) of 2-monochlorophenol, associated with CuO/silica particles, were detected using the chemical spin trap, 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide (DMPO), in conjunction with electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. Yields of hydroxyl radical ((•)OH), superoxide anion radical (O(2)(•-)), and hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) generated by EPFR-particle systems were reported. Failure to trap superoxide radicals in aqueous solvent, formed from reaction of EPFRs with molecular oxygen, results from fast transformation of the superoxide to hydrogen peroxide. However, formation of superoxide as an intermediate product in hydroxyl radical formation in aprotic solutions of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and acetonitrile (AcN) was observed. Experiments with superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) confirmed formation of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, respectively, in the presence of EPFRs. The large number of hydroxyl radicals formed per EPFR and monotonic increase of the DMPO-OH spin adduct concentration with incubation time suggest a catalytic cycle of ROS formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lavrent Khachatryan
- Department of Chemistry and LSU Superfund Research Center, Louisiana State University , Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
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31
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Shin YJ, Seo JM, Chung TY, Hyon JY, Wee WR. Effect of Cysteamine on Oxidative Stress-induced Cell Death of Human Corneal Endothelial Cells. Curr Eye Res 2011; 36:910-7. [DOI: 10.3109/02713683.2011.593726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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32
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Dikalov SI, Kirilyuk IA, Voinov M, Grigor’ev IA. EPR detection of cellular and mitochondrial superoxide using cyclic hydroxylamines. Free Radic Res 2011; 45:417-30. [PMID: 21128732 PMCID: PMC4210377 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2010.540242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Superoxide (O₂ⁱ⁻) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of many human diseases, but detection of the O(2)(•-) radicals in biological systems is limited due to inefficiency of O₂ⁱ⁻ spin trapping and lack of site-specific information. This work studied production of extracellular, intracellular and mitochondrial O₂ⁱ⁻ in neutrophils, cultured endothelial cells and isolated mitochondria using a new set of cationic, anionic and neutral hydroxylamine spin probes with various lipophilicity and cell permeability. Cyclic hydroxylamines rapidly react with O₂ⁱ⁻, producing stable nitroxides and allowing site-specific cO₂ⁱ⁻ detection in intracellular, extracellular and mitochondrial compartments. Negatively charged 1-hydroxy-4-phosphono-oxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine (PP-H) and positively charged 1-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl-trimethylammonium (CAT1-H) detected only extramitochondrial O₂ⁱ⁻. Inhibition of EPR signal by SOD2 over-expression showed that mitochondria targeted mitoTEMPO-H detected intramitochondrial O₂ⁱ⁻ both in isolated mitochondria and intact cells. Both 1-hydroxy-3-carboxy-2,2,5,5-tetramethylpyrrolidine (CP-H) and 1-hydroxy-3-methoxycarbonyl-2,2,5,5-tetramethylpyrrolidine (CM-H) detected an increase in cytoplasm O₂ⁱ⁻ stimulated by PMA, but only CM-H and mitoTEMPO-H showed an increase in rotenone-induced mitochondrial O₂ⁱ⁻. These data show that a new set of hydroxylamine spin probes provide unique information about site-specific production of the O₂ⁱ⁻ radical in extracellular or intracellular compartments, cytoplasm or mitochondria.
