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Yu JH, Choi MG, Lee NY, Kwon A, Lee E, Koo JH. Hepatocyte GPCR signaling regulates IRF3 to control hepatic stellate cell transdifferentiation. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:48. [PMID: 38233853 PMCID: PMC10795343 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01416-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interferon Regulatory Factor 3 (IRF3) is a transcription factor that plays a crucial role in the innate immune response by recognizing and responding to foreign antigens. Recently, its roles in sterile conditions are being studied, as in metabolic and fibrotic diseases. However, the search on the upstream regulator for efficient pharmacological targeting is yet to be fully explored. Here, we show that G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) can regulate IRF3 phosphorylation through of GPCR-Gα protein interaction. RESULTS IRF3 and target genes were strongly associated with fibrosis markers in liver fibrosis patients and models. Conditioned media from MIHA hepatocytes overexpressing IRF3 induced fibrogenic activation of LX-2 hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). In an overexpression library screening using active mutant Gα subunits and Phos-tag immunoblotting, Gαs was found out to strongly phosphorylate IRF3. Stimulation of Gαs by glucagon or epinephrine or by Gαs-specific designed GPCR phosphorylated IRF3. Protein kinase A (PKA) signaling was primarily responsible for IRF3 phosphorylation and Interleukin 33 (IL-33) expression downstream of Gαs. PKA phosphorylated IRF3 on a previously unrecognized residue and did not require reported upstream kinases such as TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1). Activation of Gαs signaling by glucagon induced IL-33 production in hepatocytes. Conditioned media from the hepatocytes activated HSCs, as indicated by α-SMA and COL1A1 expression, and this was reversed by pre-treatment of the media with IL-33 neutralizing antibody. CONCLUSIONS Gαs-coupled GPCR signaling increases IRF3 phosphorylation through cAMP-mediated activation of PKA. This leads to an increase of IL-33 expression, which further contributes to HSC activation. Our findings that hepatocyte GPCR signaling regulates IRF3 to control hepatic stellate cell transdifferentiation provides an insight for understanding the complex intercellular communication during liver fibrosis progression and suggests therapeutic opportunities for the disease. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Hyun Yu
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Myeung Gi Choi
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Na Young Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ari Kwon
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Euijin Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ja Hyun Koo
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Zeng X, Liu C, Fan J, Zou J, Guo M, Sun G. RNF138 Downregulates Antiviral Innate Immunity by Inhibiting IRF3 Activation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16110. [PMID: 38003298 PMCID: PMC10671598 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
A viral infection activates the transcription factors IRF3 and NF-κB, which synergistically induces type I interferons (IFNs). Here, we identify the E3 ubiquitin ligase RNF138 as an important negative regulator of virus-triggered IRF3 activation and IFN-β induction. The overexpression of RNF138 inhibited the virus-induced activation of IRF3 and the transcription of the IFNB1 gene, whereas the knockout of RNF138 promoted the virus-induced activation of IRF3 and transcription of the IFNB1 gene. We further found that RNF138 promotes the ubiquitination of PTEN and subsequently inhibits PTEN interactions with IRF3, which is essential for the PTEN-mediated nuclear translocation of IRF3, thereby inhibiting IRF3 import into the nucleus. Our findings suggest that RNF138 negatively regulates virus-triggered signaling by inhibiting the interaction of PTEN with IRF3, and these data provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms of cellular antiviral responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianhuang Zeng
- Taikang Medical School (School of Basic Medical Sciences), Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Chaozhi Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Jinhao Fan
- School of Ecology and Environment, Tibet University, Lhasa 850000, China
| | - Jiabin Zou
- Taikang Medical School (School of Basic Medical Sciences), Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Mingxiong Guo
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
- School of Ecology and Environment, Tibet University, Lhasa 850000, China
| | - Guihong Sun
- Taikang Medical School (School of Basic Medical Sciences), Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Wuhan 430071, China
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3
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Jain J, Chaudhary Y, Gaur SK, Tembhurne P, Sekar SC, Dhanavelu M, Sehrawat S, Kaul R. Peste des petits ruminants virus non-structural V and C proteins interact with the NF-κB p65 subunit and modulate pro-inflammatory cytokine gene induction. J Gen Virol 2023; 104. [PMID: 37831061 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) is known to induce transient immunosuppression in infected small ruminants by modulating several cellular pathways involved in the antiviral immune response. Our study shows that the PPRV-coded non-structural proteins C and V can interact with the cellular NF-κB p65 subunit. The PPRV-C protein interacts with the transactivation domain (TAD) while PPRV-V interacts with the Rel homology domain (RHD) of the NF-κB p65 subunit. Both viral proteins can suppress the NF-κB transcriptional activity and NF-κB-mediated transcription of cellular genes. PPRV-V protein expression can significantly inhibit the nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 upon TNF-α stimulation, whereas PPRV-C does not affect it. The NF-κB-mediated pro-inflammatory cytokine gene expression is significantly downregulated in cells expressing PPRV-C or PPRV-V protein. Our study provides evidence suggesting a role of PPRV non-structural proteins V and C in the modulation of NF-κB signalling through interaction with the NF-κB p65 subunit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhi Jain
- Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi, South Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Yash Chaudhary
- Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi, South Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Sharad Kumar Gaur
- Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi, South Campus, New Delhi, India
| | | | | | | | - Sharvan Sehrawat
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali, India
| | - Rajeev Kaul
- Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi, South Campus, New Delhi, India
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4
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Bisom TC, Smelser H, Lanchy JM, Lodmell JS. Alternative Splicing of RIOK3 Engages the Noncanonical NFκB Pathway during Rift Valley Fever Virus Infection. Viruses 2023; 15:1566. [PMID: 37515252 PMCID: PMC10383813 DOI: 10.3390/v15071566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the noncanonical NFκB pathway was originally identified as a cellular pathway contributing to lymphoid organogenesis, in the past 20 years, its involvement in innate immunity has become more appreciated. In particular, the noncanonical NFκB pathway has been found to be activated and even exploited by some RNA viruses during infection. Intriguingly, activation of this pathway has been shown to have a role in disrupting transcription of type 1 interferon (IFN), suggesting a rationale for why this response could be co-opted by some viruses. Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is a trisegmented ambisense RNA virus that poses a considerable threat to domestic livestock and human health. Previously, we showed the atypical kinase RIOK3 is important for mounting an IFN response to RVFV infection of human epithelial cells, and shortly following infection with RVFV (MP12 strain), RIOK3 mRNA is alternatively spliced to its X2 isoform that encodes a truncated RIOK3 protein. Alternative splicing of RIOK3 mRNA has an inhibitory effect on the IFN response but also stimulates an NFκB-mediated inflammatory response. Here, we demonstrate alternative splicing of RIOK3 mRNA is associated with activation of the noncanonical NFκB pathway and suggest this pathway is co-opted by RVFV (MP12) to enhance viral success during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Charles Bisom
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59801, USA
| | - Hope Smelser
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59801, USA
| | - Jean-Marc Lanchy
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59801, USA
| | - J Stephen Lodmell
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59801, USA
- Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59801, USA
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5
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Schwanke H, Gonçalves Magalhães V, Schmelz S, Wyler E, Hennig T, Günther T, Grundhoff A, Dölken L, Landthaler M, van Ham M, Jänsch L, Büssow K, van den Heuvel J, Blankenfeldt W, Friedel CC, Erhard F, Brinkmann MM. The Cytomegalovirus M35 Protein Directly Binds to the Interferon-β Enhancer and Modulates Transcription of Ifnb1 and Other IRF3-Driven Genes. J Virol 2023; 97:e0040023. [PMID: 37289084 PMCID: PMC10308904 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00400-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Induction of type I interferon (IFN) gene expression is among the first lines of cellular defense a virus encounters during primary infection. We previously identified the tegument protein M35 of murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) as an essential antagonist of this antiviral system, showing that M35 interferes with type I IFN induction downstream of pattern-recognition receptor (PRR) activation. Here, we report structural and mechanistic details of M35's function. Determination of M35's crystal structure combined with reverse genetics revealed that homodimerization is a key feature for M35's immunomodulatory activity. In electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSAs), purified M35 protein specifically bound to the regulatory DNA element that governs transcription of the first type I IFN gene induced in nonimmune cells, Ifnb1. DNA-binding sites of M35 overlapped with the recognition elements of interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3), a key transcription factor activated by PRR signaling. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) showed reduced binding of IRF3 to the host Ifnb1 promoter in the presence of M35. We furthermore defined the IRF3-dependent and the type I IFN signaling-responsive genes in murine fibroblasts by RNA sequencing of metabolically labeled transcripts (SLAM-seq) and assessed M35's global effect on gene expression. Stable expression of M35 broadly influenced the transcriptome in untreated cells and specifically downregulated basal expression of IRF3-dependent genes. During MCMV infection, M35 impaired expression of IRF3-responsive genes aside of Ifnb1. Our results suggest that M35-DNA binding directly antagonizes gene induction mediated by IRF3 and impairs the antiviral response more broadly than formerly recognized. IMPORTANCE Replication of the ubiquitous human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) in healthy individuals mostly goes unnoticed but can impair fetal development or cause life-threatening symptoms in immunosuppressed or -deficient patients. Like other herpesviruses, CMV extensively manipulates its hosts and establishes lifelong latent infections. Murine CMV (MCMV) presents an important model system as it allows the study of CMV infection in the host organism. We previously showed that during entry into host cells, MCMV virions release the evolutionary conserved protein M35 protein to immediately dampen the antiviral type I interferon (IFN) response induced by pathogen detection. Here, we show that M35 dimers bind to regulatory DNA elements and interfere with recruitment of interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3), a key cellular factor for antiviral gene expression. Thereby, M35 interferes with expression of type I IFNs and other IRF3-dependent genes, reflecting the importance for herpesviruses to avoid IRF3-mediated gene induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hella Schwanke
- Institute of Genetics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
- Virology and Innate Immunity Research Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Schmelz
- Department Structure and Function of Proteins, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Emanuel Wyler
- Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Hennig
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Lars Dölken
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Markus Landthaler
- Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
- Institute for Biology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marco van Ham
- Cellular Proteome Research Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Lothar Jänsch
- Cellular Proteome Research Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
- Institute for Microbiology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Konrad Büssow
- Department Structure and Function of Proteins, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Joop van den Heuvel
- Department Structure and Function of Proteins, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Wulf Blankenfeldt
- Department Structure and Function of Proteins, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
- Institute for Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Caroline C. Friedel
- Institute of Informatics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Florian Erhard
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Melanie M. Brinkmann
- Institute of Genetics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
- Virology and Innate Immunity Research Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
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6
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Substitution of S179P in the Lyssavirus Phosphoprotein Impairs Its Interferon Antagonistic Function. J Virol 2022; 96:e0112522. [PMID: 36326274 PMCID: PMC9683011 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01125-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon (IFN) and the IFN-induced cellular antiviral response constitute the first line of defense against viral invasion. Evading host innate immunity, especially IFN signaling, is the key step required for lyssaviruses to establish infection.
