1
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Vaas APJP, Yu RB, Quirino JP. In-line sample concentration in capillary electrophoresis by cyclodextrin to admicelle microextraction. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:6671-6680. [PMID: 35978220 PMCID: PMC9411250 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04230-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cyclodextrins (CDs) as a pseudophase in pseudophase-to-pseudophase microextraction (P2ME) in capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) are proposed. In this P2ME mode called CD to admicelle ME, a long plug of dilute analyte solution prepared in cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) at the critical micellar concentration was injected into the capillary. This formed CTAB admicelles at the interface between the solution and the negatively charged capillary surface, where the analytes were trapped. The injection of CD solution released the admicelles and the analytes from the capillary surface due to the formation of stable CD/CTAB inclusion complexes. The analytes are concentrated at the CD front during injection and voltage separation. Various neutral CDs were found to be effective for CD to admicelle ME. To implement this in-line sample concentration technique in CZE, CD concentration, sample injection time, and sample:CD solution injection ratio were optimized. The optimized conditions for five model anionic analytes, namely, 4-bromophenol, sulindac, sulfamethizole, 4-vinylbenzoic acid, and succinylsulfathiazole, were 20 mM α-CD in 20 mM sodium tetraborate (pH 9.2) solution, sample injection time of 370 s, and CD:sample injection ratio of 1:2. The sensitivity enhancement factors (SEFs) were between 112 and 168. The SEFs of sulindac and sulfamethizole in particular were similar to previously published off-line microextraction techniques, which are typically time-consuming. The calculated values of LOQ, intra-/inter-day (n = 6/n = 10, 3 days) repeatability, and linearity (R2) of CD to admicelle ME were 0.0125-0.05 µg/mL, 1.5-4.6%, 1.8-4.8%, and ≥0.999, respectively. Finally, the potential of CD to admicelle ME to the analysis of artificial urine samples was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andaravaas Patabadige Jude P Vaas
- Australian Centre for Research On Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Natural Sciences-Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia
| | - Raymond B Yu
- Australian Centre for Research On Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Natural Sciences-Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia.,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
| | - Joselito P Quirino
- Australian Centre for Research On Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Natural Sciences-Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia.
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2
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Yu RB, Quirino JP. Pseudophase-to-solvent microextraction for in-line sample concentration of anionic analytes in capillary zone electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1679:463383. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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3
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Fu X, Qin Y, Xia B, Wang Y, Shi P, Zhou Y. High-sensitivity detection of therapeutic drugs in complex biofluids using a packed ballpoint-electrospray ionization technique. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:2711-2720. [PMID: 32140733 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02512-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A simple and sensitive C18 packed ballpoint-electrospray ionization (PBP-ESI) technique was developed for biofluid analysis. In this technique, the configuration of a commercial ballpoint consisting of a hollow chamber, an intermediate socket, and a metal ball was fully exploited. The rear-end hollow chamber was used for loading C18 adsorbent and sample, and the front metal ball served as a spray emitter for online ionization. The good electrical conductivity of the metal body allowed high voltage to be conveniently applied to the ballpoint without inserting the electrode into the solution for electrical connection. Urine sample was directly analyzed with the C18 packed ballpoint; plasma and whole blood samples were premixed with C18 adsorbent before being packed into the ballpoint for detection. As a result of the sample cleanup by C18 adsorbent, the salt matrix in the urine sample as well as the phospholipid and protein matrices in plasma and whole blood samples was significantly reduced. The lower limits of quantitation (LLOQs) for urine, plasma, and whole blood samples reached the subnanogram-per-milliliter level. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Fu
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 93 South Keyuan Road, Gaoxin Distinct, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yongping Qin
- GCP Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
| | - Bing Xia
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 93 South Keyuan Road, Gaoxin Distinct, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 93 South Keyuan Road, Gaoxin Distinct, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Peiyu Shi
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 93 South Keyuan Road, Gaoxin Distinct, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 93 South Keyuan Road, Gaoxin Distinct, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
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4
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McCarthy WP, O'Callaghan TF, Danahar M, Gleeson D, O'Connor C, Fenelon MA, Tobin JT. Chlorate and Other Oxychlorine Contaminants Within the Dairy Supply Chain. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2018; 17:1561-1575. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- William P. McCarthy
- Food Chemistry & Technology Dept.; Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark; Fermoy, Co. Cork Cork Ireland
- Dublin Inst. of Technology; Cathal Brugha Street, Dublin 1 Dublin Ireland
| | - Tom F. O'Callaghan
- Food Chemistry & Technology Dept.; Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark; Fermoy, Co. Cork Cork Ireland
| | - Martin Danahar
- Food Safety Dept.; Ashtown Food Research Centre; Teagasc, Ashtown, Dublin 15 Dublin Ireland
| | - David Gleeson
- Teagasc; Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Moorepark; Fermoy Co. Cork, Cork Ireland
| | - Christine O'Connor
- Dublin Inst. of Technology; Cathal Brugha Street, Dublin 1 Dublin Ireland
| | - Mark A. Fenelon
- Food Chemistry & Technology Dept.; Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark; Fermoy, Co. Cork Cork Ireland
| | - John T. Tobin
- Food Chemistry & Technology Dept.; Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark; Fermoy, Co. Cork Cork Ireland
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5
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Polyakova EV, Shuvaeva OV, Borisov AS. Determination of Citrate Ions in Blood Plasma by Capillary Zone Electrophoresis. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934818090113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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6
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Timerbaev AR. Element speciation analysis using capillary electrophoresis: twenty years of development and applications. Chem Rev 2012; 113:778-812. [PMID: 23057472 DOI: 10.1021/cr300199v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrei R Timerbaev
- Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kosygin Str. 19, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation.
