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Zhao L, Jia D, Tan Z, Jiang H. Association of growth hormone deficiency with an increased number of preadipocytes in subcutaneous fat. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1199589. [PMID: 37305046 PMCID: PMC10250704 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1199589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The inhibitory effect of growth hormone (GH) on adipose tissue growth is well known, but the underlying mechanism is not fully understood. In this study, we determined the possibility that GH inhibits adipose tissue growth by inhibiting adipogenesis, the process of formation of adipocytes from stem cells, in the lit/lit mice. The lit/lit mice are GH deficient because of a spontaneous mutation to the GH releasing hormone receptor (ghrhr) gene, and they have more subcutaneous fat despite being smaller than the lit/+ mice at the same age. We found that cells of the stromal vascular fraction (SVF) of subcutaneous fat from the lit/lit mice had greater adipogenic potential than those from the lit/+ mice, as evidenced by forming greater numbers of lipid droplets-containing adipocytes and having greater expression of adipocyte marker genes during induced adipocyte differentiation in culture. However, addition of GH to the culture did not reverse the superior adipogenic potential of subcutaneous SVF from the lit/lit mice. Through florescence-activated cell sorting and quantification of mRNAs of preadipocyte markers, including CD34, CD29, Sca-1, CD24, Pref-1, and PPARγ, we found that subcutaneous SVF from the lit/lit mice contained more preadipocytes than that from the lit/+ mice. These results support the notion that GH inhibits adipose tissue growth in mice at least in part by inhibiting adipogenesis. Furthermore, these results suggest that GH inhibits adipogenesis in mice not by inhibiting the terminal differentiation of preadipocytes into adipocytes, rather by inhibiting the formation of preadipocytes from stem cells or the recruitment of stem cells to the fat depot.
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2
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Khan F, Khan H, Khan A, Yamasaki M, Moustaid-Moussa N, Al-Harrasi A, Rahman SM. Autophagy in adipogenesis: Molecular mechanisms and regulation by bioactive compounds. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 155:113715. [PMID: 36152415 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
White adipose tissue expands rapidly due to increased adipocyte number (hyperplasia) and size (hypertrophy), which results in obesity. Adipogenesis is a process of the formation of mature adipocytes from precursor cells. Additionally, obesity-related metabolic complications, such as fatty liver and insulin resistance, are linked to adipogenesis. On the contrary, autophagy is a catabolic process; essential to maintain cellular homeostasis via the degradation or recycling of unnecessary or damaged components. Importantly, autophagy dictates obesity and adipogenesis. Hence, a clear understanding of how autophagy regulates adipogenesis is crucial for drug development and the prevention and treatment of obesity and its associated disorders, such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. In this review, we highlighted recent findings regarding the crosstalk between adipogenesis and autophagy, as well as the molecules involved. Furthermore, the review discussed how bioactive compounds regulate adipogenesis by manipulating autophagy and underlying molecular mechanisms. Based on in vitro and animal studies, we summarized the effects of bioactive compounds on adipogenesis and autophagy. Hence, human studies are necessary to validate the effectiveness and optimal dosage of these bioactive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faizullah Khan
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa 616, Sultanate of Oman; Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Haroon Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Ajmal Khan
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa 616, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Masao Yamasaki
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Naima Moustaid-Moussa
- Texas Tech University, Nutritional Sciences, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA; Obesity Research Institute, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Ahmed Al-Harrasi
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa 616, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Shaikh Mizanoor Rahman
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa 616, Sultanate of Oman.
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Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) are essential to normal growth, metabolism, and body composition, but in acromegaly, excesses of these hormones strikingly alter them. In recent years, the use of modern methodologies to assess body composition in patients with acromegaly has revealed novel aspects of the acromegaly phenotype. In particular, acromegaly presents a unique pattern of body composition changes in the setting of insulin resistance that we propose herein to be considered an acromegaly-specific lipodystrophy. The lipodystrophy, initiated by a distinctive GH-driven adipose tissue dysregulation, features insulin resistance in the setting of reduced visceral adipose tissue (VAT) mass and intra-hepatic lipid (IHL) but with lipid redistribution, resulting in ectopic lipid deposition in muscle. With recovery of the lipodystrophy, adipose tissue mass, especially that of VAT and IHL, rises, but insulin resistance is lessened. Abnormalities of adipose tissue adipokines may play a role in the disordered adipose tissue metabolism and insulin resistance of the lipodystrophy. The orexigenic hormone ghrelin and peptide Agouti-related peptide may also be affected by active acromegaly as well as variably by acromegaly therapies, which may contribute to the lipodystrophy. Understanding the pathophysiology of the lipodystrophy and how acromegaly therapies differentially reverse its features may be important to optimizing the long-term outcome for patients with this disease. This perspective describes evidence in support of this acromegaly lipodystrophy model and its relevance to acromegaly pathophysiology and the treatment of patients with acromegaly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela U. Freda
- Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
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4
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Lång P, Patlaka C, Andersson G. Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase type 5/ACP5 promotes cell cycle entry of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes by increasing IGF-1/Akt signaling. FEBS Lett 2021; 595:2616-2627. [PMID: 34418080 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP, encoded by ACP5)-overexpressing mice exhibit hyperplastic obesity. As the molecular mechanism remains elusive, the aims were to characterize the effect of TRAP on preadipocyte proliferation. We investigated cell cycle entry and signal transduction, that is, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1)/ insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1) and the Akt signaling pathways, in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes treated with the TRAP 5a isoform. Results show that TRAP 5a increases S-phase entry. TRAP 5a stimulation increases IGF-1 mRNA and IRS-1 activation, indicative of insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R) activation. Furthermore, TRAP 5a stimulation resulted in Akt signaling pathway activation and subsequent increased nuclear translocation of β-catenin. In conclusion, TRAP 5a increases proliferation of preadipocytes in a dose-dependent fashion by promoting entry into S-phase. Part of this effect is likely due to increased IGF-1 signaling through the Akt signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pernilla Lång
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christina Patlaka
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Göran Andersson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
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5
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Abstract
Adipogenesis is a complex process whereby the multipotent adipose-derived stem cell is converted to a preadipocyte before terminal differentiation into the mature adipocyte. Preadipocytes are present throughout adult life, exhibit adipose fat depot specificity, and differentiate and proliferate from distinct progenitor cells. The mechanisms that promote preadipocyte commitment and maturation involve numerous protein factor regulators, epigenetic factors, and miRNAs. Detailed characterization of this process is currently an area of intense research and understanding the roles of preadipocytes in tissue plasticity may provide insight into novel approaches for tissue engineering, regenerative medicine and treating a host of obesity-related conditions. In the current study, we analyzed the current literature and present a review of the characteristics of transitioning adipocytes and detail how local microenvironments influence their progression towards terminal differentiation and maturation. Specifically, we detail the characterization of preadipocyte via surface markers, examine the signaling cascades and regulation behind adipogenesis and cell maturation, and survey their role in tissue plasticity and health and disease.