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Guggilam A, Cardinale JP, Mariappan N, Sriramula S, Haque M, Francis J. Central TNF inhibition results in attenuated neurohumoral excitation in heart failure: a role for superoxide and nitric oxide. Basic Res Cardiol 2011; 106:273-86. [PMID: 21246206 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-010-0146-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2010] [Revised: 11/20/2010] [Accepted: 12/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the effect of central tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF) blockade on the imbalance between nitric oxide and superoxide production in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and ventrolateral medulla (VLM), key autonomic regulators, and their contribution to enhanced sympathetic drive in mice with congestive heart failure (CHF). We also used a TNF gene knockout (KO) mouse model to study the involvement of TNF in body fluid homeostasis and sympathoexcitation in CHF. After implantation of intracerebroventricular (ICV) cannulae, myocardial infarction (MI) was induced in wild-type (WT) and KO mice by coronary artery ligation. Osmotic mini-pumps were implanted into one set of WT + MI/Sham mice for continuous ICV infusion of Etanercept (ETN), a TNF receptor fusion protein, or vehicle (VEH). Gene expressions of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and angiotensin receptor-type 2 were reduced, while those of inducible NOS, Nox2 homologs, superoxide, peroxynitrite and angiotensin receptor-type 1 were elevated in the brainstem and hypothalamus of MI + VEH. Plasma norepinephrine levels and the number of Fos-positive neurons were also increased in the PVN and VLM in MI + VEH. MI + ETN and KO + MI mice exhibited reduced oxidative stress, reduced sympathoexcitation and an improved cardiac function. These changes in WT + MI were associated with increased sodium and fluid retention. These results indicate that elevated TNF in these autonomic regulatory regions of the brain alter the production of superoxide and nitric oxide, contributing to fluid imbalance and sympathoexcitation in CHF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuradha Guggilam
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, 1909 Skip Bertman Drive, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
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Heiser P, Sommer O, Schmidt AJ, Clement HW, Hoinkes A, Hopt UT, Schulz E, Krieg JC, Dobschütz E. Effects of antipsychotics and vitamin C on the formation of reactive oxygen species. J Psychopharmacol 2010; 24:1499-504. [PMID: 19282419 DOI: 10.1177/0269881109102538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
There is evidence that reactive oxygen species (ROS) are involved in the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia. Indirect biochemical alterations of ROS formation have been shown for patients treated with antipsychotics as well as for untreated patients. Only one study measured directly the ROS formation after treatment with antipsychotics by using electron spin resonance spectroscopy. The aim of the present examination was to demonstrate the effects of haloperidol, clozapine and olanzapine in concentrations of 18, 90 and 180 μg/mL on the formation of ROS in the whole blood of rats by using electron spin resonance spectroscopy after incubation for 30 min. To test the protective capacity of vitamin C we incubated the highest concentration of each drug with vitamin C (1 mM). Under all treatment conditions, olanzapine led to a significantly higher formation of ROS compared with control conditions, whereas in the cases of haloperidol and clozapine the two higher concentrations induced a significantly enhanced formation of ROS. Vitamin C reduced the ROS production of all drugs tested and for haloperidol and clozapine the level of significance was reached. Our study demonstrated that antipsychotics induce the formation of ROS in the whole blood of rats, which can be reduced by the application of vitamin C.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Heiser
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany.
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35
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DietaryRRR-α-tocopherol succinate attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory cytokines secretion in broiler chicks. Br J Nutr 2010; 104:1796-805. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114510002801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The anti-inflammatory effects of two esters of α-tocopherol (α-TOH),all-rac-α-TOH acetate (dl-α-TOA) andRRR-α-TOH succinate (d-α-TOS), on broilers repeatedly challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were investigated. Three hundred and twenty 1-d-old broiler chicks were allotted into four treatment groups and fed on a control diet (30 mg/kgdl-α-TOA) or diets containing 10, 30, 50 mg/kgd-α-TOS. Half of the birds from each treatment group were challenged with 0·9 % NaCl solution or LPS (250 μg/kg body weight) at 16, 18 and 20 d of age. The results indicated that the pretreatment of birds with 50 mg/kgd-α-TOS markedly reduced serum PGE2secretion and increased the concentrations of serum or hepatic α-TOH. When LPS-challenged birds were pretreated with 30 or 50 mg/kgd-α-TOS, the increases of plasma and splenic concentrations of interferon-γ, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-4 and IL-10 were dramatically attenuated. Also, a significant decrease of hepatic reactive oxygen species (ROS) and hepatic or splenic phosphokinase C (PKC) activities was found in birds pretreated with 30 or 50 mg/kgd-α-TOS. Furthermore,d-α-TOS inhibited the activation of NF-κB by preventing the degradation of inhibitory-κBα. In conclusion, D-α-TOS is able to prevent LPS-induced inflammation responsein vivo.The beneficial effect may depend on suppressing the secretion of various plasma and splenic inflammatory mediators through inhibiting NF-κB activation and by blocking ROS signalling, in which PKC may play an assistant role.
