1
|
Deepak V, El-Balawi L, Harris LK. Placental Drug Delivery to Treat Pre-Eclampsia and Fetal Growth Restriction. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2311165. [PMID: 38745536 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202311165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Pre-eclampsia and fetal growth restriction (FGR) continue to cause unacceptably high levels of morbidity and mortality, despite significant pharmaceutical and technological advances in other disease areas. The recent pandemic has also impacted obstetric care, as COVID-19 infection increases the risk of poor pregnancy outcomes. This review explores the reasons why it lacks effective drug treatments for the placental dysfunction that underlies many common obstetric conditions and describes how nanomedicines and targeted drug delivery approaches may provide the solution to the current drug drought. The ever-increasing range of biocompatible nanoparticle formulations available is now making it possible to selectively deliver drugs to uterine and placental tissues and dramatically limit fetal drug transfer. Formulations that are refractory to placental uptake offer the possibility of retaining drugs within the maternal circulation, allowing pregnant individuals to take medicines previously considered too harmful to the developing baby. Liposomes, ionizable lipid nanoparticles, polymeric nanoparticles, and adenoviral vectors have all been used to create efficacious drug delivery systems for use in pregnancy, although each approach offers distinct advantages and limitations. It is imperative that recent advances continue to be built upon and that there is an overdue investment of intellectual and financial capital in this field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Venkataraman Deepak
- Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, Division of Developmental Biology and Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9WL, UK
- St Mary's Hospital, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, M13 9WL, UK
| | - Lujain El-Balawi
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Lynda K Harris
- Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, Division of Developmental Biology and Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9WL, UK
- St Mary's Hospital, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, M13 9WL, UK
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
- Olson Center for Women's Health, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Adu-Gyamfi EA, Salamah J, Cheeran EA, Lee BK. Bisphenol S moderately decreases the expression of syncytiotrophoblast marker genes and induces apoptosis in human trophoblast lineages. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 343:123259. [PMID: 38159624 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.123259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Bisphenol S (BPS) is currently used in the manufacturing of several household equipment such as water pipes and food containers. Hence, its entrance into the human body is almost inevitable. The presence of BPS in body fluids has been reported. However, its potential toxicity, especially on human placenta development and pregnancy progression, has not been explored. In this study, we assessed the impacts of BPS on the self-renewal and differentiation potentials of placental stem cells, also known as trophoblast stem cells (TSCs), by exposing them to three different BPS concentrations during their self-renewal and differentiation into syncytiotrophoblast (ST), extravillous trophoblast (EVT), and trophoblast organoids. Interestingly, BPS treatment did not affect the stemness, cell cycle and proliferation of the TSCs but it induced apoptosis in each trophoblast lineage. BPS altered the expression of several fusion-related genes. However, this alteration did not translate into significant morphological defects in the STs and organoids. Moreover, BPS did not impair the differentiation of TSCs into EVTs. These findings suggest that the presence of BPS at the feto-maternal interface may exaggerate trophoblast apoptosis and moderately inhibit the trophoblast fusion pathway to affect placenta development and pregnancy. Our study offers valuable insights into the potential toxicity of BPS on human placenta development, emphasizing the need for epidemiological assessment of the relationship between maternal serum levels of BPS and pregnancy complications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Enoch Appiah Adu-Gyamfi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cancer Research Center, University at Albany, State University of New York, Rensselaer, NY, 12144, USA
| | - Joudi Salamah
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cancer Research Center, University at Albany, State University of New York, Rensselaer, NY, 12144, USA
| | - Elisha Ann Cheeran
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cancer Research Center, University at Albany, State University of New York, Rensselaer, NY, 12144, USA
| | - Bum-Kyu Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cancer Research Center, University at Albany, State University of New York, Rensselaer, NY, 12144, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Pathare-Ingawale P, Gogate N, Thube Y, Mansour SMA, Chavan-Gautam P, Wagh G, Joshi S. Association between proNGF receptors and apoptotic factors in human placentae. Placenta 2023; 139:43-48. [PMID: 37300939 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2023.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Earlier studies have shown higher apoptosis in the pre-term placenta as compared to term. However, the exact mechanisms triggering these are not completely understood. Studies in neuronal and non-neuronal tissues have shown that the precursor form of NGF (proNGF) triggers apoptosis through preferential activation of p75NTR and sortilin receptors. We therefore, investigated placental expression of proNGF, mature NGF, p75NTR, co-receptor sortilin and their association with apoptosis. We further compared the levels of pro-protein convertase, furin between samples having high and low proNGF: mature NGF ratio. METHODS Placenta samples were collected from women delivering at term (≥37 weeks; n = 41) and preterm (<37 weeks; n = 44). The protein levels of NGF, proNGF, p75NTR, Bax, Bcl-2 and furin were estimated by ELISA. Mean values of variables between different groups were compared using the independent sample t-test and associations were studied by Pearson correlation analysis. RESULTS The placental mature NGF, proNGF and p75NTR protein levels were comparable between groups. Bax: Bcl-2 ratio was higher in preterm (p < 0.05) compared to term placenta. p75NTR was positively associated with Bax levels and sortilin levels were positively associated with p75NTR in whole cohort as well as individual groups. DISCUSSION The higher Bax: Bcl-2 ratio in preterm placenta suggests the sensitivity to apoptosis. There were no differences in levels of NGF, proNGF, p75NTR, sortilin, and furin between groups. The observed associations between p75NTR, sortilin and Bax suggest that p75NTR and sortilin mediated signalling may be involved in the mechanisms leading to higher apoptosis in preterm placentae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Niharika Gogate
- Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
| | - Yogesh Thube
- Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
| | - Salma M A Mansour
- Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
| | - Preeti Chavan-Gautam
- Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India.
| | - Girija Wagh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Bharati Medical College and Hospital, Bharati Vidyapeeth University, Pune, India
| | - Sadhana Joshi
- Interactive Research School for Health Affairs, Bharati Vidyapeeth University, Pune, India
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
AbdRabou MA, Alrashdi BM, Alruwaili HK, Elmazoudy RH, Alwaili MA, Othman SI, Alghamdi FA, Fahmy GH. Exploration of Maternal and Fetal Toxicity Risks for Metronidazole-Related Teratogenicity and Hepatotoxicity through an Assessment in Albino Rats. TOXICS 2023; 11:303. [PMID: 37112529 PMCID: PMC10141390 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11040303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Metronidazole is the primary antimicrobial drug for treating acute and chronic vaginal pathogens during pregnancy; however, there has been insufficient research on placental disorders, early pregnancy loss, and preterm birth. Here, the potential activity of metronidazole on pregnancy outcomes was investigated. 130 mg/kg body weight of metronidazole was orally given individually to pregnant rats on gestation days 0-7, 7-14, and 0-20. Pregnancy outcome evaluations were carried out on gestation day 20. It was demonstrated that metronidazole could induce maternal and fetal hepatotoxicity. There is a significant increase in the activities of maternal hepatic enzymes (ALT, AST, and ALP), total cholesterol, and triglycerides compared with the control. These biochemical findings were evidenced by maternal and fetal liver histopathological alterations. Furthermore, metronidazole caused a significant decrease in the number of implantation sites and fetal viability, whereas it caused an increase in fetal lethality and the number of fetal resorptions. In addition, a significant decrease in fetal weight, placental weight, and placental diameter was estimated. Macroscopical examination revealed placental discoloration and hypotrophy in the labyrinth zone and the degeneration of the basal zone. The fetal defects are related to exencephaly, visceral hernias, and tail defects. These findings suggest that the administration of metroniazole during gestation interferes with embryonic implantation and fetal organogenesis and enhances placental pathology. We can also conclude that metronidazole has potential maternal and fetal risks and is unsafe during pregnancy. Additionally, it should be strictly advised and prescribed, and further consideration should be given to the associated health risks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mervat A. AbdRabou
- Biology Department, College of Science, Jouf University, P.O. Box 2014, Sakaka 72388, Saudi Arabia
| | - Barakat M. Alrashdi
- Biology Department, College of Science, Jouf University, P.O. Box 2014, Sakaka 72388, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hadeel K. Alruwaili
- Biology Department, College of Science, Jouf University, P.O. Box 2014, Sakaka 72388, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reda H. Elmazoudy
- Biology Department, College of Science, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maha A. Alwaili
- Biology Department, College of Science, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11564, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sarah I. Othman
- Biology Department, College of Science, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11564, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fawzyah A. Alghamdi
- Biology Department, College of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 23218, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gehan H. Fahmy
- Biology Department, College of Science, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawwarah 30001, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Shalaby AM, Albakoush KMM, Alabiad MA, Alorini M, Jaber FA, Elkholy MR, Tawfeek SE. Methotrexate enhances oxidative stress, apoptosis, and ultrastructural alterations in the placenta of rat. Ultrastruct Pathol 2022; 46:531-541. [DOI: 10.1080/01913123.2022.2154877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amany Mohamed Shalaby
