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Eichwald T, da Silva LDB, Staats Pires AC, Niero L, Schnorrenberger E, Filho CC, Espíndola G, Huang WL, Guillemin GJ, Abdenur JE, Latini A. Tetrahydrobiopterin: Beyond Its Traditional Role as a Cofactor. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1037. [PMID: 37237903 PMCID: PMC10215290 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12051037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) is an endogenous cofactor for some enzymatic conversions of essential biomolecules, including nitric oxide, and monoamine neurotransmitters, and for the metabolism of phenylalanine and lipid esters. Over the last decade, BH4 metabolism has emerged as a promising metabolic target for negatively modulating toxic pathways that may result in cell death. Strong preclinical evidence has shown that BH4 metabolism has multiple biological roles beyond its traditional cofactor activity. We have shown that BH4 supports essential pathways, e.g., to generate energy, to enhance the antioxidant resistance of cells against stressful conditions, and to protect from sustained inflammation, among others. Therefore, BH4 should not be understood solely as an enzyme cofactor, but should instead be depicted as a cytoprotective pathway that is finely regulated by the interaction of three different metabolic pathways, thus assuring specific intracellular concentrations. Here, we bring state-of-the-art information about the dependency of mitochondrial activity upon the availability of BH4, as well as the cytoprotective pathways that are enhanced after BH4 exposure. We also bring evidence about the potential use of BH4 as a new pharmacological option for diseases in which mitochondrial disfunction has been implicated, including chronic metabolic disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, and primary mitochondriopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuany Eichwald
- Laboratório de Bioenergética e Estresse Oxidativo—LABOX, Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88037-100, SC, Brazil; (T.E.); (L.N.); (C.C.F.); (G.E.)
- Laboratory for Energy Metabolism, Division of Metabolic Disorders, CHOC Children’s Hospital, Orange, CA 92868, USA; (W.-L.H.); (J.E.A.)
| | - Lucila de Bortoli da Silva
- Laboratório de Bioenergética e Estresse Oxidativo—LABOX, Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88037-100, SC, Brazil; (T.E.); (L.N.); (C.C.F.); (G.E.)
| | - Ananda Christina Staats Pires
- Laboratório de Bioenergética e Estresse Oxidativo—LABOX, Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88037-100, SC, Brazil; (T.E.); (L.N.); (C.C.F.); (G.E.)
- Neuroinflammation Group, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Laís Niero
- Laboratório de Bioenergética e Estresse Oxidativo—LABOX, Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88037-100, SC, Brazil; (T.E.); (L.N.); (C.C.F.); (G.E.)
| | - Erick Schnorrenberger
- Laboratório de Bioenergética e Estresse Oxidativo—LABOX, Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88037-100, SC, Brazil; (T.E.); (L.N.); (C.C.F.); (G.E.)
| | - Clovis Colpani Filho
- Laboratório de Bioenergética e Estresse Oxidativo—LABOX, Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88037-100, SC, Brazil; (T.E.); (L.N.); (C.C.F.); (G.E.)
| | - Gisele Espíndola
- Laboratório de Bioenergética e Estresse Oxidativo—LABOX, Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88037-100, SC, Brazil; (T.E.); (L.N.); (C.C.F.); (G.E.)
- Neuroinflammation Group, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Wei-Lin Huang
- Laboratory for Energy Metabolism, Division of Metabolic Disorders, CHOC Children’s Hospital, Orange, CA 92868, USA; (W.-L.H.); (J.E.A.)
| | - Gilles J. Guillemin
- Neuroinflammation Group, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - José E. Abdenur
- Laboratory for Energy Metabolism, Division of Metabolic Disorders, CHOC Children’s Hospital, Orange, CA 92868, USA; (W.-L.H.); (J.E.A.)
| | - Alexandra Latini
- Laboratório de Bioenergética e Estresse Oxidativo—LABOX, Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88037-100, SC, Brazil; (T.E.); (L.N.); (C.C.F.); (G.E.)
- Laboratory for Energy Metabolism, Division of Metabolic Disorders, CHOC Children’s Hospital, Orange, CA 92868, USA; (W.-L.H.); (J.E.A.)
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Heneberk O, Wurfelova E, Radochova V. Neopterin, the Cell-Mediated Immune Response Biomarker, in Inflammatory Periodontal Diseases: A Narrative Review of a More than Fifty Years Old Biomarker. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11051294. [PMID: 37238968 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11051294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Neopterin is a biomarker of the activation of cellular immunity. The purpose of this review is to summarise neopterin metabolism, methods of its detection, and its role in inflammation, focusing on periodontal inflammatory diseases. This derivative of guanosine is a non-enzymatic product of 7,8-dihydroneopterin oxidation caused by free radicals which protect activated macrophages from oxidative stress. Various methods, usually based on enzyme-linked immunosorbent essay, high-performance liquid chromatography, or radioimmunoassay were developed for the isolation of neopterin. A wide spectrum of diseases and conditions are known to affect neopterin levels, including cardiovascular, bacterial, viral, and degenerative diseases, as well as malignant tumours. Neopterin levels were found to increase in subjects with periodontitis, especially when the oral fluid and gingival crevicular fluid were evaluated. These findings confirm the role of activated macrophages and cellular immunity in periodontal inflammatory diseases. The gingival crevicular fluid and the oral fluid appear to be the most valuable biologic fluids for the evaluation of neopterin levels in periodontitis. For gingival crevicular fluid, neopterin can be determined as the concentration or the so-called total amount. Nonsurgical periodontal treatment was associated with a decrease in neopterin levels, but an increase was also reported, suggesting the possible role of macrophages in the resolution of the periodontal lesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondrej Heneberk
- Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Šimkova 870, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Department of Dentistry, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolská 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Eliska Wurfelova
- Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Šimkova 870, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Department of Dentistry, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolská 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimira Radochova
- Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Šimkova 870, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Department of Dentistry, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolská 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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Physical-Exercise-Induced Antioxidant Effects on the Brain and Skeletal Muscle. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11050826. [PMID: 35624690 PMCID: PMC9138070 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11050826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Erythroid-related nuclear factor 2 (NRF2) and the antioxidant-responsive-elements (ARE) signaling pathway are the master regulators of cell antioxidant defenses, playing a key role in maintaining cellular homeostasis, a scenario in which proper mitochondrial function is essential. Increasing evidence indicates that the regular practice of physical exercise increases cellular antioxidant defenses by activating NRF2 signaling. This manuscript reviewed classic and ongoing research on the beneficial effects of exercise on the antioxidant system in both the brain and skeletal muscle.
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Palabiyik-Yucelik SS, Moser S, Becker K, Halici Z, Bayir Y, Stonig M, Schennach H, Fuchs D, Gostner JM, Kurz K. Oxyresveratrol modulates the immune response in vitro. Pteridines 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/pteridines-2020-0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The naturally occurring stilbenoid oxyresveratrol was shown to influence inflammatory and metabolic processes. During cellular immune activation, tryptophan breakdown and neopterin formation via the enzymes indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-1 (IDO-1) and GTP-cyclohydrolase, respectively, are induced. Neopterin and the kynurenine to tryptophan ratio are reliable and pertinent biomarkers of Th1-type immune response and are also used in vitro to monitor effects of active plant ingredients on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). We investigated the effects of oxyresveratrol on the activity of the above-mentioned pathways in mitogen-stimulated human PBMC and in the myelomonocytic cell line THP-1. Oxyresveratrol exerted suppressive effects on tryptophan breakdown in both stimulated cell models. Of note, in PBMC, tryptophan breakdown was induced at lower concentrations (5–20 µM) and suppressed at higher treatment concentrations only. Neopterin formation was decreased dose-dependently in stimulated PBMC. In unstimulated PBMC similar, albeit lesser effects were observed. Data indicate that oxyresveratrol exerts distinct and concentration-dependent effects on different immune cell types. IDO-1 is targeted by oxyresveratrol and its activity can be modulated in both directions. Detailed investigations of the interactions would be interesting to fully explore the activity of this phytocompound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saziye Sezin Palabiyik-Yucelik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Atatürk University , Erzurum , Turkey
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck , Innsbruck , Austria
- Clinical Research, Development and Design Application and Research Center, Atatürk University , Erzurum , Turkey
| | - Simone Moser
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich , Munich , Germany
| | - Kathrin Becker
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck , Innsbruck , Austria
| | - Zekai Halici
- Clinical Research, Development and Design Application and Research Center, Atatürk University , Erzurum , Turkey
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Atatürk University , Erzurum , Turkey
| | - Yasin Bayir
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Atatürk University , Erzurum , Turkey
| | - Marlies Stonig
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck , Innsbruck , Austria
| | - Harald Schennach
- Central Institute of Blood Transfusion and Immunology, University Hospital of Innsbruck , Innsbruck , Austria
| | - Dietmar Fuchs
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck , Innsbruck , Austria
| | - Johanna M. Gostner
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck , Innsbruck , Austria
| | - Katharina Kurz
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Pneumology, Rheumatology, Medical University of Innsbruck , Anichstrasse 35 , 6020 Innsbruck , Austria
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Lindsay A, Kemp B, Larson AA, Baumann CW, McCourt PM, Holm J, Karachunski P, Lowe DA, Ervasti JM. Tetrahydrobiopterin synthesis and metabolism is impaired in dystrophin-deficient mdx mice and humans. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2021; 231:e13627. [PMID: 33580591 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AIM Loss of dystrophin causes oxidative stress and affects nitric oxide synthase-mediated vascular function in striated muscle. Because tetrahydrobiopterin is an antioxidant and co-factor for nitric oxide synthase, we tested the hypothesis that tetrahydrobiopterin would be low in mdx mice and humans deficient for dystrophin. METHODS Tetrahydrobiopterin and its metabolites were measured at rest and in response to exercise in Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy patients, age-matched male controls as well as wild-type, mdx and mdx mice transgenically overexpressing skeletal muscle-specific dystrophins. Mdx mice were also supplemented with tetrahydrobiopterin and pathophysiology was assessed. RESULTS Duchenne muscular dystrophy patients had lower urinary dihydrobiopterin + tetrahydrobiopterin/specific gravity1.020 compared to unaffected age-matched males and Becker muscular dystrophy patients. Mdx mice had low urinary and skeletal muscle dihydrobiopterin + tetrahydrobiopterin compared to wild-type mice. Overexpression of dystrophins that localize neuronal nitric oxide synthase restored dihydrobiopterin + tetrahydrobiopterin in mdx mice to wild-type levels while utrophin overexpression did not. Mdx mice and Duchenne muscular dystrophy patients did not increase tetrahydrobiopterin during exercise and in mdx mice tetrahydrobiopterin deficiency was likely because of lower levels of sepiapterin reductase in skeletal muscle. Tetrahydrobiopterin supplementation improved skeletal muscle strength, resistance to fatiguing and injurious contractions in vivo, increased utrophin and capillary density of skeletal muscle and lowered cardiac muscle fibrosis and left ventricular wall thickness in mdx mice. CONCLUSION These data demonstrate that impaired tetrahydrobiopterin synthesis is associated with dystrophin loss and treatment with tetrahydrobiopterin improves striated muscle histopathology and skeletal muscle function in mdx mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angus Lindsay
- Division of Rehabilitation Science and Division of Physical Therapy, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Bailey Kemp
- Lillehei Heart Institute, Cancer and Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Alexie A Larson
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Cory W Baumann
- Division of Rehabilitation Science and Division of Physical Therapy, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Preston M McCourt
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - John Holm
- Lillehei Heart Institute, Cancer and Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Peter Karachunski
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Dawn A Lowe
- Division of Rehabilitation Science and Division of Physical Therapy, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - James M Ervasti
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Staats Pires A, Heng B, Tan VX, Latini A, Russo MA, Santarelli DM, Bailey D, Wynne K, O’Brien JA, Guillemin GJ, Austin PJ. Kynurenine, Tetrahydrobiopterin, and Cytokine Inflammatory Biomarkers in Individuals Affected by Diabetic Neuropathic Pain. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:890. [PMID: 32973438 PMCID: PMC7472959 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropathic pain is a common complication of diabetes with high morbidity and poor treatment outcomes. Accumulating evidence suggests the immune system is involved in the development of diabetic neuropathy, whilst neuro-immune interactions involving the kynurenine (KYN) and tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) pathways have been linked to neuropathic pain pre-clinically and in several chronic pain conditions. Here, using a multiplex assay, we quantified serum levels of 14 cytokines in 21 participants with type 1 diabetes mellitus, 13 of which were classified as having neuropathic pain. In addition, using high performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, all major KYN and BH4 pathway metabolites were quantified in serum from the same cohort. Our results show increases in GM-CSF and IL-8, suggesting immune cell involvement. We demonstrated increases in two inflammatory biomarkers: neopterin and the KYN/TRP ratio, a marker of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase activity. Moreover, the KYN/TRP ratio positively correlated with pain intensity. Total kynurenine aminotransferase activity was also higher in the diabetic neuropathic pain group, indicating there may be increased production of the KYN metabolite, xanthurenic acid. Overall, this study supports the idea that inflammatory activation of the KYN and BH4 pathways occurs due to elevated inflammatory cytokines, which might be involved in the pathogenesis of neuropathic pain in type 1 diabetes mellitus. Further studies should be carried out to investigate the role of KYN and BH4 pathways, which could strengthen the case for therapeutically targeting them in neuropathic pain conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananda Staats Pires