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Panizzi P, Nahrendorf M, Wildgruber M, Waterman P, Figueiredo JL, Aikawa E, McCarthy J, Weissleder R, Hilderbrand SA. Oxazine conjugated nanoparticle detects in vivo hypochlorous acid and peroxynitrite generation. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 131:15739-44. [PMID: 19817443 DOI: 10.1021/ja903922u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The current lack of suitable probes has limited the in vivo imaging of reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (ROS/RNS). ROS/RNS are often generated by ischemia-induced inflammation; defining the extent of tissue involvement or ROS/RNS-related damage would have a significant clinical impact. We present the preparation and demonstration of a fluorogenic sensor for monitoring peroxynitrite (ONOO(-)) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) mediated hypochlorous acid (HOCl/OCl(-)) production. The sensor consists of a long circulating biocompatible nanoparticle that targets phagocytic cells in vivo and is coated with approximately 400 quenched oxazine fluorophores that are released by reaction with HOCl or ONOO(-) but are stable toward oxidants such as hydroxyl radical, hydrogen peroxide, and superoxide. MPO-dependent probe activation is chloride ion dependent and is negated in flow cytometry studies of MPO inhibitor treated neutrophils. Fluorescence reflectance imaging and microscopic fluorescence imaging in mouse hearts after myocardial infarction showed probe release into neutrophil-rich ischemic areas, making this ROS/RNS sensor a novel prognostic indicator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Panizzi
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Simches Research Building, 185 Cambridge St., Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
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Reis A, Domingues MRM, Amado FML, Manuel Oliveira M, Domingues P. Detection and characterization of cyclic hydroxylamine adducts by mass spectrometry. Free Radic Res 2009; 42:481-91. [DOI: 10.1080/10715760802112783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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38
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Mariappan N, Elks CM, Fink B, Francis J. TNF-induced mitochondrial damage: a link between mitochondrial complex I activity and left ventricular dysfunction. Free Radic Biol Med 2009; 46:462-70. [PMID: 19041937 PMCID: PMC2735225 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2008.10.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2008] [Revised: 10/20/2008] [Accepted: 10/22/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial damage is implicated in the progression of cardiac disease. Considerable evidence suggests that proinflammatory cytokines induce oxidative stress and contribute to cardiac dysfunction. This study was conducted to determine whether a TNF-induced increase in superoxide (O(2)(*)(-)) contributes to mitochondrial damage in the left ventricle (LV) by impairing respiratory complex I activity. We employed an electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) method to measure O(2)(*)(-) and oxygen consumption in mitochondrial respiratory complexes, using an oxygen label. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups: control, TNF treatment (ip), TNF+ apocynin (APO; 200 micromol/kg bw, orally), and TNF+ Tempol (Temp; 300 micromol/kg bw, orally). TNF was injected daily for 5 days. Rats were sacrificed, LV tissue was collected, and mitochondria were isolated for EPR studies. Total LV ROS production was significantly higher in TNF animals than in controls; APO or Temp treatment ameliorated TNF-induced LV ROS production. Total mitochondrial ROS production was significantly higher in the TNF and TNF+ APO groups than in the control and TNF+ Temp groups. These findings suggest that TNF alters the cellular redox state, reduces the expression of four complex I subunits by increasing mitochondrial O(2)(*)(-) production and depleting ATP synthesis, and decreases oxygen consumption, thereby resulting in mitochondrial damage and leading to LV dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nithya Mariappan
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Carrie M. Elks
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Bruno Fink
- Noxygen Science Transfer and Diagnostics GmbH, Lindenmatte 42, 79215 Elzach, Germany
| | - Joseph Francis
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
- Corresponding author. Fax: +1 225 578 9895. E-mail address: (J. Francis)