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7
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Tsikas D, Chobanyan-Jürgens K. Quantification of carbonate by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2011; 82:7897-905. [PMID: 20553048 DOI: 10.1021/ac1007688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Carbon dioxide and carbonates are widely distributed in nature, are constituents of inorganic and organic matter, and are essential in vegetable and animal organisms. CO(2) is the principal greenhouse gas in the atmosphere. In human blood, CO(2)/HCO(3)(-) is an important buffering system. Quantification of bicarbonate and carbonate in inorganic and organic matter and in biological fluids such as blood or blood plasma by means of the GC-MS technology has been impossible so far, presumably because of the lack of suitable derivatization reactions to produce volatile and thermally stable derivatives. Here, a novel derivatization reaction is described for carbonate that allows for its quantification in aqueous alkaline solutions and alkalinized plasma and urine. Carbonate in acetonic solutions of these matrices (1:4 v/v) and added (13)C-labeled carbonate for use as the internal standard were heated in the presence of the derivatization agent pentafluorobenzyl (PFB) bromide for 60 min and 50 °C. Investigations with (12)CO(3)(2-), (13)CO(3)(2-), (CH(3))(2)CO, and (CD(3))(2)CO in alkaline solutions and GC-MS and GC-MS/MS analyses under negative-ion chemical ionization (NICI) or electron ionization (EI) conditions of toluene extracts of the reactants revealed formation of two minor [i.e., PFB-OCOOH and O=CO(2)-(PFB)(2)] and two major [i.e., CH(3)COCH(2)-C(OH)(OPFB)(2) and CH(3)COCH=C(OPFB)(2)] carbonate derivatives. The latter have different retention times (7.9 and 7.5 min, respectively) but virtually identical EI and NICI mass spectra. It is assumed that CH(3)COCH(2)-C(OH)(OPFB)(2) is formed from the reaction of the carbonate dianion with two molecules of PFB bromide to form the diPFB ester of carbonic acid, which further reacts with one molecule of acetone. Subsequent loss of water finally generates the major derivative CH(3)COCH=C(OPFB)(2). This derivatization reaction was utilized to quantify total CO(2)/HCO(3)(-)/CO(3)(2-) (tCO(2)) in human plasma and urine by GC-MS in the NICI mode by selected ion monitoring of the anions [M-H](-) of CH(3)COCH=C(OPFB)(2) at m/z 461 for the endogenous species and m/z 462 for the internal standard (13)CO(3)(2-). Oral intake of the carboanhydrase inhibitor drug acetazolamide by two healthy volunteers resulted in temporary increased excretion of tCO(2) in the urine. The method is specific for carbonate, accurate, sensitive and should be applicable to various matrices including human fluids and environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Tsikas
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hannover Medical School, D-30623 Hannover, Germany.