- Neuroinflammation Group, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Laboratório de Bioenergética e Estresse Oxidativo, Departamento de Bioquímica, CCB, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Benjamin Heng
- Neuroinflammation Group, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Vanessa X. Tan
- Neuroinflammation Group, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Alexandra Latini
- Laboratório de Bioenergética e Estresse Oxidativo, Departamento de Bioquímica, CCB, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Marc A. Russo
- Hunter Pain Clinic, Broadmeadow, NSW, Australia
- Genesis Research Services, Broadmeadow, NSW, Australia
| | | | | | - Katie Wynne
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Jayden A. O’Brien
- Discipline of Anatomy and Histology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Gilles J. Guillemin
- Neuroinflammation Group, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Paul J. Austin
- Discipline of Anatomy and Histology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Staats Pires A, Tan VX, Heng B, Guillemin GJ, Latini A. Kynurenine and Tetrahydrobiopterin Pathways Crosstalk in Pain Hypersensitivity. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:620. [PMID: 32694973 PMCID: PMC7338796 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the identification of molecular mechanisms associated with pain persistence, no significant therapeutic improvements have been made. Advances in the understanding of the molecular mechanisms that induce pain hypersensitivity will allow the development of novel, effective, and safe therapies for chronic pain. Various pro-inflammatory cytokines are known to be increased during chronic pain, leading to sustained inflammation in the peripheral and central nervous systems. The pro-inflammatory environment activates additional metabolic routes, including the kynurenine (KYN) and tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) pathways, which generate bioactive soluble metabolites with the potential to modulate neuropathic and inflammatory pain sensitivity. Inflammation-induced upregulation of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) and guanosine triphosphate cyclohydrolase I (GTPCH), both rate-limiting enzymes of KYN and BH4 biosynthesis, respectively, have been identified in experimental chronic pain models as well in biological samples from patients affected by chronic pain. Inflammatory inducible KYN and BH4 pathways upregulation is characterized by increase in pronociceptive compounds, such as quinolinic acid (QUIN) and BH4, in addition to inflammatory mediators such as interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). As expected, the pharmacologic and genetic experimental manipulation of both pathways confers analgesia. Many metabolic intermediates of these two pathways such as BH4, are known to sustain pain, while others, like xanthurenic acid (XA; a KYN pathway metabolite) have been recently shown to be an inhibitor of BH4 synthesis, opening a new avenue to treat chronic pain. This review will focus on the KYN/BH4 crosstalk in chronic pain and the potential modulation of these metabolic pathways that could induce analgesia without dependence or abuse liability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananda Staats Pires
- Neuroinflammation Group, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Centre for Motor Neuron Disease Research, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Laboratório de Bioenergética e Estresse Oxidativo, Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Vanessa X. Tan
- Neuroinflammation Group, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Centre for Motor Neuron Disease Research, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Benjamin Heng
- Neuroinflammation Group, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Centre for Motor Neuron Disease Research, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Gilles J. Guillemin
- Neuroinflammation Group, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Centre for Motor Neuron Disease Research, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Alexandra Latini
- Laboratório de Bioenergética e Estresse Oxidativo, Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
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Stuart CM, Zotova E, Koster G, Varatharaj A, Richardson G, Cornick FR, Weal M, Newman TA, Postle AD, Galea I. High-Throughput Urinary Neopterin-to-Creatinine Ratio Monitoring of Systemic Inflammation. J Appl Lab Med 2020; 5:101-113. [PMID: 31704895 DOI: 10.1373/jalm.2019.030007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Systemic inflammation is a marker of ill health and has prognostic implications in multiple health settings. Urinary neopterin is an excellent candidate as a nonspecific marker of systemic inflammation. Expression as urinary neopterin-to-creatinine ratio (UNCR) normalizes for urinary hydration status. Major attractions include (a) urine vs blood sampling, (b) integration of inflammation over a longer period compared with serum sampling, and (c) high stability of neopterin and creatinine. METHODS A high-throughput ultraperformance LC-MS method was developed to measure neopterin and creatinine together from the same urine sample. The assay was applied in several clinical scenarios: healthy controls, symptomatic infections, and multiple sclerosis. Area under the curve was compared between weekly and monthly sampling scenarios. Analysis of a single pooled sample was compared with averaging results from analysis of individual samples. RESULTS The assay has excellent intraassay and interassay precision, linearity of dilution, and spike and recovery. Higher UNCR was demonstrated in female vs male individuals, older age, inflammatory disease (multiple sclerosis), and symptomatic infections. In healthy controls, fluctuations in inflammatory state also occurred in the absence of symptomatic infection or other inflammatory triggers. Analysis of a single pooled sample, made up from weekly urine samples, integrates inflammatory activity over time. CONCLUSIONS UNCR is a useful biomarker of systemic inflammation. The method presented offers simplicity, speed, robustness, reproducibility, efficiency, and proven utility in clinical scenarios. UNCR fluctuations underline the importance of longitudinal monitoring, vs a single time point, to capture a more representative estimate of an individual's inflammatory state over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte M Stuart
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Elina Zotova
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Grielof Koster
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Aravinthan Varatharaj
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Grace Richardson
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Faye R Cornick
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Mark Weal
- Electronics and Computer Science, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Tracey A Newman
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Anthony D Postle
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Ian Galea
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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Jung-Klawitter S, Kuseyri Hübschmann O. Analysis of Catecholamines and Pterins in Inborn Errors of Monoamine Neurotransmitter Metabolism-From Past to Future. Cells 2019; 8:cells8080867. [PMID: 31405045 PMCID: PMC6721669 DOI: 10.3390/cells8080867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inborn errors of monoamine neurotransmitter biosynthesis and degradation belong to the rare inborn errors of metabolism. They are caused by monogenic variants in the genes encoding the proteins involved in (1) neurotransmitter biosynthesis (like tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and aromatic amino acid decarboxylase (AADC)), (2) in tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) cofactor biosynthesis (GTP cyclohydrolase 1 (GTPCH), 6-pyruvoyl-tetrahydropterin synthase (PTPS), sepiapterin reductase (SPR)) and recycling (pterin-4a-carbinolamine dehydratase (PCD), dihydropteridine reductase (DHPR)), or (3) in co-chaperones (DNAJC12). Clinically, they present early during childhood with a lack of monoamine neurotransmitters, especially dopamine and its products norepinephrine and epinephrine. Classical symptoms include autonomous dysregulations, hypotonia, movement disorders, and developmental delay. Therapy is predominantly based on supplementation of missing cofactors or neurotransmitter precursors. However, diagnosis is difficult and is predominantly based on quantitative detection of neurotransmitters, cofactors, and precursors in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), urine, and blood. This review aims at summarizing the diverse analytical tools routinely used for diagnosis to determine quantitatively the amounts of neurotransmitters and cofactors in the different types of samples used to identify patients suffering from these rare diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Jung-Klawitter
- Department of General Pediatrics, Division of Neuropediatrics and Metabolic Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Oya Kuseyri Hübschmann
- Department of General Pediatrics, Division of Neuropediatrics and Metabolic Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Hara S, Fukumura S, Ichinose H. Reversible S-glutathionylation of human 6-pyruvoyl tetrahydropterin synthase protects its enzymatic activity. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:1420-1427. [PMID: 30514762 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.005280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
6-Pyruvoyl tetrahydropterin synthase (PTS) converts 7,8-dihydroneopterin triphosphate into 6-pyruvoyltetrahydropterin and is a critical enzyme for the de novo synthesis of tetrahydrobiopterin, an essential cofactor for aromatic amino acid hydroxylases and nitric-oxide synthases. Neopterin derived from 7,8-dihydroneopterin triphosphate is secreted by monocytes/macrophages, and is a well-known biomarker for cellular immunity. Because PTS activity in the cell can be a determinant of neopterin production, here we used recombinant human PTS protein to investigate how its activity is regulated, especially depending on redox conditions. Human PTS has two cysteines: Cys-43 at the catalytic site and Cys-10 at the N terminus. PTS can be oxidized and consequently inactivated by H2O2 treatment, oxidized GSH, or S-nitrosoglutathione, and determining the oxidized modifications of PTS induced by each oxidant by MALDI-TOF MS, we show that PTS is S-glutathionylated in the presence of GSH and H2O2 S-Glutathionylation at Cys-43 protected PTS from H2O2-induced irreversible sulfinylation and sulfonylation. We also found that PTS expressed in HeLa and THP-1 cells is reversibly modified under oxidative stress conditions. Our findings suggest that PTS activity and S-glutathionylation is regulated by the cellular redox environment and that reversible S-glutathionylation protects PTS against oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Hara
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - Soichiro Fukumura
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ichinose
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan.
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11
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Korte-Bouws GAH, Albers E, Voskamp M, Hendriksen H, de Leeuw LR, Güntürkün O, de Roock S, Vastert SJ, Korte SM. Juvenile Arthritis Patients Suffering from Chronic Inflammation Have Increased Activity of Both IDO and GTP-CH1 Pathways But Decreased BH4 Efficacy: Implications for Well-Being, Including Fatigue, Cognitive Impairment, Anxiety, and Depression. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2019; 12:E9. [PMID: 30625990 PMCID: PMC6469185 DOI: 10.3390/ph12010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) represents joint inflammation with an unknown cause that starts before the age of 16, resulting in stiff and painful joints. In addition, JIA patients often report symptoms of sickness behavior. Recent animal studies suggest that proinflammatory cytokines produce sickness behavior by increasing the activity of indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) and guanosinetriphosphate⁻cyclohydrolase-1 (GTP⁻CH1). Here, it is hypothesized that inflammation in JIA patients enhances the enzymatic activity of IDO and GTP-CH1 and decreases the co-factor tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4). These compounds play a crucial role in the synthesis and metabolism of neurotransmitters. The aim of our study was to reveal whether inflammation affects both the GTP-CH1 and IDO pathway in JIA patients. Serum samples were collected from twenty-four JIA patients. In these samples, the concentrations of tryptophan (TRP), kynurenine (KYN), tyrosine (TYR), neopterin, and phenylalanine (PHE) were measured. An HPLC method with electrochemical detection was developed to quantify tryptophan, kynurenine, and tyrosine. Neopterin and phenylalanine were quantified by ELISA. The KYN/TRP ratio was measured as an index of IDO activity, while the PHE/TYR ratio was measured as an index of BH4 activity. Neopterin concentrations were used as an indirect measure of GTP-CH1 activity. JIA patients with high disease activity showed higher levels of both neopterin and kynurenine, and a higher ratio of both KYN/TRP and PHE/TYR and lower tryptophan levels than clinically inactive patients. Altogether, these data support our hypothesis that inflammation increases the enzymatic activity of both IDO and GTP-CH1 but decreases the efficacy of the co-factor BH4. In the future, animal studies are needed to investigate whether inflammation-induced changes in these enzymatic pathways and co-factor BH4 lower the levels of the brain neurotransmitters glutamate, noradrenaline, dopamine, serotonin, and melatonin, and consequently, whether they may affect fatigue, cognition, anxiety, and depression. Understanding of these complex neuroimmune interactions provides new possibilities for Pharma-Food interventions to improve the quality of life of patients suffering from chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerdien A H Korte-Bouws
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Faculty of Science, Universities 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Eline Albers
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Faculty of Science, Universities 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Marije Voskamp
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Faculty of Science, Universities 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Hendrikus Hendriksen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Faculty of Science, Universities 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Lidewij R de Leeuw
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Faculty of Science, Universities 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Onur Güntürkün
- Department of Biopsychology, Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, D-44780 Bochum, Germany.
| | - Sytze de Roock
- Paediatric Rheumatology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Lundlaan 6, 3584 EA Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Sebastiaan J Vastert
- Paediatric Rheumatology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Lundlaan 6, 3584 EA Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - S Mechiel Korte
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Faculty of Science, Universities 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands.