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Reis A, Domingues MRM, Oliveira MM, Domingues P. Identification of free radicals by spin trapping with DEPMPO and MCPIO using tandem mass spectrometry. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2009; 15:689-703. [PMID: 19940335 DOI: 10.1255/ejms.1026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluates the use of a pyrroline (DEPMPO) and an imidazole (MCPIO) spin trap for the detection of hydroxyl and biomolecule (a peptide and a phospholipid) free radical adducts by Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry (ESI-MS). The hydroxyl and biomolecule free radical adducts were detected using a QTOF and a linear ion trap (LIT) mass spectrometers. In the presence of hydroxyl radical, the mass spectrum obtained for each of the spin traps, DEPMPO and MCPIO, showed the presence of ions that could be attributed to hydroxyl and peroxyl radicals. Further characterisation by tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) revealed also the presence of hydroxy-hydroxyl adducts. Based on the results here described, we show that DEPMPO is a better spin trap for free radicals trapping and detection by mass spectrometry mainly because adducts show increased signal intensity. The ESI-MS spectra obtained for DEPMPO and MCPIO in the presence of biomolecule radicals (peptide and phospholipid) show molecular ions of DEPMPO and MCPIO adducts, which were characterised by tandem mass spectrometry. Both carbon centered radicals and oxygen centered radicals were efficiently trapped by the two spin traps and analysis of QTOF-MS/MS mass spectra allowed the location of the radical position in either the peptide or in the phospholipid fatty acyl chain. However, the tandem mass spectra of MCPIO adducts were more informative than DEPMPO adducts. The LIT-MS/MS spectra only shows typical peptide and phospholipid fragmentation, which difficult the structural characterisation of the spin adduct. In this study, the DEPMPO and MCPIO adducts were identified either in the nitrone or in the hydroxylamine form, which are ESR silent forms. The results described here show that both spin traps coupled with detection by mass spectrometry are valuable tools for trapping radicals of biomolecules. Furthermore, the acquired data provide valuable information on the presence of adducts (hydroxyl and biomolecule) that are Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) silent. This is especially important considering the complexity of the radical species in biological environment and the presence of reducing compounds that convert the spin adducts to silent ESR forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Reis
- Mass Spectrometry Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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Fan SH, Zhang ZF, Zheng YL, Lu J, Wu DM, Shan Q, Hu B, Wang YY. Troxerutin protects the mouse kidney from d-galactose-caused injury through anti-inflammation and anti-oxidation. Int Immunopharmacol 2008; 9:91-6. [PMID: 19000936 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2008.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2008] [Revised: 10/09/2008] [Accepted: 10/09/2008] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
This study was carried out to investigate the protective effect of troxerutin against D-galactose (D-gal)-induced renal injury in mice. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stained sections of kidneys revealed D-gal could cause renal injury and troxerutin could significantly attenuate the injury. We further investigated the mechanisms involved in the protective effects of troxerutin on mouse kidney. The following antioxidant defense enzymes were measured: cytosolic Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD-1), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). The content of the lipid peroxidation product malondialdehyde (MDA) was also analyzed. In D-gal-treated mice, antioxidant enzymes activities were significantly decreased and the level of MDA was significantly higher than those in the vehicle controls. Our results indicated that the protective effect of troxerutin against D-gal induced renal injury might be caused, at least in part, by increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes with a reduction in lipid peroxidation product. Furthermore, we also examined the inflammatory signal mediators of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and prostanoid receptor subtype EP2 by Western blot. After treatment with D-gal, the NF-kappaB p65, iNOS, COX-2 and EP2 were markedly upregulated. Upon co-treatment with the troxerutin, however, the expressions of the NF-kappaB p65, iNOS, COX-2 and EP2 markedly reduced, compared to D-gal treatment alone. These results indicated that troxerutin has significantly inhibitory effects on the NF-kappaB-mediated inflammatory response. These findings suggest troxerutin could attenuate renal injury induced by D-gal probably through its antioxidant and anti-inflammation properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Hua Fan
- Key Laboratory for Biotechnology on Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Science, Xuzhou Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, PR China
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41
