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Zhao G, Teng J, Dong R, Ban Q, Yang L, Du K, Wang Y, Pu H, Yang CS, Ren Z. Alleviating effects and mechanisms of action of large-leaf yellow tea drinking on diabetes and diabetic nephropathy in mice. FOOD SCIENCE AND HUMAN WELLNESS 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fshw.2023.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
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2
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Hibberd TJ, Ramsay S, Spencer-Merris P, Dinning PG, Zagorodnyuk VP, Spencer NJ. Circadian rhythms in colonic function. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1239278. [PMID: 37711458 PMCID: PMC10498548 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1239278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
A rhythmic expression of clock genes occurs within the cells of multiple organs and tissues throughout the body, termed "peripheral clocks." Peripheral clocks are subject to entrainment by a multitude of factors, many of which are directly or indirectly controlled by the light-entrainable clock located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus. Peripheral clocks occur in the gastrointestinal tract, notably the epithelia whose functions include regulation of absorption, permeability, and secretion of hormones; and in the myenteric plexus, which is the intrinsic neural network principally responsible for the coordination of muscular activity in the gut. This review focuses on the physiological circadian variation of major colonic functions and their entraining mechanisms, including colonic motility, absorption, hormone secretion, permeability, and pain signalling. Pathophysiological states such as irritable bowel syndrome and ulcerative colitis and their interactions with circadian rhythmicity are also described. Finally, the classic circadian hormone melatonin is discussed, which is expressed in the gut in greater quantities than the pineal gland, and whose exogenous use has been of therapeutic interest in treating colonic pathophysiological states, including those exacerbated by chronic circadian disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J. Hibberd
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Stewart Ramsay
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | | | - Phil G. Dinning
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Colorectal Surgical Unit, Division of Surgery, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | | | - Nick J. Spencer
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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3
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Shashni B, Nagasaki Y. Short-chain fatty acid-releasing nano-prodrugs for attenuating growth and metastasis of melanoma. Acta Biomater 2023; 159:226-236. [PMID: 36736848 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.01.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Low-molecular-weight (LMW) short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), such as propionic and butyric acids, have been reported to possess anti-neoplastic effects; however, rapid renal clearance and high dose-based side effects limit their clinical translation. Hence, in this study, we have designed a new self-assembling nano-prodrugs that can effectively supply SCFAs: endogenous enzyme-metabolizable block copolymer poly(ethylene glycol)block-poly(vinyl ester) possessing several units of SCFAs conjugated as side chains via ester linkages. These amphiphilic polymers spontaneously self-assemble into nanostructures under aqueous conditions to form orally administrable nano-prodrugs (butyric acid: NanoBA and propionic acid: NanoPA). Herein, we show the therapeutic efficacy of SCFA nanoparticles (NanoSCFA) in a mouse model of metastasis (melanoma). Ad libitum intake of our NanoSCFA markedly demonstrated a decrease in the metastatic tumor nodules in the lungs compared with the effect observed after LMW SCFA administration with no discernible toxicity to the GI tract. In contrast, LMW SCFAs, even at a lower concentration than that of the NanoSCFA, facilitated villus atrophy. Taken together, our work suggests that the use of NanoSCFA as a therapeutic intervention for metastatic cancer is preferable over typical LMW SCFAs. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Low-molecular-weight (LMW) short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) have shown versatile therapeutic effects on various diseases, including anti-tumorigenesis effects. However, their clinical translation is limited due to their poor pharmacokinetic profile and adverse effects. To overcome these limitations, we have developed new amphiphilic block copolymer-based SCFA-prodrugs, which self-assemble into nanoparticles in aqueous media (NanoSCFA). SCFAs are covalently conjugated to the hydrophobic polymer segment via ester linkage, which can be enzymatically metabolized after oral administration. In the present study, we confirmed that ad libitum intake of NanoSCFAs retarded the growth and metastatic potential of B16-F10 tumors compared to the LMW SCFAs with negligible discernible toxicity, reflecting NanoSCFA as a preferable therapeutic intervention to LMW SCFA counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babita Shashni
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennoudai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
| | - Yukio Nagasaki
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennoudai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan; Master's Program in Medical Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennoudai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan; Center for Research in Isotopes and Environmental Dynamics, University of Tsukuba, Tennoudai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan.