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7
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Bisom TC, White LA, Lanchy JM, Lodmell JS. RIOK3 and Its Alternatively Spliced Isoform Have Disparate Roles in the Innate Immune Response to Rift Valley Fever Virus (MP12) Infection. Viruses 2022; 14:2064. [PMID: 36146870 PMCID: PMC9502082 DOI: 10.3390/v14092064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is a pathogenic human and livestock RNA virus that poses a significant threat to public health and biosecurity. During RVFV infection, the atypical kinase RIOK3 plays important roles in the innate immune response. Although its exact functions in innate immunity are not completely understood, RIOK3 has been shown to be necessary for mounting an antiviral interferon (IFN) response to RVFV in epithelial cells. Furthermore, after immune stimulation, the splicing pattern for RIOK3 mRNA changes markedly, and RIOK3's dominant alternatively spliced isoform, RIOK3 X2, exhibits an opposite effect on the IFN response by dampening it. Here, we further investigate the roles of RIOK3 and its spliced isoform in other innate immune responses to RVFV, namely the NFκB-mediated inflammatory response. We find that while RIOK3 is important for negatively regulating this inflammatory pathway, its alternatively spliced isoform, RIOK3 X2, stimulates it. Overall, these data demonstrate that both RIOK3 and its X2 isoform have unique roles in separate innate immune pathways that respond to RVFV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C. Bisom
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59801, USA
| | - Luke A. White
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59801, USA
| | - Jean-Marc Lanchy
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59801, USA
| | - J. Stephen Lodmell
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59801, USA
- Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59801, USA
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8
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Jian Z, Ma R, Zhu L, Deng H, Li F, Zhao J, Deng L, Lai S, Sun X, Tang H, Xu Z. Evasion of interferon-mediated immune response by arteriviruses. Front Immunol 2022; 13:963923. [PMID: 36091073 PMCID: PMC9454096 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.963923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
IFN is the most potent antiviral cytokine required for the innate and adaptive immune responses, and its expression can help the host defend against viral infection. Arteriviruses have evolved strategies to antagonize the host cell’s innate immune responses, interfering with IFN expression by interfering with RIG, blocking PRR, obstructing IRF-3/7, NF-κB, and degrading STAT1 signaling pathways, thereby assisting viral immune evasion. Arteriviruses infect immune cells and may result in persistence in infected hosts. In this article, we reviewed the strategies used by Arteriviruses to antagonize IFN production and thwart IFN-activated antiviral signaling, mainly including structural and nonstructural proteins of Arteriviruses encoding IFN antagonists directly or indirectly to disrupt innate immunity. This review will certainly provide a better insight into the pathogenesis of the arthritis virus and provide a theoretical basis for developing more efficient vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijie Jian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Cheng Du, China
| | - Rui Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Cheng Du, China
| | - Ling Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Cheng Du, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Cheng Du, China
| | - Huidan Deng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Cheng Du, China
| | - Fengqin Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Cheng Du, China
- College of Animal Science, Xichang University, Xichang, China
| | - Jun Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Cheng Du, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Cheng Du, China
| | - Lishuang Deng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Cheng Du, China
| | - Siyuan Lai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Cheng Du, China
| | - Xiangang Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Cheng Du, China
| | - Huaqiao Tang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Cheng Du, China
| | - Zhiwen Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Cheng Du, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Cheng Du, China
- *Correspondence: Zhiwen Xu,
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9
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Zhu JY, Zhang X, Zheng X, Luo LL, Mao CY, Lin S, Ye J. Dry eye symptoms in interferon regulatory factor 3-deficient mice due to herpes simplex virus infection in harderian gland and lacrimal gland. Exp Eye Res 2022; 219:109053. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2022.109053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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10
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Arnaiz E, Harris AL. Role of Hypoxia in the Interferon Response. Front Immunol 2022; 13:821816. [PMID: 35251003 PMCID: PMC8895238 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.821816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In solid tumors, as the tumor grows and the disease progresses, hypoxic regions are often generated, but in contrast to most normal cells which cannot survive under these conditions, tumour cells adapt to hypoxia by HIF-driven mechanisms. Hypoxia can further promote cancer development by generating an immunosuppressive environment within the tumour mass, which allows tumour cells to escape the immune system recognition. This is achieved by recruiting immunosuppressive cells and by upregulating molecules which block immune cell activation. Hypoxia can also confer resistance to antitumor therapies by inducing the expression of membrane proteins that increase drug efflux or by inhibiting the apoptosis of treated cells. In addition, tumor cells require an active interferon (IFN) signalling pathway for the success of many anticancer therapies, such as radiotherapy or chemotherapy. Therefore, hypoxic effects on this pathway needs to be addressed for a successful treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Arnaiz
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Cambridge Institute for Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian L. Harris
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Adrian L. Harris,
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Werner M, Schefczyk S, Trippler M, Treckmann JW, Baba HA, Gerken G, Schlaak JF, Broering R. Antiviral Toll-like Receptor Signaling in Non-Parenchymal Liver Cells Is Restricted to TLR3. Viruses 2022; 14:218. [PMID: 35215812 PMCID: PMC8874605 DOI: 10.3390/v14020218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of non-parenchymal liver cells as part of the hepatic, innate immune system in the defense against hepatotropic viruses is not well understood. Here, primary human Kupffer cells, liver sinusoidal endothelial cells and hepatic stellate cells were isolated from liver tissue obtained after tumor resections or liver transplantations. Cells were stimulated with Toll-like receptor 1-9 ligands for 6-24 h. Non-parenchymal liver cells expressed and secreted inflammatory cytokines (IL6, TNF and IL10). Toll-like receptor- and cell type-specific downstream signals included the phosphorylation of NF-κB, AKT, JNK, p38 and ERK1/2. However, only supernatants of TLR3-activated Kupffer cells, liver sinusoidal endothelial cells and hepatic stellate cells contained type I and type III interferons and mediated an antiviral activity in the interferon-sensitive subgenomic hepatitis C virus replicon system. The antiviral effect could not be neutralized by antibodies against IFNA, IFNB nor IFNL, but could be abrogated using an interferon alpha receptor 2-specific neutralization. Interestingly, TLR3 responsiveness was enhanced in liver sinusoidal endothelial cells isolated from hepatitis C virus-positive donors, compared to uninfected controls. In conclusion, non-parenchymal liver cells are potent activators of the hepatic immune system by mediating inflammatory responses. Furthermore, liver sinusoidal endothelial cells were identified to be hyperresponsive to viral stimuli in chronic hepatitis C virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Werner
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Transplant Medicine, University Hospital of Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45147 Essen, Germany; (M.W.); (S.S.); (M.T.); (G.G.); (J.F.S.)
| | - Stefan Schefczyk
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Transplant Medicine, University Hospital of Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45147 Essen, Germany; (M.W.); (S.S.); (M.T.); (G.G.); (J.F.S.)
| | - Martin Trippler
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Transplant Medicine, University Hospital of Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45147 Essen, Germany; (M.W.); (S.S.); (M.T.); (G.G.); (J.F.S.)
| | - Juergen W. Treckmann
- Department of General-, Visceral- and Transplantation-Surgery, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45147 Essen, Germany;
| | - Hideo A. Baba
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45147 Essen, Germany;
| | - Guido Gerken
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Transplant Medicine, University Hospital of Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45147 Essen, Germany; (M.W.); (S.S.); (M.T.); (G.G.); (J.F.S.)
- Helios Hospital, Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Palliative Medicine, Robert-Koch-Straße 2, 42549 Velbert, Germany
| | - Joerg F. Schlaak
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Transplant Medicine, University Hospital of Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45147 Essen, Germany; (M.W.); (S.S.); (M.T.); (G.G.); (J.F.S.)
- AMEOS Hospital, St. Clemens, Internal Medicine—Hepatology, Gastroenterology, Infectiology and Diabetology, Wilhelmstr. 34, 46145 Oberhausen, Germany
| | - Ruth Broering
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Transplant Medicine, University Hospital of Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45147 Essen, Germany; (M.W.); (S.S.); (M.T.); (G.G.); (J.F.S.)