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6
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Jia D, Zheng W, Jiang H. Growth hormone facilitates 5'-azacytidine-induced myogenic but inhibits 5'-azacytidine-induced adipogenic commitment in C3H10T1/2 mesenchymal stem cells. Growth Horm IGF Res 2018; 40:9-16. [PMID: 29626795 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2018.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The C3H10T1/2 cells are considered mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) because they can be induced to become the progenitor cells for myocytes, adipocytes, osteoblasts, and chondrocytes by the DNA methyltransferase inhibitor 5'-azacytidine. In this study, we determined the effect of growth hormone (GH) on the myogenic and adipogenic lineage commitment in C3H10T1/2 cells. The C3H10T1/2 cells were treated with recombinant bovine GH in the presence or absence of 5'-azacytidine for 4 days. The myogenic commitment in C3H10T1/2 cells was assessed by immunostaining them for MyoD, the marker for myoblasts, and by determining their capacity to differentiate into the multinucleated myotubes. The adipogenic commitment in C3H10T1/2 cells was assessed by determining their ability to differentiate into adipocytes. Myotubes and adipocyteswere identified by immunocytochemistry and Oil Red O staining, respectively. C3H10T1/2 cells treated with 5'-azacytidine and GH for 4 days contained a greater percentage of MyoD-positive cells than those treated with 5'-axacytidine alone (P < 0.05). The former generated more myotubes than the latter upon induced myoblast differentiation (P < 0.05). However, C3H10T1/2 cells treated with GH alone did not form any myotubes. C3H10T1/2 cells treated with 5'-azacytidine formed adipocytes upon adipocyte differentiation induction, whereas C3H10T1/2 cells treated with GH alone did not form any adipocytes. C3H10T1/2 cells treated with both 5'-azacytidine and GH formed fewer adipocytes than those treated with 5'-azacytidine alone (P < 0.05). Both GHR and IGF-I mRNA expression in C3H10T1/2 cells were increased by 5'-azacytidine (P < 0.05), but neither was affected by GH. Overall, this study showed that GH enhanced 5'-azacytidine-induced commitment in C3H10T1/2 cells to myoblasts but inhibited 5'-azacytidine-induced commitment to preadipocytes. These results support the possibility that GH stimulates skeletal muscle growth and inhibits adipose tissue growth in part by stimulating the myogenic commitment and inhibiting the adipogenic commitment, respectively, in mesenchymal stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Jia
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Weijiang Zheng
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States; College of Animal Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Honglin Jiang
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States.
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Shafei AES, Nabih ES, Shehata KA, Abd Elfatah ESM, Sanad ABA, Marey MY, Hammouda AAMA, Mohammed MMM, Mostafa R, Ali MA. Prenatal Exposure to Endocrine Disruptors and Reprogramming of Adipogenesis: An Early-Life Risk Factor for Childhood Obesity. Child Obes 2018; 14:18-25. [PMID: 29019419 DOI: 10.1089/chi.2017.0180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a global health problem. It is characterized by excess adipose tissue that results from either increase in the number of adipocytes or increase in adipocytes size. Adipocyte differentiation is a highly regulated process that involves the activation of several transcription factors culminating in the removal of adipocytes from the cell cycle and induction of highly specific proteins. Several other factors, including hormones, genes, and epigenetics, are among the most important triggers of the differentiation process. Although the main contributing factors to obesity are high caloric intake, a sedentary lifestyle, and genetic predisposition, strong evidence supports a role for life exposure to environmental pollutants. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals are exogenous, both natural and man-made, chemicals that disrupt the body signaling processes, thus interfering with the endocrine system. Several studies have shown that prenatal exposure to endocrine disruptors modulates the mechanisms, by which multipotent mesenchymal stem cells differentiate into adipocytes. This review discusses adipocytes differentiation and highlights the possible mechanisms of prenatal exposure to endocrine disruptors in reprogramming of adipogenesis and induction of obesity later in life. Therefore, this review provides knowledge that reduction of early life exposure to these chemicals could open the door for new strategies in the prevention of obesity, especially during childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman El-Sayed Shafei
- 1 Department of Biomedical Research, Armed Forces College of Medicine , Cairo, Egypt
| | - Enas Samir Nabih
- 2 Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University , Cairo, Egypt
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Randa Mostafa
- 1 Department of Biomedical Research, Armed Forces College of Medicine , Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud A Ali
- 1 Department of Biomedical Research, Armed Forces College of Medicine , Cairo, Egypt
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TOUSKOVA V, KLOUCKOVA J, DUROVCOVA V, LACINOVA Z, KAVALKOVA P, TRACHTA P, KOSAK M, MRAZ M, HALUZIKOVA D, HANA V, MAREK J, KRSEK M, HALUZIK M. The Possible Role of mRNA Expression Changes of GH/IGF-1/Insulin Axis Components in Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue in Metabolic Disturbances of Patients With Acromegaly. Physiol Res 2016; 65:493-503. [DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.933244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
We explored the effect of chronically elevated circulating levels of growth hormone (GH)/insulin-like-growth-factor-1 (IGF-1) on mRNA expression of GH/IGF-1/insulin axis components and p85alpha subunit of phosphoinositide-3-kinase (p85alpha) in subcutaneous adipose tissue (SCAT) of patients with active acromegaly and compared these findings with healthy control subjects in order to find its possible relationships with insulin resistance and body composition changes. Acromegaly group had significantly decreased percentage of truncal and whole body fat and increased homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). In SCAT, patients with acromegaly had significantly increased IGF-1 and IGF-binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) expression that both positively correlated with serum GH. P85alpha expression in SCAT did not differ from control group. IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 expression in SCAT were not independently associated with percentage of truncal and whole body fat or with HOMA-IR while IGFBP-3 expression in SCAT was an independent predictor of insulin receptor as well as of p85alpha expression in SCAT. Our data suggest that GH overproduction in acromegaly group increases IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 expression in SCAT while it does not affect SCAT p85alpha expression. Increased IGF-1 or IGFBP-3 in SCAT of acromegaly group do not appear to contribute to systemic differences in insulin sensitivity but may have local regulatory effects in SCAT of patients with acromegaly.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - M. HALUZIK
- Institute of Endocrinology, Prague, Czech Republic
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9