- Histology and Cell Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | | | - Mohamed Ali Alabiad
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Mohammed Alorini
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Unaizah College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Unaizah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Fatima A. Jaber
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmoud Ramadan Elkholy
- Human Anatomy and Embryology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Shereen Elsayed Tawfeek
- Human Anatomy and Embryology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
- Anatomy Department, College of Medicine, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Pathare-Ingawale P, Chavan-Gautam P. The balance between cell survival and death in the placenta: Do neurotrophins have a role? Syst Biol Reprod Med 2021; 68:3-12. [PMID: 34615417 DOI: 10.1080/19396368.2021.1980132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Abstract
Neurotrophins (NT) are a closely related family of growth factors, which regulate the nervous system's development, maintenance, and function. Although NTs have been well studied in neuronal cells, they are also expressed in the placenta. Despite their suggested role in regulating fetoplacental development, their precise functional significance in the placenta remains elusive. NT activate two different classes of receptors. These include the Trk, tropomyosin-related kinase family of high-affinity tropomyosin-related kinase receptors, which induces cell survival, and the p75NTR, p75 neurotrophin receptor, a member of the tumor necrosis factor(TNF) receptor superfamily, which induces apoptosis in neuronal cells. Mature NT molecule results from proteolysis of a biologically active precursor form called pro-neurotrophins (pro-NT) by the intracellular proprotein convertase or furin. Pro-NTs have a regulatory role in determining cell survival and apoptosis. Here, we review the literature on the expression and functions of NTs and their receptors in the placenta and discuss their possible role in placental tissue development and apoptosis. The possible implications of imbalance in pro-NT and mature-NT levels for fetoplacental development are also discussed.Abbreviations AGE/ALEs: Advanced glycation/lipoxidation end products; Bax: Bcl 2 Associated X; Bcl-2: B-cell lymphoma 2; BDNF: Brain-derived neurotrophic factor; FAS/FASL: Fas cell surface death receptor/ ligand; IUGR: Intrauterine growth restriction; JNK: c-Jun amino-terminal kinase; MAP: mitogen-activated protein k; mRNA: Messenger ribonucleic acid; NGF: Nerve growth factor; NT: Neurotrophins; NRAGE: Neurotrophin receptor-interacting MAGE homolog; NRIF: Neurotrophin receptor interacting factor; PE: Preeclampsia; PI3k: Phosphoinositide 3- kinase; PLC: Phospholipase C; p75NTR: p75 neurotrophin receptor; Pro-NT: Pro-neurotrophins; PTB: Preterm birth; p53: Tumor protein p53; TNF: Tumor necrosis factor; TRAF: TNFR-associated factors; Trk: Tropomyosin-related kinase; siRNA: small interfering ribonucleic acid.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Preeti Chavan-Gautam
- Interdisciplinary School of Health Science, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kajdy A, Modzelewski J, Cymbaluk-Płoska A, Kwiatkowska E, Bednarek-Jędrzejek M, Borowski D, Stefańska K, Rabijewski M, Torbé A, Kwiatkowski S. Molecular Pathways of Cellular Senescence and Placental Aging in Late Fetal Growth Restriction and Stillbirth. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4186. [PMID: 33919502 PMCID: PMC8072706 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormally accelerated, premature placental senescence plays a crucial role in the genesis of pregnancy pathologies. Abnormal growth in the third trimester can present as small for gestational age fetuses or fetal growth restriction. One differs from the other by the presence of signs of placental insufficiency and the risk of stillbirth. The majority of stillbirths occur in normally grown fetuses and are classified as "unexplained", which often leads to conclusions that they were unpreventable. The main characteristic of aging is a gradual decline in the function of cells, tissues, and organs. These changes result in the accumulation of senescent cells in mitotic tissues. These cells begin the aging process that disrupts tissues' normal functions by affecting neighboring cells, degrading the extracellular matrix, and reducing tissues' regeneration capacity. Different degrees of abnormal placentation result in the severity of fetal growth restriction and its sequelae, including fetal death. This review aims to present the current knowledge and identify future research directions to understand better placental aging in late fetal growth restriction and unexplained stillbirth. We hypothesized that the final diagnosis of placental insufficiency can be made only using markers of placental senescence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kajdy
- Department of Reproductive Health, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Żelazna 90 St., 01-004 Warsaw, Poland; (J.M.); (M.R.)
| | - Jan Modzelewski
- Department of Reproductive Health, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Żelazna 90 St., 01-004 Warsaw, Poland; (J.M.); (M.R.)
| | - Aneta Cymbaluk-Płoska
- Department of Gynecological Surgery and Gynecological Oncology of Adults and Adolescents, Pomeranian Medical University, Al. Powstańców Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Ewa Kwiatkowska
- Department of Nephrology, Transplantology and Internal Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University, Al. Powstańców Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Magdalena Bednarek-Jędrzejek
- Department Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pomeranian Medical University, Al. Powstańców Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (M.B.-J.); (A.T.)
| | - Dariusz Borowski
- Clinic of Fetal-Maternal, Gynecology and Neonatology, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Bydgoszcz, Łukasiewicza 1 St., 85-821 Bydgoszcz, Poland;
| | - Katarzyna Stefańska
- Department of Obstetrics, Medical University of Gdańsk, Mariana Smoluchowskiego 17 St., 80-214 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Michał Rabijewski
- Department of Reproductive Health, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Żelazna 90 St., 01-004 Warsaw, Poland; (J.M.); (M.R.)
| | - Andrzej Torbé
- Department Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pomeranian Medical University, Al. Powstańców Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (M.B.-J.); (A.T.)
| | - Sebastian Kwiatkowski
- Department Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pomeranian Medical University, Al. Powstańców Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (M.B.-J.); (A.T.)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Olivier E, Wakx A, Fouyet S, Dutot M, Rat P. JEG-3 placental cells in toxicology studies: a promising tool to reveal pregnancy disorders. Anat Cell Biol 2021; 54:83-92. [PMID: 33281121 PMCID: PMC8017447 DOI: 10.5115/acb.20.234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Placental alterations are responsible for adverse pregnancy outcomes like preeclampsia and intrauterine growth restriction. And yet, placenta toxicology has not become a fully-fledged toxicology field. Because placenta is very often seen only as a barrier between the mother and the fetus, there is a lack and therefore a need for an experimental human model with technical recommendations to study placenta toxicology. In vitro approaches are recommended in experimental toxicology as they focus on a specific biological process and yield high-throughput screening methods. In the present study, we first established incubation conditions to preserve signatures of the human JEG-3 cell line identity while enabling toxicity detection. JEG-3 cells prepared in our incubation conditions were renamed JEG-Tox cells. As placental alterations are mainly triggered by uncontrolled apoptosis, we second used known apoptotic agents pregnant women are exposed to, to check that JEG-Tox cells can trigger apoptosis. Ethanol, bisphenol F, quinalphos, 4,4'-DDT, benzalkonium chloride, phenoxyethanol, propylparaben, and perfluorooctanic acid all induced chromatin condensation in JEG-Tox cells. Our incubation conditions allow JEG-Tox cells to keep placental cell identity and to respond to toxic chemicals. JEG-Tox cells are a pertinent model for placenta toxicology and could be used to better understand pregnancy alterations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Olivier
- UMR CNRS 8038 CiTCoM, Laboratoire de Chimie-Toxicologie Analytique et Cellulaire, Université de Paris, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Anaïs Wakx
- UMR CNRS 8038 CiTCoM, Laboratoire de Chimie-Toxicologie Analytique et Cellulaire, Université de Paris, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Fouyet
- UMR CNRS 8038 CiTCoM, Laboratoire de Chimie-Toxicologie Analytique et Cellulaire, Université de Paris, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Mélody Dutot
- UMR CNRS 8038 CiTCoM, Laboratoire de Chimie-Toxicologie Analytique et Cellulaire, Université de Paris, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Paris, France.,Recherche & Développement, YSLAB, Quimper, France
| | - Patrice Rat
- UMR CNRS 8038 CiTCoM, Laboratoire de Chimie-Toxicologie Analytique et Cellulaire, Université de Paris, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Anti-Apoptotic Effect of Apelin in Human Placenta: Studies on BeWo Cells and Villous Explants from Third-Trimester Human Pregnancy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052760. [PMID: 33803239 PMCID: PMC7967155 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we demonstrated the expression of apelin and G-protein-coupled receptor APJ in human placenta cell lines as well as its direct action on placenta cell proliferation and endocrinology. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of apelin on placenta apoptosis in BeWo cells and villous explants from the human third trimester of pregnancy. The BeWo cells and villous explants were incubated with apelin (2 and 20 ng/mL) alone or with staurosporine for 24 to 72 h. First, we analysed the dose- and time-dependent effect of apelin on the expression of apoptotic factors on the mRNA level by real-time PCR and on the protein level using Western blot. Next, we checked caspase 3 and 7 activity by Caspase-Glo 3/7, DNA fragmentation by the Cell Death Detection ELISA kit and oxygen consumption by the MitoXpress-Xtra Oxygen Consumption assay. We found that apelin increased the expression of pro-survival and decreased proapoptotic factors on mRNA and protein levels in both BeWo cells and villous explants. Additionally, apelin inhibited caspase 3 and 7 activity and DNA fragmentation in staurosporine-induced apoptosis as also attenuated oxidative stress by increasing extracellular oxygen consumption. The antiapoptotic effect of apelin in BeWo cells was mediated by the APJ receptor and mitogen-activated protein kinase (ERK1/2/MAP3/1) and protein kinase B (AKT). The obtained results showed the antiapoptotic effect of apelin on trophoblast cells, suggesting its participation in the development of the placenta.