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12
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Ma Y, Wang X, Luo W, Xiao J, Song X, Wang Y, Shuai H, Ren Z, Wang Y. Roles of Emerging RNA-Binding Activity of cGAS in Innate Antiviral Response. Front Immunol 2021; 12:741599. [PMID: 34899698 PMCID: PMC8660693 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.741599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
cGAS, a DNA sensor in mammalian cells, catalyzes the generation of 2'-3'-cyclic AMP-GMP (cGAMP) once activated by the binding of free DNA. cGAMP can bind to STING, activating downstream TBK1-IRF-3 signaling to initiate the expression of type I interferons. Although cGAS has been considered a traditional DNA-binding protein, several lines of evidence suggest that cGAS is a potential RNA-binding protein (RBP), which is mainly supported by its interactions with RNAs, RBP partners, RNA/cGAS-phase-separations as well as its structural similarity with the dsRNA recognition receptor 2'-5' oligoadenylate synthase. Moreover, two influential studies reported that the cGAS-like receptors (cGLRs) of fly Drosophila melanogaster sense RNA and control 3'-2'-cGAMP signaling. In this review, we summarize and discuss in depth recent studies that identified or implied cGAS as an RBP. We also comprehensively summarized current experimental methods and computational tools that can identify or predict RNAs that bind to cGAS. Based on these discussions, we appeal that the RNA-binding activity of cGAS cannot be ignored in the cGAS-mediated innate antiviral response. It will be important to identify RNAs that can bind and regulate the activity of cGAS in cells with or without virus infection. Our review provides novel insight into the regulation of cGAS by its RNA-binding activity and extends beyond its DNA-binding activity. Our review would be significant for understanding the precise modulation of cGAS activity, providing the foundation for the future development of drugs against cGAS-triggering autoimmune diseases such as Aicardi-Gourtières syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuying Ma
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Virology of Guangdong Province, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Virology of Guangdong Province, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weisheng Luo
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Virology of Guangdong Province, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ji Xiao
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Virology of Guangdong Province, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaowei Song
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Virology of Guangdong Province, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yifei Wang
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Virology of Guangdong Province, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hanlin Shuai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Heyuan, China
| | - Zhe Ren
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Virology of Guangdong Province, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiliang Wang
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Virology of Guangdong Province, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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13
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Goswami DG, Walker WE. Aged IRF3-KO Mice are Protected from Sepsis. J Inflamm Res 2021; 14:5757-5767. [PMID: 34764669 PMCID: PMC8573150 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s335203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Sepsis is a leading cause of hospital admissions and deaths. Older adults (>65 years) are particularly susceptible to sepsis and experience higher morbidity and mortality rates than younger people. We previously showed that interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) contributes to sepsis pathogenesis in young mice subject to cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). In this study, we investigated if IRF3 contributes to sepsis in the context of aging. Methods Sepsis was induced in aged wild-type (WT) and IRF3-knock-out (KO) mice, using a clinically-relevant CLP-sepsis model including fluids and antibiotics. Animal survival, disease score and hypothermia were evaluated as indicators of sepsis pathogenesis. Serum cytokines and serum enzymes indicative of organ damage were also measured. Results Aged WT mice were highly susceptible to sepsis (90% mortality). In comparison, aged IRF3-KO mice were significantly protected (20% mortality). Aged IRF3-KO mice showed a lower disease score and reduced hypothermia following CLP, compared to WT mice. Serum cytokines interleukin (IL)-6, IL-12/23p40 and macrophage chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, and creatinine kinase (CK) were lower in aged IRF3-KO septic mice compared to WT counterparts. Aged male mice were found to be more susceptible to sepsis compared to females. Female mice, however, produced higher levels of serum cytokines and CK. Conclusion These results demonstrate that IRF3 plays a detrimental role in sepsis in aged mice and highlight the impact of biological sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh G Goswami
- Center of Emphasis in Infectious Diseases, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Wendy E Walker
- Center of Emphasis in Infectious Diseases, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA.,Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
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14
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Zheng Z, Li Y, Zhang M, Liu Y, Fu M, Gong S, Hu Q. Human Norovirus NTPase Antagonizes Interferon-β Production by Interacting With IkB Kinase ε. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:687933. [PMID: 34335514 PMCID: PMC8319745 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.687933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Human norovirus (HuNoV) is the leading cause of epidemic acute gastroenteritis worldwide. Type I interferons (IFN)-α/β are highly potent cytokines that are initially identified for their essential roles in antiviral defense. It was reported that HuNoV infection did not induce IFN-β expression but was controlled in the presence of IFN-β in human intestinal enteroids and a gnotobiotic pig model, suggesting that HuNoV has likely developed evasion countermeasures. In this study, we found that a cDNA clone of GII.4 HuNoV, the predominantly circulating genotype worldwide, inhibits the production of IFN-β and identified the viral NTPase as a key component responsible for such inhibition. HuNoV NTPase not only inhibits the activity of IFN-β promoter but also the mRNA and protein production of IFN-β. Additional studies indicate that NTPase inhibits the phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of interferon-regulatory factor-3 (IRF-3), leading to the suppression of IFN-β promoter activation. Mechanistically, NTPase interacts with IkB kinase ε (IKKε), an important factor for IRF-3 phosphorylation, and such interaction blocks the association of IKKε with unanchored K48-linked polyubiquitin chains, resulting in the inhibition of IKKε phosphorylation. Further studies demonstrated that the 1-179 aa domain of NTPase which interacts with IKKε is critical for the suppression of IFN-β production. Our findings highlight the role of HuNoV NTPase in the inhibition of IFN-β production, providing insights into a novel mechanism underlying how HuNoV evades the host innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zifeng Zheng
- The Joint Laboratory of Translational Precision Medicine, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, China.,The Joint Laboratory of Translational Precision Medicine, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuncheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mudan Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yalan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Ming Fu
- The Joint Laboratory of Translational Precision Medicine, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, China.,The Joint Laboratory of Translational Precision Medicine, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Sitang Gong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qinxue Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom
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15
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Rothamel K, Arcos S, Kim B, Reasoner C, Lisy S, Mukherjee N, Ascano M. ELAVL1 primarily couples mRNA stability with the 3' UTRs of interferon-stimulated genes. Cell Rep 2021; 35:109178. [PMID: 34038724 PMCID: PMC8225249 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon pathogen detection, the innate immune system triggers signaling events leading to upregulation of pro-inflammatory and anti-microbial mRNA transcripts. RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) interact with these critical mRNAs and regulate their fates at the post-transcriptional level. One such RBP is ELAVL1. Although significant progress has been made in understanding how embryonic lethal vision-like protein 1 (ELAVL1) regulates mRNAs, its target repertoire and binding distribution within an immunological context remain poorly understood. We overlap four high-throughput approaches to define its context-dependent targets and determine its regulatory impact during immune activation. ELAVL1 transitions from binding overwhelmingly intronic sites to 3′ UTR sites upon immune stimulation of cells, binding previously and newly expressed mRNAs. We find that ELAVL1 mediates the RNA stability of genes that regulate pathways essential to pathogen sensing and cytokine production. Our findings reveal the importance of examining RBP regulatory impact under dynamic transcriptomic events to understand their post-transcriptional regulatory roles within specific biological circuitries. Rothamel et al. show that upon immune activation, the RNA-binding protein ELAVL1 accumulates in the cytoplasm and redistributes from introns to mRNA 3′ UTRs. 3′ UTR binding confers enrichment and transcript stability. Many top-ranking transcripts are interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), indicating that ELAVL1 is a positive regulator of an innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Rothamel
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Sarah Arcos
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Byungil Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Clara Reasoner
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Samantha Lisy
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Neelanjan Mukherjee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Manuel Ascano
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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16
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Granqvist V, Holmgren C, Larsson C. Induction of interferon-β and interferon signaling by TRAIL and Smac mimetics via caspase-8 in breast cancer cells. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0248175. [PMID: 33770100 PMCID: PMC7996988 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer prognosis is frequently good but a substantial number of patients suffer from relapse. The death receptor ligand TRAIL can in combination with Smac mimetics induce apoptosis in some luminal-like ER-positive breast cancer cell lines, such as CAMA-1, but not in MCF-7 cells. Here we show that TRAIL and the Smac mimetic LCL161 induce non-canonical NF-κB and IFN signaling in ER-positive MCF-7 cells and in CAMA-1 breast cancer cells when apoptosis is blocked by caspase inhibition. Levels of p52 are increased and STAT1 gets phosphorylated. STAT1 phosphorylation is induced by TRAIL alone in MCF-7 cells and is independent of non-canonical NF-κB since downregulation of NIK has no effect. The phosphorylation of STAT1 is a rather late event, appearing after 24 hours of TRAIL stimulation. It is preceded by an increase in IFNB1 mRNA levels and can be blocked by siRNA targeting the type I IFN receptor IFNAR1 and by inhibition of Janus kinases by Ruxolitinib. Moreover, downregulation of caspase-8, but not inhibition of caspase activity, blocks TRAIL-mediated STAT1 phosphorylation and induction of IFN-related genes. The data suggest that TRAIL-induced IFNB1 expression in MCF-7 cells is dependent on a non-apoptotic role of caspase-8 and leads to autocrine interferon-β signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Granqvist
- Lund University, Translational Cancer Research, Medicon Village, Lund, Sweden
| | - Christian Holmgren
- Lund University, Translational Cancer Research, Medicon Village, Lund, Sweden
| | - Christer Larsson
- Lund University, Translational Cancer Research, Medicon Village, Lund, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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17
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Fox LE, Locke MC, Lenschow DJ. Context Is Key: Delineating the Unique Functions of IFNα and IFNβ in Disease. Front Immunol 2020; 11:606874. [PMID: 33408718 PMCID: PMC7779635 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.606874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFNs) are critical effector cytokines of the immune system and were originally known for their important role in protecting against viral infections; however, they have more recently been shown to play protective or detrimental roles in many disease states. Type I IFNs consist of IFNα, IFNβ, IFNϵ, IFNκ, IFNω, and a few others, and they all signal through a shared receptor to exert a wide range of biological activities, including antiviral, antiproliferative, proapoptotic, and immunomodulatory effects. Though the individual type I IFN subtypes possess overlapping functions, there is growing appreciation that they also have unique properties. In this review, we summarize some of the mechanisms underlying differential expression of and signaling by type I IFNs, and we discuss examples of differential functions of IFNα and IFNβ in models of infectious disease, cancer, and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey E. Fox
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, United States
| | - Marissa C. Locke
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, United States
| | - Deborah J. Lenschow