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Liu P, Ji H, Li C, Tian J, Wang Y, Yu P. Ontogenetic development of adipose tissue in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus). FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2015; 41:867-878. [PMID: 25893904 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-015-0053-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the adipose tissue development process during the early stages of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) development, samples were collected from fertilized eggs to 30 days post-fertilization (dpf) of fish. Paraffin and frozen sections were taken to observe the characteristics of adipocytes in vivo by different staining methods, including hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), Oil red O, and BODIPY. The expression of lipogenesis-related genes of the samples at different time points was detected by real-time qPCR. In addition, protein expression level of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors γ (PPAR γ) was detected by immunohistochemistry. The results showed that the neutral lipid droplets accumulated first in the hepatocytes of 14-dpf fish larvae, and visceral adipocytes appeared around the hepatopancreas on 16 dpf. As grass carp grew, the adipocytes increased in number and spread to other tissues. In 20-dpf fish larvae, the intestine was observed to be covered by adipose tissue. However, there was no significant change in the average size (30.40-40.01 μm) of adipocytes during this period. Accordingly, the gene expression level of PPAR γ and CCAAT/enhancer-binding proteins α (C/EBP α) was significantly elevated after fertilization for 12 days (p < 0.05), but C/EBP α declined at 20 dpf. Expression of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) increased from 2 to 16 dpf and then declined. In addition, immunoreaction of PPAR γ was positive on hepatocytes after fertilization for 15 days. These results implied that the early developmental stage of adipose tissue is caused by active recruitment of adipocytes as opposed to hypertrophy of the cell. In addition, our study indicated that lipogenesis-related genes might regulate the ongoing development of adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pin Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, People's Republic of China
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10
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Olarescu NC, Berryman DE, Householder LA, Lubbers ER, List EO, Benencia F, Kopchick JJ, Bollerslev J. GH action influences adipogenesis of mouse adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells. J Endocrinol 2015; 226:13-23. [PMID: 25943560 PMCID: PMC4560118 DOI: 10.1530/joe-15-0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
GH influences adipocyte differentiation, but both stimulatory and inhibitory effects have been described. Adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AT-MSCs) are multipotent and are able to differentiate into adipocytes, among other cells. Canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling activation impairs adipogenesis. The aim of the present study was to elucidate the role of GH on AT-MSC adipogenesis using cells isolated from male GH receptor knockout (GHRKO), bovine GH transgenic (bGH) mice, and wild-type littermate control (WT) mice. AT-MSCs from subcutaneous (sc), epididiymal (epi), and mesenteric (mes) AT depots were identified and isolated by flow cytometry (Pdgfrα+ Sca1+ Cd45- Ter119- cells). Their in vitro adipogenic differentiation capacity was determined by cell morphology and real-time RT-PCR. Using identical in vitro conditions, adipogenic differentiation of AT-MSCs was only achieved in the sc depot, and not in epi and mes depots. Notably, we observed an increased differentiation in cells isolated from sc-GHRKO and an impaired differentiation of sc-bGH cells as compared to sc-WT cells. Axin2, a marker of Wnt/β-catenin activation, was increased in mature sc-bGH adipocytes, which suggests that activation of this pathway may be responsible for the decreased adipogenesis. Thus, the present study demonstrates that (i) adipose tissue in mice has a well-defined population of Pdgfrα+ Sca1+ MSCs; (ii) the differentiation capacity of AT-MSCs varies from depot to depot regardless of GH genotype; (iii) the lack of GH action increases adipogenesis in the sc depot; and iv) activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway might mediate the GH effect on AT-MSCs. Taken together, the present results suggest that GH diminishes fat mass in part by altering adipogenesis of MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicoleta C Olarescu
- Section of Specialized EndocrinologyDepartment of Endocrinology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, PO Box 4950, N-0424 Oslo, NorwayFaculty of MedicineUniversity of Oslo, Oslo, NorwayEdison Biotechnology InstituteOhio University, Athens, Ohio, USAHeritage College of Osteopathic MedicineOhio University, Athens, Ohio, USA Section of Specialized EndocrinologyDepartment of Endocrinology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, PO Box 4950, N-0424 Oslo, NorwayFaculty of MedicineUniversity of Oslo, Oslo, NorwayEdison Biotechnology InstituteOhio University, Athens, Ohio, USAHeritage College of Osteopathic MedicineOhio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
| | - Darlene E Berryman
- Section of Specialized EndocrinologyDepartment of Endocrinology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, PO Box 4950, N-0424 Oslo, NorwayFaculty of MedicineUniversity of Oslo, Oslo, NorwayEdison Biotechnology InstituteOhio University, Athens, Ohio, USAHeritage College of Osteopathic MedicineOhio University, Athens, Ohio, USA Section of Specialized EndocrinologyDepartment of Endocrinology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, PO Box 4950, N-0424 Oslo, NorwayFaculty of MedicineUniversity of Oslo, Oslo, NorwayEdison Biotechnology InstituteOhio University, Athens, Ohio, USAHeritage College of Osteopathic MedicineOhio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
| | - Lara A Householder
- Section of Specialized EndocrinologyDepartment of Endocrinology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, PO Box 4950, N-0424 Oslo, NorwayFaculty of MedicineUniversity of Oslo, Oslo, NorwayEdison Biotechnology InstituteOhio University, Athens, Ohio, USAHeritage College of Osteopathic MedicineOhio University, Athens, Ohio, USA Section of Specialized EndocrinologyDepartment of Endocrinology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, PO Box 4950, N-0424 Oslo, NorwayFaculty of MedicineUniversity of Oslo, Oslo, NorwayEdison Biotechnology InstituteOhio University, Athens, Ohio, USAHeritage College of Osteopathic MedicineOhio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
| | - Ellen R Lubbers
- Section of Specialized EndocrinologyDepartment of Endocrinology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, PO Box 4950, N-0424 Oslo, NorwayFaculty of MedicineUniversity of Oslo, Oslo, NorwayEdison Biotechnology InstituteOhio University, Athens, Ohio, USAHeritage College of Osteopathic MedicineOhio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
| | - Edward O List
- Section of Specialized EndocrinologyDepartment of Endocrinology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, PO Box 4950, N-0424 Oslo, NorwayFaculty of MedicineUniversity of Oslo, Oslo, NorwayEdison Biotechnology InstituteOhio University, Athens, Ohio, USAHeritage College of Osteopathic MedicineOhio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
| | - Fabian Benencia
- Section of Specialized EndocrinologyDepartment of Endocrinology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, PO Box 4950, N-0424 Oslo, NorwayFaculty of MedicineUniversity of Oslo, Oslo, NorwayEdison Biotechnology InstituteOhio University, Athens, Ohio, USAHeritage College of Osteopathic MedicineOhio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
| | - John J Kopchick
- Section of Specialized EndocrinologyDepartment of Endocrinology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, PO Box 4950, N-0424 Oslo, NorwayFaculty of MedicineUniversity of Oslo, Oslo, NorwayEdison Biotechnology InstituteOhio University, Athens, Ohio, USAHeritage College of Osteopathic MedicineOhio University, Athens, Ohio, USA Section of Specialized EndocrinologyDepartment of Endocrinology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, PO Box 4950, N-0424 Oslo, NorwayFaculty of MedicineUniversity of Oslo, Oslo, NorwayEdison Biotechnology InstituteOhio University, Athens, Ohio, USAHeritage College of Osteopathic MedicineOhio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
| | - Jens Bollerslev