- Department of Biopsychology, Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, D-44780 Bochum, Germany.
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12
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Baxter-Parker G, Roffe L, Cross S, Frampton C, Hooper GJ, Gieseg SP. Knee replacement surgery significantly elevates the urinary inflammatory biomarkers neopterin and 7,8-dihydroneopterin. Clin Biochem 2018; 63:39-45. [PMID: 30399370 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Knee arthroplasty surgery is significant trauma, leading to an activated immune system causing inflammation and oxidative stress. Many current biomarkers are invasive, costly, and often slow to analyse, limiting their use for rapid inflammatory measurements. OBJECTIVES We have examined the use of urinary neopterin and total neopterin in knee arthroplasty patients to non-invasively measure oxidative stress and inflammation from immune system activation. We aim to validate the use of these biomarkers for quick, cost effective and predictive measurements of post-surgical inflammation assessment. METHODOLOGY 19 Knee arthroplasty patients were analysed pre-operatively and for a defined post-operative period to determine the urinary levels of neopterin and total neopterin (neopterin +7,8-dihydroneopterin) using high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. These results were then compared to a control group of 20 participants with normal knee function. RESULTS 7,8-Dihydroneopterin was stable in urine over 12 h when refrigerated. Knee arthritis was associated with an increase in pre-operative neopterin (oxidative stress) and total neopterin (inflammation). The subsequent arthroplasty surgery generated a significant increase neopterin and total neopterin. Both biomarkers were reduced immediately post-operatively, before becoming elevated on the following days. There was no clear evidence of an association between initial neopterin and total neopterin levels and a patient's level of inflammation during in-hospital recovery. CONCLUSIONS The stability of 7,8-dihydroneopterin in urine allows for its use as an inflammatory marker. Urinary neopterin and total neopterin provided a fast, non-invasive, and simple measure of oxidative stress and inflammation after knee arthroplasty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Baxter-Parker
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand.
| | - Lloyd Roffe
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery & Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Otago Christchurch, PO Box 4345, Christchurch, New Zealand.
| | - Sean Cross
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Chris Frampton
- Department of Medicine, University of Otago Christchurch, PO Box 4345, Christchurch, New Zealand.
| | - Gary J Hooper
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery & Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Otago Christchurch, PO Box 4345, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Steven P Gieseg
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand; Department of Radiology, University of Otago Christchurch, PO Box 4345, Christchurch 8011, New Zealand.
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13
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Latini A, de Bortoli da Silva L, da Luz Scheffer D, Pires ACS, de Matos FJ, Nesi RT, Ghisoni K, de Paula Martins R, de Oliveira PA, Prediger RD, Ghersi M, Gabach L, Pérez MF, Rubiales-Barioglio S, Raisman-Vozari R, Mongeau R, Lanfumey L, Aguiar AS. Tetrahydrobiopterin improves hippocampal nitric oxide-linked long-term memory. Mol Genet Metab 2018; 125:104-111. [PMID: 29935801 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2018.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 06/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) is synthesized by the combined action of three metabolic pathways, namely de novo synthesis, recycling, and salvage pathways. The best-known function of BH4 is its mandatory action as a natural cofactor of the aromatic amino acid hydroxylases and nitric oxide synthases. Thus, BH4 is essential for the synthesis of nitric oxide, a retrograde neurotransmitter involved in learning and memory. We investigated the effect of BH4 (4-4000 pmol) intracerebroventricular administration on aversive memory, and on BH4 metabolism in the hippocampus of rodents. Memory-related behaviors were assessed in Swiss and C57BL/6 J mice, and in Wistar rats. It was consistently observed across all rodent species that BH4 facilitates aversive memory acquisition and consolidation by increasing the latency to step-down in the inhibitory avoidance task. This effect was associated with a reduced threshold to generate hippocampal long-term potentiation process. In addition, two inhibitors of memory formation (N(ω)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester - L-Name - and dizocilpine - MK-801 -) blocked the enhanced effect of BH4 on memory, while the amnesic effect was not rescue by the co-administration of BH4 or a cGMP analog (8-Br-cGMP). The data strongly suggest that BH4 enhances aversive memory by activating the glutamatergic neurotransmission and the retrograde activity of NO. It was also demonstrated that BH2 can be converted into BH4 by activating the BH4 salvage pathway under physiological conditions in the hippocampus. This is the first evidence showing that BH4 enhances aversive memory and that the BH4 salvage pathway is active in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Latini
- Laboratório de Bioenergética e Estresse Oxidativo - LABOX, Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
| | - Lucila de Bortoli da Silva
- Laboratório de Bioenergética e Estresse Oxidativo - LABOX, Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Débora da Luz Scheffer
- Laboratório de Bioenergética e Estresse Oxidativo - LABOX, Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Ananda Christina Staats Pires
- Laboratório de Bioenergética e Estresse Oxidativo - LABOX, Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Filipe José de Matos
- Laboratório de Bioenergética e Estresse Oxidativo - LABOX, Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Renata T Nesi
- Laboratório de Bioenergética e Estresse Oxidativo - LABOX, Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Karina Ghisoni
- Laboratório de Bioenergética e Estresse Oxidativo - LABOX, Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Roberta de Paula Martins
- Laboratório de Bioenergética e Estresse Oxidativo - LABOX, Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Paulo Alexandre de Oliveira
- LEXDON, Departamento de Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Rui D Prediger
- LEXDON, Departamento de Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Marisa Ghersi
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, CIBICI, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Laura Gabach
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, CIBICI, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Mariela Fernanda Pérez
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, CIBICI, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | | | - Rita Raisman-Vozari
- Institut de Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Raymond Mongeau
- Pharmacologie de la Circulation Cérébrale, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris Descartes, EA4475, France
| | - Laurence Lanfumey
- Pharmacologie de la Circulation Cérébrale, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris Descartes, EA4475, France
| | - Aderbal Silva Aguiar
- Laboratório de Bioenergética e Estresse Oxidativo - LABOX, Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil; Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, INSERM UMR 894, Paris, France
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14
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Tran AN, Walker K, Harrison DG, Chen W, Mobley J, Hocevar L, Hackney JR, Sedaka RS, Pollock JS, Goldberg MS, Hambardzumyan D, Cooper SJ, Gillespie Y, Hjelmeland AB. Reactive species balance via GTP cyclohydrolase I regulates glioblastoma growth and tumor initiating cell maintenance. Neuro Oncol 2018; 20:1055-1067. [PMID: 29409010 PMCID: PMC6280150 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noy012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Depending on the level, differentiation state, and tumor stage, reactive nitrogen and oxygen species inhibit or increase cancer growth and tumor initiating cell maintenance. The rate-limiting enzyme in a pathway that can regulate reactive species production but has not been thoroughly investigated in glioblastoma (GBM; grade IV astrocytoma) is guanosine triphosphate (GTP) cyclohydrolase 1 (GCH1). We sought to define the role of GCH1 in the regulation of GBM growth and brain tumor initiating cell (BTIC) maintenance. Methods We examined GCH1 mRNA and protein expression in patient-derived xenografts, clinical samples, and glioma gene expression datasets. GCH1 levels were modulated using lentiviral expression systems, and effects on cell growth, self-renewal, reactive species production, and survival in orthotopic patient-derived xenograft models were determined. Results GCH1 was expressed in GBMs with elevated but not exclusive RNA and protein levels in BTICs in comparison to non-BTICs. Overexpression of GCH1 in GBM cells increased cell growth in vitro and decreased survival in an intracranial GBM mouse model. In converse experiments, GCH1 knockdown with short hairpin RNA led to GBM cell growth inhibition and reduced self-renewal in association with decreased CD44 expression. GCH1 was critical for controlling reactive species balance, including suppressing reactive oxygen species production, which mediated GCH1 cell growth effects. In silico analyses demonstrated that higher GCH1 levels in glioma patients correlate with higher glioma grade, recurrence, and worse survival. Conclusions GCH1 expression in established GBMs is pro-tumorigenic, causing increased growth due, in part, to promotion of BTIC maintenance and suppression of reactive oxygen species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anh Nhat Tran
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Kiera Walker
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - David G Harrison
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Wei Chen
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - James Mobley
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Lauren Hocevar
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - James R Hackney
- Division of Neuropathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Randee S Sedaka
- Division of Nephrology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Jennifer S Pollock
- Division of Nephrology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Matthew S Goldberg
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | | | - Sara J Cooper
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama
| | - Yancey Gillespie
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Anita B Hjelmeland
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
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15
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Neopterin, Inflammation, and Oxidative Stress: What Could We Be Missing? Antioxidants (Basel) 2018; 7:antiox7070080. [PMID: 29949851 PMCID: PMC6071275 DOI: 10.3390/antiox7070080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Neopterin has been extensively used as a clinical marker of immune activation during inflammation in a wide range of conditions and stresses. However, the analysis of neopterin alone neglects the cellular reactions that generate it in response to interferon-γ. Neopterin is the oxidation product of 7,8-dihydroneopterin, which is a potent antioxidant generated by interferon-γ-activated macrophages. 7,8-Dihydroneopterin can protect macrophage cells from a range of oxidants through a scavenging reaction that generates either neopterin or dihydroxanthopterin, depending on the oxidant. Therefore, plasma and urinary neopterin levels are dependent on both macrophage activation to generate 7,8-dihydroneopterin and subsequent oxidation to neopterin. This relationship is clearly shown in studies of exercise and impact-induced injury during intense contact sport. Here, we argue that neopterin and total neopterin, which is the combined value of 7,8-dihydroneopterin and neopterin, could provide a more comprehensive analysis of clinical inflammation than neopterin alone.