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, United States
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, United States
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18
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Wang SH, Wang K, Zhao K, Hua SC, Du J. The Structure, Function, and Mechanisms of Action of Enterovirus Non-structural Protein 2C. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:615965. [PMID: 33381104 PMCID: PMC7767853 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.615965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteroviruses are a group of RNA viruses belonging to the family Picornaviridae. They include human enterovirus groups A, B, C, and D as well as non-human enteroviruses. Enterovirus infections can lead to hand, foot, and mouth disease and herpangina, whose clinical manifestations are often mild, although some strains can result in severe neurological complications such as encephalitis, myocarditis, meningitis, and poliomyelitis. To date, research on enterovirus non-structural proteins has mainly focused on the 2A and 3C proteases and 3D polymerase. However, another non-structural protein, 2C, is the most highly conserved protein, and plays a vital role in the enterovirus life cycle. There are relatively few studies on this protein. Previous studies have demonstrated that enterovirus 2C is involved in virus uncoating, host cell membrane rearrangements, RNA replication, encapsidation, morphogenesis, ATPase, helicase, and chaperoning activities. Despite ongoing research, little is known about the pathogenesis of enterovirus 2C proteins in viral replication or in the host innate immune system. In this review, we discuss and summarize the current understanding of the structure, function, and mechanism of the enterovirus 2C proteins, focusing on the key mutations and motifs involved in viral infection, replication, and immune regulation. We also focus on recent progress in research into the role of 2C proteins in regulating the pattern recognition receptors and type I interferon signaling pathway to facilitate viral replication. Given these functions and mechanisms, the potential application of the 2C proteins as a target for anti-viral drug development is also discussed. Future studies will focus on the determination of more crystal structures of enterovirus 2C proteins, which might provide more potential targets for anti-viral drug development against enterovirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Hua Wang
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Kuan Wang
- Department of Neurotrauma, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ke Zhao
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shu-Cheng Hua
- Department of Internal Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Juan Du
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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19
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Howard TR, Cristea IM. Interrogating Host Antiviral Environments Driven by Nuclear DNA Sensing: A Multiomic Perspective. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10121591. [PMID: 33255247 PMCID: PMC7761228 DOI: 10.3390/biom10121591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear DNA sensors are critical components of the mammalian innate immune system, recognizing the presence of pathogens and initiating immune signaling. These proteins act in the nuclei of infected cells by binding to foreign DNA, such as the viral genomes of nuclear-replicating DNA viruses herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and human cytomegalovirus (HCMV). Upon binding to pathogenic DNA, the nuclear DNA sensors were shown to initiate antiviral cytokines, as well as to suppress viral gene expression. These host defense responses involve complex signaling processes that, through protein–protein interactions (PPIs) and post-translational modifications (PTMs), drive extensive remodeling of the cellular transcriptome, proteome, and secretome to generate an antiviral environment. As such, a holistic understanding of these changes is required to understand the mechanisms through which nuclear DNA sensors act. The advent of omics techniques has revolutionized the speed and scale at which biological research is conducted and has been used to make great strides in uncovering the molecular underpinnings of DNA sensing. Here, we review the contribution of proteomics approaches to characterizing nuclear DNA sensors via the discovery of functional PPIs and PTMs, as well as proteome and secretome changes that define a host antiviral environment. We also highlight the value of and future need for integrative multiomic efforts to gain a systems-level understanding of DNA sensors and their influence on epigenetic and transcriptomic alterations during infection.
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20
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Neupane B, Acharya D, Nazneen F, Gonzalez-Fernandez G, Flynt AS, Bai F. Interleukin-17A Facilitates Chikungunya Virus Infection by Inhibiting IFN-α2 Expression. Front Immunol 2020; 11:588382. [PMID: 33304351 PMCID: PMC7701120 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.588382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferons (IFNs) are the key components of innate immunity and are crucial for host defense against viral infections. Here, we report a novel role of interleukin-17A (IL-17A) in inhibiting IFN-α2 expression thus promoting chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infection. CHIKV infected IL-17A deficient (Il17a-/- ) mice expressed a higher level of IFN-α2 and developed diminished viremia and milder footpad swelling in comparison to wild-type (WT) control mice, which was also recapitulated in IL-17A receptor-deficient (Il17ra-/- ) mice. Interestingly, IL-17A selectively blocked IFN-α2 production during CHIKV, but not West Nile virus (WNV) or Zika virus (ZIKV), infections. Recombinant IL-17A treatment inhibited CHIKV-induced IFN-α2 expression and enhanced CHIKV replication in both human and mouse cells. We further found that IL-17A inhibited IFN-α2 production by modulating the expression of Interferon Regulatory Factor-5 (IRF-5), IRF-7, IFN-stimulated gene 49 (ISG-49), and Mx1 expression during CHIKV infection. Neutralization of IL-17A in vitro leads to the increase of the expression of these antiviral molecules and decrease of CHIKV replication. Collectively, these results suggest a novel function of IL-17A in inhibiting IFN-α2-mediated antiviral responses during CHIKV infection, which may have broad implications in viral infections and other inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biswas Neupane
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Center for Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, United States
| | - Dhiraj Acharya
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Center for Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, United States
| | - Farzana Nazneen
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Center for Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, United States
| | - Gabriel Gonzalez-Fernandez
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Center for Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, United States
| | - Alex Sutton Flynt
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Center for Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, United States
| | - Fengwei Bai
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Center for Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, United States
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21
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Huerga Encabo H, Traveset L, Argilaguet J, Angulo A, Nistal-Villán E, Jaiswal R, Escalante CR, Gekas C, Meyerhans A, Aramburu J, López-Rodríguez C. The transcription factor NFAT5 limits infection-induced type I interferon responses. J Exp Med 2020; 217:132619. [PMID: 31816635 PMCID: PMC7062515 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20190449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Huerga Encabo et al. show that NFAT5, previously characterized as a pro-inflammatory transcription factor, limits the IFN-I response to control antiviral defenses and preserve HSC quiescence. NFAT5 represses IFN-I and ISG expression through an evolutionarily conserved DNA element that prevents IRF3 recruitment to the IFNB1 enhanceosome. Type I interferon (IFN-I) provides effective antiviral immunity but can exacerbate harmful inflammatory reactions and cause hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) exhaustion; therefore, IFN-I expression must be tightly controlled. While signaling mechanisms that limit IFN-I induction and function have been extensively studied, less is known about transcriptional repressors acting directly on IFN-I regulatory regions. We show that NFAT5, an activator of macrophage pro-inflammatory responses, represses Toll-like receptor 3 and virus-induced expression of IFN-I in macrophages and dendritic cells. Mice lacking NFAT5 exhibit increased IFN-I production and better control of viral burden upon LCMV infection but show exacerbated HSC activation under systemic poly(I:C)-induced inflammation. We identify IFNβ as a primary target repressed by NFAT5, which opposes the master IFN-I inducer IRF3 by binding to an evolutionarily conserved sequence in the IFNB1 enhanceosome that overlaps a key IRF site. These findings illustrate how IFN-I responses are balanced by simultaneously opposing transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hector Huerga Encabo
- Immunology Unit, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laia Traveset
- Immunology Unit, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Argilaguet
- Infection Biology Laboratory, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Angulo
- Immunology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Medical School, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Estanislao Nistal-Villán
- Microbiology Section, Departamento de Ciencias, Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad CEU San Pablo, CEU Universities, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rahul Jaiswal
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA
| | - Carlos R Escalante
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA
| | - Christos Gekas
- Program in Cancer Research, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andreas Meyerhans
- Infection Biology Laboratory, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.,Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jose Aramburu
- Immunology Unit, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina López-Rodríguez
- Immunology Unit, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
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22
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Distinct Molecular Mechanisms of Host Immune Response Modulation by Arenavirus NP and Z Proteins. Viruses 2020; 12:v12070784. [PMID: 32708250 PMCID: PMC7412275 DOI: 10.3390/v12070784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Endemic to West Africa and South America, mammalian arenaviruses can cross the species barrier from their natural rodent hosts to humans, resulting in illnesses ranging from mild flu-like syndromes to severe and fatal haemorrhagic zoonoses. The increased frequency of outbreaks and associated high fatality rates of the most prevalent arenavirus, Lassa, in West African countries, highlights the significant risk to public health and to the socio-economic development of affected countries. The devastating impact of these viruses is further exacerbated by the lack of approved vaccines and effective treatments. Differential immune responses to arenavirus infections that can lead to either clearance or rapid, widespread and uncontrolled viral dissemination are modulated by the arenavirus multifunctional proteins, NP and Z. These two proteins control the antiviral response to infection by targeting multiple cellular pathways; and thus, represent attractive targets for antiviral development to counteract infection. The interplay between the host immune responses and viral replication is a key determinant of virus pathogenicity and disease outcome. In this review, we examine the current understanding of host immune defenses against arenavirus infections and summarise the host protein interactions of NP and Z and the mechanisms that govern immune evasion strategies.
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Schwanke H, Stempel M, Brinkmann MM. Of Keeping and Tipping the Balance: Host Regulation and Viral Modulation of IRF3-Dependent IFNB1 Expression. Viruses 2020; 12:E733. [PMID: 32645843 PMCID: PMC7411613 DOI: 10.3390/v12070733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The type I interferon (IFN) response is a principal component of our immune system that allows to counter a viral attack immediately upon viral entry into host cells. Upon engagement of aberrantly localised nucleic acids, germline-encoded pattern recognition receptors convey their find via a signalling cascade to prompt kinase-mediated activation of a specific set of five transcription factors. Within the nucleus, the coordinated interaction of these dimeric transcription factors with coactivators and the basal RNA transcription machinery is required to access the gene encoding the type I IFN IFNβ (IFNB1). Virus-induced release of IFNβ then induces the antiviral state of the system and mediates further mechanisms for defence. Due to its key role during the induction of the initial IFN response, the activity of the transcription factor interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) is tightly regulated by the host and fiercely targeted by viral proteins at all conceivable levels. In this review, we will revisit the steps enabling the trans-activating potential of IRF3 after its activation and the subsequent assembly of the multi-protein complex at the IFNβ enhancer that controls gene expression. Further, we will inspect the regulatory mechanisms of these steps imposed by the host cell and present the manifold strategies viruses have evolved to intervene with IFNβ transcription downstream of IRF3 activation in order to secure establishment of a productive infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hella Schwanke
- Institute of Genetics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany; (H.S.); (M.S.)