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8
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Heller A, Barkleit A, Bernhard G. Chemical Speciation of Trivalent Actinides and Lanthanides in Biological Fluids: The Dominant in Vitro Binding Form of Curium(III) and Europium(III) in Human Urine. Chem Res Toxicol 2010; 24:193-203. [DOI: 10.1021/tx100273g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Heller
- Institute of RadiochemistryHelmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf
| | - Astrid Barkleit
- Institute of RadiochemistryHelmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf
| | - Gert Bernhard
- Institute of RadiochemistryHelmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf
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9
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Kage S, Kudo K, Nishida N, Ikeda H, Yoshioka N, Ikeda N. Determination of fluoride in human whole blood and urine by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Forensic Toxicol 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s11419-008-0043-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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10
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Nguyen HTA, Kubán P, Pham VH, Hauser PC. Study of the determination of inorganic arsenic species by CE with capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection. Electrophoresis 2007; 28:3500-6. [PMID: 17768725 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The determination of arsenic(III) and arsenic(V), as inorganic arsenite and arsenate, was investigated by CE with capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection (CE-C(4)D). It was found necessary to determine the two inorganic arsenic species separately employing two different electrolyte systems. Electrolyte solutions consisting of 50 mM CAPS/2 mM L-arginine (Arg) (pH 9.0) and of 45 mM acetic acid (pH 3.2) were used for arsenic(III) and arsenic(V) determinations, respectively. Detection limits of 0.29 and 0.15 microM were achieved for As(III) and As(V), respectively by using large-volume injection to maximize the sensitivity. The analysis of contaminated well water samples from Vietnam is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huong Thi Anh Nguyen
- Centre for Environmental Technology and Sustainable Development, Hanoi University of Science, Hanoi, Vietnam
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11
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Boudko DY. Bioanalytical profile of the L-arginine/nitric oxide pathway and its evaluation by capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2007; 851:186-210. [PMID: 17329176 PMCID: PMC2040328 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2007.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2006] [Revised: 01/30/2007] [Accepted: 02/06/2007] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This review briefly summarizes recent progress in fundamental understanding and analytical profiling of the L-arginine/nitric oxide (NO) pathway. It focuses on key analytical references of NO actions and the experimental acquisition of these references in vivo, with capillary electrophoresis (CE) and high-performance capillary electrophoresis (HPCE) comprising one of the most flexible and technologically promising analytical platform for comprehensive high-resolution profiling of NO-related metabolites. Another aim of this review is to express demands and bridge efforts of experimental biologists, medical professionals and chemical analysis-oriented scientists who strive to understand evolution and physiological roles of NO and to develop analytical methods for use in biology and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitri Y Boudko
- The Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, 9505 Ocean Shore Blvd., St. Augustine, FL 32080, USA.
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12
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Grau M, Hendgen-Cotta UB, Brouzos P, Drexhage C, Rassaf T, Lauer T, Dejam A, Kelm M, Kleinbongard P. Recent methodological advances in the analysis of nitrite in the human circulation: nitrite as a biochemical parameter of the L-arginine/NO pathway. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2007; 851:106-23. [PMID: 17344107 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2007.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2006] [Accepted: 02/01/2007] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) plays a pivotal role in the modulation of multiple physiological processes. It acts as a messenger molecule within the cardiovascular system. NO is a highly unstable free radical in circulating blood and is oxidized rapidly to nitrite and nitrate. Recent studies suggest that nitrite has the potential to function as a surrogate of NO production under physiological and pathophysiological conditions and could therefore be of high relevance as a biochemical parameter in experimental and clinical studies. Under hypoxic conditions nitrite is reduced to bioactive NO by deoxyhemoglobin. This mechanism may represent a dynamic cycle of NO generation to adapt the demand and supply for the vascular system. Because of these potential biological functions the concentration of nitrite in blood is thought to be of particular importance. The determination of nitrite in biological matrices represents a considerable analytical challenge. Methodological problems often arise from pre-analytical sample preparation, sample contamination due to the ubiquity of nitrite, and from lack of selectivity and sensitivity. These analytical difficulties may be a plausible explanation for reported highly diverging concentrations of nitrite in the human circulation. The aim of this article is to review the methods of quantitative analysis of nitrite in the human circulation, notably in plasma and blood, and to discuss pre-analytical and analytical factors potentially affecting accurate quantification of nitrite in these human fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marijke Grau
- Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, Medical Clinic I, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Germany
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13
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Shihabi ZK. REVIEW OF APPLICATIONS OF CAPILLARY ELECTROPHORESIS FOR CLINICAL ANALYSIS. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2006. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-100101437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zak K. Shihabi
- a Pathology Department , Wake Forest University Baptist Medical Center , Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, U.S.A
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14
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Nishijima S, Sugaya K, Hokama S, Oshiro Y, Uchida A, Morozumi M, Ogawa Y. Effect of vitamin B6 deficiency on glyoxylate metabolism in rats with or without glyoxylate overload. Biomed Res 2006; 27:93-8. [PMID: 16847354 DOI: 10.2220/biomedres.27.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We examined the effect of vitamin B6 deficiency on glyoxylate metabolism and hepatic alanine: glyoxylate aminotransferase (AGT) activity in rats with normal or high glyoxylate intake. Male rats were divided into four groups: a control group, a vitamin B6-free diet group, a glyoxylate water group, and a vitamin B6-free diet + glyoxylate water group. Each group was given special diet (control or vitamin B6-deficient diet) and drinking water (plain or 0.5% glyoxylate water) for 4 weeks, after which biochemical parameters and hepatic AGT mRNA level were measured. Compared with control rats, the urinary oxalate/creatinine ratio was higher in each of the other 3 groups. The urinary glycolate/creatinine ratio was also higher in the vitamin B6-free diet group and the vitamin B6-free diet + glyoxylate water group than the control group, while the urinary glycine/creatinine and citrate/creatinine ratio was lower in both groups. The hepatic AGT mRNA level was reduced in the vitamin B6-free diet group, but was increased in the glyoxylate water group than the control group. These results suggest that vitamin B6 is necessary for glyoxylate metabolism as a coenzyme of AGT. Especially in the presence of a high glyoxylate intake, vitamin B6 deficiency leads to severe hyperoxaluria and hypocituria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saori Nishijima
- Division of Urology, Department of Organ-oriented Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan.