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16
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Knoll M, Fuchs D, Weiss G, Bellmann-Weiler R, Kovrlija B, Kurz K. Interferon-γ Mediated Pathways And Mitogen Stimulated Proliferation During And After An Acute Infection. Pteridines 2018. [DOI: 10.1515/pteridines-2018-0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Interferon-γ (IFN- γ) regulates the degradation of tryptophan to kynurenine via induction of indoleamine- 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO). Local tryptophan depletion and accumulation of toxic metabolites might impair the proliferative capacity of lymphocytes. The aim of this study was to assess the actual status of immune system activation of patients with bacterial infection in the acute phase and during convalescence in vivo and in vitro. Parameters of systemic immune system activation were evaluated for associations with proliferative responsiveness of immune cells, and compared with healthy controls. Methods: 24 patients with various acute bacterial infections were included in the group of acutely ill patients. Sixteen patients participated in a follow-up examination after convalescence. The control group consisted of 6 healthy people. To assess the status of immune system activation in vivo, inflammation parameters C-reactive protein and differential blood counts were determined. Neopterin concentrations were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Tryptophan and kynurenine measurements were performed with high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated from the patients’ blood and stimulated with concanavalin A (Con A), phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and pokeweed mitogen (PWM) in vitro proliferation rates were evaluated by ³H-thymidine incorporation and neopterin production and tryptophan degradation were determined in supernatants of mitogen stimulated PBMCs. Results: Patients with acute bacterial infections showed reduced tryptophan and elevated neopterin concentrations, which did not normalize after convalescence period. Higher plasma neopterin values and increased IDO-activity were associated with reduced proliferative responses in vitro after stimulation with PHA. Associations were observed during acute infection as well as convalescence. Conclusions: Results of this study show that increased immune system activation in vivo is associated with impaired proliferative responsiveness of immune cells in vitro in acute bacterial infections as well as during convalescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Knoll
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Innsbruck Medical University, Anichstraße 35, A-6020 Innsbruck , Austria
| | - Dietmar Fuchs
- Biological Chemistry, Biocentre, Innsbruck Medical University, Anichstraße 35, A-6020 Innsbruck , Austria
| | - Guenter Weiss
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Innsbruck Medical University, Anichstraße 35, A-6020 Innsbruck , Austria
| | - Rosa Bellmann-Weiler
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Innsbruck Medical University, Anichstraße 35, A-6020 Innsbruck , Austria
| | - Bojana Kovrlija
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Innsbruck Medical University, Anichstraße 35, A-6020 Innsbruck , Austria
| | - Katharina Kurz
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Innsbruck Medical University, Anichstraße 35, A-6020 Innsbruck; Biological Chemistry, Biocentre, Innsbruck Medical University, Anichstraße 35, A-6020 Innsbruck , Austria
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17
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Melichar B, Solichová D, Melicharová K, Malírová E, Cermanová M, Zadák Z. Urinary Neopterin in Patients with Advanced Colorectal Carcinoma. Int J Biol Markers 2018; 21:190-8. [PMID: 17013802 DOI: 10.1177/172460080602100309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In previous studies, mostly in patients with early stage colorectal carcinoma, neopterin, an indicator of systemic immune activation, has been associated with poor prognosis. The aim of the present study was to evaluate urinary neopterin in patients with advanced or metastatic colorectal carcinoma treated with chemotherapy. A retrospective analysis was performed of urinary neopterin, determined by high-performance liquid chromatography, in 88 patients with advanced or metastatic colorectal carcinoma. Peripheral blood cell count and serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) were determined in 72 patients before the start of chemotherapy. Urinary neopterin in colorectal carcinoma patients was significantly increased compared to controls, but lower than in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Neopterin correlated significantly with serum CEA, age, peripheral blood leukocyte and platelet counts. The median survival of colorectal carcinoma patients with urinary neopterin below 214 μmol/mol creatinine was significantly longer compared to that of patients with higher neopterin concentrations (median 18 vs 5 months, log-rank test p=0.003). CEA and hemoglobin were also associated with survival in univariate analysis, but in multivariate analysis only urinary neopterin and serum CEA were independent predictors of survival. High urinary neopterin during follow-up was also predictive of poor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Melichar
- Department of Oncology & Radiotherapy, Charles University Medical School and Teaching Hospital, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
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18
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Immunomodulatory Effects of Diterpene Quinone Derivatives from the Roots of Horminum pyrenaicum in Human PBMC. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:2980295. [PMID: 29576845 PMCID: PMC5821946 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2980295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 08/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Several phytochemicals were shown to interfere with redox biology in the human system. Moreover, redox biochemistry is crucially involved in the orchestration of immunological cascades. When screening for immunomodulatory compounds, the two interferon gamma- (IFN-γ-) dependent immunometabolic pathways of tryptophan breakdown via indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-1 (IDO-1) and neopterin formation by GTP-cyclohydrolase 1 (GTP-CH-I) represent prominent targets, as IFN-γ-related signaling is strongly sensitive to oxidative triggers. Herein, the analysis of these pathway activities in human peripheral mononuclear cells was successfully applied in a bioactivity-guided fractionation strategy to screen for anti-inflammatory substances contained in the root of Horminum (H.) pyrenaicum L. (syn. Dragon's mouth), the only representative of the monophyletic genus Horminum. Four abietane diterpene quinone derivatives (horminone, 7-O-acetylhorminone, inuroyleanol and its 15,16-dehydro-derivative, a novel natural product), two nor-abietane diterpene quinones (agastaquinone and 3-deoxyagastaquinone) and two abeo 18 (4 → 3) abietane diterpene quinones (agastol and its 15,16-dehydro-derivative) could be identified. These compounds were able to dose-dependently suppress the above mentioned pathways with different potency. Beside the description of new active compounds, this study demonstrates the feasibility of integrating IDO-1 and GTP-CH-I activity in the search for novel anti-inflammatory compounds, which can then be directed towards a more detailed mode of action analysis.
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Ishikawa T, Imamura K, Kondo T, Koshiba Y, Hara S, Ichinose H, Furujo M, Kinoshita M, Oeda T, Takahashi J, Takahashi R, Inoue H. Genetic and pharmacological correction of aberrant dopamine synthesis using patient iPSCs with BH4 metabolism disorders. Hum Mol Genet 2016; 25:5188-5197. [PMID: 27798097 PMCID: PMC5886044 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddw339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) is a neurotransmitter in the brain, playing a central role in several disease conditions, including tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) metabolism disorders and Parkinson's disease (PD). BH4 metabolism disorders present a variety of clinical manifestations including motor disturbance via altered DA metabolism, since BH4 is a cofactor for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), a rate-limiting enzyme for DA synthesis. Genetically, BH4 metabolism disorders are, in an autosomal recessive pattern, caused by a variant in genes encoding enzymes for BH4 synthesis or recycling, including 6-pyruvoyltetrahydropterin synthase (PTPS) or dihydropteridine reductase (DHPR), respectively. Although BH4 metabolism disorders and its metabolisms have been studied, it is unclear how gene variants cause aberrant DA synthesis in patient neurons. Here, we generated induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from BH4 metabolism disorder patients with PTPS or DHPR variants, corrected the gene variant in the iPSCs using the CRISPR/Cas9 system, and differentiated the BH4 metabolism disorder patient- and isogenic control iPSCs into midbrain DA neurons. We found that by the gene correction, the BH4 amount, TH protein level and extracellular DA level were restored in DA neuronal culture using PTPS deficiency iPSCs. Furthermore, the pharmacological correction by BH4 precursor sepiapterin treatment also improved the phenotypes of PTPS deficiency. These results suggest that patient iPSCs with BH4 metabolism disorders provide an opportunity for screening substances for treating aberrant DA synthesis-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taizo Ishikawa
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
- Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma, 3-1-98 Kasugadenaka, Konohana-ku, Osaka, Japan
| | - Keiko Imamura
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takayuki Kondo
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yasushi Koshiba
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Neurology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Satoshi Hara
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ichinose
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Mahoko Furujo
- Department of Pediatrics, Okayama Medical Center, National Hospital Organization, Okayama, Japan
| | - Masako Kinoshita
- Department of Neurology, Utano National Hospital, National Hospital Organization, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomoko Oeda
- Department of Neurology, Utano National Hospital, National Hospital Organization, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Jun Takahashi
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Takahashi
- Department of Neurology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Haruhisa Inoue
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
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LC–MS/MS-based quantification of kynurenine metabolites, tryptophan, monoamines and neopterin in plasma, cerebrospinal fluid and brain. Bioanalysis 2016; 8:1903-17. [DOI: 10.4155/bio-2016-0111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: The kynurenine (KYN) pathway is implicated in diseases such as cancer, psychiatric, neurodegenerative and autoimmune disorders. Measurement of KYN metabolite levels will help elucidating the involvement of the KYN pathway in the disease pathology and inform drug development. Methodology: Samples of plasma, cerebrospinal fluid or brain tissue were spiked with deuterated internal standards, processed and analyzed by LC–MS/MS; analytes were chromatographically separated by gradient elution on a C18 reversed phase analytical column without derivatization. Conclusion: We established an LC–MS/MS method to measure 11 molecules, namely tryptophan, KYN, 3-OH-KYN, 3-OH-anthranilic acid, quinolinic acid, picolinic acid, kynurenic acid, xanthurenic acid, serotonin, dopamine and neopterin within 5.5 min, with sufficient sensitivity to quantify these molecules in small sample volumes of plasma, cerebrospinal fluid and brain tissue.
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21
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Ghisoni K, Aguiar AS, de Oliveira PA, Matheus FC, Gabach L, Perez M, Carlini VP, Barbeito L, Mongeau R, Lanfumey L, Prediger RD, Latini A. Neopterin acts as an endogenous cognitive enhancer. Brain Behav Immun 2016; 56:156-64. [PMID: 26916218 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2016.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neopterin is found at increased levels in biological fluids from individuals with inflammatory disorders. The biological role of this pteridine remains undefined; however, due to its capacity to increase hemeoxygenase-1 content, it has been proposed as a protective agent during cellular stress. Therefore, we investigated the effects of neopterin on motor, emotional and memory functions. To address this question, neopterin (0.4 and/or 4pmol) was injected intracerebroventricularly before or after the training sessions of step-down inhibitory avoidance and fear conditioning tasks, respectively. Memory-related behaviors were assessed in Swiss and C57BL/6 mice, as well as in Wistar rats. Moreover, the putative effects of neopterin on motor and anxiety-related parameters were addressed in the open field and elevated plus-maze tasks. The effects of neopterin on cognitive performance were also investigated after intraperitoneal lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration (0.33mg/kg) in interleukin-10 knockout mice (IL-10(-/-)). It was consistently observed across rodent species that neopterin facilitated aversive memory acquisition by increasing the latency to step-down in the inhibitory avoidance task. This effect was related to a reduced threshold to generate the hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP) process, and reduced IL-6 brain levels after the LPS challenge. However, neopterin administration after acquisition did not alter the consolidation of fear memories, neither motor nor anxiety-related parameters. Altogether, neopterin facilitated cognitive processes, probably by inducing an antioxidant/anti-inflammatory state, and by facilitating LTP generation. To our knowledge, this is the first evidence showing the cognitive enhancer property of neopterin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Ghisoni
- Laboratório de Bioenergética e Estresse Oxidativo - LABOX, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Aderbal S Aguiar
- Laboratório de Bioenergética e Estresse Oxidativo - LABOX, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Paulo Alexandre de Oliveira
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Trindade, Florianópolis, SC 88049-900, Brazil
| | - Filipe Carvalho Matheus
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Trindade, Florianópolis, SC 88049-900, Brazil
| | - Laura Gabach
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, IFEC-CONICET, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Mariela Perez
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, IFEC-CONICET, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Valeria P Carlini
- Instituto de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | | | - Raymond Mongeau
- INSERM UMR S894, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Paris 75014, France; Université Paris Descartes EA 4475, Paris 75005, France
| | - Laurence Lanfumey
- INSERM UMR S894, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Paris 75014, France
| | - Rui Daniel Prediger
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Trindade, Florianópolis, SC 88049-900, Brazil
| | - Alexandra Latini
- Laboratório de Bioenergética e Estresse Oxidativo - LABOX, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC 88040-900, Brazil.