- Viral Immune Modulation Research Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Markus Stempel
- Institute of Genetics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany; (H.S.); (M.S.)
- Viral Immune Modulation Research Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Melanie M. Brinkmann
- Institute of Genetics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany; (H.S.); (M.S.)
- Viral Immune Modulation Research Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
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Fang P, Fang L, Xia S, Ren J, Zhang J, Bai D, Zhou Y, Peng G, Zhao S, Xiao S. Porcine Deltacoronavirus Accessory Protein NS7a Antagonizes IFN-β Production by Competing With TRAF3 and IRF3 for Binding to IKKε. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:257. [PMID: 32656094 PMCID: PMC7326017 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
As an emerging swine enteropathogenic coronavirus, porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) not only causes serious diarrhea in suckling piglets but also possesses the potential for cross-species transmission, which has sparked growing interest when studying this emerging virus. We previously identified a novel accessory protein NS7a encoded by PDCoV; however, the function of NS7a was not resolved. In this study, we demonstrated that PDCoV NS7a is an interferon antagonist. Overexpression of NS7a notably inhibited Sendai virus (SeV)-induced interferon-β (IFN-β) production and the activation of IRF3 rather than NF-κB. NS7a also inhibited IFN-β promoter activity induced by RIG-I, MDA5, MAVS, TBK1, and IKKε, which are key components of the RIG-I-like receptor (RLR) signaling pathway but not IRF3, the transcription factor downstream of TBK1/IKKε. Surprisingly, NS7a specifically interacts with IKKε but not with the closely related TBK1. Furthermore, NS7a interacts simultaneously with the kinase domain (KD) and the scaffold dimerization domain (SDD) of IKKε, competing with TRAF3, and IRF3 for binding to IKKε, leading to the reduction of RLR-mediated IFN-β production. The interactions of TRAF3-IKKε and IKKε-IRF3 are also attenuated in PDCoV-infected cells. Taken together, our results demonstrate that PDCoV NS7a inhibits IFN-β production by disrupting the association of IKKε with both TRAF3 and IRF3, revealing a new mechanism utilized by a PDCoV accessory protein to evade the host antiviral innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puxian Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Liurong Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Sijin Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Jie Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiansong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Dongcheng Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanrong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Guiqing Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuhong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shaobo Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
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25
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Sin WX, Yeong JPS, Lim TJF, Su IH, Connolly JE, Chin KC. IRF-7 Mediates Type I IFN Responses in Endotoxin-Challenged Mice. Front Immunol 2020; 11:640. [PMID: 32373120 PMCID: PMC7176903 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
IRF-7 mediates robust production of type I IFN via MyD88 of the TLR9 pathway in plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs). Previous in vitro studies using bone marrow-derived dendritic cells lacking either Irf7 or Irf3 have demonstrated that only IRF-3 is required for IFN-β production in the TLR4 pathway. Here, we show that IRF-7 is essential for both type I IFN induction and IL-1β responses via TLR4 in mice. Mice lacking Irf7 were defective in production of both IFN-β and IL-1β, an IFN-β-induced pro-inflammatory cytokine, after LPS challenge. IFN-β production in response to LPS was impaired in IRF-7-deficient macrophages, but not dendritic cells. Unlike pDCs, IRF-7 is activated by the TRIF-, but not MyD88-, dependent pathway via TBK-1 in macrophages after LPS stimulation. Like pDCs, resting macrophages constitutively expressed IRF-7 protein. This basal IRF-7 protein was completely abolished in either Ifnar1 -/- or Stat1 -/- macrophages, which corresponded with the loss of LPS-stimulated IFN-β induction in these macrophages. These findings demonstrate that macrophage IRF-7 is critical for LPS-induced type I IFN responses, which in turn facilitate IL-1β production in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Xiang Sin
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Joe Poh-Sheng Yeong
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore.,Division of Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Thomas Jun Feng Lim
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - I-Hsin Su
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - John E Connolly
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore.,Institute of Biomedical Studies, Baylor University, Waco, TX, United States
| | - Keh-Chuang Chin
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Physiology, NUS Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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26
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Toll-like Receptors and the Control of Immunity. Cell 2020; 180:1044-1066. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 567] [Impact Index Per Article: 141.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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27
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Distinct Roles of Interferon Alpha and Beta in Controlling Chikungunya Virus Replication and Modulating Neutrophil-Mediated Inflammation. J Virol 2019; 94:JVI.00841-19. [PMID: 31619554 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00841-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFNs) are key mediators of the innate immune response. Although members of this family of cytokines signal through a single shared receptor, biochemical and functional variation exists in response to different IFN subtypes. While previous work has demonstrated that type I IFNs are essential to control infection by chikungunya virus (CHIKV), a globally emerging alphavirus, the contributions of individual IFN subtypes remain undefined. To address this question, we evaluated CHIKV pathogenesis in mice lacking IFN-β (IFN-β knockout [IFN-β-KO] mice or mice treated with an IFN-β-blocking antibody) or IFN-α (IFN regulatory factor 7 knockout [IRF7-KO] mice or mice treated with a pan-IFN-α-blocking antibody). Mice lacking either IFN-α or IFN-β developed severe clinical disease following infection with CHIKV, with a marked increase in foot swelling compared to wild-type mice. Virological analysis revealed that mice lacking IFN-α sustained elevated infection in the infected ankle and in distant tissues. In contrast, IFN-β-KO mice displayed minimal differences in viral burdens within the ankle or at distal sites and instead had an altered cellular immune response. Mice lacking IFN-β had increased neutrophil infiltration into musculoskeletal tissues, and depletion of neutrophils in IFN-β-KO but not IRF7-KO mice mitigated musculoskeletal disease caused by CHIKV. Our findings suggest disparate roles for the IFN subtypes during CHIKV infection, with IFN-α limiting early viral replication and dissemination and IFN-β modulating neutrophil-mediated inflammation.IMPORTANCE Type I interferons (IFNs) possess a range of biological activity and protect against a number of viruses, including alphaviruses. Despite signaling through a shared receptor, there are established biochemical and functional differences among the IFN subtypes. The significance of our research is in demonstrating that IFN-α and IFN-β both have protective roles during acute chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infection but do so by distinct mechanisms. IFN-α limits CHIKV replication and dissemination, whereas IFN-β protects from CHIKV pathogenesis by limiting inflammation mediated by neutrophils. Our findings support the premise that the IFN subtypes have distinct biological activities in the antiviral response.
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Xu J, Zhang L, Xu Y, Zhang H, Gao J, Wang Q, Tian Z, Xuan L, Chen H, Wang Y. PP2A Facilitates Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Replication by Deactivating irf3 and Limiting Type I Interferon Production. Viruses 2019; 11:v11100948. [PMID: 31618847 PMCID: PMC6832233 DOI: 10.3390/v11100948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), a major serine/threonine phosphatase in mammalian cells, is known to regulate the kinase-driven intracellular signaling pathways. Emerging evidences have shown that the PP2A phosphatase functions as a bona-fide therapeutic target for anticancer therapy, but it is unclear whether PP2A affects a porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection. In the present study, we demonstrated for the first time that inhibition of PP2A activity by either inhibitor or small interfering RNA duplexes in target cells significantly reduced their susceptibility to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection. Further analysis revealed that inhibition of PP2A function resulted in augmented production of type I interferon (IFN). The mechanism is that inhibition of PP2A activity enhances the levels of phosphorylated interferon regulatory factor 3, which activates the transcription of IFN-stimulated genes. Moreover, inhibition of PP2A activity mainly blocked PRRSV replication in the early stage of viral life cycle, after virus entry but before virus release. Using type I IFN receptor 2 specific siRNA in combination with PP2A inhibitor, we confirmed that the effect of PP2A on viral replication within target cells was an interferon-dependent manner. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that PP2A serves as a negative regulator of host cells antiviral responses and provides a novel therapeutic target for virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayu Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Yunfei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - He Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Junxin Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Qian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Zhijun Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Lv Xuan
- Department of public health policy, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Hongyan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China.
| | - Yue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China.