Collapse
|
10
|
Aski SK, Akbari R, Hantoushzadeh S, Ghotbizadeh F. A bibliometric analysis of Intrauterine Growth Restriction research. Placenta 2020; 95:106-120. [PMID: 32452397 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2020.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is not a new subject in pregnancy. Nevertheless, this concept has newly begun to be integrated into pregnancy studies. We recognized articles that were published in English from 1977 to 2019 through electronic searches of the Web of Science™ database. The WoS database was searched for all published articles that compared preeclampsia from 1977 to January 2020. About 1469 documents in obstetrics and gynecology areas were analyzed in WoS database. VOSviewer software was employed to visualize the networks. The survey resulted in a 1469 published documents from 1977 to 2020. 'Gratacos' from Spain and 'Cetin' from Italy contributed the most publications. The greatest contribution came from the 'USA' (n = 498), 'Italy' (n = 155), and 'England' (n = 147). Furthermore, our results found that among these journals, the 'AJOG' (n = 318) and the 'Reproductive Sciences' (n = 209) published the largest number of papers. The top 100 most cited papers showed that 30% were reported in the 'AJOG'. About half the articles were published in the last decade and the most common studies were research paper (77%). The co-occurrence and co-citation analysis showed that the study formed four clusters. Finally, the strategic map was designed. We found that there existed an increasing trend in the large amount of publication on IUGR from 1977 to 2020. The number of studies in IUGR has substantially improved in the last decade. Authors from the 'USA' appeared the most proactive in addressing the IUGR area. By studying these articles, we propose important to support not only for grinding the IUGR challenges field but also for designing a new trend in this area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soudabeh Kazemi Aski
- Reproductive Health Research Center, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Rasht, Iran.
| | - Razieh Akbari
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Sedigheh Hantoushzadeh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Fahimeh Ghotbizadeh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Drwal E, Rak A, Gregoraszczuk EL. Differential effects of ambient PAH mixtures on cellular and steroidogenic properties of placental JEG-3 and BeWo cells. Reprod Toxicol 2019; 86:14-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
12
|
Paules C, Dantas AP, Miranda J, Crovetto F, Eixarch E, Rodriguez-Sureda V, Dominguez C, Casu G, Rovira C, Nadal A, Crispi F, Gratacós E. Premature placental aging in term small-for-gestational-age and growth-restricted fetuses. ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY 2019; 53:615-622. [PMID: 30125412 DOI: 10.1002/uog.20103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To perform a comprehensive assessment of the placental aging process in small term fetuses classified as being small-for-gestational age (SGA) or having fetal growth restriction (FGR) through analysis of senescence and apoptosis markers. METHODS This was a prospective nested case-control study of singleton pregnancies delivered at term, including 21 control pregnancies with normally grown fetuses and 36 with a small fetus classified as SGA (birth weight between the 3rd and 9th percentiles and normal fetoplacental Doppler; n = 18) or FGR (birth weight < 3rd percentile and/or abnormal cerebroplacental ratio and/or uterine artery Doppler; n = 18). Telomerase activity, telomere length (quantified by comparing the amount of amplification product for the telomere sequence (T) to that of a single copy of the gene 36B4 (S)) and RNA expression of senescence (Sirtuins 1, 3 and 6) and apoptosis (p53, p21, BAX and Caspases 3 and 9) markers (analyzed using the 2-ΔΔCt method) were determined in placental samples collected at birth and compared between the three groups. RESULTS Compared to pregnancies with a normally grown fetus, both SGA and FGR pregnancies presented signs of accelerated placental aging, including lower telomerase activity (mean ± SD, 12.8 ± 6.6% in controls vs 7.98 ± 4.2% in SGA vs 7.79 ± 4.6% in FGR; P = 0.008), shorter telomeres (mean ± SD T/S ratio, 1.20 ± 0.6 in controls vs 1.08 ± 0.9 in SGA vs 0.66 ± 0.5 in FGR; P = 0.047) and reduced Sirtuin-1 RNA expression (mean ± SD 2-ΔΔCt , 1.55 ± 0.8 in controls vs 0.91 ± 0.8 in SGA vs 0.63 ± 0.5 in FGR; P = 0.001) together with increased p53 RNA expression (median (interquartile range) 2-ΔΔCt , 1.07 (0.3-3.3) in controls vs 5.39 (0.6-15) in SGA vs 3.75 (0.9-7.8) in FGR; P = 0.040). FGR cases presented signs of apoptosis, with increased Caspase-3 RNA levels (median (interquartile range) 2-ΔΔCt , 0.94 (0.7-1.7) in controls vs 3.98 (0.9-31) in FGR; P = 0.031) and Caspase-9 RNA levels (median (interquartile range) 2-ΔΔCt , 1.21 (0.6-4.0) in controls vs 3.87 (1.5-9.0) in FGR; P = 0.037) compared with controls. In addition, Sirtuin-1 RNA expression, telomerase activity, telomere length and Caspase-3 activity showed significant linear trends across groups as severity of the condition increased. CONCLUSIONS Accelerated placental aging was observed in both clinical forms of late-onset fetal smallness (SGA and FGR), supporting a common pathophysiology and challenging the concept of SGA fetuses being constitutionally small. Copyright © 2018 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Paules
- Fetal Medicine Research Center, BCNatal - Barcelona Center for Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine, Hospital Clínic and Hospital Sant Joan de Deu, ICGON, IDIBAPS, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - A P Dantas
- Cardiovascular Institut, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J Miranda
- Fetal Medicine Research Center, BCNatal - Barcelona Center for Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine, Hospital Clínic and Hospital Sant Joan de Deu, ICGON, IDIBAPS, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - F Crovetto
- Fetal Medicine Research Center, BCNatal - Barcelona Center for Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine, Hospital Clínic and Hospital Sant Joan de Deu, ICGON, IDIBAPS, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - E Eixarch
- Fetal Medicine Research Center, BCNatal - Barcelona Center for Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine, Hospital Clínic and Hospital Sant Joan de Deu, ICGON, IDIBAPS, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare Disease (CIBER-ER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - V Rodriguez-Sureda
- Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare Disease (CIBER-ER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Research Centre for Nanomedicine, Hospital Univeritari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - C Dominguez
- Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare Disease (CIBER-ER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Research Centre for Nanomedicine, Hospital Univeritari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - G Casu
- Fetal Medicine Research Center, BCNatal - Barcelona Center for Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine, Hospital Clínic and Hospital Sant Joan de Deu, ICGON, IDIBAPS, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - C Rovira
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Sant Joan de Deu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - A Nadal
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - F Crispi
- Fetal Medicine Research Center, BCNatal - Barcelona Center for Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine, Hospital Clínic and Hospital Sant Joan de Deu, ICGON, IDIBAPS, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare Disease (CIBER-ER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - E Gratacós
- Fetal Medicine Research Center, BCNatal - Barcelona Center for Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine, Hospital Clínic and Hospital Sant Joan de Deu, ICGON, IDIBAPS, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare Disease (CIBER-ER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Biesiada L, Sakowicz A, Grzesiak M, Borowiec M, Lisowska M, Pietrucha T, von Kaisenberg C, Lewandowski K. Identification of placental genes linked to selective intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) in dichorionic twin pregnancies: gene expression profiling study. Hum Genet 2019; 138:649-659. [PMID: 31041507 PMCID: PMC6554264 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-019-02016-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A linkage of dichorionic (DC) twin pregnancies with selective intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) to alterations in placental gene expression is unclear. The aim of the study was to identify placental genes related to hypoxia, adipogenesis and human growth which may contribute to IUGR development. The study group (IUGR/AGA) comprised dichorionic (DC) twin pregnancies, where the weight of the twins differed by > 15%; in addition, one twin was small for gestational age (< 10th percentile-SGA) (IUGR) while the other was appropriate for gestational age (> 10th percentile-AGA). In the control group (AGA/AGA), both fetuses were AGA and their weights differed by < 15%. In the first step (selection), placental expression of 260 genes was analysed by commercial PCR profiler array or qPCR primer assay between six pairs of IUGR/AGA twins. In the second stage (verification), the expression of 20 genes with fold change (FC) > 1.5 selected from the first stage was investigated for 75 DC pregnancies: 23 IUGR/AGA vs. 52 AGA/AGA. The expression of Angiopoetin 2, Leptin and Kruppel-like factor 4 was significantly higher, and Glis Family Zinc Finger 3 was lower, in placentas of SGA fetuses (FC = 3.3; 4.4; 1.6; and - 1.8, respectively; p < 0.05). The dysregulation of gene expression related to angiogenesis and growth factors in placentas of twins born from IUGR/AGA pregnancies suggest that these alternations might represent biological fetal adaptation to the uteral condition. Moreover, DC twin pregnancies may be a good model to identify the differences in placental gene expression between SGA and AGA fetuses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Biesiada