- Section of Specialized EndocrinologyDepartment of Endocrinology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, PO Box 4950, N-0424 Oslo, NorwayFaculty of MedicineUniversity of Oslo, Oslo, NorwayEdison Biotechnology InstituteOhio University, Athens, Ohio, USAHeritage College of Osteopathic MedicineOhio University, Athens, Ohio, USA Section of Specialized EndocrinologyDepartment of Endocrinology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, PO Box 4950, N-0424 Oslo, NorwayFaculty of MedicineUniversity of Oslo, Oslo, NorwayEdison Biotechnology InstituteOhio University, Athens, Ohio, USAHeritage College of Osteopathic MedicineOhio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
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11
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Growth hormone action predicts age-related white adipose tissue dysfunction and senescent cell burden in mice. Aging (Albany NY) 2015; 6:575-86. [PMID: 25063774 PMCID: PMC4153624 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The aging process is associated with the development of several chronic diseases. White adipose tissue (WAT) may play a central role in age-related disease onset and progression due to declines in adipogenesis with advancing age. Recent reports indicate that the accumulation of senescent progenitor cells may be involved in age-related WAT dysfunction. Growth hormone (GH) action has profound effects on adiposity and metabolism and is known to influence lifespan. In the present study we tested the hypothesis that GH activity would predict age-related WAT dysfunction and accumulation of senescent cells. We found that long-lived GH-deficient and -resistant mice have reduced age-related lipid redistribution. Primary preadipocytes from GH-resistant mice also were found to have greater differentiation capacity at 20 months of age when compared to controls. GH activity was also found to be positively associated with senescent cell accumulation in WAT. Our results demonstrate an association between GH activity, age-related WAT dysfunction, and WAT senescent cell accumulation in mice. Further studies are needed to determine if GH is directly inducing cellular senescence in WAT or if GH actions on other target organs or alternative downstream alterations in insulin-like growth factor-1, insulin or glucose levels are responsible.
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12
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Zhao L, Wang A, Corl BA, Jiang H. Effect of growth hormone on the differentiation of bovine preadipocytes into adipocytes and the role of the signal transducer and activator of transcription 5b. J Anim Sci 2014; 92:1958-67. [PMID: 24668956 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2013-7113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the effect of GH on the differentiation of primary bovine preadipocytes into adipocytes. Bovine preadipocytes, derived from adipose tissue explants, were induced to differentiate into adipocytes in the presence or absence of recombinant bovine GH. The differentiation status of adipocytes was assessed by Oil Red O staining and by measuring the activity of glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (G3PDH) and the rate of acetate incorporation. Fewer preadipocytes became adipocytes in the presence of GH than in the absence of GH; adipocytes formed in the presence of GH had lower G3PDH activity and lower rate of acetate incorporation than those formed without GH treatment (P < 0.05). These data suggest an inhibitory effect of GH on the differentiation of bovine preadipocytes into adipocytes. Growth hormone decreased the expression of C/EBPα and PPARγ mRNA in bovine adipocytes (P < 0.05). Because C/EBPα and PPARγ are the master regulators of adipocyte differentiation, this data suggests that GH might inhibit the differentiation of bovine preadipocytes into adipocytes by inhibiting the expression of C/EBPα and/or PPARγ. Because the signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5) is a major component of signaling from the GH receptor, we next determined the potential role of STAT5 in GH inhibition of bovine adipocyte differentiation. Overexpression of a constitutively active form of STAT5b (STAT5bCA) in bovine preadipocytes through adenoviral transduction mimicked the effects of GH on the formation of lipid-containing adipocytes, G3PDH activity, and acetate incorporation rate. Overexpression of STAT5bCA was associated with decreased expression of C/EBPα mRNA (P < 0.05) but not that of PPARγ mRNA in bovine adipocytes. These results support a role of STAT5b in mediating GH inhibition of C/EBPα expression but not that of PPARγ expression in bovine preadipocytes. Overall, the present study suggests that GH may inhibit adipose growth in cattle in part by inhibiting adipogenesis and that GH inhibits the differentiation of bovine preadipocytes to adipocytes through STAT5b-dependent inhibition of C/EBPα expression and STAT5b-independent inhibition of PPARγ expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Zhao
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences
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13
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McMenamin SK, Minchin JEN, Gordon TN, Rawls JF, Parichy DM. Dwarfism and increased adiposity in the gh1 mutant zebrafish vizzini. Endocrinology 2013; 154:1476-87. [PMID: 23456361 PMCID: PMC3602633 DOI: 10.1210/en.2012-1734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Somatic growth and adipogenesis are closely associated with the development of obesity in humans. In this study, we identify a zebrafish mutant, vizzini, that exhibits both a severe defect in somatic growth and increased accumulation of adipose tissue. Positional cloning of vizzini revealed a premature stop codon in gh1. Although the effects of GH are largely through igfs in mammals, we found no decrease in the expression of igf transcripts in gh1 mutants during larval development. As development progressed, however, we found overall growth to be progressively retarded and the attainment of specific developmental stages to occur at abnormally small body sizes relative to wild type. Moreover, both subcutaneous (sc) and visceral adipose tissues underwent precocious development in vizzini mutants, and at maturity, the sizes of different fat deposits were greatly expanded relative to wild type. In vivo confocal imaging of sc adipose tissue (SAT) expansion revealed that vizzini mutants exhibit extreme enlargement of adipocyte lipid droplets without a corresponding increase in lipid droplet number. These findings suggest that GH1 signaling restricts SAT hypertrophy in zebrafish. Finally, nutrient deprivation of vizzini mutants revealed that SAT mobilization was greatly diminished during caloric restriction, further implicating GH1 signaling in adipose tissue homeostasis. Overall, the zebrafish gh1 mutant, vizzini, exhibits decreased somatic growth, increased adipose tissue accumulation, and disrupted adipose plasticity after nutrient deprivation and represents a novel model to investigate the in vivo dynamics of vertebrate obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K McMenamin
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Box 351800, Seattle, Washington 98195-1800, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff Holly
- Academic Units of Surgery and Child Health, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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15
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Abstract
Adipose tissue is an important site for lipid storage, energy homeostasis, and whole-body insulin sensitivity. It is important to understand the mechanisms involved in adipose tissue development and function, which can be regulated by the endocrine actions of various peptide and steroid hormones. Recent studies have revealed that white and brown adipocytes can be derived from distinct precursor cells. This review will focus on transcriptional control of adipogenesis and its regulation by several endocrine hormones. The general functions and cellular origins of adipose tissue and how the modulation of adipocyte development pertains to metabolic disease states will also be considered.