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29
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Kubelkova K, Macela A. Innate Immune Recognition: An Issue More Complex Than Expected. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:241. [PMID: 31334134 PMCID: PMC6616152 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary interaction of an intracellular bacterium with its host cell is initiated by activation of multiple signaling pathways in response to bacterium recognition itself or as cellular responses to stress induced by the bacterium. The leading molecules in these processes are cell surface membrane receptors as well as cytosolic pattern recognition receptors recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns or damage-associated molecular patterns induced by the invading bacterium. In this review, we demonstrate possible sequences of events leading to recognition of Francisella tularensis, present findings on known mechanisms for manipulating cell responses to protect Francisella from being killed, and discuss newly published data from the perspective of early stages of host-pathogen interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klara Kubelkova
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Biology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Hradec Kralove, Czechia
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30
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Kubo S, Nakayamada S, Tanaka Y. Baricitinib for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus: a 2019 update. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2019; 15:693-700. [PMID: 30987474 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2019.1608821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: JAK, which constitutively binds to some cytokine receptors, plays an important role in cytokine signaling. While JAK is comprised of JAK1, JAK2, JAK3, and Tyk2, more than 40 types of cytokines transmit signals through JAK. Baricitinib is reported to be highly effective in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and is the second drug launched as a JAK inhibitor for RA. Area covered: We provide an overview of the mechanisms of action of baricitinib and its clinical implications in RA and other autoimmune diseases based on recent reports. This review outlines the mechanisms of action of baricitinib on human immune cells, the results of Phase III trials for RA, and the results of Phase II trials on SLE. Expert opinion: Baricitinib has potential to fine-tune various immune networks through a variety of mechanisms. Precision medicine is required in order to achieve maximum effects of targeted synthetic DMARDs including baricitinib and biological DMARDs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Kubo
- a The First Department of Internal Medicine , University of Occupational and Environmental Health , Kitakyushu, Fukuoka , Japan
| | - Shingo Nakayamada
- a The First Department of Internal Medicine , University of Occupational and Environmental Health , Kitakyushu, Fukuoka , Japan
| | - Yoshiya Tanaka
- a The First Department of Internal Medicine , University of Occupational and Environmental Health , Kitakyushu, Fukuoka , Japan
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31
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Catalina MD, Bachali P, Geraci NS, Grammer AC, Lipsky PE. Gene expression analysis delineates the potential roles of multiple interferons in systemic lupus erythematosus. Commun Biol 2019; 2:140. [PMID: 31044165 PMCID: PMC6478921 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-019-0382-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A role for interferon (IFN) in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) pathogenesis is inferred from the prominent IFN gene signature (IGS), but the major IFN species and its relationship to disease activity are unknown. A bioinformatic approach employing individual IFN species gene signatures to interrogate SLE microarray datasets demonstrates a putative role for numerous IFN species, with prominent expression of IFNB1 and IFNW signatures. In contrast with other SLE-affected organs, the IGS is less prominent in lupus nephritis. SLE patients with active and inactive disease have readily detectable IGS and the IGS changes synchronously with a monocyte signature but not disease activity, and is significantly related to monocyte transcripts. Monocyte over-expression of three times as many IGS transcripts as T and B cells and IGS retention in monocytes, but not T and B cells from inactive SLE patients contribute to the lack of correlation between the IGS and SLE disease activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle D. Catalina
- AMPEL BioSolutions LLC and RILITE Research Institute, 250 West Main Street, Suite 300, Charlottesville, VA 22902 USA
| | - Prathyusha Bachali
- AMPEL BioSolutions LLC and RILITE Research Institute, 250 West Main Street, Suite 300, Charlottesville, VA 22902 USA
| | - Nicholas S. Geraci
- AMPEL BioSolutions LLC and RILITE Research Institute, 250 West Main Street, Suite 300, Charlottesville, VA 22902 USA
| | - Amrie C. Grammer
- AMPEL BioSolutions LLC and RILITE Research Institute, 250 West Main Street, Suite 300, Charlottesville, VA 22902 USA
| | - Peter E. Lipsky
- AMPEL BioSolutions LLC and RILITE Research Institute, 250 West Main Street, Suite 300, Charlottesville, VA 22902 USA
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Suprunenko T, Hofer MJ. Complexities of Type I Interferon Biology: Lessons from LCMV. Viruses 2019; 11:v11020172. [PMID: 30791575 PMCID: PMC6409748 DOI: 10.3390/v11020172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past decades, infection of mice with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) has provided an invaluable insight into our understanding of immune responses to viruses. In particular, this model has clarified the central roles that type I interferons play in initiating and regulating host responses. The use of different strains of LCMV and routes of infection has allowed us to understand how type I interferons are critical in controlling virus replication and fostering effective antiviral immunity, but also how they promote virus persistence and functional exhaustion of the immune response. Accordingly, these discoveries have formed the foundation for the development of novel treatments for acute and chronic viral infections and even extend into the management of malignant tumors. Here we review the fundamental insights into type I interferon biology gained using LCMV as a model and how the diversity of LCMV strains, dose, and route of administration have been used to dissect the molecular mechanisms underpinning acute versus persistent infection. We also identify gaps in the knowledge regarding LCMV regulation of antiviral immunity. Due to its unique properties, LCMV will continue to remain a vital part of the immunologists' toolbox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Suprunenko
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, the Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Charles Perkins Centre, and the Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Markus J Hofer
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, the Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Charles Perkins Centre, and the Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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The STING agonist 5,6-dimethylxanthenone-4-acetic acid (DMXAA) stimulates an antiviral state and protects mice against herpes simplex virus-induced neurological disease. Virology 2019; 529:23-28. [PMID: 30648635 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2019.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus (HSV)- 1 is the most common cause of sporadic viral encephalitis and accounts for 5-10% of cases worldwide. A key factor in host control of viral infection is the initiation of the interferon (IFN) response, mediated in part by the stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway. In these studies, we examined the ability of 5,6-dimethylxanthenone-4-acetic acid (DMXAA), a STING agonist, to protect against HSV-1 infection. DMXAA reduced viral replication through increased production of type I IFN in vitro. Furthermore, administration of DMXAA to HSV-1 infected mice resulted in a reduction of viral burden in the peripheral and central nervous systems. This reduced viral burden also correlated with increased survival of DMXAA-treated infected mice. These results therefore demonstrate the potential of STING agonists for immunotherapy against HSV-1.
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34
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Hong Y, Bai M, Qi X, Li C, Liang M, Li D, Cardona CJ, Xing Z. Suppression of the IFN-α and -β Induction through Sequestering IRF7 into Viral Inclusion Bodies by Nonstructural Protein NSs in Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Bunyavirus Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 202:841-856. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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35
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Negishi H, Taniguchi T, Yanai H. The Interferon (IFN) Class of Cytokines and the IFN Regulatory Factor (IRF) Transcription Factor Family. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2018; 10:a028423. [PMID: 28963109 PMCID: PMC6211389 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a028423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Interferons (IFNs) are a broad class of cytokines elicited on challenge to the host defense and are essential for mobilizing immune responses to pathogens. Divided into three classes, type I, type II, and type III, all IFNs share in common the ability to evoke antiviral activities initiated by the interaction with their cognate receptors. The nine-member IFN regulatory factor (IRF) family, first discovered in the context of transcriptional regulation of type I IFN genes following viral infection, are pivotal for the regulation of the IFN responses. In this review, we briefly describe cardinal features of the three types of IFNs and then focus on the role of the IRF family members in the regulation of each IFN system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideo Negishi
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Komaba 4-6-1, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
| | - Tadatsugu Taniguchi
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Komaba 4-6-1, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
- Max Planck-The University of Tokyo Center for Integrative Inflammology, Komaba 4-6-1, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Yanai
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Komaba 4-6-1, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
- Max Planck-The University of Tokyo Center for Integrative Inflammology, Komaba 4-6-1, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
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36
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Li L, Fan H, Song Z, Liu X, Bai J, Jiang P. Encephalomyocarditis virus 2C protein antagonizes interferon-β signaling pathway through interaction with MDA5. Antiviral Res 2018; 161:70-84. [PMID: 30312637 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) is one of the most important picornavirus. It infects many mammalian species and causes encephalitis, myocarditis, neurologic diseases, diabetes and reproductive disorders in pigs. And it evolves mechanisms for escaping innate immune responses. But the viral pathogenesis has not been understood completely. In this study, we firstly found that EMCV protein 2C is a strong IFN-β antagonist that interacts with MDA5 to inhibit induction of the IFN-β signal pathway. The mutations in amino acid residue V26 of 2C decrease the inhibition of IFN-β promoter activity and lost the ability to interact with MDA5, compared with wild type 2C protein. The rescued viruses with mutations in 2C (rV26A and rK25-3A) induced significantly higher IFN-β mRNA and protein levels in PK-15, HEK-293A and N2a cells, compared to wild type EMCV and the repaired viruses rV26A(R) and rK25-3A(R). These data indicate that the amino acid residue V26 of EMCV 2C plays important roles in inhibiting type I IFN production by interacting with MDA5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Hui Fan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhongbao Song
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xuewei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Juan Bai
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.
| | - Ping Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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Johnson JS, Lucas SY, Amon LM, Skelton S, Nazitto R, Carbonetti S, Sather DN, Littman DR, Aderem A. Reshaping of the Dendritic Cell Chromatin Landscape and Interferon Pathways during HIV Infection. Cell Host Microbe 2018; 23:366-381.e9. [PMID: 29544097 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2018.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Myeloid dendritic cells (DCs) have the innate capacity to sense pathogens and orchestrate immune responses. However, DCs do not mount efficient immune responses to HIV-1, primarily due to restriction of virus reverse transcription, which prevents accumulation of viral cDNA and limits its detection through the cGAS-STING pathway. By allowing reverse transcription to proceed, we find that DCs detect HIV-1 in distinct phases, before and after virus integration. Blocking integration suppresses, but does not abolish, activation of the transcription factor IRF3, downstream interferon (IFN) responses, and DC maturation. Consistent with two stages of detection, HIV-1 "primes" chromatin accessibility of innate immune genes before and after integration. Once primed, robust IFN responses can be unmasked by agonists of the innate adaptor protein, MyD88, through a process that requires cGAS, STING, IRF3, and nuclear factor κB. Thus, HIV-1 replication increases material available for sensing, and discrete inflammatory inputs tune cGAS signaling to drive DC maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sasha Y Lucas
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Lynn M Amon
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | - Rodolfo Nazitto
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Sara Carbonetti
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - D Noah Sather
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Dan R Littman
- Molecular Pathogenesis Program, The Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine of the Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Alan Aderem
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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Porcine Deltacoronavirus Accessory Protein NS6 Antagonizes Interferon Beta Production by Interfering with the Binding of RIG-I/MDA5 to Double-Stranded RNA. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.00712-18. [PMID: 29769346 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00712-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) has recently emerged as an enteric pathogen that can cause serious vomiting and diarrhea in suckling piglets. The first outbreak of PDCoV occurred in the United States in 2014 and was followed by reports of PDCoV in South Korea, China, Thailand, Lao People's Democratic Republic, and Vietnam, leading to economic losses for pig farms and posing a considerable threat to the swine industry worldwide. Our previous studies have shown that PDCoV encodes three accessory proteins, NS6, NS7, and NS7a, but the functions of these proteins in viral replication, pathogenesis, and immune regulation remain unclear. Here, we found that ectopic expression of accessory protein NS6 significantly inhibits Sendai virus-induced interferon beta (IFN-β) production as well as the activation of transcription factors IRF3 and NF-κB. Interestingly, NS6 does not impede the IFN-β promoter activation mediated via key molecules in the RIG-I-like receptor (RLR) signaling pathway, specifically RIG-I, MDA5, and their downstream molecules MAVS, TBK1, IKKε, and IRF3. Further analyses revealed that NS6 is not an RNA-binding protein; however, it interacts with RIG-I/MDA5. This interaction attenuates the binding of double-stranded RNA by RIG-I/MDA5, resulting in the reduction of RLR-mediated IFN-β production. Taken together, our results demonstrate that ectopic expression of NS6 antagonizes IFN-β production by interfering with the binding of RIG-I/MDA5 to double-stranded RNA, revealing a new strategy employed by PDCoV accessory proteins to counteract the host innate antiviral immune response.IMPORTANCE Coronavirus accessory proteins are species specific, and they perform multiple functions in viral pathogenicity and immunity, such as acting as IFN antagonists and cell death inducers. Our previous studies have shown that PDCoV encodes three accessory proteins. Here, we demonstrated for the first time that PDCoV accessory protein NS6 antagonizes IFN-β production by interacting with RIG-I and MDA5 to impede their association with double-stranded RNA. This is an efficient strategy of antagonizing type I IFN production by disrupting the binding of host pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). These findings deepen our understanding of the function of accessory protein NS6, and they may direct us toward novel therapeutic targets and lead to the development of more effective vaccines against PDCoV infection.