- Department of Obstetrics, Perinatology and Gynecology, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital-Research Institute in Lodz, Rzgowska 281/289, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Agata Sakowicz
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Mariusz Grzesiak
- Department of Obstetrics, Perinatology and Gynecology, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital-Research Institute in Lodz, Rzgowska 281/289, Lodz, Poland
| | - Maciej Borowiec
- Department of Clinical Genetic, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Michalina Lisowska
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Tadeusz Pietrucha
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | | | - Krzysztof Lewandowski
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital-Research Institute in Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zhang S, Barker P, Botting KJ, Roberts CT, McMillan CM, McMillen IC, Morrison JL. Early restriction of placental growth results in placental structural and gene expression changes in late gestation independent of fetal hypoxemia. Physiol Rep 2018; 4:4/23/e13049. [PMID: 27923976 PMCID: PMC5357827 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Placental restriction and insufficiency are associated with altered patterns of placental growth, morphology, substrate transport capacity, growth factor expression, and glucocorticoid exposure. We have used a pregnant sheep model in which the intrauterine environment has been perturbed by uterine carunclectomy (Cx). This procedure results in early restriction of placental growth and either the development of chronic fetal hypoxemia (PaO2≤17 mmHg) in late gestation or in compensatory placental growth and the maintenance of fetal normoxemia (PaO2>17 mmHg). Based on fetal PaO2, Cx, and Control ewes were assigned to either a normoxemic fetal group (Nx) or a hypoxemic fetal group (Hx) in late gestation, resulting in 4 groups. Cx resulted in a decrease in the volumes of fetal and maternal connective tissues in the placenta and increased placental mRNA expression of IGF2, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), VEGFR‐2,ANGPT2, and TIE2. There were reduced volumes of trophoblast, maternal epithelium, and maternal connective tissues in the placenta and a decrease in placental GLUT1 and 11βHSD2 mRNA expression in the Hx compared to Nx groups. Our data show that early restriction of placental growth has effects on morphological and functional characteristics of the placenta in late gestation, independent of whether the fetus becomes hypoxemic. Similarly, there is a distinct set of placental changes that are only present in fetuses that were hypoxemic in late gestation, independent of whether Cx occurred. Thus, we provide further understanding of the different placental cellular and molecular mechanisms that are present in early placental restriction and in the emergence of later placental insufficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Song Zhang
- Early Origins of Adult Health Research Group, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Paige Barker
- Early Origins of Adult Health Research Group, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Kimberley J Botting
- Early Origins of Adult Health Research Group, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Claire T Roberts
- The Robinson Research Institute and Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Christine M McMillan
- Early Origins of Adult Health Research Group, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Isabella Caroline McMillen
- Early Origins of Adult Health Research Group, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Janna L Morrison
- Early Origins of Adult Health Research Group, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Bolnick AD, Bolnick JM, Kohan-Ghadr HR, Kilburn BA, Hertz M, Dai J, Drewlo S, Armant DR. Nifedipine Prevents Apoptosis of Alcohol-Exposed First-Trimester Trophoblast Cells. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2017; 42:53-60. [PMID: 29048755 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal alcohol abuse leading to fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) includes fetal growth restriction (FGR). Ethanol (EtOH) induces apoptosis of human placental trophoblast cells, possibly disrupting placentation and contributing to FGR in FASD. EtOH facilitates apoptosis in several embryonic tissues, including human trophoblasts, by raising intracellular Ca2+ . We previously found that acute EtOH exposure increases trophoblast apoptosis due to signaling from both intracellular and extracellular Ca2+ . Therefore, nifedipine, a Ca2+ channel blocker that is commonly administered to treat preeclampsia and preterm labor, was evaluated for cytoprotective properties in trophoblast cells exposed to alcohol. METHODS Human first-trimester chorionic villous explants and the human trophoblast cell line HTR-8/SVneo (HTR) were pretreated with 12.5 to 50 nM of the Ca2+ channel blocker nifedipine for 1 hour before exposure to 50 mM EtOH for an additional hour. Intracellular Ca2+ concentrations were monitored in real time by epifluorescence microscopy, using fluo-4-AM. Apoptosis was assessed by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL), accumulation of cytoplasmic cytochrome c, and cleavage rates of caspase 3 and caspase 9. RESULTS The increase in intracellular Ca2+ upon exposure to EtOH in both villous explants and HTR cells was completely blocked (p < 0.05) when pretreated with nifedipine, accompanied by inhibition of EtOH-induced release of cytochrome c, caspase activities, and TUNEL. CONCLUSIONS This study indicates that nifedipine can interrupt the apoptotic pathway downstream of EtOH exposure and could provide a novel strategy for future interventions in women with fetuses at risk for FASD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alan D Bolnick
- Departments of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Jay M Bolnick
- Departments of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Hamid-Reza Kohan-Ghadr
- Departments of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Brian A Kilburn
- Departments of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Michael Hertz
- Departments of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Jing Dai
- Departments of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Sascha Drewlo
- Departments of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - D Randall Armant
- Departments of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan.,Anatomy& Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Carbenoxolone exposure during late gestation in rats alters placental expressions of p53 and estrogen receptors. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 791:675-685. [PMID: 27693517 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Gestational carbenoxolone exposure inhibits placental 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11β-HSD), the physiological barrier for glucocorticoids, which increases fetal exposure to glucocorticoids and induces intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). We hypothesized that carbenoxolone exposure influences the expression of placental estrogen receptors-α and β (ERα & ERβ) and p53 leading to inhibited fetal and placental growth. Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were injected twice daily with either carbenoxolone (10mg/kg; s.c.) or vehicle (control group) from gestational days (dg) 12 onwards. Maternal blood and placentas were collected on 16 dg, 19 dg and 21 dg. The expression of ERα, ERβ and p53 were studied in placental basal and labyrinth zones by RT-PCR, Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Carbenoxolone did not affect placental and fetal body weights, but ELISA showed decreased estradiol levels on 19 dg and 21 dg, and increased maternal luteinizing hormone levels on all dg. The follicle stimulating hormone levels decreased on 16 dg and 19 dg, and increased on 21 dg. Carbenoxolone decreased ERα mRNA levels on 16 dg in both zones and its protein level on 19 dg in the labyrinth zone. However, carbenoxolone increased ERβ mRNA levels on 19 dg and 21 dg and protein levels on 16 dg and 19 dg in the labyrinth zone. The p53 mRNA levels increased on all dg, but its protein levels increased on 21 dg in both zones. In conclusion, carbenoxolone exposure changes placental p53, ERα, ERβ expression in favor of cell death but these changes do not induce IUGR in rats.
Collapse
|
17
|
Chromium VI - Induced developmental toxicity of placenta is mediated through spatiotemporal dysregulation of cell survival and apoptotic proteins. Reprod Toxicol 2016; 68:171-190. [PMID: 27443218 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2016.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Environmental contamination with hexavalent chromium (CrVI) is a growing problem both in the U.S and developing countries. CrVI is a heavy-metal endocrine disruptor; women working in Cr industries exhibit an increased incidence of premature abortion and infertility. The current study was designed to understand the mechanism of CrVI toxicity on placental cell survival/death pathways. Pregnant mothers were treated with or without CrVI (50ppmK2Cr2O7) through drinking water from gestational day (GD) 9.5-14.5, and placentas were analyzed on GD 18.5. Results indicated that CrVI increased apoptosis of trophoblasts, vascular endothelium of the metrial glands and yolk sac epithelium through caspase-3 and p53-dependent pathways. CrVI increased apoptosis in labyrinth and basal zones in a caspase-3-independent manner via AIF, and through an ATM-p53-NOXA-PUMA-p27 network. CrVI downregulated cell survival proteins Bcl-2, Bcl-XL and XIAP in the placenta. CrVI disrupts placental histoarchitecture and increases cell death by spatiotemporal modulation of apoptotic signaling.