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Garten A, Schuster S, Kiess W. The insulin-like growth factors in adipogenesis and obesity. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2012; 41:283-95, v-vi. [PMID: 22682631 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecl.2012.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Adipose tissue has been recognized as a major target of growth hormone (GH) action. GH was shown to inhibit adipocyte differentiation but stimulated preadipocyte proliferation in vitro. GH acts directly via its receptor or via upregulating insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I, which is a critical mediator of preadipocyte proliferation, differentiation, and survival. Results from clinical studies on GH treatment in patients with GH deficiency or GH insensitivity syndrome can be used to dissect GH and IGF as well as IGF-binding protein (IGFBP) actions in vivo. In this article, changes of the GH/IGF system during adipocyte differentiation in vitro as well as related signaling pathways and their impact on adipose tissue growth and function are discussed. Clinical considerations include the effects of GH and IGF-I on adipose tissue during treatment of GH deficiency, differences in the IGF system between visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue depots as well as the recently emerging role for adipose tissue in the regulation of glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Garten
- Department of Women and Child Health, Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Center for Pediatric Research Leipzig, University Hospitals, Liebigstraße 20a, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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Armani A, Mammi C, Marzolla V, Calanchini M, Antelmi A, Rosano GM, Fabbri A, Caprio M. Cellular models for understanding adipogenesis, adipose dysfunction, and obesity. J Cell Biochem 2010; 110:564-72. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Wan R, Du J, Ren L, Meng Q. Selective adipogenic effects of propionate on bovine intramuscular and subcutaneous preadipocytes. Meat Sci 2009; 82:372-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2009.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2008] [Revised: 01/12/2009] [Accepted: 02/09/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Hausman GJ, Dodson MV, Ajuwon K, Azain M, Barnes KM, Guan LL, Jiang Z, Poulos SP, Sainz RD, Smith S, Spurlock M, Novakofski J, Fernyhough ME, Bergen WG. Board-invited review: the biology and regulation of preadipocytes and adipocytes in meat animals. J Anim Sci 2008; 87:1218-46. [PMID: 18849378 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2008-1427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The quality and value of the carcass in domestic meat animals are reflected in its protein and fat content. Preadipocytes and adipocytes are important in establishing the overall fatness of a carcass, as well as being the main contributors to the marbling component needed for consumer preference of meat products. Although some fat accumulation is essential, any excess fat that is deposited into adipose depots other than the marbling fraction is energetically unfavorable and reduces efficiency of production. Hence, this review is focused on current knowledge about the biology and regulation of the important cells of adipose tissue: preadipocytes and adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- G J Hausman
- USDA-ARS, Richard B. Russell Agricultural Research Station, Athens, GA 30604, USA
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Abstract
Signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)5A and -5B are latent transcription factors activated by cytokines and hormones of the cytokine family. In pancreatic insulin-secreting β-cells, STAT5A and -5B are activated primarily by prolactin and growth hormone stimulation and are important mediators of the potent stimulation of proliferation and insulin production caused by these hormones. STAT5A and -5B are both expressed in β-cells and control the expression of a number of mRNAs implicated in cell replication control, insulin biosynthesis and secretion. In addition to STAT5A and -5B being transcriptional activators, they may also repress gene transcription. By these means, STAT5 proteins increase the levels of anti-apoptotic transcripts in β-cells and repress expression of pro-apoptotic genes. This review focuses on the anti-apoptotic role of STAT5 signaling, providing a mechanism for β-cell resistance to pro-apoptotic cytokines, Type 1 diabetes mellitus and obesity-associated β-cell stress. It is clear from studies of STAT5 signaling in pancreatic β-cells that STAT5 is important for postnatal β-cell compensatory growth (as in pregnancy or obesity) and in the defense against β-cell stress factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise T Dalgaard
- a Roskilde University, Department of Science, Universitetsvej 1, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
| | - Nils Billestrup
- b Steno Diabetes Center, Niels Steensens Vej 2, DK-2820 Gentofte, Denmark.
| | - Jens H Nielsen
- c University of Copenhagen, Department of Biomedical Research, Panum Institute, Bldg 6.5, Blegdamsvej 3C, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark.
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Skurk T, Ecklebe S, Hauner H. A novel technique to propagate primary human preadipocytes without loss of differentiation capacity. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2007; 15:2925-31. [PMID: 18198300 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2007.349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The study of human preadipocytes is hampered by the limited availability of adipose tissue and low yield of cell preparation. Proliferation of preadipocytes using common protocols, including fetal bovine serum (FBS), results in a markedly reduced differentiation capacity. Therefore, we were interested in developing an improved culture system that allows the proliferation of human preadipocytes without loss of differentiation capacity. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES Adipose tissue samples were taken from subjects undergoing elective abdominal surgery. Cells were seeded at various densities and cultured using different formulations of proliferation media including factors such as fibroblast growth factor-2 (basic fibroblast growth factor), epidermal growth factor, insulin, and FBS either alone or in combination. Cells were counted and induced to differentiate after confluence. After complete differentiation, cells were harvested, and glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity was measured. Cells were subcultured for up to five passages. RESULTS The proliferation medium with 4 growth factors (PM4), consisting of 2.5% FBS, 10 ng/mL epidermal growth factor, 1 ng/mL basic fibroblast growth factor, and 8.7 muM insulin, resulted in lower doubling times at all seeding densities tested (0.05 x 10(4) to 1.5 x 10(4)) compared with medium supplemented with 10% FBS. In contrast to cells in FBS medium, cells grown with PM4 medium retained full differentiation rate (glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity, 493 +/- 215 vs. 41 +/- 17 mU/mg, p < 0.01). Differentiation capacity was fully retained at least for up to three passages in PM4 medium. DISCUSSION The use of PM4 medium results in substantial proliferation of human preadipocytes with preserved differentiation capacity. This novel technique represents a valuable tool for the study of human adipose tissue development and function starting from small samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Skurk
- Technische Universität München, Else Kröner-Fresenius-Centre for Nutritional Medicine, Am Forum 5, D-85350 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany.