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Kubo S, Nakayamada S, Sakata K, Kitanaga Y, Ma X, Lee S, Ishii A, Yamagata K, Nakano K, Tanaka Y. Janus Kinase Inhibitor Baricitinib Modulates Human Innate and Adaptive Immune System. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1510. [PMID: 30002661 PMCID: PMC6031708 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to elucidate the mechanism of action of baricitinib on Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) signaling, which involves in human innate and adaptive immune system. The effects of baricitinib were evaluated using human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MoDCs), plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs), B cells, and T cells. Baricitinib concentration-dependently suppressed the expression of CD80/CD86 on MoDCs and the production of type-I interferon (IFN) by pDCs. Baricitinib also suppressed the differentiation of human B cells into plasmablasts by B cell receptor and type-I IFN stimuli and inhibited the production of interleukin (IL)-6 from B cells. Human CD4+ T cells proliferated after T cell receptor stimulation with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 antibody; however, such proliferation was suppressed by baricitinib in a concentration-dependent manner. In addition, baricitinib inhibited Th1 differentiation after IL-12 stimulation and Th17 differentiation by TGF-β1, IL-6, IL-1β, and IL-23 stimulation. Tofacitinib showed similar effects in these experiments. In naive CD4+ T cells, IFN-α and IFN-γ induced phosphorylation of STAT1, which was inhibited by baricitinib and tofacitinib. Furthermore, IL-6-induced phosphorylation of STAT1 and STAT3 was also inhibited by JAK inhibitors. In conclusion, the results indicated that baricitinib suppresses the differentiation of plasmablasts, Th1 and Th17 cells, as well as innate immunity, such as the T cell stimulatory capacity of dendritic cells. Thus, JAK inhibitors can be potentially clinically effective not only in rheumatoid arthritis but other immune-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Kubo
- The First Department of Internal Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Shingo Nakayamada
- The First Department of Internal Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Kei Sakata
- The First Department of Internal Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan.,Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Kitanaga
- The First Department of Internal Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan.,Astellas Pharma Inc., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Xiaoxue Ma
- The First Department of Internal Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan.,The Department of Pediatrics, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Seunghyun Lee
- The First Department of Internal Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Akina Ishii
- The First Department of Internal Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan.,Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kaoru Yamagata
- The First Department of Internal Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Nakano
- The First Department of Internal Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Yoshiya Tanaka
- The First Department of Internal Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
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Abstract
Viruses infecting vertebrate hosts must overcome the interferon (IFN)-mediated antiviral response to replicate and propagate to new hosts. The complex regulation of the IFN response allows viruses to antagonize IFN at multiple levels. However, no single strategy appears to be the golden ticket, and viruses have adopted multiple means to dampen this host defense. This Review does not exhaustively cover all mechanisms of viral IFN antagonism. Rather it examines the ten most common strategies that viruses use to subvert the IFN response with examples from publications appearing in the last 10 years of Cell Host & Microbe. The virus-host interactions involved in induction and evasion of IFN represent a fertile area of research due to the significant large number of host and viral products that regulate this response, resulting in an intricate dance between hosts and their pathogens to achieve an optimal balance between virus replication, host disease, and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adolfo García-Sastre
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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41
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Abstract
HIV-1 sensors and their signaling features have been an ongoing topic of intense research over the last decade, as these mechanisms fail to establish protective immunity against HIV-1. Here, we discuss how HIV-1 infects dendritic cells (DCs) and which sensors play a role in recognizing viral DNA and RNA in these specialized immune cells. We will elaborate on the RNA helicase DDX3, which is crucial in translation initiation of HIV-1 mRNA, but also fulfills an important role as RNA sensor and inducer of antiviral immunity in DCs. As DDX3 is indispensable for HIV-1 replication, the virus cannot escape sensing by DDX3, which is an important aspect of its function. Last but not least, we will discuss how HIV-1 suppresses DDX3 sensing and how this impacts the viral load in HIV-1-infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Stunnenberg
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Teunis B H Geijtenbeek
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sonja I Gringhuis
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Laghari ZA, Li L, Chen SN, Huo HJ, Huang B, Zhou Y, Nie P. Composition and transcription of all interferon regulatory factors (IRFs), IRF1‒11 in a perciform fish, the mandarin fish, Siniperca chuatsi. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 81:127-140. [PMID: 29180032 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2017.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) are a family of mediators in various biological processes including immune modulation of interferon (IFN) and proinflammatory cytokine expression. However, the data on the complete composition of IRFs is rather limited in teleost fish. In the present study, all IRF members, i.e. IRF1‒11 with two IRF4, IRF4a and IRF4b have been characterised in an aquaculture species of fish, the mandarin fish, Siniperca chuatsi, in addition to the previous report of IRF1, IRF2, IRF3 and IRF7 from the fish. These IRFs are constitutively expressed in various organs/tissues of the fish, and their expression can be induced following the stimulation of polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C)) and the infection of infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV), a viral pathogen of mandarin fish in aquaculture. The ISKNV infection induced the significant increase in the expression of some IRF genes, i.e. IRF2, IRF4a, IRF7, IRF9, IRF10 at 24 or 36 h post-infection (hpi) in spleen and head-kidney, and the significant increase of some other IRF genes, e.g. IRF1, IRF3, IRF4b, IRF5, IRF6, IRF8 at later stage of infection from 72, or 96, or even 120 hpi, which may imply the inhibitory effect of ISKNV on fish immune response. It is considered that the present study provides the first detailed analysis on all IRF members in an aquaculture species of fish, and can be served as the base for further investigation on the role of IRFs in teleost fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zubair Ahmed Laghari
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Li Li
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430072, China
| | - Shan Nan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430072, China
| | - Hui Jun Huo
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430072, China
| | - Bei Huang
- College of Fisheries, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian Province, 361021, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430072, China
| | - P Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430072, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China; School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266109, China.