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15
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Gillette R, Doyle JM, Miller ML, Montgomery MA, Mushrush GW. Capillary electrophoresis screening of poisonous anions extracted from biological samples. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2006; 831:190-5. [PMID: 16406748 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2005.10.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2004] [Revised: 12/22/2004] [Accepted: 12/05/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A method was developed for screening human biological samples for poisonous anions using capillary electrophoresis (CE) employing indirect UV detection. The run buffer consisted of 2.25 mM pyromellitic acid, 1.6 mM triethanolamine, 0.75 mM hexamethonium hydroxide and 6.5mM NaOH at pH 7.7. Biological samples were pretreated using solid phase extraction. The method was applied to the analysis of human blood, plasma, urine, and intestinal contents. Twenty-nine different anions were detectable at aqueous concentrations of 1 part per million (ppm) with a typical analysis time less than 20 min. Intraday migration time R.S.D. and peak area R.S.D. for blood samples were less than 1.1% and 6.3%, respectively. Interday migration time R.S.D. for plasma samples ranged from 7.5% to 10.4%. The new method produced efficient separations of various target anions extracted from complex biological matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Gillette
- Department of Chemistry, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
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16
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Ali I, Gupta VK, Aboul-Enein HY. Metal ion speciation and capillary electrophoresis: Application in the new millennium. Electrophoresis 2005; 26:3988-4002. [PMID: 16252323 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200500216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Metal ions are essential for human beings at low concentrations but they are toxic or even carcinogenic at high concentrations. Many metallic ions are found in the environment in different species which are differentiated not only by their physicochemical forms but also by their diverse toxicities with respect to living organisms (speciation). CE has been used for metal ion speciation. The present review article describes the recent trends in metal ion speciation by CE. This article deals with the speciation of metal ions, optimization of the speciation (by independent and dependent variables), hyphenation of CE, validation of the methods, mechanisms of speciation, CE versus chromatography and conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran Ali
- National Institute of Hydrology, Roorkee, India.
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17
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Akter KF, Owens G, Davey DE, Naidu R. Arsenic speciation and toxicity in biological systems. REVIEWS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2005; 184:97-149. [PMID: 15790174 DOI: 10.1007/0-387-27565-7_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Although it is now commonly accepted that toxicity and bioavailability varies with As species, extensive research has been carried out on biological and environmental samples to assess toxicity and risk associated with As exposure based on total concentrations that may be in error. The health investigation guideline for the Australian environmental protection measure is 100 mg/kg (As(tot)), which would cause potential risk to human health if all the As present in a sample were bioavailable (ANZECC 1992). Similarly, the MPC for As in food is 1 mg/ kg (fresh weight), but this concentration may include contributions from As(III), AsV, and all organic species. Thus, a food substance, such as seafood, could have a high total concentration exceeding the guidelines, but most of the As would be in forms that are nontoxic to humans; i.e., the bioavailability is low, and the food would therefore be perfectly safe to eat. On the other hand, a food that has high bioavailability of As consequently is more toxic. Overall, it appears that contamination of water by As is probably more harmful to humans than As in food grains or vegetables, because As bioavailability in water is generally higher than its bioavailability in food. Nevertheless, As in food crops could make significant contribution toward total daily intake. Therefore, failure to consider the contribution of As species on their bioavailability could introduce a substantial bias into the estimation of risks associated with exposure as well as evaluation of As toxicity. In conclusion, As must be regarded as an important environmental toxicant because of its acute and chronic toxic properties and extensive presence in the environment. Much remains to be learned about its toxicology and biochemistry for better understanding of this important contaminant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazi Farzana Akter
- Australian Centre for Environmental Risk Assessment and Remediation, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes Campus, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia
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18
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Suzuki H, Nagata M, Ohzono S, Fujimoto C. Determination of Oxalate in Human Serum in the nM Range by On-Column Sample Preconcentration-Capillary Zone Electrophoresis with Direct Absorbance Detection. Chromatographia 2004. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-004-0462-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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19
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Wan QJ, Kubáň P, Tanyanyiwa J, Rainelli A, Hauser PC. Determination of major inorganic ions in blood serum and urine by capillary electrophoresis with contactless conductivity detection. Anal Chim Acta 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2004.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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20
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Abstract
Despite the availability of commercial capillary electrophoresis systems for over ten years, where quantitative analysis is required, capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) has often failed to replace ion chromatography as the method of choice for a large number of analytes, not least inorganic anions. To investigate the reasons for this apparent failing, a review is presented of work that has been carried out to-date involving the quantitative application of CZE to the determination of inorganic anions in industrial and environmental samples. This review summarizes work both investigating and improving the quantitative aspects of the CZE of inorganic anions. A complete survey of how CZE has been applied to the determination of inorganic anions in real samples is given, including what, if any, analytical performance parameters were investigated and quoted, and if quality assurance data and validation methods were briefly considered, thoroughly investigated or simply ignored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett Paull
- National Centre for Sensor Research, School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland.