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Avram MM, Avram AS, James WD. Subcutaneous fat in normal and diseased states. J Am Acad Dermatol 2007; 56:472-92. [PMID: 17317490 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2006.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2005] [Revised: 05/10/2006] [Accepted: 06/19/2006] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The quest for effective strategies to treat obesity has propelled fat research into an exploration of the molecular processes that drive adipocyte formation, and hence body fat mass. The development of obesity is dependent on the coordinated interplay of adipocyte hypertrophy (increased fat cell size), adipocyte hyperplasia (increased fat cell number), and angiogenesis. Evidence suggests that adipocyte hyperplasia, or adipogenesis, occurs throughout life, both in response to normal cell turnover as well as in response to the need for additional fat mass stores that arises when caloric intake exceeds nutritional requirements. Adipogenesis involves two major events-the recruitment and proliferation of adipocyte precursor cells, called preadipocytes, followed by the subsequent conversion of preadipocytes, or differentiation, into mature fat cells. In vitro studies using experimental and primary preadipocyte cell lines have uncovered the mechanisms that drive the adipogenic process, a tightly controlled sequence of events guided by the strict temporal regulation of multiple inhibitory and stimulatory signaling events involving regulators of cell-cycle functions and differentiation factors. This article reviews the current understanding of adipogenesis with emphasis on the various stages of adipocyte development; on key hormonal, nutritional, paracrine, and neuronal control signals; as well as on the components involved in cell-cell or cell-matrix interactions that are pivotal in regulating fat cell formation. Special consideration is given to clinical applications derived from adipogenesis research with impact on medical, surgical and cosmetic fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew M Avram
- Massachusetts General Hospital Dermatology Laser and Cosmetic Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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23
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Fonvielle M, Therisod H, Hemery M, Therisod M. New competitive inhibitors of cytosolic (NADH-dependent) rabbit muscle glycerophosphate dehydrogenase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 17:410-3. [PMID: 17088060 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2006] [Revised: 10/10/2006] [Accepted: 10/13/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
We report the synthesis and biochemical evaluation of new competitive inhibitors of the cytosolic (NADH-dependent) glycerophosphate dehydrogenase. The best tested compound, phosphono-propionohydroxamic acid, with a Ki of 6 microM, might be of interest as an anti-obesity drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Fonvielle
- Equipe Chimie Bioorganique et Bioinorganique, ICMMO, Univ Paris-Sud, UMR 8182, F-91405 Orsay, France
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24
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Kokta TA, Dodson MV, Gertler A, Hill RA. Intercellular signaling between adipose tissue and muscle tissue. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2004; 27:303-31. [PMID: 15519037 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2004.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2003] [Accepted: 05/12/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Adipose and muscle tissues undergo regulated growth and differentiation processes that are modulated by a wide range of factors. The interactions between myogenic cells and adipocytes play a significant role in growth and development, including the rate and extent of myogenesis, muscle growth, adipogenesis, lipogenesis/lipolysis, and in the utilization of energy substrates. Important hormones and growth factors involved in the regulation of these processes include glucocorticoids, insulin-like growth factors, various cytokines, insulin, and leptin. Interactions among these axes have important implications in their influence on relative fat and lean deposition and the efficiency of energy utilization in growth and development. As research progresses to better clarify the interactions among adipose tissue depots and muscle of different fiber types, pathways will become better understood, ultimately leading to the optimized management of fat and lean growth in domestic livestock species. This review will focus on elements of intercellular signaling, using data from cell culture studies to illustrate specific examples of signaling pathways between cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Kokta
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Science, University of Idaho, 311 Agricultural Biotechnology Building, P.O. Box 442330, Moscow, ID 83844-2330, USA
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25
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Louveau I, Gondret F. Regulation of development and metabolism of adipose tissue by growth hormone and the insulin-like growth factor system. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2004; 27:241-55. [PMID: 15451072 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2004.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2004] [Accepted: 06/21/2004] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
White adipose tissue plays a key role in the regulation of the energy balance of vertebrates. This tissue is also now recognized to secrete a variety of factors such as leptin, which is thought to be involved in the modulation of adipose mass. Unlike other tissues, adipose tissue mass has considerable capacity to expand. The review deals primarily on the regulation of development and metabolism of adipose tissue by growth hormone (GH) and the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system, with a special focus on the pig. The anti-insulin effects of GH are well-documented in pigs as in other species. In vitro exposure of adipose precursor cells to GH leads to a decrease in differentiation of those cells in pigs, in contrast to data obtained in murine cell lines. In vivo treatment and prolonged in vitro incubation of adipose tissue or isolated adipocytes with GH result in a decrease in glucose transport and lipogenesis, especially at the level of the fatty acid synthase gene, resulting in a reduction of the lipid content and adipose tissue mass. The mechanism by which GH antagonizes insulin stimulation of lipogenesis is still unresolved, as it is not mediated by protein kinase A, protein kinase C and Janus kinase-2 at the signaling level, or upstream stimulatory factor 1 or sterol regulatory element binding protein-1 at the transcriptional level. GH is apparently the main regulator of IGF-I mRNA expression in adipose tissue, however, the effects of IGF-I on this tissue are rather unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Louveau
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherches sur le Veau et le Porc, 35590 Saint Gilles, France.
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26
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Twickler TB, Cramer MJM, Dallinga-Thie GM, Chapman MJ, Erkelens DW, Koppeschaar HPF. Adult-onset growth hormone deficiency: Relation of postprandial dyslipidemia to premature atherosclerosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003; 88:2479-88. [PMID: 12788843 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2003-030278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T B Twickler
- INSERM, Unité 551 Dyslipoproteinemia and Atherosclerosis, Hôpital Pitié-Salpetrière, 75651 Paris, France.