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Neeff HP, von Dobschuetz E, Sommer O, Hopt UT, Drognitz O. In vivo quantification of oxygen-free radical release in experimental pancreas transplantation. Transpl Int 2008; 21:1081-9. [PMID: 18699844 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-2277.2008.00740.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) were drawn to the attention in the setting of organ transplantation when the 'injury hypothesis' postulated a link between oxidative stress and the activation of the innate immunity of the recipient. While the occurrence of ROS during organ transplantation is undoubted, their onset and magnitude remain largely unknown. We therefore measured ROS using a novel cyclic hydroxylamine spin probe CMH (1-hydroxy-3- methoxycarbonyl-2,2,5,5-tetramethylpyrrolidine) during syngeneic experimental pancreas transplantation in rats in vivo. Organs were subjected to two different cold preservation methods [University of Wisconsin preservation solution (UW) or normal saline] for 18 h. During the first 90 min of reperfusion, samples were collected and analysed using electron paramagnetic resonance signalling. Isolated blood-free perfused organs (IPO) were used for comparison. Analysis showed that it is feasible to detect ROS using CMH spin probes. While IPO organs displayed a very early ROS release, there was no ROS increase in the UW preserved group compared to NaCl. These findings were in line with conventional markers of organ damage such as serum lactate, glucose, potassium as well as tissue ATP levels. CMH spin probes might become a useful tool for the in vivo animal testing of antioxidative substances in models of solid organ transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannes P Neeff
- Department of General and Digestive Surgery, Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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42
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Zeng J, Du S, Zhou J, Huang K. Role of SelS in lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory response in hepatoma HepG2 cells. Arch Biochem Biophys 2008; 478:1-6. [PMID: 18675776 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2008.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2008] [Revised: 07/15/2008] [Accepted: 07/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the role of SelS in bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced inflammatory response, some parameters in LPS-stimulated HepG2 cells were comparatively studied fore-and-aft SelS silence. LPS induced the decreases of cytoplasmic glutathione peroxidase (GPx-1) mRNA expression and activity, and the increases of reactive oxygen species (ROS) level, intracellular and extracellular nitric oxide (NO) levels, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) mRNA expression and activity, and serum amyloid A1 (SAA1) mRNA expression and secreted protein level in hepatoma HepG2 cells. When SelS was suppressed by small interfering RNA (siRNA), those decreases and increases were further aggravated under LPS stimulation, respectively. In conclusion, the negative association between SelS and the LPS-induced production of ROS, NO and SAA1 demonstrated that SelS had an important role in influencing inflammatory response, and that role may be related with SelS as a central component of retro-translocation channel in endoplasmic reticulum-associated protein degradation (ERAD) and its anti-oxidative property.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhong Zeng
- Department of Chemistry, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Lu, Hongshan, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, People's Republic of China
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Piskernik C, Haindl S, Behling T, Gerald Z, Kehrer I, Redl H, Kozlov AV. Antimycin A and lipopolysaccharide cause the leakage of superoxide radicals from rat liver mitochondria. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2008; 1782:280-5. [PMID: 18298959 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2008.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2007] [Revised: 01/20/2008] [Accepted: 01/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Here we show that both Antimycin A, a respiratory chain inhibitor inducing apoptosis, and endotoxic shock, a syndrome accompanied by both necrosis and apoptosis, cause not only an increase but also the leakage of superoxide radicals (O(2)(*-)) from rat heart mitochondria (RHM), while O(2)(*-) generated in intact RHM do not escape from mitochondria. This was shown by a set of O(2)(*-)-sensitive spin probes with varying hydrophobicity. The levels of O(2)(*-) detected in intact RHM gradually increase as the hydrophobicity of spin probes increases and were not sensitive to superoxide dismutase (SOD) added to the incubation medium. Both Antimycin A and endotoxic shock elevated O(2)(*-) levels. Elevated O(2)(*-) levels became sensitive to SOD but in a different manner. The determination of O(2)(*-) with water-soluble PPH was fully sensitive to SOD, while the determination of O(2)(*-) with the more hydrophobic CMH and CPH was only partially sensitive to SOD, suggesting the release of a portion of O(2)(*-) into the surrounding medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Piskernik