Collapse
|
18
|
Suzuki K, Shinohara R, Sato M, Otawa S, Yamagata Z. Association Between Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy and Birth Weight: An Appropriately Adjusted Model From the Japan Environment and Children's Study. J Epidemiol 2016; 26:371-7. [PMID: 26902166 PMCID: PMC4919482 DOI: 10.2188/jea.je20150185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There has been no large nationwide population-based study to examine the effects of maternal smoking status during pregnancy on birth weight that simultaneously controlled for clinical information, socioeconomic status, and maternal weight. Thus, this study aimed to determine the association between maternal smoking status during pregnancy and birth weight, while taking these confounding factors into consideration. Methods This study examined the first-year fixed dataset from a large nationwide birth cohort study that commenced in 2011. The dataset consisted of information on 9369 singleton infants born before December 31, 2011. Children were divided into 4 groups for statistical analysis: those born to mothers who did not smoke (NS), who quit smoking before pregnancy, who quit smoking during early pregnancy, and who smoked (SM). Multiple linear regression models were conducted for each sex to examine the association between maternal smoking status during early pregnancy and fetal growth. Birth weight was estimated using the least-squares method after controlling for covariates. Results After controlling for potential confounding factors, maternal smoking status during pregnancy was significantly associated with birth weight. There was a significant difference in birth weight between NS and SM for both male and female infants (male infants, 3096.2 g [NS] vs 2959.8 g [SM], P < 0.001; female infants, 3018.2 g [NS] vs 2893.7 g [SM], P < 0.001). Conclusions Using data from a large nationwide birth cohort study in Japan, we have shown that maternal smoking during pregnancy may reduce birth weight by 125–136 g.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kohta Suzuki
- Department of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Erboga M, Kanter M. Effect of Cadmium on Trophoblast Cell Proliferation and Apoptosis in Different Gestation Periods of Rat Placenta. Biol Trace Elem Res 2016; 169:285-93. [PMID: 26170172 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-015-0439-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to show how cadmium (Cd) affects the trophoblast proliferation and differentiation in the placenta and the apoptotic activity in different gestational days and, hence, its effects of placental development with immunohistochemical and TUNEL techniques. Experimental model of our study consisted of placental development of control and Cd groups on 15, 17, 19, and 21th days of the gestation. Female rats in Cd groups were subcutaneously administered a single dose of 0.5 mg Cd/kg/day dissolved in sodium chloride as 2 mL/kg Cd chloride until the day they sacrificed. Embryo and placenta of female rats were separately removed on 15, 17, 19, and 21th days of the gestation in which the placental development takes place and placentas were processed for microscopic examinations. In the placentas of the control group, all layers were observed to be formed on the 15th gestational day and thereafter a continuous growth was monitored. In the Cd group also all layers existed from the 15th gestational day. However, they were smaller in size than control groups. Frequency of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)-positive cells was decreased and the number of apoptotic cells was increased in all the gestational days related to Cd. In conclusion, Cd administered during the pregnancy was observed to cause abnormal placental development by disrupting the normal structure of the placenta, inhibiting the proliferation of trophoblast and increasing the number of apoptotic trophoblast cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Erboga
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Namik Kemal University, Tekirdag, Turkey.
| | - Mehmet Kanter
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Istanbul, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Zhang S, Regnault TRH, Barker PL, Botting KJ, McMillen IC, McMillan CM, Roberts CT, Morrison JL. Placental adaptations in growth restriction. Nutrients 2015; 7:360-89. [PMID: 25580812 PMCID: PMC4303845 DOI: 10.3390/nu7010360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The placenta is the primary interface between the fetus and mother and plays an important role in maintaining fetal development and growth by facilitating the transfer of substrates and participating in modulating the maternal immune response to prevent immunological rejection of the conceptus. The major substrates required for fetal growth include oxygen, glucose, amino acids and fatty acids, and their transport processes depend on morphological characteristics of the placenta, such as placental size, morphology, blood flow and vascularity. Other factors including insulin-like growth factors, apoptosis, autophagy and glucocorticoid exposure also affect placental growth and substrate transport capacity. Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is often a consequence of insufficiency, and is associated with a high incidence of perinatal morbidity and mortality, as well as increased risk of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases in later life. Several different experimental methods have been used to induce placental insufficiency and IUGR in animal models and a range of factors that regulate placental growth and substrate transport capacity have been demonstrated. While no model system completely recapitulates human IUGR, these animal models allow us to carefully dissect cellular and molecular mechanisms to improve our understanding and facilitate development of therapeutic interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Song Zhang
- Early Origins of Adult Health Research Group, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia.
| | - Timothy R H Regnault
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada.
| | - Paige L Barker
- Early Origins of Adult Health Research Group, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia.
| | - Kimberley J Botting
- Early Origins of Adult Health Research Group, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia.
| | - Isabella C McMillen
- Early Origins of Adult Health Research Group, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia.
| | - Christine M McMillan
- Early Origins of Adult Health Research Group, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia.
| | - Claire T Roberts
- The Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.
| | - Janna L Morrison
- Early Origins of Adult Health Research Group, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis enterocolitis during late stages of gestation induces an adverse pregnancy outcome in the murine model. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111282. [PMID: 25365504 PMCID: PMC4218719 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Foodborne diseases caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis) are a significant health problem. Pregnancy, state of immunological tolerance, is a predisposing condition for the development of infections with intracellular pathogens. Salmonella species can cause pregnancy complications such as chorioamnionitis, transplacental fetal infection, pre term labor, abortions, neonatal and maternal septicemia. However, the specific mechanisms by which Salmonella infections trigger these alterations are not clear. In the present work, using a self-limiting enterocolitis murine model, we show that the ingestion of a low dose of S. Enteritidis at late stages of pregnancy (day 15 of gestation) is sufficient to induce massive maternal infection. We found that Salmonella infection leads to 40% of pre term delivery, 33% of abortion and fetal growth restriction. Placental dysfunction during S. Enteritidis enterocolitis was confirmed through cellular infiltration and hypoxia markers (MPO activity and COX-1 and COX-2 expression, respectively). Apoptosis in placental tissue due to Salmonella infection was also evident at day 18 of gestation when investigated by morphometric procedure, DNA fragmentation and Fas/FasL expression. Also, the expression of IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-17 and IL-10 was up regulated in response to Salmonella not only in placenta, but also in amniotic fluid and maternal serum. Altogether, our results demonstrate that S. Enteritidis enterocolitis during late stages of gestation causes detrimental effect on pregnancy outcome.
Collapse
|
22
|
Bolnick JM, Karana R, Chiang PJ, Kilburn BA, Romero R, Diamond MP, Smith SM, Armant DR. Apoptosis of alcohol-exposed human placental cytotrophoblast cells is downstream of intracellular calcium signaling. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2014; 38:1646-53. [PMID: 24889927 DOI: 10.1111/acer.12417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apoptosis is induced by ethanol (EtOH) in human placental trophoblast cells, possibly disrupting placentation and contributing to intrauterine growth restriction in fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD). EtOH induces programmed cell death in several embryonic tissues by raising intracellular Ca(2+) . Therefore, the role of Ca(2+) signaling in EtOH-induced apoptosis was examined using human first trimester cytotrophoblast cell lines, examining the hypothesis that apoptosis is dependent on intracellular Ca(2+) signaling. METHODS Using HTR-8/SVneo and SW.71 cytotrophoblast cell lines, real-time intracellular Ca(2+) concentration was monitored by fluo-4 epifluorescence microscopy and apoptosis was assessed by flow cytometry of cells fluorescently labeled for DNA fragmentation (TUNEL) and annexin V binding. RESULTS Intracellular Ca(2+) concentrations increased synchronously in all cells within 10 seconds of exposure to 50 mM EtOH, but not at lower EtOH concentrations (10 to 25 mM) incapable of inducing apoptosis. Trophoblast cells treated with inhibitors of Ca(2+) signaling (BAPTA-AM, U73122, xestospongin D, BAPTA, SKF-96365) produced no intracellular Ca(2+) transients after exposure to 50 mM EtOH and were protected from cell death induced by EtOH. CONCLUSIONS EtOH-induced apoptosis in human cytotrophoblast cells, identified by DNA fragmentation and externalized phosphatidylserine, was dependent upon Ca(2+) signaling. Both intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization and extracellular Ca(2+) influx were required, as well as phosphatidylinositol signaling. Inhibition by SKF-96365 suggests that the capacitative Ca(2+) entry mechanism that utilizes TRPC channels was activated by EtOH. Apoptosis occurs downstream of Ca(2+) signaling in trophoblasts and may contribute to placental insufficiency and poor fetal growth associated with FASD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jay M Bolnick
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, C.S. Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Detroit, Michigan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Unek G, Ozmen A, Ozekinci M, Sakinci M, Korgun ET. Immunolocalization of cell cycle proteins (p57, p27, cyclin D3, PCNA and Ki67) in intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) and normal human term placentas. Acta Histochem 2014; 116:493-502. [PMID: 24252562 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2013.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Revised: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Placental development involves a series of events that depend on the coordinated action of proliferation, differentiation and invasion of trophoblasts. Studies on cell cycle related proteins controlling these events are fairly limited. It is still not fully determined how placental tissue proliferation is affected by intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR). Information on cell cycle related proteins that control these events is limited and how they are affected in IUGR is not fully understood. The aim of this study was to understand the role of cell cycle regulators in IUGR placentas and to determine the spatio-temporal immunolocalization of these cell cycle regulators in human IUGR and normal term placentas. Placental samples were stained immunohistochemically with PCNA, Ki67, cyclin D3, p27 and p57 antibodies and were examined by light microscopy. In all regions of IUGR placentas, PCNA, Ki67 and cyclin D3 staining intensities were statistically significantly decreased compared to normal controls. p27 staining intensity of the IUGR group was statistically significantly increased in villous parts and chorionic plates in comparison with the normal term placentas. Moreover, p57 staining intensity was statistically significantly increased in all parts of the IUGR group compared to controls. The observed placental abnormalities in IUGR placentas may be associated with arrest mechanisms affecting cell proliferation and cell cycle alterations in IUGR.