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Abstract
In the human species, a major function of the breast is aesthetic. The soft-tissue volume within the breast displaces the overlying skin to create the protuberant contour of the female thorax, that is solidly associated with, and to some extent, definitive of, femininity in modern culture. Adipose tissue is the major contributor to the volume of the breast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saleh M Shenaq
- Division of Plastic Surgery, De Bakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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29
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Albrektsen T, Richter HE, Clausen JT, Fleckner J. Identification of a novel integral plasma membrane protein induced during adipocyte differentiation. Biochem J 2001; 359:393-402. [PMID: 11583587 PMCID: PMC1222159 DOI: 10.1042/0264-6021:3590393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Adipocyte differentiation is co-ordinately regulated by several transcription factors and is accompanied by changes in the expression of a variety of genes. Using mRNA differential display analysis, we have isolated a novel mRNA, DD16, specifically induced during the course of adipocyte differentiation. DD16 mRNAs are present in several tissues, but among the tissues tested, a remarkably higher level of expression was found in white adipose tissue. The DD16 cDNA encoded a polypeptide of 415 amino acids containing a single N-glycosylation site and an N-terminal hydrophobic stretch of 19 amino acids forming a transmembrane segment, indicating that DD16 is a glycosylated membrane-bound protein. Polyclonal antibodies raised against the DD16 peptide detected immunoreactive DD16 in membrane fractions, notably the plasma membrane. Association of DD16 with the plasma membrane was further confirmed by biotinylation studies of cell surface proteins, suggesting that DD16 is an integral plasma membrane protein. Therefore we propose to give DD16 the name APMAP (Adipocyte Plasma Membrane-Associated Protein). Although the biological function of this polypeptide is presently unknown, our data suggest that APMAP may function as a novel protein involved in the cross-talk of mature adipocytes with the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Albrektsen
- Department of Transcription Biology, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Allé 6B2.83, DK-2880 Bagsvaerd, Denmark
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Wezeman FH, Gong Z. Bone Marrow Triglyceride Accumulation and Hormonal Changes During Long-Term Alcohol Intake in Male and Female Rats. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2001. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2001.tb02155.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) is not only the major regulator of postnatal somatic growth but also exerts profound effects on body composition through a combination of anabolic, lipolytic and antinatriuretic actions. GH enhancement of the lipolytic activity of adipose tissue in combination with a reduction of triglyceride accumulation via inhibition of lipoprotein lipase activity appears to be the major mechanism by which GH results in a reduction of the total fat mass. Recently, much progress has been made in understanding the molecular mechanism by which GH affects cellular function. This review provides a brief discourse and summary of the mechanism of effects of GH on preadipocyte/adipocyte function. It is intended to provide a functional understanding of the mechanism of action of GH as it relates to adipogenesis and adipocyte function.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Y Nam
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yongdong Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Dogok-dong 146-92, Kangnam-Ku, Seoul 135-270, Korea
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Gerfault V, Louveau I, Mourot J. The effect of GH and IGF-I on preadipocytes from Large White and Meishan pigs in primary culture. Gen Comp Endocrinol 1999; 114:396-404. [PMID: 10336827 DOI: 10.1006/gcen.1999.7271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Proliferation and differentiation of preadipocytes from 7-day-old Large White (LW) and Meishan (MS) pigs were studied in primary culture. The effects of porcine GH (pGH) and IGF-I as well as the expression of GH (GHR) and IGF-I (IGF-IR) receptors mRNA were examined. Preadipocytes were exposed to serum-supplemented and serum-free medium to determine proliferation and differentiation, respectively. Proliferation was higher in MS than in LW pigs. Treatment with pGH (2 nM) or IGF-I (10 nM) resulted in a similar decrease in proliferation in LW and MS pigs. Parameters assessing differentiation and the effects of pGH and IGF-I on differentiation did not differ between the two breeds. The percentage of differentiating cells and LPL and ME activities were markedly reduced by pGH. IGF-I did not reduce differentiation significantly. Both GHR and IGF-IR mRNA were expressed in adipose tissue, adipocytes, preadipocytes, and 6-day-cultured cells from LW and MS pigs. The similar action of pGH and IGF-I on preadipocyte proliferation and differentiation, associated with the similar expression of GHR and IGF-IR mRNA in LW and MS pigs, suggests that the GH/IGF-I axis is not impaired in MS pigs. The difference in preadipocyte proliferation observed between LW and MS pigs could account for their adiposity difference.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Gerfault
- Station de Recherches Porcines, Saint Gilles, 35590, France
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Kirkland JL, Hollenberg CH. Inhibitors of preadipocyte replication: opportunities for the treatment of obesity. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR AND SUBCELLULAR BIOLOGY 1999; 20:177-95. [PMID: 9928531 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-72149-6_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Wang Y, Fried SK, Petersen RN, Schoknecht PA. Somatotropin regulates adipose tissue metabolism in neonatal swine. J Nutr 1999; 129:139-45. [PMID: 9915890 DOI: 10.1093/jn/129.1.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Somatotropin (ST) reduces lipid deposition in growing and adult animals, but its effect in neonatal pigs is not clear. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that ST inhibits lipid deposition in neonatal pig adipose tissue. Four neonatal (2.9 +/- 0.1 kg, 7 d of age) and four growing (17.0 +/- 1.4 kg, 60 +/- 3 d of age) crossbred pigs were used. Subscapular adipose tissue fragments were cultured with or without ST (4.5 nmol/L) for 24 h in the absence or presence of insulin (7 nmol/L). After culture for 24 h with insulin alone, adipocytes from neonatal and growing pig adipose tissue maintained the capacity to incorporate glucose into total lipid at rates comparable to those in fresh tissue. Culture for 24 h with ST in the presence or absence of insulin decreased adipocyte glucose incorporation into fatty acids. Addition of ST, in the absence or presence of insulin, also increased the accumulation of glycerol in the medium during culture of neonatal and growing pig adipose tissue. Furthermore, culture for 24 h with ST resulted in higher basal lipolysis measured during incubation of isolated adipocytes in the presence of adenosine deaminase. In addition, culture with ST decreased adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity and completely blocked the stimulatory effect of insulin on activity of this enzyme. The present study is the first to demonstrate in neonatal pigs that, as in growing pigs, ST regulates adipose tissue metabolism through decreasing lipid synthesis and LPL activity and increasing lipolysis. Thus, ST may play an important role in nutrient partitioning during the neonatal period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Wang
- Department of Animal Sciences, Cook College, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901-8525, USA
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Hansen LH, Madsen B, Teisner B, Nielsen JH, Billestrup N. Characterization of the inhibitory effect of growth hormone on primary preadipocyte differentiation. Mol Endocrinol 1998; 12:1140-9. [PMID: 9717840 DOI: 10.1210/mend.12.8.0154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