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4
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Miyasato S, Iwata K, Mura R, Nakamura S, Yanagida K, Shindou H, Nagata Y, Kawahara M, Yamaguchi S, Aoki J, Inoue A, Nagamune T, Shimizu T, Nakamura M. Constitutively active GPR43 is crucial for proper leukocyte differentiation. FASEB J 2023; 37:e22676. [PMID: 36468834 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202201591r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The G protein-coupled receptors, GPR43 (free fatty acid receptor 2, FFA2) and GPR41 (free fatty acid receptor 3, FFA3), are activated by short-chain fatty acids produced under various conditions, including microbial fermentation of carbohydrates. Previous studies have implicated this receptor energy homeostasis and immune responses as well as in cell growth arrest and apoptosis. Here, we observed the expression of both receptors in human blood cells and a remarkable enhancement in leukemia cell lines (HL-60, U937, and THP-1 cells) during differentiation. A reporter assay revealed that GPR43 is coupled with Gαi and Gα12/13 and is constitutively active without any stimuli. Specific blockers of GPR43, GLPG0974 and CATPB function as inverse agonists because treatment with these compounds significantly reduces constitutive activity. In HL-60 cells, enhanced expression of GPR43 led to growth arrest through Gα12/13 . In addition, the blockage of GPR43 activity in these cells significantly impaired their adherent properties due to the reduction of adhesion molecules. We further revealed that enhanced GPR43 activity induces F-actin formation. However, the activity of GPR43 did not contribute to butyrate-induced apoptosis in differentiated HL-60 cells because of the ineffectiveness of the inverse agonist on cell death. Collectively, these results suggest that GPR43, which possesses constitutive activity, is crucial for growth arrest, followed by the proper differentiation of leukocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sosuke Miyasato
- Department of Bioscience, Graduate School of Life Science, Okayama University of Science, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kurumi Iwata
- Department of Bioscience, Graduate School of Life Science, Okayama University of Science, Okayama, Japan
| | - Reika Mura
- Department of Bioscience, Graduate School of Life Science, Okayama University of Science, Okayama, Japan
| | - Shou Nakamura
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keisuke Yanagida
- Department of Lipid Life Science, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideo Shindou
- Department of Lipid Life Science, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Medical Lipid Science, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yosuke Nagata
- Department of Bioscience, Graduate School of Life Science, Okayama University of Science, Okayama, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kawahara
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Laboratory of Cell Vaccine, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research (CVAR), National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), Osaka, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yamaguchi
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junken Aoki
- Department of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED), Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (AMED-CREST), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Asuka Inoue
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Teruyuki Nagamune
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takao Shimizu
- Lipid Signaling, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Institute of Microbial Chemistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Motonao Nakamura
- Department of Bioscience, Graduate School of Life Science, Okayama University of Science, Okayama, Japan
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5
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Brignardello J, Fountana S, Posma JM, Chambers ES, Nicholson JK, Wist J, Frost G, Garcia-Perez I, Holmes E. Characterization of diet-dependent temporal changes in circulating short-chain fatty acid concentrations: A randomized crossover dietary trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2022; 116:1368-1378. [PMID: 36137188 PMCID: PMC9630877 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqab211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Production of SCFAs from food is a complex and dynamic saccharolytic fermentation process mediated by both human and gut microbial factors. Knowledge of SCFA production and of the relation between SCFA profiles and dietary patterns is lacking. OBJECTIVES Temporal changes in SCFA concentrations in response to 2 contrasting diets were investigated using a novel GC-MS method. METHODS Samples were obtained from a randomized, controlled, crossover trial designed to characterize the metabolic response to 4 diets. Participants (n = 19) undertook these diets during an inpatient stay (of 72 h). Serum samples were collected 2 h after breakfast (AB), after lunch (AL), and after dinner (AD) on day 3, and a fasting sample (FA) was obtained on day 4. The 24-h urine samples were collected on day 3. In this substudy, samples from the 2 extreme diets representing a diet with high adherence to WHO healthy eating recommendations and a typical Western diet were analyzed using a bespoke GC-MS method developed to detect and quantify 10 SCFAs and precursors in serum and urine samples. RESULTS Considerable interindividual variation