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22
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Ghisoni K, Martins RDP, Barbeito L, Latini A. Neopterin as a potential cytoprotective brain molecule. J Psychiatr Res 2015; 71:134-9. [PMID: 26476490 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Neopterin, a byproduct of the tetrahydrobiopterin de novo pathway, is found in increased levels in cerebrospinal fluid and plasma and significantly increases upon damage, infection or during immune system activation. The production of this compound seems almost restricted to the monocyte/macrophage linage cells, in response to interferon-γ stimulation. However, it is unclear whether and which nervous cells are able to synthesize neopterin, respond to any stressor applied extracellularly, or even the role of the compound in the central nervous system. Here we propose a potential cytoprotective role of neopterin in the brain, and show evidence that cultured rat astrocytes are responsive to the molecule; the pterin elicited increased hemeoxygenase-1 cellular content and decreased oxidative stress induced by mitochondrial dysfunction. Further studies are needed to clarify neopterin's cytoprotective effects in the central nervous system, and its potential role in different neuroinflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Ghisoni
- Laboratório de Bioenergética e Estresse Oxidativo - LABOX, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Roberta de Paula Martins
- Laboratório de Bioenergética e Estresse Oxidativo - LABOX, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | | | - Alexandra Latini
- Laboratório de Bioenergética e Estresse Oxidativo - LABOX, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
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Zvarik M, Martinicky D, Hunakova L, Sikurova L. Differences in pteridine urinary levels in patients with malignant and benign ovarian tumors in comparison with healthy individuals. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2015; 153:191-7. [PMID: 26414289 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2015.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Pteridines belong to a class of fluorescent metabolites that are excreted by humans in urine and their concentrations can reflect various pathophysiological states. We quantified the differences in urinary pteridine levels in patients with malignant and benign ovarian tumors and in healthy individuals. Urine samples were centrifuged and supernatants were oxidized by MnO2 before analysis. Levels of neopterin, biopterin, and pterin were assessed by fluorescence analysis of human urine after HPLC separation. We have revealed that the median neopterin levels were higher in urine samples from patients with malignant (0.226 μmol/mmol creatinine) and benign ovarian tumors (0.150 μmol/mmol creatinine) than in healthy subjects (0.056 μmol/mmol creatinine). The median neopterin levels of patients with malignant tumors were higher (1.5-times) than in patients with benign tumors. The median biopterin level in urine of patients with benign ovarian tumors (0.268 μmol/mmol creatinine) was found to be very close to the level in patients with malignant ovarian tumors (0.239 μmol/mmol creatinine), and both were higher than in healthy samples (0.096 μmol/mmol creatinine). The levels of urine pterin followed a pattern similar to neopterin levels for both ovarian tumors, but their concentrations were about three times lower than neopterin levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Zvarik
- Department of Nuclear Physics and Biophysics, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Computer Science, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - D Martinicky
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, National Cancer Institute, Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - L Hunakova
- Cancer Research Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - L Sikurova
- Department of Nuclear Physics and Biophysics, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Computer Science, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia.
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Abstract
The monoamine neurotransmitter disorders are important genetic syndromes that cause disturbances in catecholamine (dopamine, noradrenaline and adrenaline) and serotonin homeostasis. These disorders result in aberrant monoamine synthesis, metabolism and transport. The clinical phenotypes are predominantly neurological, and symptoms resemble other childhood neurological disorders, such as dystonic or dyskinetic cerebral palsy, hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy and movement disorders. As a consequence, monoamine neurotransmitter disorders are under-recognized and often misdiagnosed. The diagnosis of monoamine neurotransmitter disorders requires detailed clinical assessment, cerebrospinal fluid neurotransmitter analysis and further supportive diagnostic investigations. Prompt and accurate diagnosis of neurotransmitter disorders is paramount, as many are responsive to treatment. The treatment is usually mechanism-based, with the aim to reverse disturbances of monoamine synthesis and/or metabolism. Therapeutic intervention can lead to complete resolution of motor symptoms in some conditions, and considerably improve quality of life in others. In this Review, we discuss the clinical features, diagnosis and management of monoamine neurotransmitter disorders, and consider novel concepts, the latest advances in research and future prospects for therapy.
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25
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Zoller H, Jenal A, Staettermayer AF, Schroecksnadel S, Ferenci P, Fuchs D. Tryptophan Breakdown in Patients with HCV Infection is Influenced by IL28B Polymorphism. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2015; 8:337-50. [PMID: 26096654 PMCID: PMC4491665 DOI: 10.3390/ph8020337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Until recently, the standard treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection was a combination therapy with PEG-IFN-α plus ribavirin. Previous studies have proven that several markers predict the outcome of such therapy, e.g., pretreatment plasma levels of interferon inducible protein IP-10, HCV RNA and IL28B-related single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP). Altered activity of tryptophan metabolizing enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) has been also shown in patients suffering from HCV infection. In this study, we investigated whether IL28B SNP in patients infected with HCV is related to the tryptophan breakdown rate. Before therapy, serum tryptophan and kynurenine concentrations were determined in 25 patients with established HCV infection and the kynurenine to tryptophan ratio (KYN/TRP) was calculated as an estimate of the tryptophan breakdown rate. In parallel, neopterin and nitrite concentrations were determined. A significant difference of serum KYN/TRP existed between the three IL28B polymorphism groups: C/C genotype had the highest and T/T genotype had the lowest KYN/TRP (p < 0.05). Likewise, C/C genotype was associated with higher KYN/TRP than non-C/C genotype (p = 0.01). There was a smaller difference between the three groups regarding the absolute kynurenine concentrations, the C/C genotype being associated with higher kynurenine concentrations. None of the other comparisons revealed any statistical significance. In conclusion, patients with C/C genotype presented with the highest tryptophan breakdown rate already before antiretroviral therapy with IFN-α/ribavirin. The differences in tryptophan metabolism might relate to HCV clearance and also to side effects of IFN-α therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heinz Zoller
- Department of Internal Medicine, Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Annina Jenal
- Division of Biological Chemistry, Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | | | - Sebastian Schroecksnadel
- Division of Biological Chemistry, Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Peter Ferenci
- Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Dietmar Fuchs
- Division of Biological Chemistry, Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck 6020, Austria.
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Bulmer DC, Botha CA, Wheeldon A, Grey K, Mein CA, Lee K, Knowles CH, Winchester WJ, Aziz Q. Evidence of a role for GTP cyclohydrolase-1 in visceral pain. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2015; 27:656-62. [PMID: 25783971 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The enzyme guanosine triphosphate-cyclohydrolase-1 (GCH-1) is a rate limiting step in the de novo synthesis of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) a co-factor in monoamine synthesis and nitric oxide production. GCH-1 is strongly implicated in chronic pain based on data generated using the selective GCH-1 inhibitor 2,4-diamino-6-hydroxypyrimidine (DAHP), and studies which have identified a pain protective GCH-1 haplotype associated with lower BH4 production and reduced pain. METHODS To investigate the role for GCH-1 in visceral pain we examined the effects of DAHP on pain behaviors elicited by colorectal injection of mustard oil in rats, and the pain protective GCH-1 haplotype in healthy volunteers characterized by esophageal pain sensitivity before and after acid injury, and assessed using depression and anxiety questionnaires. KEY RESULTS In rodents pretreatment with DAHP produced a substantial dose related inhibition of pain behaviors from 10 to 180 mg/kg i.p. (p < 0.01 to 0.001). In healthy volunteers, no association was seen between the pain protective GCH-1 haplotype and the development of hypersensitivity following injury. However, a substantial increase in baseline pain thresholds was seen between first and second visits (26.6 ± 6.2 mA) in subjects who sensitized to esophageal injury and possessed the pain protective GCH-1 haplotype compared with all other groups (p < 0.05). Furthermore the same subjects who sensitized to acid and possessed the haplotype, also had significantly lower depression scores (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES The data generated indicate that GCH-1 plays a role in visceral pain processing that requires more detailed investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Bulmer
- Wingate Institute of Neurogastroenterology, Blizard Institute, Bart's and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK; National Centre for Bowel Research and Surgical Innovation, Blizard Institute, Bart's and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK; GlaxoSmithKline Research & Development, Medicines Research Centre, Hertfordshire, UK
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Rubach MP, Mukemba J, Florence S, Lopansri BK, Hyland K, Volkheimer AD, Yeo TW, Anstey NM, Weinberg JB, Mwaikambo ED, Granger DL. Impaired systemic tetrahydrobiopterin bioavailability and increased oxidized biopterins in pediatric falciparum malaria: association with disease severity. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004655. [PMID: 25764173 PMCID: PMC4357384 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Decreased bioavailability of nitric oxide (NO) is a major contributor to the pathophysiology of severe falciparum malaria. Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) is an enzyme cofactor required for NO synthesis from L-arginine. We hypothesized that systemic levels of BH₄ would be decreased in children with cerebral malaria, contributing to low NO bioavailability. In an observational study in Tanzania, we measured urine levels of biopterin in its various redox states (fully reduced [BH₄] and the oxidized metabolites, dihydrobiopterin [BH₂] and biopterin [B₀]) in children with uncomplicated malaria (UM, n = 55), cerebral malaria (CM, n = 45), non-malaria central nervous system conditions (NMC, n = 48), and in 111 healthy controls (HC). Median urine BH4 concentration in CM (1.10 [IQR:0.55-2.18] μmol/mmol creatinine) was significantly lower compared to each of the other three groups - UM (2.10 [IQR:1.32-3.14];p<0.001), NMC (1.52 [IQR:1.01-2.71];p = 0.002), and HC (1.60 [IQR:1.15-2.23];p = 0.005). Oxidized biopterins were increased, and the BH4:BH2 ratio markedly decreased in CM. In a multivariate logistic regression model, each Log10-unit decrease in urine BH4 was independently associated with a 3.85-fold (95% CI:1.89-7.61) increase in odds of CM (p<0.001). Low systemic BH4 levels and increased oxidized biopterins contribute to the low NO bioavailability observed in CM. Adjunctive therapy to regenerate BH4 may have a role in improving NO bioavailability and microvascular perfusion in severe falciparum malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew P. Rubach
- Department of Medicine, Duke University and VA Medical Centers, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jackson Mukemba
- Department of Pediatrics, Hubert Kairuki Memorial University, Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Salvatore Florence
- Department of Pediatrics, Hubert Kairuki Memorial University, Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Bert K. Lopansri
- Department of Medicine, Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine and VA Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Keith Hyland
- Neurochemistry Division, Medical Neurogenetics, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Alicia D. Volkheimer
- Department of Medicine, Duke University and VA Medical Centers, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Tsin W. Yeo
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School for Health Research and Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia
- Division of Medicine, Royal Darwin Hospital, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
- Department of Medicine, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Nicholas M. Anstey
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School for Health Research and Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia
- Division of Medicine, Royal Darwin Hospital, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - J. Brice Weinberg
- Department of Medicine, Duke University and VA Medical Centers, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Esther D. Mwaikambo
- Department of Pediatrics, Hubert Kairuki Memorial University, Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Donald L. Granger
- Department of Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine and VA Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
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Gostner JM, Becker K, Überall F, Fuchs D. The potential of targeting indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase for cancer treatment. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2015; 19:605-15. [PMID: 25684107 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2014.995092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Degradation of the essential amino acid tryptophan via indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO1) represents an important antiproliferative strategy of the cellular immune response. Tryptophan shortage and accumulation of kynurenine downstream products also affect T-cell responses, providing a negative feedback control of immune activation. IDO1 activity can promote a regulatory phenotype in both T cells and dendritic cells. These phenomena can support tumor immune escape. AREAS COVERED IDO1 activity reflects the course of several malignancies, and determination of kynurenine to tryptophan ratio in serum/plasma can be used to assess immune activation. Moreover, the accelerated breakdown of tryptophan has been correlated with the development of cancer-associated disturbances such as anemia, weight loss and depression. Tumoral IDO1 expression was correlated with a poor prognosis in several types of tumors, which makes it to an interesting target for immunotherapy. In addition, according to recent data, a role of trytptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) in tumorigenesis cannot be excluded. EXPERT OPINION Tryptophan metabolism is critical for cell proliferation, inflammation and immunoregulation. Accelerated tryptophan breakdown favors tumor immune escape. Accordingly, targeting IDO1 by immunotherapy may represent a favorable approach; however, blocking crucial immunoregulatory pathways could also introduce the risk of immune system overactivation, finally leading to unresponsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna M Gostner
- Medical University of Innsbruck, Biocenter, Division of Medical Biochemistry , Innsbruck 6020 , Austria
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Gostner JM, Ganzera M, Becker K, Geisler S, Schroecksnadel S, Überall F, Schennach H, Fuchs D. Lavender oil suppresses indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase activity in human PBMC. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2014; 14:503. [PMID: 25515049 PMCID: PMC4301885 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-14-503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lavender remedies have been used in traditional medicine because of antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and mood alleviating effects, but underlying molecular mechanisms are not yet fully elucidated. Recently, studies investigating the effects of lavender oil in the context of psychiatric disorders have indicated potent pharmacological properties. Metabolism of tryptophan by indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) was found to provide a biochemical link between immunology and neuroendocrinology and to be a frequent target of natural products. METHODS In this in vitro study, interferences of lavender oil and constituents (-)-linalool, (+)-α-pinene and (+)-limonene with tryptophan catabolism by IDO and formation of neopterin via guanosine triphosphate (GTP)-cyclohydrolase-I and of interferon-γ have been investigated using unstimulated and phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). RESULTS Treatment with lavender oil dose-dependently suppressed PHA-induced tryptophan breakdown and kynurenine formation. Similar effects were observed for the three constituents. In parallel, formation of neopterin and interferon-γ was diminished upon lavender oil treatment. In unstimulated PBMC, effect of lavender oil treatment was similar, but less pronounced. CONCLUSION Data from this in vitro study suggest that lavender oil treatment might contribute to the modulation of the immune and neuroendocrine system by interfering with activation-induced tryptophan breakdown and IDO activity.