Collapse
|
24
|
Machaalani R, Ghazavi E, Hinton T, Waters KA, Hennessy A. Cigarette smoking during pregnancy regulates the expression of specific nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subunits in the human placenta. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2014; 276:204-12. [PMID: 24607864 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2014.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Revised: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Smoking during pregnancy is associated with low birth weight, premature delivery, and neonatal morbidity and mortality. Nicotine, a major pathogenic compound of cigarette smoke, binds to the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). A total of 16 nAChR subunits have been identified in mammals (9 α, 4 β, and 1 δ, γ and ε subunits). The effect of cigarette smoking on the expression of these subunits in the placenta has not yet been determined, thus constituting the aim of this study. Using RT-qPCR and western blotting, this study investigated all 16 mammalian nAChR subunits in the normal healthy human placenta, and compared mRNA and protein expressions in the placentas from smokers (n = 8) to controls (n = 8). Our data show that all 16 subunit mRNAs are expressed in the normal, non-diseased human placenta and that the expression of α2, α3, α4, α9, β2 and β4 subunits is greater than the other subunits. For mRNA, cigarette smoke exposure was associated with increased expression of the α9 subunit, and decreased expression of the δ subunit. At the protein level, expression of both α9 and δ was increased. Thus, cigarette smoking in pregnancy is sufficient to regulate nAChR subunits in the placenta, specifically α9 and δ subunits, and could contribute to the adverse effects of vasoconstriction and decreased re-epithelialisation (α9), and increased calcification and apoptosis (δ), seen in the placentas of smoking women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Machaalani
- Department of Medicine, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; The Children's Hospital at Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia.
| | - E Ghazavi
- Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; School of Medical Sciences (Pharmacology), The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - T Hinton
- School of Medical Sciences (Pharmacology), The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - K A Waters
- Department of Medicine, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; The Children's Hospital at Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - A Hennessy
- School of Medicine, University of Western Sydney, NSW 2751, Australia; Heart Research Institute, 7 Eliza St Newtown, NSW 2042, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Ayyavoo A, Derraik JGB, Hofman PL, Cutfield WS. Postterm births: are prolonged pregnancies too long? J Pediatr 2014; 164:647-51. [PMID: 24360995 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2013.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Revised: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahila Ayyavoo
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Gravida: National Center for Growth and Development, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - José G B Derraik
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Paul L Hofman
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Gravida: National Center for Growth and Development, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Wayne S Cutfield
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Gravida: National Center for Growth and Development, Auckland, New Zealand.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Is maternal anemia associated with small placental volume in the first trimester? Arch Gynecol Obstet 2014; 289:1207-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00404-014-3154-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
27
|
Roje D, Zekic Tomas S, Capkun V, Marusic J, Resic J, Kuzmic Prusac I. Asymmetrical fetal growth is not associated with altered trophoblast apoptotic activity in idiopathic intrauterine growth retardation. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2013; 40:410-7. [DOI: 10.1111/jog.12170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Damir Roje
- Clinical Hospital Center Split; Split Croatia
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Hasegawa J, Nakamura M, Hamada S, Ichizuka K, Matsuoka R, Sekizawa A, Okai T. Capable of identifying risk factors for placental abruption. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2013; 27:52-6. [DOI: 10.3109/14767058.2013.799659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
29
|
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess whether fetal-derived hypermethylated RASSF1A concentrations in maternal plasma during pregnancy are altered in pregnancies associated with placental dysfunction manifested by intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), preeclampsia (PE), or placental previa (PP) and whether this alteration can be detected in susceptible subjects before the onset of clinical disease. METHODS We performed a real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction to quantify RASSF1A concentrations before and after methylation-sensitive restriction digestion in maternal plasma at 7-41 gestational weeks of normal pregnancies (n = 161), IUGR (n = 43), PE (n = 22), PP (n = 14) and non-pregnant women (n = 20). RESULTS A positive correlation was observed between fetal-derived hypermethylated RASSF1A concentration and gestational age for all study groups (r = 0.624, p < 0.001 for IUGR; r = 0.381, p = 0.042 for PE; r = 0.697, p < 0.001 for PP; r = 0.560, p < 0.001 for controls). The concentration of hypermethylated RASSF1A was relatively high at 7-14 gestational weeks in all patient groups. Hypermethylated RASSF1A concentration at 15-28 weeks was significantly higher in patients who subsequently developed IUGR (p = 0.002), PE (p < 0.001) or PP (p < 0.001) than in controls. CONCLUSION We first demonstrated increased concentration of fetal-derived hypermethylated RASSF1A sequences according to advancing gestation and before the onset of the clinical manifestation of pregnancy complications secondary to placental dysfunction, such as IUGR, PE and PP. Hypermethylated RASSF1A in maternal plasma may be useful as a potential biomarker to detect placental-mediated pregnancy complications, regardless of fetal gender and polymorphism.
Collapse
|
30
|
Toledo M, Ventrucci G, Gomes-Marcondes M. Increased oxidative stress in the placenta tissue and cell culture of tumour-bearing pregnant rats. Placenta 2011; 32:859-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2011.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2011] [Revised: 08/17/2011] [Accepted: 08/18/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
31
|
Rastmanesh R. Possibility of enhanced risk of retinal neovascularization in repeated blood donors: blood donation and retinal alteration. Int J Gen Med 2011; 4:647-56. [PMID: 21941450 PMCID: PMC3177590 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s23206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Repeated blood donors manifest clinical, subclinical, and biochemical signs of iron deficiency anemia, have significantly higher erythropoietin and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) concentrations, and decreased tissue oxygen saturation, oxygenated tissue hemoglobin, and regional cerebral oxygen saturation. Erythropoietin and VEGF are potent retinal angiogenic factors which may initiate and promote the retinal angiogenesis process independently or simultaneously. Increases in circulating levels of erythropoietin and VEGF are proportionate to the levels of hematocrit, hypoxemia, and tissue hypoxia. It is suggested that higher erythropoietin production following iron deficiency anemia-induced chronic hypoxemia/ hypoxia may, hypothetically, enhance the risk of retinal angiogenesis and/or neovascularization, possibly by inducing hypoxia inducible factor-1 alpha, which consequently upregulates genes stimulating angiogenesis, resulting in formation of a new vasculature, possibly by modulation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 signaling in the retina. Implications of this hypothesis cover erythropoietin doping, chronic hypoxia, and hypoxemic situations, such as angiogenesis-related cardiac and pulmonary diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reza Rastmanesh
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Furukawa S, Hayashi S, Usuda K, Abe M, Hagio S, Ogawa I. Toxicological pathology in the rat placenta. J Toxicol Pathol 2011; 24:95-111. [PMID: 22272049 PMCID: PMC3234607 DOI: 10.1293/tox.24.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2011] [Accepted: 02/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The placenta grows rapidly for a short period with high blood flow during pregnancy and
has multifaceted functions, such as its barrier function, nutritional transport, drug
metabolizing activity and endocrine action. Consequently, the placenta is a highly
susceptible target organ for drug- or chemical-induced adverse effects, and many
placenta-toxic agents have been reported. However, histopathological examination of the
placenta is not generally performed, and the placental toxicity index is only the
placental weight change in rat reproductive toxicity studies. The placental cells
originate from the trophectoderm of the embryo and the endometrium of the dam, proliferate
and differentiate into a variety of tissues with interaction each other according to the
development sequence, resulting in formation of a placenta. Therefore, drug- or
chemical-induced placental lesions show various histopathological features depending on
the toxicants and the exposure period, and the pathogenesis of placental toxicity is
complicated. Placental weight assessment appears not to be enough to evaluate placental
toxicity, and reproductive toxicity studies should pay more attention to histopathological
evaluation of placental tissue. The detailed histopathological approaches to investigation
of the pathogenesis of placental toxicity are considered to provide an important tool for
understanding the mechanism of teratogenicity and developmental toxicity with embryo
lethality, and could benefit reproductive toxicity studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Furukawa
- Biological Research Laboratories, Nissan Chemical Industries, Ltd., 1470 Shiraoka, Minamisaitama, Saitama 349-0294, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Perrone MG, Scilimati A. β3-Adrenoceptor ligand development history through patent review. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2011; 21:505-36. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2011.561316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
34
|
Roje D, Zekic Tomas S, Kuzmic Prusac I, Capkun V, Tadin I. Trophoblast apoptosis in human term placentas from pregnancies complicated with idiopathic intrauterine growth retardation. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2011; 24:745-51. [DOI: 10.3109/14767058.2010.526158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
|
35
|
Bowman CJ, Streck RD, Chapin RE. Maternal-placental insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signaling and its importance to normal embryo-fetal development. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 89:339-49. [PMID: 20803692 DOI: 10.1002/bdrb.20249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