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Abstract
The growing awareness of the strong development of the toxicity of heavy metals upon their chemical forms has led to an increasing interest in the qualitative and quantitative determination of specific metal species. Speciation has therefore become an important topic of present-day analytical research. The development in the elemental speciation analysis by capillary electrophoresis (CE) is reviewed. Various CE separation modes and detection techniques applied are discussed. A comprehensive description of reported methods to date in CE speciation analysis including metals, metalloids and nonmetallic elements is demonstrated. Some examples are presented to demonstrate CE's ability to solve real-world speciation analysis with emphasis on the applications in biological and environmental samples. Further, some issues concerning the limitations and the future of CE with regard to speciation studies are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Ming Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P. R. China
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22
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Hepatic Alanine-glyoxylate Aminotransferase Activity and Oxalate Metabolism in Vitamin B6 Deficient Rats. J Urol 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5347(05)63992-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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23
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Yang W, Zhang Z. Fast and Direct Determination of Small Anions in Proteinaceous Samples Using Low Voltage-Short Tube Capillary Zone Electrophoresis System. ANAL LETT 2003. [DOI: 10.1081/al-120017703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Nishijima S, Sugaya K, Morozumi M, Hatano T, Ogawa Y. Capillary electrophoresis assay of alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase activity in rat liver. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2002; 780:13-9. [PMID: 12383475 DOI: 10.1016/s1570-0232(02)00407-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We measured hepatic alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase (AGT) activity using capillary electrophoresis. After rat liver homogenate was incubated in the presence of substrates and pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, the pyruvate and glycine produced by AGT were measured. The AGT activity was 10.02+/-0.31 micro mol pyruvate/h/mg protein and 10.21+/-0.15 micro mol glycine/h/mg protein. This method is relatively simple and shows superior sensitivity, allowing the measurement of enzyme activity in 5 micro g of protein. Therefore, it appears to be suitable for laboratory use and may also have advantages for measuring AGT activity in liver biopsy specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saori Nishijima
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara, Okinawa Nishihara 903-0215, Japan.
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25
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Kato N, Sakayanagi M, Nakayama T, Nishimura H, Ogamo A. Detection of multiple anions by thin-layer chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2002; 973:159-66. [PMID: 12437174 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(02)01115-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A novel detection method for 21 different anions by thin-layer chromatography is presented. Anions on the target plate form salts with amine in a developing solvent and are visualized after staining with citric acid-acetic anhydride reagent as white spots contrasting against a pale red-pink background. This method has particularly high sensitivity for anions of chlorate, sulfate, phosphate, chromate and dichromate (0.02-0.05 microg). The method is demonstrated to efficiently detect toxic arsenite in curry sauce as an example application. The proposed method offers highly efficient indirect detection for a wide range of anions, and serves as a purification procedure for the preparation of anionic sample solutions for other analytical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyuki Kato
- Scientific Criminal Investigation Laboratory, Kanagawa Prefectural Police Headquarters, Yokohama, Japan
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26
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Sano KI, Himeno S. Capillary electrophoretic determination of As(V) and As(III) based on the formation of a Keggin-type [AsMo12O40]3- complex. J Sep Sci 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/1615-9314(20020501)25:7<438::aid-jssc438>3.0.co;2-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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27
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Nishijima S, Miyazato T, Sugaya K, Koyama Y, Hatano T, Ogawa Y. Glyoxylate determination in rat urine by capillary electrophoresis. Int J Urol 2001; 8:S63-7. [PMID: 11555023 DOI: 10.1046/j.1442-2042.2001.00337.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Oxalate is important in the study of renal stone formation and is derived from the endogenous metabolism of glyoxylate. The aim of this study was to determine urinary glyoxylate levels by capillary electrophoresis (CE). Urine specimens were obtained from 25 male Wistar rats (16 rats intravenously injected with 10 mg or 20 mg glyoxylate and nine controls) by bladder puncture 1 h after administration of glyoxylate or saline. Urinary glyoxylate was measured by CE using an electrolyte composed of 5 mmol/L pyridinedicarboxylic acid and 0.5 mmol/L cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (pH 5.6 and 11.0). The mean +/- SD urinary glyoxylate concentration was 43.1 +/- 14.7 micromol/L in control rats, 722.8 +/- 165.5 micromol/L in rats given 10 mg of glyoxylate and 1290.0 +/- 470.8 micromol/L in rats given 20 mg of glyoxylate. The mean +/- SD recovery after spiking 675.7 micromol/L of glyoxylate into 16 urine specimens was 98.82 +/- 12.81%. When the reproducibility of urinary glyoxylate determination was assessed, the intra-assay coefficient of variation (CV) ranged from 1.38 to 2.59% and the inter-assay CV ranged from 2.94 to 6.69%. Capillary electrophoresis enables sensitive and reproducible determination of urinary glyoxylate levels in rats. This method appears to be suitable for laboratory use and has the advantage of determining glyoxylate and several other urinary anions simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Nishijima
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa, Japan.