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30
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Kossmann S, Hu H, Steven S, Schönfelder T, Fraccarollo D, Mikhed Y, Brähler M, Knorr M, Brandt M, Karbach SH, Becker C, Oelze M, Bauersachs J, Widder J, Münzel T, Daiber A, Wenzel P. Inflammatory monocytes determine endothelial nitric-oxide synthase uncoupling and nitro-oxidative stress induced by angiotensin II. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:27540-50. [PMID: 25143378 PMCID: PMC4183794 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.604231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Revised: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial nitric-oxide synthase (eNOS) uncoupling and increased inducible NOS (iNOS) activity amplify vascular oxidative stress. The role of inflammatory myelomonocytic cells as mediators of these processes and their impact on tetrahydrobiopterin availability and function have not yet been defined. Angiotensin II (ATII, 1 mg/kg/day for 7 days) increased Ly6C(high) and CD11b(+)/iNOS(high) leukocytes and up-regulated levels of eNOS glutathionylation in aortas of C57BL/6 mice. Vascular iNOS-dependent NO formation was increased, whereas eNOS-dependent NO formation was decreased in aortas of ATII-infused mice as assessed by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. Diphtheria toxin-mediated ablation of lysozyme M-positive (LysM(+)) monocytes in ATII-infused LysM(iDTR) transgenic mice prevented eNOS glutathionylation and eNOS-derived N(ω)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester-sensitive superoxide formation in the endothelial layer. ATII increased vascular guanosine triphosphate cyclohydrolase I expression and biopterin synthesis in parallel, which was reduced in monocyte-depleted LysM(iDTR) mice. Vascular tetrahydrobiopterin was increased by ATII infusion but was even higher in monocyte-depleted ATII-infused mice, which was paralleled by a strong up-regulation of dihydrofolate reductase expression. EPR spectroscopy revealed that both vascular iNOS- and eNOS-dependent NO formation were normalized in ATII-infused mice following monocyte depletion. Additionally, deletion as well as pharmacologic inhibition of iNOS prevented ATII-induced endothelial dysfunction. In summary, ATII induces an inflammatory cell-dependent increase of iNOS, guanosine triphosphate cyclohydrolase I, tetrahydrobiopterin, NO formation, and nitro-oxidative stress as well as eNOS uncoupling in the vessel wall, which can be prevented by ablation of LysM(+) monocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Kossmann
- From the 2nd Medical Clinic, Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, and
| | - Hanhan Hu
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, and
| | - Sebastian Steven
- From the 2nd Medical Clinic, Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, and
| | | | - Daniela Fraccarollo
- the Clinic for Cardiology and Angiology, Hannover School of Medicine, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany, and
| | | | - Melanie Brähler
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, and Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Maike Knorr
- From the 2nd Medical Clinic, Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, and
| | - Moritz Brandt
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, and the Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305
| | | | - Christian Becker
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, and Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Johann Bauersachs
- the Clinic for Cardiology and Angiology, Hannover School of Medicine, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany, and
| | - Julian Widder
- the Clinic for Cardiology and Angiology, Hannover School of Medicine, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany, and
| | | | | | - Philip Wenzel
- From the 2nd Medical Clinic, Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, and
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Schmidt SV, Schultze JL. New Insights into IDO Biology in Bacterial and Viral Infections. Front Immunol 2014; 5:384. [PMID: 25157255 PMCID: PMC4128074 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Initially, indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) has been introduced as a bactericidal effector mechanism and has been linked to T-cell immunosuppression and tolerance. In recent years, evidence has been accumulated that IDO also plays an important role during viral infections including HIV, influenza, and hepatitis B and C. Moreover, novel aspects about the role of IDO in bacterial infections and sepsis have been revealed. Here, we review these recent findings highlighting the central role of IDO and tryptophan metabolism in many major human infections. Moreover, we also shed light on issues concerning human-specific and mouse-specific host–pathogen interactions that need to be considered when studying the biology of IDO in the context of infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne V Schmidt
- Genomics and Immunoregulation, LIMES-Institute, University of Bonn , Bonn , Germany
| | - Joachim L Schultze
- Genomics and Immunoregulation, LIMES-Institute, University of Bonn , Bonn , Germany
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The tryptophan utilization concept in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol Sci 2014; 57:249-59. [PMID: 25105097 PMCID: PMC4124085 DOI: 10.5468/ogs.2014.57.4.249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Revised: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The decrease in maternal plasma total (free + albumin-bound) tryptophan (Trp) during the third pregnancy trimester is attributed to induction of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO). When measured, free [Trp] is increased because of albumin depletion and non-esterified fatty acid elevation. The Trp depletion concept in pregnancy is therefore not supported because of incorrect interpretation of changes in Trp disposition and also for not addressing mouse strain differences in Trp-related responses and potential inhibition of Trp transport by the IDO inhibitor 1-methyl tryptophan. Application of the Trp utilization concept in pregnancy offers several physiological advantages favoring fetal development and successful outcome, namely provision of Trp for fetal protein synthesis and growth, serotonin for signaling pathways, kynurenic acid for neuroprotection, quinolinic acid for NAD+ synthesis, and other kynurenines for suppression of T cell responses. An excessive increase in Trp availability could compromise pregnancy by undermining T cell suppression, e.g., in pre-eclampsia.
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Immune activation and inflammation in patients with cardiovascular disease are associated with higher phenylalanine to tyrosine ratios: the ludwigshafen risk and cardiovascular health study. JOURNAL OF AMINO ACIDS 2014; 2014:783730. [PMID: 24660059 PMCID: PMC3934657 DOI: 10.1155/2014/783730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Higher serum neopterin is associated with increased mortality in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). Preferentially Th1-type cytokine interferon-γ stimulates neopterin production by GTP cychlohydrolase I (GCH-I) in parallel in monocyte-derived macrophages and dendritic cells. In other cells, activation of GCH-I leads to the formation of 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), the necessary cofactor of amino acid hydroxylases like phenylalanine 4-hydroxylase (PAH). Serum concentrations of phenylalanine, tyrosine, neopterin, and high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) were measured in 1196 patients derived from the LUdwigshafen RIsk and Cardiovascular Health (LURIC) study, a cohort study among patients referred for coronary angiography. The phenylalanine to tyrosine ratio (Phe/Tyr) served as an estimate of phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) enzyme activity. Serum concentrations of phenylalanine and tyrosine and of Phe/Tyr did not differ between individuals with or without CAD (Welch's t-test: P = n.s.). Higher neopterin and hsCRP concentrations were observed in CAD patients compared to controls (P < 0.0001) and they correlated with Phe/Tyr (Spearman's rank correlation for neopterin: rs = 0.216 and hsCRP: rs = 0.122; both of P < 0.0001) concentrations. In conclusion, immune activation is associated with higher Phe/Tyr in CAD patients. Data indicates subnormal PAH activity which might be involved in the precipitation of neuropsychiatric symptoms in patients.
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Becker K, Schroecksnadel S, Gostner J, Zaknun C, Schennach H, Uberall F, Fuchs D. Comparison of in vitro tests for antioxidant and immunomodulatory capacities of compounds. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 21:164-171. [PMID: 24041614 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2013.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Revised: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is considered to be critically involved in the normal aging process but also in the development and progression of various human pathologies like cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, as well as of infections and malignant tumors. These pathological conditions involve an overwhelming production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are released as part of an anti-proliferative strategy during pro-inflammatory immune responses. Moreover, ROS themselves are autocrine forward regulators of the immune response. Most of the beneficial effects of antioxidants are considered to derive from their influence on the immune system. Due to their antioxidant and/or radical scavenging nature, phytochemicals, botanicals and herbal preparations can be of great importance to prevent oxidation processes and to counteract the activation of redox-regulated signaling pathways. Antioxidants can antagonize the activation of T-cells and macrophages during the immune response and this anti-inflammatory activity could be of utmost importance for the treatment of above-mentioned disorders and for the development of immunotolerance. Herein, we provide an overview of in vitro assays for the measurement of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of plant-derived substances and extracts, by discussing possibilities and limitations of these methods. To determine the capacity of antioxidants, the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay and the cell-based antioxidant activity (CAA) assay are widely applied. To examine the influence of compounds on the human immune response more closely, the model of mitogen stimulated human peripheral blood mononuclear (PBMC) cells can be applied, and the production of the inflammatory marker neopterin as well as the breakdown of the amino acid tryptophan in culture supernatants can be used as readout to indicate an immunomodulatory potential of the tested compound. These two biomarkers of immune system activation are robust and correlate with the course of cardiovascular, neurodegenerative and malignant tumor diseases, but also with the normal aging process, and they are strongly predictive. Thus, while the simpler ORAC and CAA assays provide insight into one peculiar chemical aspect, namely the neutralization of peroxyl radicals, the more complex PBMC assay is closer to the in vivo conditions as the assay comprehensively enlights several properties of immunomodulatory test compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Becker
- Division of Medical Biochemistry, Biocenter, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Johanna Gostner
- Division of Medical Biochemistry, Biocenter, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Cathrine Zaknun
- Division of Biological Chemistry, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Harald Schennach
- Central Institute of Blood Transfusion and Immunology, University Hospital Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Florian Uberall
- Division of Medical Biochemistry, Biocenter, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Dietmar Fuchs
- Division of Biological Chemistry, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
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Abstract
It has been proposed that focusing on brain serotonin synthesis can advance antidepressant drug development. Biochemical aspects of the serotonin deficiency in major depressive disorder (MDD) are discussed here in detail. The deficiency is caused by a decreased availability of the serotonin precursor tryptophan (Trp) to the brain. This decrease is caused by accelerated Trp degradation, most likely induced by enhancement of the hepatic enzyme tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) by glucocorticoids and/or catecholamines. Induction of the extrahepatic Trp-degrading enzyme indolylamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) by the modest immune activation in MDD has not been demonstrated and, if it occurs, is unlikely to make a significant contribution. Liver TDO appears to be a target of many antidepressants, the mood stabilisers Li(+) and carbamazepine and possibly other adjuncts to antidepressant therapy. The poor, variable and modest antidepressant efficacy of Trp is due to accelerated hepatic Trp degradation, and efficacy can be restored or enhanced by combination with antidepressants or other existing or new TDO inhibitors. Enhancing Trp availability to the brain is thus the key to normalisation of serotonin synthesis and could form the basis for future antidepressant drug development.