As background for an antibody-based therapeutic program against the IGF receptor, we undertook a review of available information on the early pregnancy-specific regulation and localization of IGFs, IGF-binding proteins (BPs), IGFBP-specific proteases, and the type 1 IGF receptor relative to placental maintenance, function of placental nutrient transporters, placental cellular differentiation/turnover/apoptosis, and critical hormone signaling needed to maintain pregnancy. Possible adverse outcomes of altered IGF signaling include prenatal loss, fetal growth retardation, and maldevelopment are also discussed. It appears that the IGF axes in both the conceptus and mother are important for normal embryo-fetal growth. Thus, all molecules (i.e., both small and large) that disrupt the IGF axis could be expected to have some degree of fetal consequences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Bowman
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer, Inc, Groton, Connecticut 06340, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Shen SF, Hua CH. Effect ofL-arginine on the expression of Bcl-2 and Bax in the placenta of fetal growth restriction. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2010; 24:822-6. [DOI: 10.3109/14767058.2010.531315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
37
|
Toy H, Camuzcuoglu H, Arioz DT, Kurt S, Celik H, Aksoy N. Serum prolidase activity and oxidative stress markers in pregnancies with intrauterine growth restricted infants. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2009; 35:1047-53. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1447-0756.2009.01063.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
38
|
Illanes S, Parra M, Serra R, Pino K, Figueroa-Diesel H, Romero C, Arraztoa JA, Michea L, Soothill PW. Increased free fetal DNA levels in early pregnancy plasma of women who subsequently develop preeclampsia and intrauterine growth restriction. Prenat Diagn 2009; 29:1118-22. [DOI: 10.1002/pd.2372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
39
|
Tjoa ML, Oudejans CBM, van Vugt JMG, Blankenstein MA, van Wijk IJ. Markers for Presymptomatic Prediction of Preeclampsia and Intrauterine Growth Restriction. Hypertens Pregnancy 2009; 23:171-89. [PMID: 15369650 DOI: 10.1081/prg-120028292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Preeclampsia and intrauterine growth restriction are both characterized by placental malfunction. The pathological processes of abnormal trophoblast invasion, partial absence of maternal spiral artery modification, increased apoptosis of trophoblast cells, and placental ischemia are all associated with the release of specific molecules. These proteins, as well as cell-free fetal DNA and RNA might be detected in the maternal peripheral circulation, quantified, and used for early identification and prediction of preeclampsia and intrauterine growth restriction, prior to the appearance of the clinical symptoms. As preeclampsia and intrauterine growth restriction are associated with increased maternal, perinatal, and neonatal morbidity and mortality, early identification of these pregnancy associated complications will permit the design of appropriate preventive measures. In this review a variety of factors reported to be useful as potential markers for early detection of pregnancies at increased risk will be discussed. Molecules associated with the establishment of the placenta and essential in fetal-maternal interactions, like interleukin 2-receptor, insulinlike growth factor-1, and insulinlike growth factor binding protein-1, placenta growth factor, hepatocyte growth factor, inhibin A, activin A, and human chorionic gonadotrophin seem to be the most likely candidates for presymptomatic markers for preeclampsia and/or intrauterine growth restriction. Detection and discrimination of these molecules through the placental RNA in maternal plasma based strategy has become a realistic option.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- May Lee Tjoa
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Chemistry, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Arnold DL, Williams MA, Miller RS, Qiu C, Sorensen TK. Iron deficiency anemia, cigarette smoking and risk of abruptio placentae. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2009; 35:446-52. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1447-0756.2008.00980.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
41
|
Mayhew TM. A stereological perspective on placental morphology in normal and complicated pregnancies. J Anat 2008; 215:77-90. [PMID: 19141109 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2008.00994.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Stereology applied to randomly-generated thin sections allows minimally-biased and economical quantitation of the 3D structure of the placenta from molecular to whole-organ levels. With these sampling and estimation tools, it is possible to derive global quantities (tissue volumes, interface surface areas, tubule lengths and particle numbers), average values (e.g. mean cell size or membrane thickness), spatial relationships (e.g. between compartments and immunoprobes) and functional potential (e.g. diffusive conductance). This review indicates ways in which stereology has been used to interpret the morphology of human and murine placentas including the processes of villous growth, trophoblast differentiation, vascular morphogenesis and diffusive transport. In human placenta, global quantities have shown that villous maturation involves differential growth of fetal capillaries and increases in endothelial cell number. Villous trophoblast is a continuously renewing epithelium and, through much of gestation, exhibits a steady state between increasing numbers of nuclei in cytotrophoblast (CT) and syncytiotrophoblast (ST). The epithelium gradually becomes thinner because its surface expands at a faster rate than its volume. These changes help to ensure that placental diffusing capacity matches the growth in fetal mass. Comparable events occur in the murine placenta. Some of these processes are perturbed in complicated pregnancies: 1) fetoplacental vascular growth is compromised in pregnancies accompanied by maternal asthma, 2) changes in trophoblast turnover occur in pre-eclampsia and intrauterine growth restriction, and 3) uteroplacental vascular development is impoverished, but diffusive transport increases, in pregnant mice exposed to particulate urban air pollution. Finally, quantitative immunoelectron microscopy now permits more rigorous analysis of the spatial distributions of interesting molecules between subcellular compartments or shifts in distributions following experimental manipulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Terry M Mayhew
- Centre for Integrated Systems Biology & Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Di Stefano M, Cantatore S, di Maio S, Gesualdo L, Greco P, Pastore G, Fiore J. In vitro Zidovudine-Induced Apoptosis Demonstrated by a Model of Placental Histoculture Useful for the Study of the Apoptotic Effects of Antiretroviral Drugs. EUR J INFLAMM 2008. [DOI: 10.1177/1721727x0800600104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to evaluate the use of a placenta histoculture system based on placental villi culture on collagen sponge gels at the liquid/air interface, for the detection of zidovudine-induced apoptosis. Explant cultures from full term placentas were exposed to different concentrations of zidovudine (1, 10, 100 uM) up to 7 days and samples were analysed for apoptosis with different methods after 3, 24, 48 hours and 7 days of exposure. Apoptotic phenomena were demonstrated at 10 and 100 uM zidovudine, more delayed at the lowest concentration: this demonstrates that zidovudine-induced placenta apoptosis in vitro is both time- and dose-dependent and that also concentrations near to those achievable in vivo might cause placenta apoptosis. This has to be taken into account when considering possible consequences of antiretroviral treatments during pregnancy. Placental histocultures on collagen sponge cells are a reliable tool for the study of antiretroviral-induced toxicity in placenta: in fact, explants cultured for more prolonged periods (up to 7–14 days) in a “physiological milieu” allow the detection of biological effects otherwise not evident in the commonly used, short-term, placental cultures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - S. Cantatore
- Laboratory of Histology, University of Foggia, Bari
| | - S. di Maio
- Obstetric and Gynaecological Clinic, University of Foggia, Bari
| | | | - P. Greco
- Obstetric and Gynaecological Clinic, University of Foggia, Bari
| | - G. Pastore
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases, University of Bari, Bari
| | - J.R. Fiore
- Department of Clinical and Occupational Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Furukawa S, Usuda K, Abe M, Hayashi S, Ogawa I. Busulfan-induced apoptosis in rat placenta. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 59:97-103. [PMID: 17716881 DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2007.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2007] [Accepted: 05/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In order to investigate the effects of busulfan on the placenta, we examined the sequential histopathological changes in the placenta from rats exposed to busulfan during gestation days (Days) 12-14. Busulfan was intraperitoneally administered at 10 mg/kg on Days 12, 13 and 14, and the placentas were sampled on Day 13.5, 14.5, 15, 16 or 21. Macroscopically, small placenta was seen on Day 21 with scattered white spots and white peripheral rim. Histopathologically, in the treated group, there were increased apoptosis and decreased mitotic activities in the trophoblasts of the labyrinth zone on Days 13.5, 14.5, 15 and 16. In the basal zone, slightly increased apoptosis was seen on Day 13.5 and slightly decreased mitotic activity on Day 14.5. On Day 21, the labyrinth zone in the treated group was reduced in diameter. Degeneration and necrosis of trophoblasts, a diminution in thickness of the trophoblastic septa with a deposition of calcium and an irregular dilation of the maternal blood space were scattered in the labyrinth zone, although there were no conspicuous changes in the basal zone. The anti-proliferative effects of busulfan could have inhibited the development of the labyrinth zone, and led to small placentas. The fetotoxicity and teratogenicity of busulfan might be also responsible for these placental changes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Furukawa
- Biological Research Laboratories, Nissan Chemical Industries Ltd., 1470 Shiraoka, Minamisaitama Saitama 349-0294, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Lipopolysaccharide induces apoptosis of cytotrophoblasts by activating an innate immune reaction in vitro. Chin Med J (Engl) 2007. [DOI: 10.1097/00029330-200708010-00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
|
45
|
Takei H, Iizuka S, Yamamoto M, Takeda S, Yamamoto M, Arishima K. The herbal medicine Tokishakuyakusan increases fetal blood glucose concentrations and growth hormone levels and improves intrauterine growth retardation induced by N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester. J Pharmacol Sci 2007; 104:319-28. [PMID: 17666866 DOI: 10.1254/jphs.fp0070224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
N(omega)-Nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) induces a pre-eclampsia-like syndrome in pregnant rats. We have previously reported the anti-hypertensive effects of several Japanese traditional (Kampo) medicines in this model, and one of these, Tokishakuyakusan (TS), also improved intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR). In the present study, we characterized the effect of TS on IUGR. TS administration reversed the decrease in fetal body weight and fetal blood glucose concentration induced by the infusion of L-NAME. Growth hormone (GH) levels in the fetal blood, which were decreased by L-NAME infusion, were also significantly elevated by TS; however, levels of GH releasing hormone (GHRH) and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) were unchanged and only slightly changed, respectively. Treatment with L-NAME with or without TS had no apparent effect on GH, GHRH, and IGF-I levels of dams. In an immunocytochemical study, the number of GH-positive cells in the fetal pituitary gland was significantly increased in TS-treated rats. These data suggest that enhanced proliferation of somatotrope cells of the pituitary gland and the resultant increase in GH secretion in the fetus may be involved in the improvement of IUGR by TS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hisato Takei