GH exerts adipogenic activity in several preadipocyte cell lines, whereas in primary rat preadipocytes, GH has an antiadipogenic activity. To better understand the molecular mechanism involved in adipocyte differentiation, the expression of adipocyte-specific genes was analyzed in differentiating preadipocytes in response to GH. We found that the expression of both adipocyte determination and differentiation factor 1 (ADD1) and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma(PPARgamma) was induced in preadipocytes during differentiation. In the presence of GH, which markedly inhibited triglyceride accumulation, no reduction in the expression level of ADD1 was observed in response to GH, whereas there was a 50% reduction in the expression of PPARgamma. The DNA binding activity of the PPARgamma/retinoid X receptor-alpha(RXRalpha) to the ARE7 element from the aP2 gene was also reduced by approximately 50% in response to GH. GH inhibited the expression of late markers of adipocyte differentiation, fatty acid synthase, aP2, and hormone-sensitive lipase by 70-80%. The antiadipogenic effect of GH was not affected by the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase/ extracellular-regulated protein (ERK) kinase inhibitor PD 98059, indicating that the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway was not involved in GH inhibition of preadipocyte differentiation. The expression of preadipocyte factor-1/fetal antigen 1 was decreased during differentiation, and GH treatment prevented this down-regulation of Pref1/FA1. A possible role for Pref-1/FA1 in mediating the antiadipogenic effect of GH was indicated by the observation that FA1 inhibited differentiation as effectively as GH. These data suggest that GH exerts its inhibitory activity in adipocyte differentiation at a step after the induction of ADD1 but before the induction of genes required for terminal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L H Hansen
- Hagedorn Research Institute, Gentofte, Denmark
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Ruvalcaba RH, Kletter GB. Abdominal lipohypertrophy caused by injections of growth hormone: a case report. Pediatrics 1998; 102:408-10. [PMID: 9714655 DOI: 10.1542/peds.102.2.408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- R H Ruvalcaba
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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Abstract
The adipocyte plays a critical role in energy balance. Adipose tissue growth involves an increase in adipocyte size and the formation of new adipocytes from precursor cells. For the last 20 years, the cellular and molecular mechanisms of adipocyte differentiation have been extensively studied using preadipocyte culture systems. Committed preadipocytes undergo growth arrest and subsequent terminal differentiation into adipocytes. This is accompanied by a dramatic increase in expression of adipocyte genes including adipocyte fatty acid binding protein and lipid-metabolizing enzymes. Characterization of regulatory regions of adipose-specific genes has led to the identification of the transcription factors peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-gamma) and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP), which play a key role in the complex transcriptional cascade during adipocyte differentiation. Growth and differentiation of preadipocytes is controlled by communication between individual cells or between cells and the extracellular environment. Various hormones and growth factors that affect adipocyte differentiation in a positive or negative manner have been identified. In addition, components involved in cell-cell or cell-matrix interactions such as preadipocyte factor-1 and extracellular matrix proteins are also pivotal in regulating the differentiation process. Identification of these molecules has yielded clues to the biochemical pathways that ultimately result in transcriptional activation via PPAR-gamma and C/EBP. Studies on the regulation of the these transcription factors and the mode of action of various agents that influence adipocyte differentiation will reveal the physiological and pathophysiological mechanisms underlying adipose tissue development.
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Affiliation(s)
- F M Gregoire
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, USA
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38
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Wabitsch M, Braun S, Hauner H, Heinze E, Ilondo MM, Shymko R, De Meyts P, Teller WM. Mitogenic and antiadipogenic properties of human growth hormone in differentiating human adipocyte precursor cells in primary culture. Pediatr Res 1996; 40:450-6. [PMID: 8865283 DOI: 10.1203/00006450-199609000-00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Children with GH deficiency have enlarged fat cells but a reduced number of fat cells compared with healthy children. After treatment with human GH (hGH) both fat cell volume and number are shifted toward normal. To clarify the role of hGH in fat cell formation in human adipose tissue, we investigated the effect of hGH on the proliferation and the differentiation of cultured human adipocyte precursor cells obtained from five children and 10 adults. In a chemically defined serum-free medium treatment of adipocyte precursor cells with hGH led to an increase in IGF-I production and a stimulation of cell proliferation, which could be blocked by a MAb raised against human IGF-I. hGH dose-dependently reduced the number of differentiating cells and suppressed the expression of glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH), a marker of adipose differentiation. No significant differences in the hGH effects on proliferation and differentiation capacities were seen between cultures obtained from children and adults. In newly differentiated adipocytes, hGH inhibited glucose uptake and lipogenesis, and stimulated lipolysis. Scatchard analysis of hGH competition experiments using 125I-labeled hGH yielded a linear plot with an apparent Kd of 1.08 nM and an estimated number of 7000 hGH receptors per cell. These data suggest that hGH is able to enlarge the human adipocyte precursor pool via induction of IGF-I synthesis but exhibits a direct antiadipogenic activity. hGH is also able to reduce fat cell volume by reducing lipogenesis and increasing lipolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Wabitsch
- Department of Pediatrics I, University of Ulm, Germany
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39
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Wabitsch M, Hauner H, Heinze E, Teller WM. The role of growth hormone/insulin-like growth factors in adipocyte differentiation. Metabolism 1995; 44:45-9. [PMID: 7476311 DOI: 10.1016/0026-0495(95)90220-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Growth of the adipose tissue results from both the enlargement of mature adipocytes and the formation of new adipocytes from adipocyte precursor cells. The differentiation process of adipocyte precursor cells is controlled by a variety of hormones. Clinical observations indicate that growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) are able to influence the growth of the adipose organ. Recent in vitro studies using cultures of clonal and primary adipocyte precursor cells have elucidated the role of GH and IGF-I in adipocyte differentiation. From the studies it can be concluded that GH is able to enlarge the pool of adipocyte precursor cells capable of differentiating into mature adipocytes, which occurs under the control of other adipogenic hormones. However, due to its metabolic action, GH is also able to reduce the volume of mature adipocytes and thus the net result of its biological action is aimed at reducing body fat. IGF-I stimulates the differentiation process by inducing critical cell divisions of adipocyte precursor cells necessary for their differentiation. IGF-I, which is known to be regulated by GH and several nutritional factors, may exert its effects in the adipose tissue in an autocrine/paracrine and endocrine way. This review summarizes the results of recent studies investigating the role of GH and IGF-I in adipocyte differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Wabitsch
- Department of Pediatrics I, University of Ulm, Germany
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