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Bermejo-Jambrina M, Eder J, Helgers LC, Hertoghs N, Nijmeijer BM, Stunnenberg M, Geijtenbeek TBH. C-Type Lectin Receptors in Antiviral Immunity and Viral Escape. Front Immunol 2018; 9:590. [PMID: 29632536 PMCID: PMC5879224 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) are important pattern recognition receptors involved in recognition and induction of adaptive immunity to pathogens. Certain CLRs play an important role in viral infections as they efficiently interact with viruses. However, it has become clear that deadly viruses subvert the function of CLRs to escape antiviral immunity and promote infection. In particular, viruses target CLRs to suppress or modulate type I interferons that play a central role in the innate and adaptive defense against viruses. In this review, we discuss the function of CLRs in binding to enveloped viruses like HIV-1 and Dengue virus, and how uptake and signaling cascades have decisive effects on the outcome of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Bermejo-Jambrina
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Division of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Julia Eder
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Leanne C Helgers
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Nina Hertoghs
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Bernadien M Nijmeijer
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Melissa Stunnenberg
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Teunis B H Geijtenbeek
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Sabir N, Hussain T, Shah SZA, Zhao D, Zhou X. IFN-β: A Contentious Player in Host-Pathogen Interaction in Tuberculosis. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18122725. [PMID: 29258190 PMCID: PMC5751326 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18122725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a major health threat to the human population worldwide. The etiology of the disease is Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), a highly successful intracellular pathogen. It has the ability to manipulate the host immune response and to make the intracellular environment suitable for its survival. Many studies have addressed the interactions between the bacteria and the host immune cells as involving many immune mediators and other cellular players. Interferon-β (IFN-β) signaling is crucial for inducing the host innate immune response and it is an important determinant in the fate of mycobacterial infection. The role of IFN-β in protection against viral infections is well established and has been studied for decades, but its role in mycobacterial infections remains much more complicated and debatable. The involvement of IFN-β in immune evasion mechanisms adopted by Mtb has been an important area of investigation in recent years. These advances have widened our understanding of the pro-bacterial role of IFN-β in host–pathogen interactions. This pro-bacterial activity of IFN-β appears to be correlated with its anti-inflammatory characteristics, primarily by antagonizing the production and function of interleukin 1β (IL-1β) and interleukin 18 (IL-18) through increased interleukin 10 (IL-10) production and by inhibiting the nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat protein-3 (NLRP3) inflammasome. Furthermore, it also fails to provoke a proper T helper 1 (Th1) response and reduces the expression of major histocompatibility complex II (MHC-II) and interferon-γ receptors (IFNGRs). Here we will review some studies to provide a paradigm for the induction, regulation, and role of IFN-β in mycobacterial infection. Indeed, recent studies suggest that IFN-β plays a role in Mtb survival in host cells and its downregulation may be a useful therapeutic strategy to control Mtb infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveed Sabir
- State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Tariq Hussain
- State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Syed Zahid Ali Shah
- State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Deming Zhao
- State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Xiangmei Zhou
- State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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45
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Ning YJ, Feng K, Min YQ, Deng F, Hu Z, Wang H. Heartland virus NSs protein disrupts host defenses by blocking the TBK1 kinase-IRF3 transcription factor interaction and signaling required for interferon induction. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:16722-16733. [PMID: 28848048 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.805127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Heartland virus (HRTV) is a pathogenic phlebovirus related to the severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV), another phlebovirus causing life-threatening disease in humans. Previous findings have suggested that SFTSV can antagonize the host interferon (IFN) system via viral nonstructural protein (NSs)-mediated sequestration of antiviral signaling proteins into NSs-induced inclusion bodies. However, whether and how HRTV counteracts the host innate immunity is unknown. Here, we report that HRTV NSs (HNSs) also antagonizes IFN and cytokine induction and bolsters viral replication, although no noticeable inclusion body formation was observed in HNSs-expressing cells. Furthermore, HNSs inhibited the virus-triggered activation of IFN-β promoter by specifically targeting the IFN-stimulated response element but not the NF-κB response element. Consistently, HNSs blocked the phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of IFN regulatory factor 3 (IRF3, an IFN-stimulated response element-activating transcription factor). Reporter gene assays next showed that HNSs blockades the antiviral signaling mediated by RIG-I-like receptors likely at the level of TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1). Indeed, HNSs strongly interacts with TBK1 as indicated by confocal microscopy and pulldown analyses, and we also noted that the scaffold dimerization domain of TBK1 is required for the TBK1-HNSs interaction. Finally, pulldown assays demonstrated that HNSs expression dose-dependently diminishes a TBK1-IRF3 interaction, further explaining the mechanism for HNSs function. Collectively, these data suggest that HNSs, an antagonist of host innate immunity, interacts with TBK1 and thereby hinders the association of TBK1 with its substrate IRF3, thus blocking IRF3 activation and transcriptional induction of the cellular antiviral responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Jia Ning
- From the State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China and
| | - Kuan Feng
- From the State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China and.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuan-Qin Min
- From the State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China and
| | - Fei Deng
- From the State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China and
| | - Zhihong Hu
- From the State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China and
| | - Hualin Wang
- From the State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China and
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46
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Feng T, Sun T, Li G, Pan W, Wang K, Dai J. DEAD-Box Helicase DDX25 Is a Negative Regulator of Type I Interferon Pathway and Facilitates RNA Virus Infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:356. [PMID: 28824886 PMCID: PMC5543031 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue is a mosquito-borne viral disease that rapidly spread in tropic and subtropic area in recent years. DEAD (Glu-Asp-Ala-Glu)-box RNA helicases have been reported to play important roles in viral infection, either as cytosolic sensors of viral nucleic acids or as essential host factors for the replication of different viruses. In this study, we reported that DDX25, a DEAD-box RNA helicase, plays a proviral role in DENV infection. The expression levels of DDX25 mRNA and protein were upregulated in DENV infected cells. During DENV infection, the intracellular viral loads were significantly lower in DDX25 silenced cells and higher in DDX25 overexpressed cells. Meanwhile, the expression level of type I interferon (IFN) was increased in DDX25 siRNA treated cells during viral infection. Consistent with the in vitro findings, the Ddx25-transgenic mice have an increased susceptibility to lethal vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) virus challenge. The viremia was significantly higher while the anti-viral cytokine levels were lower in Ddx25-transgenic mice. Further, DDX25 modulated RIG-I signaling pathway and blocked IFNβ production, by interrupting IFN regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) and NFκB activation. Thus, DDX25 is a novel negative regulator of IFN pathway and facilitates RNA virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Feng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow UniversitySuzhou, China
| | - Ta Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow UniversitySuzhou, China
| | - Guanghao Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow UniversitySuzhou, China
| | - Wen Pan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow UniversitySuzhou, China
| | - Kezhen Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow UniversitySuzhou, China
| | - Jianfeng Dai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow UniversitySuzhou, China
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Newcastle Disease Virus Establishes Persistent Infection in Tumor Cells In Vitro: Contribution of the Cleavage Site of Fusion Protein and Second Sialic Acid Binding Site of Hemagglutinin-Neuraminidase. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.00770-17. [PMID: 28592535 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00770-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is an oncolytic virus being developed for the treatment of cancer. Following infection of a human ovarian cancer cell line (OVCAR3) with a recombinant low-pathogenic NDV, persistent infection was established in a subset of tumor cells. Persistently infected (PI) cells exhibited resistance to superinfection with NDV and established an antiviral state, as demonstrated by upregulation of interferon and interferon-induced genes such as myxoma resistance gene 1 (Mx1) and retinoic acid-inducing gene-I (RIG-I). Viruses released from PI cells induced higher cell-to-cell fusion than the parental virus following infection in two tumor cell lines tested, HT1080 and HeLa, and remained attenuated in chickens. Two mutations, one in the fusion (F) protein cleavage site, F117S (F117S), and another in hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN), G169R (HN169R), located in the second sialic acid binding region, were responsible for the hyperfusogenic phenotype. F117S improves F protein cleavage efficiency, facilitating cell-to-cell fusion, while HN169R possesses a multifaceted role in contributing to higher fusion, reduced receptor binding, and lower neuraminidase activity, which together result in increased fusion and reduced viral replication. Thus, establishment of persistent infection in vitro involves viral genetic changes that facilitate efficient viral spread from cell to cell as a potential mechanism to escape host antiviral responses. The results of our study also demonstrate a critical role in the viral life cycle for the second receptor binding region of the HN protein, which is conserved in several paramyxoviruses.IMPORTANCE Oncolytic Newcastle disease virus (NDV) could establish persistent infection in a tumor cell line, resulting in a steady antiviral state reflected by constitutively expressed interferon. Viruses isolated from persistently infected cells are highly fusogenic, and this phenotype has been mapped to two mutations, one each in the fusion (F) and hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) proteins. The F117S mutation in the F protein cleavage site improved F protein cleavage efficiency while the HN169R mutation located at the second receptor binding site of the HN protein contributed to a complex phenotype consisting of a modest increase in fusion and cell killing, lower neuraminidase activity, and reduced viral growth. This study highlights the intricate nature of these two mutations in the glycoproteins of NDV in the establishment of persistent infection. The data also shed light on the critical balance between the F and HN proteins required for efficient NDV infection and their role in avian pathogenicity.
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Involvement of GATA1 and Sp3 in the activation of the murine STING gene promoter in NIH3T3 cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2090. [PMID: 28522827 PMCID: PMC5437032 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02242-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Stimulator of Interferon Gene (STING) is a key mediator of innate immune signaling. STING plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of many diseases including infectious diseases, auto-immune diseases and cancer. Many studies have been carried out recently in the field of STING-regulated pathway, however, rarely of transcriptional mechanisms. To characterize the murine STING (mSTING) promoter, we cloned a series of different nucleotide sequences of the 5′-flanking region of the mSTING gene. Transient transfection of promoter-reporter recombinant plasmids and luciferase assay illustrated the region (−77/+177) relative to the transcription start site (TSS) of the mSTING gene was sufficient for full promoter activity. This region contains GATA1, IK2, Sp1/Sp3 and STAT putative transcription factor binding sites. Mutation of GATA1 or Sp1/Sp3 sites led to obvious decrease of the mSTING promoter activity. Overexpression of GATA1 and Sp3 enhanced the mSTING promoter activity, whereas knockdown of GATA1 and Sp3 by a siRNA strategy significantly reduced the transcription activity. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays demonstrated that GATA1 and Sp3 interact with the mSTING promoter in vivo. These results provided the first analysis of mSTING promoter and demonstrated that transcription factor GATA1 and Sp3 positively regulate the basal transcription of the mSTING gene.
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Chattopadhyay S, Sen GC. RIG-I-like receptor-induced IRF3 mediated pathway of apoptosis (RIPA): a new antiviral pathway. Protein Cell 2017; 8:165-168. [PMID: 27815826 PMCID: PMC5326620 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-016-0334-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The innate immune response is the first line of host defense to eliminate viral infection. Pattern recognition receptors in the cytosol, such as RIG-I-like receptors (RLR) and Nod-like receptors (NLR), and membrane bound Toll like receptors (TLR) detect viral infection and initiate transcription of a cohort of antiviral genes, including interferon (IFN) and interferon stimulated genes (ISGs), which ultimately block viral replication. Another mechanism to reduce viral spread is through RIPA, the RLR-induced IRF3-mediated pathway of apoptosis, which causes infected cells to undergo premature death. The transcription factor IRF3 can mediate cellular antiviral responses by both inducing antiviral genes and triggering apoptosis through the activation of RIPA. The mechanism of IRF3 activation in RIPA is distinct from that of transcriptional activation; it requires linear polyubiquitination of specific lysine residues of IRF3. Using RIPA-active, but transcriptionally inactive, IRF3 mutants, it was shown that RIPA can prevent viral replication and pathogenesis in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Chattopadhyay
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, 3000 Arlington Avenue, Mailstop 1021, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA.
| | - Ganes C Sen
- Cleveland Clinic, Department of Immunology, 9500 Euclid Avenue, NE20, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.
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Thakur KK, Saini J, Mahajan K, Singh D, Jayswal DP, Mishra S, Bishayee A, Sethi G, Kunnumakkara AB. Therapeutic implications of toll-like receptors in peripheral neuropathic pain. Pharmacol Res 2017; 115:224-232. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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