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28
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Abstract
An overview of the most recent developments in column technology employed in capillary electrophoresis (CE) and capillary electrochromatography (CEC), mainly for the separation of small molecules and ions, is presented. Particular emphasis is laid on permanent coating. The wall modification methods in CE include covalent modification, adsorbed coatings and polymeric coatings, while those in CEC include packed columns, open-tubular columns and fritless columns. A short discussion on the characterization and selectivity of the bonded phases is also given.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Y Liu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei.
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29
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Casella IG, Gatta M. Determination of electroactive organic acids by anion-exchange chromatography using a copper modified electrode. J Chromatogr A 2001; 912:223-33. [PMID: 11330792 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)00590-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
An ion-chromatographic method combined with electrochemical detection at a copper-based chemically modified glassy carbon electrode (Cu-GC) has been shown to provide a simple analytical approach for the determination of some common organic acids in alkaline medium. Under the optimized isocratic chromatographic conditions (i.e. 0.1 M NaOH plus 80 mM CH3COONa), organic acids such as gallic, ascorbic, gluconic, lactobionic, galacturonic and glucuronic acid could be separated in less than 20 min. Under constant potential amperometric detection (i.e. 0.55 V vs. Ag-AgCl) the Cu-GC modified electrode allowed detection limits between 2 and 5 pmol for all investigated organic acids while the linear dynamic range spanned generally over three orders of magnitude. Examples of applications included the separation and quantitation of some common organic acids in vinegar, honey and tea samples, are given.
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Affiliation(s)
- I G Casella
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Universita' degli Studi della Basilicata, Potenza, Italy.
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30
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Timerbaev AR. Element speciation analysis by capillary electrophoresis: what are the hints on becoming a standard analytical methodology? Anal Chim Acta 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(01)00788-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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31
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Yang WP, O'Flaherty B, Cholli AL. Fast analysis of water samples for detection of anions by capillary zone electrophoresis. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2001; 36:1271-1285. [PMID: 11545352 DOI: 10.1081/ese-100104877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) method with relatively low separation voltage and short capillary length, using indirect UV detection was developed for the fast and quantitative determination of Cl-, NO2-, SO4(2-), NO3-, F- and HCO3- in potable water samples. Baseline separation of inorganic and organic anions was achieved within 1 min. The optimal carrier electrolyte consisted of 6.0 mM sodium chromate, 2.5 mM CTAB and 3.5% acetonitrile at pH 9.0. The effects of pH and the concentrations of electrolyte and flow modifiers on the resolution were investigated. Two injection methods, gravity and electrokinetic, were compared. The application of electrokinetic injection, using pyroglutamic acid as an internal standard was found to provide a method that is fast, sensitive and quantitative, with an R.S.D. for migration times from 0.1% to 0.3% and for peak areas from 1.8% to 4.1%. The limits of detection were 0.08 mg/L Cl-, 0.3 mg/L NO2-, 0.1 mg/L SO4(2-), 0.1 mg/L NO3-, 0.07 mg/L F-, and 0.3 mg/L HCO3-. This method has been successfully applied to determine Cl-, NO2-, SO4(2-), NO3-, F-, HCO3- in municipal water, surface water and bottled water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- W P Yang
- Center for Advanced Materials, University of Massachusetts Lowell, 01854, USA
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32
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Fritz JS. Recent developments in the separation of inorganic and small organic ions by capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2000; 884:261-75. [PMID: 10917445 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)00186-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Which method should I use for ion analysis, ion chromatography (IC) or capillary electrophoresis (CE)? In terms of actual theoretical plates CE has a clear-cut advantage. The separation ability of IC is adequate for many sample types, and many separation scientists feel that IC offers greater reliability and confidence than CE. However, IC is a more mature technique and there has been more time to solve problems such as peak tailing and to improve reproducibility. The two techniques should be viewed as complementary. A number of recent developments in ion analysis by CE are discussed. These include some simple ways to control electroosmotic flow and improve reproducibility, separation of isotopes, improved methods of indirect photometric detection, a new contactless conductivity detector, separation of ions at low pH, and in solutions of high salt content. Progress in a new technique called IC-CE will be described in which a soluble ion-exchange polymer is added to the capillary electrolyte to separate anions based on differences in both electrophoretic mobility and ion-exchange interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Fritz
- Department of Chemistry and Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University, 50011, USA
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34
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Yang WC, Dai YQ, Yu AM, Chen HY. Simultaneous determination of polycarboxylic acids by capillary electrophoresis with a copper electrode. J Chromatogr A 2000; 867:261-9. [PMID: 10670726 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(99)01083-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The simultaneous determination of polycarboxylic acids including oxalic acid, citric acid, malonic acid, malic acid, tartaric acid, aspartic acid and glutamic acid was achieved by capillary electrophoresis with a copper disk electrode (d = 200 microm). In the system. 0.2 mmol/l cetylpridinium bromide (CPB) was used as an electroosmotic flow (EOF) modifier to reverse the direction of EOF. The effects of the solution pH and CPB concentration on separation were evaluated to achieve the optimum separation conditions. At the working potential of +0.14 V (vs. saturated calomel electrode), the calibration curves for all polycarboxylic acids studied were linear with 2 approximately 3-orders of magnitude and all the detection limits (S/N = 3) were below 15 fmol except malonic acid. Furthermore, the oxalic and citric acids in urine were successfully separated and determined with high sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- W C Yang