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology in the Research Center of AUVA, Vienna, Austria
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Palazzolo-Ballance AM, Suquet C, Hurst JK. Pathways for intracellular generation of oxidants and tyrosine nitration by a macrophage cell line. Biochemistry 2007; 46:7536-48. [PMID: 17530864 PMCID: PMC2584613 DOI: 10.1021/bi700123s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Two transformed murine macrophage cell lines (RAW 264.7 ATCC TIB-71 and CRL-2278) were examined for oxidant production at various times following activation by using a set of fluorescence and ESR-active probes. Stimulation with a soluble agonist or activation with bacterial lipopolysaccharide plus gamma-interferon caused only very small initial increases in O2 consumption above basal rates; however, at 2-4 h post-activation, respiration increased to 2-3-fold and remained at these elevated levels over the subsequent lifetime of the cell (20-30 h). Oxidation reactions were confined primarily within the cell, as was demonstrated by using phagocytosable dichlorodihydrofluorescein-conjugated latex beads and cyclic hydroxylamines with differing membrane permeabilities. From the intrinsic reactivities of these probes and the time course of their oxidations, one infers the induction of apparent peroxidase activity beginning at approximately 2 h post-activation coinciding with the increase in overall respiratory rate; this acquired capability was accompanied by accumulation of a stable horseradish peroxidase-reactive oxidant, presumably H2O2, in the extracellular medium. Nitrite ion rapidly accumulated in the extracellular medium over a period of 5-8 h post-activation in both cell lines, indicating the presence of active nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) during that period. Prostaglandin endoperoxide H synthase (COX-2) activity was detected at 15-20 h post-activation by the use of a sensitive peroxide assay in conjunction with a COX-2 specific inhibitor (DuP-697). Superoxide formation was detected by reaction with hydroethidine within the first hour following activation, but not thereafter. Consistent with the absence of significant respiratory stimulation, the amount of O2*- formed was very small; comparative reactions of cyclic hydroxylamine probes indicated that virtually none of the O2*- was discharged into the external medium. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity was probed at various times post-activation by using fluorescein-conjugated polyacrylamide beads, which efficiently trap MPO-generated HOCl in neutrophils to give stable chlorofluorescein products. However, chlorination of the dye was not detected under any conditions in RAW cells, virtually precluding MPO involvement in their intracellular reactions. This same probe was used to determine changes in intraphagosomal pH, which increased slowly from approximately 6.5 to approximately 8.2 over a 20 h post-phagocytosis period. The cumulative data suggest that activation is followed by sequential induction of an endogenous peroxidase, iNOS, and COX-2, with NADPH oxidase-derived O2*- playing a minimal role in the direct generation of intracellular oxidants. To account for reported observations of intracellular tyrosine nitration late in the life cycles of macrophages, we propose a novel mechanism wherein iNOS-generated NO2- is used by COX-2 to produce NO2* as a terminal microbicidal oxidant and nitrating agent.
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Cai H, Dikalov S, Griendling KK, Harrison DG. Detection of reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide in vascular cells and tissues: comparison of sensitivity and specificity. METHODS IN MOLECULAR MEDICINE 2007; 139:293-311. [PMID: 18287681 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59745-571-8_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species are thought to contribute to pathogenesis of many cardiovascular diseases including hypertension, atherosclerosis, restenosis, heart failure, and diabetic vascular complications. Some of these reactive oxygen species also play an important role in vascular signaling. In this chapter, we describe various techniques that we have successfully employed to reliably measure superoxide and hydrogen peroxide. Because reactive oxygen species are capable of rapidly inactivating nitric oxide and because endothelial function characterized by nitric oxide bioavailability is an important indicator of vascular health, we have also included novel techniques capable of directly measuring nitric oxide radical from vascular cells and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Cai