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36
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Determination of pteridines in biological samples with an emphasis on their stability. Bioanalysis 2013; 5:2307-26. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.13.194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Pteridines are a group of endogenous heterocyclic compounds whose concentrations in biological fluids may be increased in some disorders, such as infections, autoimmune disorders and cancer. In particular, pteridine concentrations in urine may represent promising noninvasive markers. However, their specificity requires further investigation. Pteridines can occur in three oxidation states with different stability. In order to enable the analysis of the unstable di- and tetra-hydroforms either an oxidation (mainly with iodine) or stabilization by reducing agents is applied. Due to the high polarity of pteridines, many analytical procedures employed ion-pair, ion-exchange or hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography using mostly fluorescence detection. In the last decade, MS was found to be applicable. The objective of this Review is to show possibilities and different approaches in pteridine analysis in biological samples.
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Abstract
Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS-RNS) and other redox active molecules fulfill key functions in immunity. Beside the initiation of cytocidal reactions within the pathogen defense strategy, redox reactions trigger and shape the immune response and are further involved in termination and initialization of cellular restorative processes. Regulatory mechanisms provided by redox-activated signaling events guarantee the correct spatial and temporal proceeding of immunological processes, and continued imbalances in redox homeostasis lead to crucial failures of control mechanisms, thus promoting the development of pathological conditions. Interferon-gamma is the most potent inducer of ROS-RNS formation in target cells like macrophages. Immune-regulatory pathways such as tryptophan breakdown via indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase and neopterin production by GTP-cyclohydrolase-I are initiated during T helper cell type 1 (Th1-type) immune response concomitant to the production of ROS-RNS by immunocompetent cells. Therefore, increased neopterin production and tryptophan breakdown is representative of an activated cellular immune system and can be used for the in vivo and in vitro monitoring of oxidative stress. In parallel, the activation of the redox-sensitive transcription factor nuclear factor-kappa B is a central element in immunity leading to cell type and stimulus-specific expression of responsive genes. Furthermore, T cell activation and proliferation are strongly dependent on the redox potential of the extracellular microenvironment. T cell commitment to Th1, Th2, regulatory T cell, and other phenotypes appears to crucially depend on the activation of redox-sensitive signaling cascades, where oxidative conditions support Th1 development while 'antioxidative' stress leads to a shift to allergic Th2-type immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna M Gostner
- Division of Medical Biochemistry, Biocenter, Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
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38
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Chan CPY, Rainer TH. Pathophysiological roles and clinical importance of biomarkers in acute coronary syndrome. Adv Clin Chem 2013; 59:23-63. [PMID: 23461132 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-405211-6.00002-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Early diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is important to guide appropriate therapy at a time when it is most likely to be of value. Accurate prognostic and risk stratification will facilitate high-risk patients to have early advanced diagnostic investigations and early appropriate interventions in a cost-effective and efficient manner, while those patients at low risk of ACS complications do not need such costly diagnostic tests and unnecessary hospital admission. Recent investigations have demonstrated that elevation of biomarkers upstream from acute-phase biomarkers, biomarkers of plaque destabilization and rupture, biomarkers of myocardial ischemia, necrosis, and dysfunction may provide an earlier assessment of patient risk and identify patients with higher risk of having an adverse event. This review provides an overview of the pathophysiology and clinical characteristics of several well-established biomarkers as well as emerging biomarkers that may have potential clinical utility in patients with ACS. Such emerging biomarkers hold promise and need to be more thoroughly evaluated before utilization in routine clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cangel Pui-Yee Chan
- Accident and Emergency Medicine Academic Unit, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, NT, Hong Kong SAR, PR China.
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Pickert G, Lim HY, Weigert A, Häussler A, Myrczek T, Waldner M, Labocha S, Ferreirós N, Geisslinger G, Lötsch J, Becker C, Brüne B, Tegeder I. Inhibition of GTP cyclohydrolase attenuates tumor growth by reducing angiogenesis and M2-like polarization of tumor associated macrophages. Int J Cancer 2013; 132:591-604. [PMID: 22753274 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.27706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
GTP cyclohydrolase (GCH1) is the key-enzyme to produce the essential enzyme cofactor, tetrahydrobiopterin. The byproduct, neopterin is increased in advanced human cancer and used as cancer-biomarker, suggesting that pathologically increased GCH1 activity may promote tumor growth. We found that inhibition or silencing of GCH1 reduced tumor cell proliferation and survival and the tube formation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells, which upon hypoxia increased GCH1 and endothelial NOS expression, the latter prevented by inhibition of GCH1. In nude mice xenografted with HT29-Luc colon cancer cells GCH1 inhibition reduced tumor growth and angiogenesis, determined by in vivo luciferase and near-infrared imaging of newly formed blood vessels. The treatment with the GCH1 inhibitor shifted the phenotype of tumor associated macrophages from the proangiogenic M2 towards M1, accompanied with a shift of plasma chemokine profiles towards tumor-attacking chemokines including CXCL10 and RANTES. GCH1 expression was increased in mouse AOM/DSS-induced colon tumors and in high grade human colon and skin cancer and oppositely, the growth of GCH1-deficient HT29-Luc tumor cells in mice was strongly reduced. The data suggest that GCH1 inhibition reduces tumor growth by (i) direct killing of tumor cells, (ii) by inhibiting angiogenesis, and (iii) by enhancing the antitumoral immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geethanjali Pickert
- Pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, Institut für Klinische Pharmakologie, Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt, Germany
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Parker DC, Mielke MM, Yu Q, Rosenberg PB, Jain A, Lyketsos CG, Fedarko NS, Oh ES. Plasma neopterin level as a marker of peripheral immune activation in amnestic mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2013; 28:149-54. [PMID: 22539447 PMCID: PMC3505262 DOI: 10.1002/gps.3802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2011] [Accepted: 02/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Alterations of the immune system play important roles in Alzheimer's disease (AD). The primary purpose of this study was to compare the plasma levels of neopterin, a marker of cellular immune activity, in amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI), early (mild to moderate) AD, and cognitively normal controls. In addition, the correlation of plasma neopterin with interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) was also examined. METHODS Plasma samples from patients with mild-to-moderate AD (N = 34), aMCI (N = 27), and cognitively normal controls (N = 30) were obtained from the Johns Hopkins Alzheimer's Disease Research Center. Plasma neopterin, IFN-γ, and IL-6 levels were measured using commercially available ELISAs. Multiple linear regression was performed to study differences in the baseline neopterin levels between normal, aMCI, and AD patients. Pearson correlation coefficients were estimated for neopterin and IFN-γ and IL-6 levels. All analyses were conducted using SAS (SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC) and GraphPad Prism version 5.00 for Window (GraphPad Software, San Diego, CA, USA). RESULTS AD subjects had significantly higher neopterin values compared with aMCI (β = 0.202, p = 0.004) and normal (β = 0.263, p = 0.0004) subjects. There was no statistically significant difference between normal and aMCI subjects. Significant associations between neopterin and IFN-γ (r = 0.41, p < 0.0001) and IL-6 (r = 0.35, p = 0.0006) levels were found. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates that peripheral immune response may be stronger in later stages of AD pathophysiology, when dementia has developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C. Parker
- Eastern Virginia Medical School, 700 W. Olney Road, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Michelle M. Mielke
- Department of Psychiatry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5505 Hopkins Bayview Circle, Baltimore, MD, USA,Division of Epidemiology, Department of Health Sciences Research, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Qilu Yu
- Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5505 Hopkins Bayview Circle, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Paul B. Rosenberg
- Department of Psychiatry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5505 Hopkins Bayview Circle, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alka Jain
- Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5505 Hopkins Bayview Circle, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Constantine G. Lyketsos
- Department of Psychiatry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5505 Hopkins Bayview Circle, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Neal S. Fedarko
- Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5505 Hopkins Bayview Circle, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Esther S. Oh
- Department of Psychiatry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5505 Hopkins Bayview Circle, Baltimore, MD, USA,Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5505 Hopkins Bayview Circle, Baltimore, MD, USA,Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5505 Hopkins Bayview Circle, Baltimore, MD, USA,Contact information of the corresponding author: Esther S. Oh: Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, 5505 Hopkins Bayview Circle, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA,(tel) 410-550-1318 (fax) 410-550-8701
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Ozment CP, Mamo LB, Campbell ML, Lokhnygina Y, Ghio AJ, Turi JL. Transfusion-related biologic effects and free hemoglobin, heme, and iron. Transfusion 2012; 53:732-40. [PMID: 22882431 DOI: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2012.03837.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Red blood cell (RBC) transfusion is common in intensive care unit (ICU) patients and is associated with complications that appear related to the duration of blood storage. We hypothesize that hemolysis of stored RBCs results in increases in the availability of non-heme-bound iron, which inhibits macrophage activation. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS RBCs were sampled at multiple time points to evaluate hemolysis and iron release. Activation of THP-1 monocytic cells was assessed in the presence of plasma from aged RBCs. Age of transfused blood in our pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) from 2001 to 2006 was analyzed to assess relevance to our patient population. RESULTS Hemolysis increased significantly during storage time as demonstrated by increases in free heme and hemoglobin. While there was a trend toward elevated levels of non-heme-bound iron, this was not significant (p = 0.07). THP-1 cell activation was inhibited by exposures to both plasma and a ferric compound; the effect of plasma on macrophage activation was not reversed by the iron chelator desferroxamine. Thirty-one percent of our PICU patients received blood older than 2 weeks. CONCLUSION Hemolysis products increased significantly over time in our stored RBCs. Ferric compounds and plasma from stored blood inhibit THP-1 cell activation. Plasma inhibition does not appear to be due primarily to increased iron. Further studies are needed to define the inhibitory effect of stored blood plasma on macrophage function. Complications related to blood storage are relevant to our PICU patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline P Ozment
- Department of Pediatrics and the Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, and the Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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Vignoni M, Lorente C, Cabrerizo FM, Erra-Balsells R, Oliveros E, Thomas AH. Characterization and reactivity of photodimers of dihydroneopterin and dihydrobiopterin. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2012; 11:979-87. [PMID: 22290295 DOI: 10.1039/c2pp05363b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2011] [Accepted: 12/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
7,8-Dihydrobiopterin (H(2)Bip) and 7,8-dihydroneopterin (H(2)Nep) belong to a class of heterocyclic compounds present in a wide range of living systems. H(2)Bip accumulates in the skin of patients suffering from vitiligo, whereas H(2)Nep is secreted by human macrophages when the cellular immune system is activated. We have investigated the photochemical reactivity of both compounds upon UV-A irradiation (320-400 nm), the chemical structures of the products and their thermal stability. The study was performed in neutral aqueous solutions. The reactions were followed by UV/Visible spectrophotometry and HPLC and the products were analyzed by means of electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and (1)H-NMR. Excitation of H(2)Bip and H(2)Nep leads to the formation, in each case, of two main isomeric dimers. The latter compounds undergo a thermal process that may consist in a retro [2 + 2]-cycloaddition and hydrolysis to yield the reactant (H(2)Bip or H(2)Nep) and a product that has incorporated a molecule of H(2)O.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Vignoni
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA), Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, CCT La Plata-CONICET, Casilla de Correo 16, Sucursal 4, (1900) La Plata, Argentina
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Basile LA, Ellefson D, Gluzman-Poltorak Z, Junes-Gill K, Mar V, Mendonca S, Miller JD, Tom J, Trinh A, Gallaher TK. HemaMax™, a recombinant human interleukin-12, is a potent mitigator of acute radiation injury in mice and non-human primates. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30434. [PMID: 22383962 PMCID: PMC3286478 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 12/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
HemaMax, a recombinant human interleukin-12 (IL-12), is under development to address an unmet medical need for effective treatments against acute radiation syndrome due to radiological terrorism or accident when administered at least 24 hours after radiation exposure. This study investigated pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and efficacy of m-HemaMax (recombinant murine IL-12), and HemaMax to increase survival after total body irradiation (TBI) in mice and rhesus monkeys, respectively, with no supportive care. In mice, m-HemaMax at an optimal 20 ng/mouse dose significantly increased percent survival and survival time when administered 24 hours after TBI between 8–9 Gy (p<0.05 Pearson's chi-square test). This survival benefit was accompanied by increases in plasma interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and erythropoietin levels, recovery of femoral bone hematopoiesis characterized with the presence of IL-12 receptor β2 subunit–expressing myeloid progenitors, megakaryocytes, and osteoblasts. Mitigation of jejunal radiation damage was also examined. At allometrically equivalent doses, HemaMax showed similar pharmacokinetics in rhesus monkeys compared to m-HemaMax in mice, but more robustly increased plasma IFN-γ levels. HemaMax also increased plasma erythropoietin, IL-15, IL-18, and neopterin levels. At non-human primate doses pharmacologically equivalent to murine doses, HemaMax (100 ng/Kg and 250 ng/Kg) administered at 24 hours after TBI (6.7 Gy/LD50/30) significantly increased percent survival of HemaMax groups compared to vehicle (p<0.05 Pearson's chi-square test). This survival benefit was accompanied by a significantly higher leukocyte (neutrophils and lymphocytes), thrombocyte, and reticulocyte counts during nadir (days 12–14) and significantly less weight loss at day 12 compared to vehicle. These findings indicate successful interspecies dose conversion and provide proof of concept that HemaMax increases survival in irradiated rhesus monkeys by promoting hematopoiesis and recovery of immune functions and possibly gastrointestinal functions, likely through a network of interactions involving dendritic cells, osteoblasts, and soluble factors such as IL-12, IFN-γ, and cytoprotectant erythropoietin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena A Basile
- Neumedicines, Inc, Pasadena, California, United States of America.