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Nanjing University, China
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35
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Chapter 6 Capillary electrophoresis for elemental speciation studies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0166-526x(00)80016-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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36
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Harakuwe AH, Haddad PR, Davies NW. Effect of drying on the degradation of cationic surfactants and separation performance in capillary zone electrophoresis of inorganic anions. J Chromatogr A 1999; 863:81-7. [PMID: 10591466 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(99)00952-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide (TTAB) is used in capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) to control the direction and magnitude of the electroosmotic flow and the migration time of analyte anions. Drying of the hygroscopic TTAB at 100 degrees C overnight has been found to influence the final CZE separation by providing improved resolution, precision of migration times, and enhanced detection response for hydrogenphosphate. Chemical analysis of the dried TTAB using IR and GC-MS indicated the presence of small amounts of an unexpected tertiary alkylamine, tetradecyldimethylamine. This amine appears to contribute to the improved separation, probably by making more effective the masking of silanophilic activity at the capillary surface and/or generating a more stable double-layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H Harakuwe
- Applied Science Department, PNG University of Technology, MP, Papua New Guinea.
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37
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Samcová E, Kvasnicová V, Urban J, Jelínek I, Coufal P. Determination of thiodiglycolic acid in urine by capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 1999; 847:135-9. [PMID: 10431357 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(98)01034-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive capillary electrophoretic method was developed for the determination of thiodiglycolic acid (TDA) in urine which avoids the pretreatment of the urine sample. Several carrier electrolytes were examined. The most suitable carrier electrolyte system consisted of potassium hydrogen phthalate (5 mM), 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid (50 mM) and tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide (0.5 mM), pH 5.2. Ten times diluted fresh midstream void urine was used for the determination. In this way, the concentrations of TDA between 5 and 50 mg/l in undiluted urine samples can be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Samcová
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Toxicology, 3rd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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38
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Determination of nitrate and nitrite in Hanford defense waste by reverse-polarity capillary zone electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(99)00291-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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39
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Determination of small carboxylic acids by capillary electrophoresis with electrospray-mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(99)00122-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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40
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Pinilla Gil E, Ostapczuk P, Emons H. Determination of arsenic species by field amplified injection capillary electrophoresis after modification of the sample solution with methanol. Anal Chim Acta 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(99)00153-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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41
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Affiliation(s)
- D Perrett
- Department of Medicine, St Bartholomew's, London, UK
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42
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Abstract
This review deals with the separation mechanisms applied to the separation of inorganic anions by capillary electrophoresis (CE) techniques. It covers various CE techniques that are suitable for the separation and/or determination of inorganic anions in various matrices, including capillary zone electrophoresis, micellar electrokinetic chromatography, electrochromatography and capillary isotachophoresis. Detection and sample preparation techniques used in CE separations are also reviewed. An extensive part of this review deals with applications of CE techniques in various fields (environmental, food and plant materials, biological and biomedical, technical materials and industrial processes). Attention is paid to speciations of anions of arsenic, selenium, chromium, phosphorus, sulfur and halogen elements by CE.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Kaniansky
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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44
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45
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46
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47
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Padarauskas A, Olsauskaite V, Paliulionyte V. Simultaneous determination of inorganic anions and cations in waters by capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 1998; 829:359-65. [PMID: 9923087 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(98)00883-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The applicability of a recently proposed capillary electrophoresis technique based on the electromigrative sample introduction from both ends of the capillary was further investigated for the simultaneous determination of inorganic anions and cations in real water samples. The optimized separations were carried out in 5.0 mmol l-1 copper(II)-ethylenediaminehydroxide and 2.0 mmol l-1 triethanolamine electrolyte neutralized with chromic acid to pH 8.0, using indirect UV detection at 254 nm. Nine inorganic ions (Cl-, NO3-, SO4(2-), HCO3-, K+, NH4+, Na+, Ca2+ and Mg2+) were well separated in less than 5 min. The analytical performance of the method is discussed in terms of migration time, peak area and corrected peak area repeatability, linearity of response and detection limits. To evaluate this system, the determination of anions and cations was examined for mineral water, tap water and river water samples using Li+ as the internal standard. The comparison of the results with ion chromatography and conventional capillary electrophoresis is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Padarauskas
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Vilnius University, Lithuania.