in serum SCFA concentrations was observed across all time points, and temporal fluctuations were observed for both diets. Although the sample collection timing exerted a greater magnitude of effect on circulating SCFA concentrations, the unhealthy diet was associated with a lower concentration of acetic acid (FA: coefficient: -17.0; SE: 5.8; P-trend = 0.00615), 2-methylbutyric acid (AL: coefficient: -0.1; SE: 0.028; P-trend = 4.13 × 10-4 and AD: coefficient: -0.1; SE: 0.028; P-trend = 2.28 × 10-3), and 2-hydroxybutyric acid (FA: coefficient: -15.8; SE: 5.11; P-trend: 4.09 × 10-3). In contrast, lactic acid was significantly higher in the unhealthy diet (AL: coefficient: 750.2; SE: 315.2; P-trend = 0.024 and AD: coefficient: 1219.3; SE: 322.6; P-trend: 8.28 × 10-4). CONCLUSIONS The GC-MS method allowed robust mapping of diurnal patterns in SCFA concentrations, which were affected by diet, and highlighted the importance of standardizing the timing of SCFA measurements in dietary studies. This trial was registered on the NIHR UK clinical trial gateway and with ISRCTN as ISRCTN43087333.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerusa Brignardello
- Section for Nutrition Research, Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sofia Fountana
- Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Joram Matthias Posma
- Section of Bioinformatics, Division of Systems Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Edward S Chambers
- Section for Nutrition Research, Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy K Nicholson
- Australian National Phenome Centre, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Perth, Western Australia, Australia,Institute of Global Health Innovation, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Julien Wist
- Chemistry Department, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia,Centre for Computational and Systems Medicine, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Gary Frost
- Section for Nutrition Research, Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Isabel Garcia-Perez
- Section for Nutrition Research, Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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6
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Duan L, Cooper DE, Scheidemantle G, Locasale JW, Kirsch DG, Liu X. 13C tracer analysis suggests extensive recycling of endogenous CO 2 in vivo. Cancer Metab 2022; 10:11. [PMID: 35799202 PMCID: PMC9264524 DOI: 10.1186/s40170-022-00287-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background 13C tracer analysis is increasingly used to monitor cellular metabolism in vivo and in intact cells, but data interpretation is still the key element to unveil the complexity of metabolic activities. The distinct 13C labeling patterns (e.g., M + 1 species in vivo but not in vitro) of metabolites from [U-13C]-glucose or [U-13C]-glutamine tracing in vivo and in vitro have been previously reported by multiple groups. However, the reason for the difference in the M + 1 species between in vivo and in vitro experiments remains poorly understood. Methods We have performed [U-13C]-glucose and [U-13C]-glutamine tracing in sarcoma-bearing mice (in vivo) and in cancer cell lines (in vitro). 13C enrichment of metabolites in cultured cells and tissues was determined by LC coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS). All p-values are obtained from the Student’s t-test two-tailed using GraphPad Prism 8 unless otherwise noted. Results We observed distinct enrichment patterns of tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates in vivo and in vitro. As expected, citrate M + 2 or M + 4 was the dominant mass isotopologue in vitro. However, citrate M + 1 was unexpectedly the dominant isotopologue in mice receiving [U-13C]-glucose or [U-13C]-glutamine infusion, but not in cultured cells. Our results are consistent with a model where the difference in M + 1 species is due to the different sources of CO2 in vivo and in vitro, which was largely overlooked in the past. In addition, a time course study shows the generation of high abundance citrate M + 1 in plasma of mice as early as few minutes after [U-13C]-glucose infusion. Conclusions Altogether, our results show that recycling of endogenous CO2 is substantial in vivo. The production and recycling of 13CO2 from the decarboxylation of [U-13C]-glucose or [U-13C]-glutamine is negligible in vitro partially due to dilution by the exogenous HCO3−/CO2 source, but in vivo incorporation of endogenous 13CO2 into M + 1 metabolites is substantial and should be considered. These findings provide a new paradigm to understand carbon atom transformations in vivo and should be taken into account when developing mathematical models to better reflect carbon flux. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40170-022-00287-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Likun Duan
- Department of Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, NC State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Daniel E Cooper
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Grace Scheidemantle
- Department of Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, NC State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Jason W Locasale
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - David G Kirsch
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27708, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Xiaojing Liu
- Department of Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, NC State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.