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Cumming BM, Watson GMF, Goldring JPD. Plasmodium falciparum: effect of antimalarial drugs, malaria pigment (β-haematin) and Plasmodium falciparum lysate on monocyte GTP-cyclohydrolase 1 gene expression. Exp Parasitol 2011; 129:312-7. [PMID: 21854775 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2011.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2010] [Revised: 08/01/2011] [Accepted: 08/03/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
In interferon-γ activated human macrophages, GTP-cyclohydrolase 1 catalyses the conversion of guanosine triphosphate to 7,8-dihydroneopterin triphosphate, which is dephosphorylated and oxidized to form neopterin. Elevated levels of neopterin have been detected in the urine and serum of malaria-infected patients. In this study, U937 cells were treated with interferon-γ and one of the following antimalarial drugs: amodiaquine, artemisinin, chloroquine, doxycycline, primaquine, pyrimethamine or quinine. The effects of treating the U937 cells with malaria pigment (β-haematin), latex beads, or Plasmodium falciparum-infected-red blood cell lysates were also investigated. U937 GTP-cyclohydrolase 1 mRNA expression was monitored using reverse-transcriptase-quantitative PCR. Artemisinin, primaquine, and quinine down-regulated GTP-cyclohydrolase 1 gene expression 1.26-, 1.29-, and 1.63-fold, respectively. The remaining drugs had insignificant effects. β-haematin up-regulated GTP-cyclohydrolase 1 mRNA expression 1.18-fold, whereas P. falciparum-infected red blood cell lysate down-regulated expression 1.56-fold. These results show the differing immunomodulatory actions of antimalarial drugs and malaria pigment taking place in monocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridgette M Cumming
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg Campus, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa
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Ong HB, Sienkiewicz N, Wyllie S, Fairlamb AH. Dissecting the metabolic roles of pteridine reductase 1 in Trypanosoma brucei and Leishmania major. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:10429-38. [PMID: 21239486 PMCID: PMC3060496 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.209593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania parasites are pteridine auxotrophs that use an NADPH-dependent pteridine reductase 1 (PTR1) and NADH-dependent quinonoid dihydropteridine reductase (QDPR) to salvage and maintain intracellular pools of tetrahydrobiopterin (H4B). However, the African trypanosome lacks a credible candidate QDPR in its genome despite maintaining apparent QDPR activity. Here we provide evidence that the NADH-dependent activity previously reported by others is an assay artifact. Using an HPLC-based enzyme assay, we demonstrate that there is an NADPH-dependent QDPR activity associated with both TbPTR1 and LmPTR1. The kinetic properties of recombinant PTR1s are reported at physiological pH and ionic strength and compared with LmQDPR. Specificity constants (kcat/Km) for LmPTR1 are similar with dihydrobiopterin (H2B) and quinonoid dihydrobiopterin (qH2B) as substrates and about 20-fold lower than LmQDPR with qH2B. In contrast, TbPTR1 shows a 10-fold higher kcat/Km for H2B over qH2B. Analysis of Trypanosoma brucei isolated from infected rats revealed that H4B (430 nm, 98% of total biopterin) was the predominant intracellular pterin, consistent with a dual role in the salvage and regeneration of H4B. Gene knock-out experiments confirmed this: PTR1-nulls could only be obtained from lines overexpressing LmQDPR with H4B as a medium supplement. These cells grew normally with H4B, which spontaneously oxidizes to qH2B, but were unable to survive in the absence of pterin or with either biopterin or H2B in the medium. These findings establish that PTR1 has an essential and dual role in pterin metabolism in African trypanosomes and underline its potential as a drug target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han B Ong
- Division of Biological Chemistry & Drug Discovery, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Wellcome Trust Biocentre, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, United Kingdom
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Vignoni M, Serrano MP, Oliveros E, Thomas AH. Photodimerization of 7,8-Dihydroneopterin in Aqueous Solution Under UV-A Irradiation. Photochem Photobiol 2010; 87:51-5. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2010.00833.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Spencer ME, Jain A, Matteini A, Beamer BA, Wang NY, Leng SX, Punjabi NM, Walston JD, Fedarko NS. Serum levels of the immune activation marker neopterin change with age and gender and are modified by race, BMI, and percentage of body fat. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2010; 65:858-65. [PMID: 20478905 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glq066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neopterin, a GTP metabolite expressed by macrophages, is a marker of immune activation. We hypothesize that levels of this serum marker alter with donor age, reflecting increased chronic immune activation in normal aging. In addition to age, we assessed gender, race, body mass index (BMI), and percentage of body fat (%fat) as potential covariates. METHODS Serum was obtained from 426 healthy participants whose age ranged from 18 to 87 years. Anthropometric measures included %fat and BMI. Neopterin concentrations were measured by competitive ELISA. The paired associations between neopterin and age, BMI, or %fat were analyzed by Spearman's correlation or by linear regression of log-transformed neopterin, whereas overall associations were modeled by multiple regression of log-transformed neopterin as a function of age, gender, race, BMI, %fat, and interaction terms. RESULTS Across all participants, neopterin exhibited a positive association with age, BMI, and %fat. Multiple regression modeling of neopterin in women and men as a function of age, BMI, and race revealed that each covariate contributed significantly to neopterin values and that optimal modeling required an interaction term between race and BMI. The covariate %fat was highly correlated with BMI and could be substituted for BMI to yield similar regression coefficients. CONCLUSION The association of age and gender with neopterin levels and their modification by race, BMI, or %fat reflect the biology underlying chronic immune activation and perhaps gender differences in disease incidence, morbidity, and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique E Spencer
- Biology of Frailty Program, Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Sucher R, Schroecksnadel K, Weiss G, Margreiter R, Fuchs D, Brandacher G. Neopterin, a prognostic marker in human malignancies. Cancer Lett 2009; 287:13-22. [PMID: 19500901 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2009.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2009] [Accepted: 05/09/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Increased neopterin concentrations are established in patients with an activated cellular (= Th1-type) immune response which includes allograft rejection, viral infection and autoimmune disorders as well as various malignant tumors. In patients with several types of cancer, neopterin concentrations in body fluids like urine, serum/plasma or ascites parallel the course of the disease, and a higher neopterin concentration in patients is an independent predictor of a shorter survival period. Neopterin is released in large amounts from human monocyte-derived macrophages and dendritic cells preferentially following stimulation with the pro-inflammatory cytokine interferon-gamma, thus reflecting the immune activation status. Therefore, not only as a laboratory diagnostic tool, the measurement of neopterin concentrations allows studying the immunological network and its interaction with the pathogenesis of tumor development. It contributes to a better understanding how immune activation is involved in the development of tumor-induced immune escape and tumor antigen specific tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Sucher
- Center of Operative Medicine, Department of Visceral, Transplant, and Thoracic Surgery, Innsbruck Medical University, Austria
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Behnes M, Brueckmann M, Wiessner M, Kettenmann E, Liebetrau C, Lang S, Putensen C, Borggrefe M, Hoffmann U. Time-course of neopterin levels in patients suffering from severe sepsis treated with and without Drotrecogin-alpha (activated). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 40:503-8. [PMID: 18584538 DOI: 10.1080/00365540701808978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Neopterin is secreted by activated monocytes/macrophages upon stimulation with interferon-gamma. The release of this pro-inflammatory mediator permits the activation status of cell-mediated immune system to be examined. We assayed neopterin plasma concentrations in septic patients under treatment with (n=10) and without Drotrecogin-alpha (activated) (n=10) on d 1 and 6 of severe sepsis. In septic patients treated with Drotrecogin-alpha (activated), neopterin levels decreased significantly (p=0.027) from d 1 (baseline) (mean 140.8 nmol/l, +/-standard error of mean (SEM) 106.2) to d 6 (mean 68.9 nmol/l, +/-SEM 46.4). In patients not treated with Drotrecogin-alpha (activated) there was no significant (p=0.96) decrease of neopterin levels from d 1 (mean 147.8 nmol/l, +/-SEM 58.4) to d 6 (mean 139.7 nmol/l, +/-SEM 52.6). Furthermore, neopterin levels showed significant correlations with bilirubin in all patient groups on d 1 of severe sepsis (range of correlation coefficient, r: 0.69-0.88; p<0.05). Neopterin levels correlated significantly with creatinine with regard to all patient groups (range of correlation coefficient, r: 0.73-0.92; p<0.05). In conclusion, Drotrecogin- alpha (activated) was associated with a significant decrease of neopterin plasma levels in septic patients. Neopterin concentrations appear to depend on renal function and enterohepatic circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Behnes
- First Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
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Antoniades C, Shirodaria C, Van Assche T, Cunnington C, Tegeder I, Lötsch J, Guzik TJ, Leeson P, Diesch J, Tousoulis D, Stefanadis C, Costigan M, Woolf CJ, Alp NJ, Channon KM. GCH1 haplotype determines vascular and plasma biopterin availability in coronary artery disease effects on vascular superoxide production and endothelial function. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008; 52:158-65. [PMID: 18598896 PMCID: PMC2699614 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2007.12.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2007] [Accepted: 12/12/2007] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study sought to determine the effects of endogenous tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) bioavailability on endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) coupling, nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability, and vascular superoxide production in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). BACKGROUND GTP-cyclohydrolase I, encoded by the GCH1 gene, is the rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of BH4, an eNOS cofactor important for maintaining enzymatic coupling. We examined the associations between haplotypes of the GCH1 gene, GCH1 expression and biopterin levels, and the effects on endothelial function and vascular superoxide production. METHODS
Affiliation(s)
- Charalambos Antoniades
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Cheerag Shirodaria
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Tim Van Assche
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Colin Cunnington
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Irmgard Tegeder
- Neural Plasticity Research Group, Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, Institute for Clinical Pharmacology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jörn Lötsch
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, Institute for Clinical Pharmacology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Tomasz J. Guzik
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland
| | - Paul Leeson
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Diesch
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Dimitris Tousoulis
- Athens University Medical School, 1st Cardiology Department, Hippokration Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Christodoulos Stefanadis
- Athens University Medical School, 1st Cardiology Department, Hippokration Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Clifford J. Woolf
- Neural Plasticity Research Group, Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Nicholas J. Alp
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Keith M. Channon
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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