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Cardiovascular Research Laboratories, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
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Dikalov SI, Li W, Mehranpour P, Wang SS, Zafari AM. Production of extracellular superoxide by human lymphoblast cell lines: comparison of electron spin resonance techniques and cytochrome C reduction assay. Biochem Pharmacol 2006; 73:972-80. [PMID: 17222393 PMCID: PMC1868485 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2006.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2006] [Revised: 12/08/2006] [Accepted: 12/11/2006] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Superoxide production by NADPH oxidases plays an important role in the development and progression of cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, measurement of superoxide (O(2)(-)), a marker of oxidative stress, remains a challenging task in clinical and translational studies. In this study we analyzed O(2)(-) production in cultured human lymphoblast cell lines by three different methods: (a) superoxide dismutase (SOD)-inhibitable cytochrome C reduction, (b) spin trapping of superoxide with 5-(ethoxycarbonyl)-5-methyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide (EMPO) and 5-diethoxyphosphoryl-5-methyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide (DEPMPO), and (c) using electron spin resonance (ESR) with the cell-permeable spin probe 1-hydroxy-3-methoxycarbonyl-2,2,5,5-tetramethylpyrrolidine (CMH). Lymphocytes were isolated and immortalized by an Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)-transformation procedure. Superoxide was measured in cultured lymphoblast cell lines at baseline and upon stimulation with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA). Cytochrome C and the spin traps EMPO and DEPMPO detected two to five times less superoxide compared to CMH. Thus, CMH provided the most quantitative measurement of superoxide generation in human lymphoblast cell lines. Superoxide detection with CMH was linear dependent on cell concentration and was inhibited by SOD but not by catalase. Both cell-permeable polyethylene glycol (PEG)-SOD and extracellular Cu,Zn-SOD inhibited O(2)(-) detection by 90% in PMA-stimulated cells, suggesting a predominantly extracellular O(2)(-) generation in human lymphoblasts. Our study describes a new technique for O(2)(-) measurement in cultured human lymphoblasts using ESR and CMH. A highly sensitive in vitro measurement of O(2)(-) in human cell lines would allow investigators to study genotype/phenotype interactions in translational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey I Dikalov
- Free Radical in Medicine CORE, Emory University School of Medicine, 1639 Pierce Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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Skøtt O, Uhrenholt TR, Schjerning J, Hansen PBL, Rasmussen LE, Jensen BL. Rapid actions of aldosterone in vascular health and disease—friend or foe? Pharmacol Ther 2006; 111:495-507. [PMID: 16413609 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2005.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2005] [Accepted: 10/28/2005] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) and the enzyme 11betahydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2, which confers aldosterone specificity to the MR, are present in endothelium and vascular smooth muscle. In several pathological conditions aldosterone promotes vascular damage by formation of reactive oxygen species. The effect of aldosterone on vascular function, however, is far from clear. By rapid non-genomic mechanisms aldosterone may cause calcium mobilization and vasoconstriction, or may stimulate nitric oxide formation through the PI-3 kinase/Akt pathway and thereby counteract vasoconstriction. Vasoconstrictor, vasodilator or no effects of aldosterone have been reported from studies on human forearm blood flow. Inhibition of MR with spironolactone improves endothelial function in patients with heart failure but worsens endothelial function in type 2 diabetic patients. The aim of the present review is to reconcile some of the apparently conflicting data. A key observation is that reactive oxygen and nitrogen species serve as physiological signaling molecules at low concentrations, while they initiate pathological processes at higher concentrations. The net effect of aldosterone, which stimulates ROS production, therefore depends on the ambient level of oxidative stress. Thus, in situations with low levels of oxidative stress aldosterone may promote vasodilatation, while at higher oxidative stress (high NaCl intake, pre-existing vascular pathological conditions, high oxygen tension in vitro) aldosterone is likely to be associated with vasoconstriction and oxidative damage, and in this setting inhibition of the MR is likely to be beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ole Skøtt
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5000 Odense, Denmark.