- Tsumura Research Institute, Tsumura and Co., Ibaraki, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Wolff GS, Chiang PJ, Smith SM, Romero R, Armant DR. Epidermal growth factor-like growth factors prevent apoptosis of alcohol-exposed human placental cytotrophoblast cells. Biol Reprod 2007; 77:53-60. [PMID: 17392498 PMCID: PMC1950777 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.106.057984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal alcohol abuse during pregnancy can produce an array of birth defects comprising fetal alcohol syndrome. A hallmark of fetal alcohol syndrome is intrauterine growth retardation, which is associated with elevated apoptosis of placental cytotrophoblast cells. Using a human first trimester cytotrophoblast cell line, we examined the relationship between exposure to ethanol and cytotrophoblast survival, as well as the ameliorating effects of epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like growth factors produced by human cytotrophoblast cells. After exposure to 0-100 mM ethanol, cell death was quantified by the TUNEL method, and expression of the nuclear proliferation marker, Ki67, was measured by immunohistochemistry. The mode of cell death was determined by assessing annexin V binding, caspase 3 activation, pyknotic nuclear morphology, reduction of TUNEL by caspase inhibition, and cellular release of lactate dehydrogenase. Ethanol significantly reduced proliferation and increased cell death approximately 2.5-fold through the apoptotic pathway within 1-2 h of exposure to 50 mM alcohol. Exposure to 25-50 mM ethanol significantly increased transforming growth factor alpha (TGFA) and heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HBEGF), but not EGF or amphiregulin (AREG). When cytotrophoblasts were exposed concurrently to 100 mM ethanol and 1 nM HBEGF or TGFA, the increase in apoptosis was prevented, while EGF ameliorated at 10 nM and AREG was weakly effective. HBEGF survival-promoting activity required ligation of either of its cognate receptors, HER1 or HER4. These findings reveal the potential for ethanol to rapidly induce cytotrophoblast apoptosis. However, survival factor induction could provide cytotrophoblasts with an endogenous cytoprotective mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Garen S. Wolff
- C.S. Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Departments of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Anatomy & Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201
| | - Po Jen Chiang
- C.S. Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Departments of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Anatomy & Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201
| | - Susan M. Smith
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Roberto Romero
- Perinatology Research Branch, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - D. Randall Armant
- C.S. Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Departments of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Anatomy & Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201
- Correspondence: D. Randall Armant, C.S. Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 275 E. Hancock Ave., Detroit, MI 48201-1415. FAX: 313 577 8554; e-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Huppertz B, Kadyrov M, Kingdom JCP. Apoptosis and its role in the trophoblast. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2006; 195:29-39. [PMID: 16579915 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2005.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2005] [Revised: 05/30/2005] [Accepted: 07/06/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
During early placentation the trophoblast of the human placenta differentiates to the villous and extravillous types of trophoblast. Villous trophoblast provides the epithelial cover of the placental villous trees in direct contact to maternal blood. Extravillous trophoblast invades maternal uterine tissues thus directly contacting maternal stromal and immune cells. A subset of extravillous trophoblast, endovascular trophoblast initially occludes the lumen of spiral arteries and comes into direct contact with maternal blood. In recent years apoptosis has been described in both types of trophoblast and the importance of this cascade for the normal function of the trophoblast has become obvious. One feature of serious conditions such as preeclampsia or intrauterine growth restriction is changes in apoptosis regulation in villous and/or extravillous trophoblast resulting in altered trophoblast invasion and/or shedding into the maternal circulation. This review summarizes recent findings on trophoblast apoptosis in normal and pathologic pregnancies.
Collapse
|
48
|
Toledo MT, Ventrucci G, Marcondes MCCG. Cancer during pregnancy alters the activity of rat placenta and enhances the expression of cleaved PARP, cytochrome-c and caspase 3. BMC Cancer 2006; 6:168. [PMID: 16800886 PMCID: PMC1534057 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-6-168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2005] [Accepted: 06/26/2006] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The presence of cancer makes it difficult to predict the progress of pregnancy and can be deleterious to the maternal-foetal relationship. Apoptosis may affect a range of placental functions and result in the retardation of foetal growth. In this work, we investigated the placental alterations produced by tumour growth and the effects on the expression of apoptotic factors in placental tissue. Methods Adult female Wistar rats (90 days old, n = 54) were allocated to control (C), tumour-bearing (W), or ascitic fluid-injected (A) groups and were killed on the 16th, 19th or 21st day of pregnancy. Placental tissues were analysed using biochemical and histochemical assays. Results The placental protein content and glutathione-S-transferase activity were decreased in groups W and A. Histochemical analysis showed an increase in the number of cells with cleaved PARP, caspase 3 and cytochrome-c in groups W and A, indicating that the tumour growth clearly damaged placental tissue and affected the levels of apoptotic factors. These results were confirmed by western blotting. Conclusion Since trophoblastic cells are responsible for maintaining a normal placental function, the uncontrolled death of these cells in response to tumour cell growth or substances derived from ascitic fluid could have a negative impact on foetal development. Further knowledge of these events may help to preserve the foetus and placenta during development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mércia Tancredo Toledo
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, CP 6109, 13083-970, SP, Brazil
| | - Gislaine Ventrucci
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, CP 6109, 13083-970, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Cristina Cintra Gomes Marcondes
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, CP 6109, 13083-970, SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Kumru S, Godekmerdan A, Kutlu S, Ozcan Z. Correlation of maternal serum high-sensitive C-reactive protein levels with biochemical and clinical parameters in preeclampsia. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2006; 124:164-7. [PMID: 16054746 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2005.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2004] [Revised: 04/15/2005] [Accepted: 05/17/2005] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the relationship between serum high sensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP) levels and biochemical and clinical parameters in preeclampsia (PE). STUDY DESIGN This cross-sectional study included 20 women with PE and 20 healthy pregnant women. They were recruited in the third trimester of pregnancy at the Firat University, Firat Medical Center, Department of Obstetric and Gynaecology in Elazig province. The standard biochemical and hematological parameters were measured by an advanced auto analyzer. Venous blood samples were collected at admission to the hospital at least 6h before delivery for measurement of hsCRP by a high sensitive immunonephelometric method. RESULTS Hemoglobin, serum hsCRP, creatinine, aspartat and alanine transaminase, lactate dehydrogenase, blood urea nitrogen and urine protein excretion were higher, and serum calcium levels were lower in patients with PE compared to control group values. In the preeclampsia group, correlation analysis tests showed a strong positive correlation between serum hsCRP levels and diastolic blood pressures (r=0.9, p=0.05, n=20) and urinary protein excretion (r=0.8, p=0.05, n=20), and a negative correlation between serum hsCRP and weight (r=-0.6, p=0.02, n=20) and length (r=-0.5, p=0.05, n=20) of the newborns. Serum hsCRP levels were also negatively correlated with weights (r=0.5, p=0.02, n=20) and lengths (r=0.5, p=0.05, n=20) of the newborns in the control group. CONCLUSIONS Serum hsCRP levels increase in women with PE. Elevated serum levels of hsCRP in preeclamptic women are correlated with clinical and biochemical parameters of PE. Determination of serum hsCRP levels may be used as a marker for the severity of PE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Selahattin Kumru
- Firat University, Medical School, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecalogy, Elazig, Turkey.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Rutland CS, Mukhopadhyay M, Underwood S, Clyde N, Mayhew TM, Mitchell CA. Induction of Intrauterine Growth Restriction by Reducing Placental Vascular Growth with the Angioinhibin TNP-470. Biol Reprod 2005; 73:1164-73. [PMID: 16079307 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.105.043893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The placenta is a specialized vascular interface between the maternal and fetal circulations that increases in size to accommodate the nutritional and metabolic demands of the growing fetus. Vascular proliferation and expansion are critical components of placental development and, consequently, interference with vascular growth has the potential to severely restrict concurrent development of both the placenta and fetus. In this study, we describe the effects of an antiangiogenic agent, TNP-470, on placental vascular development and the induction of a form of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) in mice. Administration of TNP-470 to dams in the second half of pregnancy resulted in a smaller maternal weight gain accompanied by decreased placental and fetal sizes in comparison with control animals. Total numbers of fetuses per litter were not affected significantly. Stereological analysis of placentas revealed no changes in the combined lengths of vessels. However, the mean cross-sectional areas of maternal and fetal vessels in the labyrinth of TNP-470-treated mice were reduced at Embryonic Day 13.5 (E13.5) but not at E18.5. Further analysis showed reduced placental endothelial proliferation at E13.5 and E18.5 in TNP-470-treated animals. No other structural or morphometric differences in placentas were detected between TNP-470-treated and control mice at E18.5. This study provides conclusive evidence that administration of TNP-470 interferes with placental vascular proliferation and vessel caliber and results in a reproducible model of IUGR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catrin S Rutland
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|