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48
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Wätzig H, Degenhardt M, Kunkel A. Strategies for capillary electrophoresis: method development and validation for pharmaceutical and biological applications. Electrophoresis 1998; 19:2695-752. [PMID: 9870372 DOI: 10.1002/elps.1150191603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This review is in support of the development of selective, reproducible and validated capillary electrophoretis (CE) methods. Focusing on pharmaceutical and biological applications, the successful use of CE is demonstrated by more than 800 references, mainly from 1994 until 1998. Approximately 80 recent reviews have been catalogued. These articles sum up the existing strategies for method development in CE, especially in the search for generally accepted concepts, but also looking for new, promising reagents and ideas. General strategies for method development were derived not only with regard to selectivity and efficiency, but also with regard to precision, short analysis time, limit of detection, sample pretreatment requirements and validation. Standard buffer recipes, surfactants used in micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography (MEKC), chiral selectors, useful buffer additives, polymeric separation media, electroosmotic flow (EOF) modifiers, dynamic and permanent coatings, actions to deal with complex matrices and aspects of validation are collected in 20 tables. Detailed schemes for the development of MEKC methods and chiral separations, for optimizing separation efficiency, means of troubleshooting, and other important information for key decisions during method development are given in 19 diagrams. Method development for peptide and protein separations, possibilities to influence the EOF and how to stabilize it, as well as indirect detection are considered in special sections.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Wätzig
- Institut für Pharmazie und Lebensmittelchemie, Würzburg, Germany.
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49
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Huang YM, Whang CW. Capillary electrophoresis of arsenic compounds with indirect fluorescence detection. Electrophoresis 1998; 19:2140-4. [PMID: 9761195 DOI: 10.1002/elps.1150191217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A capillary electrophoresis (CE)-indirect fluorescence detection method for arsenic compounds is described. The five arsenic species, viz., arsenite (As(III)), arsenate (As(V)), monomethylarsonate (MMA), dimethylarsinate (DMA) and phenylarsonate (PhA), were efficiently separated by CE in 8 min with an 1.5 mM fluorescein solution at pH 9.8. Fluorescein also functioned as a background fluorophore for the indirect detection of these nonfluorescent arsenic species. Linearity (r> or =0.996) of more than two orders of magnitude was generally obtained. The relative standard deviation (RSD) values were in the ranges 0.4-0.7% and 2.2-8.2% for migration times and peak areas, respectively. The concentration limits of detection (CLODs) for the arsenic compounds studied were between 0.04 and 0.16 microg/mL (as arsenic). The detection sensitivity was generally dependent upon the transfer ratio (TR, defined as the number of moles of fluorescein ions displaced by one mole of analyte ions) of each arsenic species. The applicability of the method for the analysis of ground water was examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y M Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan
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50
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Stocking CJ, Slater JM, Simpson CF. Applications of capillary electrophoresis in nephrology. EXPERIMENTAL NEPHROLOGY 1998; 6:415-20. [PMID: 9730657 DOI: 10.1159/000020550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis has recently emerged as a powerful technique for separating components in biological samples. A family of separation methods capable of handling a diverse range of samples has been developed, the sample volumes required are very small and a wide range of specialised detectors can be employed. This review examines some methods with particular application to the analysis of urine and tubular fluid samples and references relevant applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Stocking
- Centre for Analytical Science, Birkbeck College, London, UK
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