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48
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Tain YL, Muller V, Szabo A, Dikalova A, Griendling K, Baylis C. Lack of long-term protective effect of antioxidant/anti-inflammatory therapy in transplant-induced ischemia/reperfusion injury. Am J Nephrol 2006; 26:213-7. [PMID: 16720982 PMCID: PMC2756816 DOI: 10.1159/000093587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2006] [Accepted: 04/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alloantigen-independent factors contribute to long-term damage in renal transplant recipients, likely due to ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury at transplantation (Tx). I/R injury promotes oxidative stress and inflammation resulting in endothelial injury. METHODS In this study we investigated the long-term efficacy (22 weeks) of short-term (10 day) endothelial protection therapy (EP) in 'optimal' donor kidneys using the male Fisher 344 rat isograft (ISO) model. ISO-EP kidneys were compared to untreated ISO (ISO-UN) kidneys. EP involved dexamethasone to donor, ex vivo treatment of the kidney with deferoxamine and tempol, and administration to the recipient of L-arginine and tempol for 10 days. Rats were sacrificed 22 weeks following Tx and compared to age-matched, normal controls. RESULTS Both groups of ISO Tx rats developed similar renal dysfunction and structural damage and renal NADPH-oxidase-dependent O2- production was similarly elevated in ISO-UN and ISO-EP groups vs. controls. In vitro renal cortex NO synthase (NOS) activity was also similar in ISO-UN and ISO-EP rats, despite lower nNOS and eNOS protein abundance in ISO-EP. CONCLUSION I/R injury-induced late graft dysfunction occurs even when optimal donors are used and when short-term EP treatment is given. Increased renal superoxide production is not prevented by short-term EP therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Lin Tain
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
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Godbout JP, Berg BM, Krzyszton C, Johnson RW. Alpha-tocopherol attenuates NFkappaB activation and pro-inflammatory cytokine production in brain and improves recovery from lipopolysaccharide-induced sickness behavior. J Neuroimmunol 2005; 169:97-105. [PMID: 16146653 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2005.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2005] [Accepted: 08/03/2005] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to determine if alpha-tocopherol facilitates recovery from lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced sickness behavior through a NFkappaB-dependent mechanism. In the first study, 3 daily intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections of alpha-tocopherol (20 mg) improved recovery from sickness behavior induced by i.p. injected LPS. Furthermore, alpha-tocopherol pretreatment attenuated LPS-activated NFkappaB and pro-inflammatory cytokine production in brain. In addition, inhibiting NFkappaB activity in the brain specifically by ICV injection of a NFkappaB decoy prior to LPS, significantly accelerated recovery from LPS-induced sickness behavior. Taken together, these data indicate alpha-tocopherol modulates sickness behavior and inflammatory cytokine production in the brain through an NFkappaB-dependent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Godbout
- Division of Nutritional Sciences and Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, 1207 W. Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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Panov A, Dikalov S, Shalbuyeva N, Taylor G, Sherer T, Greenamyre JT. Rotenone model of Parkinson disease: multiple brain mitochondria dysfunctions after short term systemic rotenone intoxication. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:42026-35. [PMID: 16243845 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m508628200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic infusion of rotenone (Rot) to Lewis rats reproduces many features of Parkinson disease. Rot (3 mg/kg/day) was infused subcutaneously to male Lewis rats for 6 days using Alzet minipumps. Control rats received the vehicle only. Presence of 0.1% bovine serum albumin during the isolation procedure completely removed rotenone bound to the mitochondria. Therefore all functional changes observed were aftereffects of rotenone toxicity in vivo. In Rot rat brain mitochondria (Rot-RBM) there was a 30-40% inhibition of respiration in State 3 and State 3U with Complex I (Co-I) substrates and succinate. Rot did not affect the State 4Deltapsi of RBM and rat liver mitochondria (RLM). However, Rot-RBM required two times less Ca2+ to initiate permeability transition (mPT). There was a 2-fold increase in O*2- or H2O2 generation in Rot-RBM oxidizing glutamate. Rot infusion affected RLM little. Our results show that in RBM, the major site of reactive oxygen species generation with glutamate or succinate is Co-I. We also found that Co-II generates substantial amounts of reactive oxygen species that increased 2-fold in the Rot-RBM. Our data suggest that the primary mechanism of the Rot toxic effect on RBM consists in a significant increase of O*2- generation that causes damage to Co-I and Co-II, presumably at the level of 4Fe-4S clusters. Decreased respiratory activity diminishes resistance of RBM to Ca2+ and thus increases probability of mPT and apoptotic cell death. We suggest that the damage to Co-I and Co-II shifts O*2- generation from the CoQ10 sites to more proximal sites, such as flavines, and makes it independent of the RBM functional state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Panov
- Carolinas Neuromuscular/ALS-MDA Center, Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, North Carolina 28203, USA.
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