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7
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Gawlik-Kotelnicka O, Margulska A, Gabryelska A, Sochal M, Białasiewicz P, Strzelecki D. “Leaky Gut” as a Keystone of the Connection between Depression and Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome? A Rationale and Study Design. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12020152. [PMID: 35208226 PMCID: PMC8878827 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12020152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and depression are highly comorbid. Immune alterations, oxidative stress or microbiota dysfunction have been proposed as some mechanisms underlying this association. The aim of the proposed study is to assess the severity and profile of OSA and depressive symptoms in the context of serum microbiota metabolites, biomarkers of intestinal permeability, inflammation and oxidative stress in adult patients diagnosed with OSA syndrome. The study population consists of 200 subjects. An apnoea-hypopnoea index ≥ 5/hour is used for the diagnosis. Depressive symptoms are assessed with Beck Depression Inventory. Measured serum markers are: tumour necrosis factor–alpha and interleukin-6 for inflammation, total antioxidant capacity and malondialdehyde concentration for oxidative stress, zonulin, calprotectin, lipopolisaccharide-binding protein and intestinal fatty acids-binding protein for intestinal permeability. All of the above will be measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Associations between clinical symptoms profile and severity and the above markers levels will be tested. It would be valuable to seek for overlap indicators of depression and OSA to create this endophenotype possible biomarkers and form new prophylactic or therapeutic methods. The results may be useful to establish a subpopulation of patients sensitive to microbiota therapeutic interventions (probiotics, prebiotics, and microbiota transplantation).
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliwia Gawlik-Kotelnicka
- Department of Affective and Psychotic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-603819776
| | | | - Agata Gabryelska
- Department of Sleep Medicine and Metabolic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland; (A.G.); (M.S.); (P.B.)
| | - Marcin Sochal
- Department of Sleep Medicine and Metabolic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland; (A.G.); (M.S.); (P.B.)
| | - Piotr Białasiewicz
- Department of Sleep Medicine and Metabolic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland; (A.G.); (M.S.); (P.B.)
| | - Dominik Strzelecki
- Department of Affective and Psychotic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland;
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8
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Wang S, Yuan M, Zhang L, Zhu K, Sheng C, Zhou F, Xu Z, Liu Q, Liu Y, Lu J, Wang X, Zhou L. Sodium butyrate potentiates insulin secretion from rat islets at the expense of compromised expression of β cell identity genes. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:67. [PMID: 35046383 PMCID: PMC8770496 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-04517-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) produced by the gut microbiota have been well demonstrated to improve metabolic homeostasis. However, the role of SCFAs in islet function remains controversial. In the present study, none of the sodium acetate, sodium propionate, and sodium butyrate (SB) displayed acute impacts on insulin secretion from rat islets, whereas long-term incubation of the three SCFAs significantly potentiated pancreatic β cell function. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) revealed an unusual transcriptome change in SB-treated rat islets, with the downregulation of insulin secretion pathway and β cell identity genes, including Pdx1, MafA, NeuroD1, Gck, and Slc2a2. But these β cell identity genes were not governed by the pan-HDAC inhibitor trichostatin A. Overlapping analysis of H3K27Ac ChIP-seq and RNA-seq showed that the inhibitory effect of SB on the expression of multiple β cell identity genes was independent of H3K27Ac. SB treatment increased basal oxygen consumption rate (OCR), but attenuated glucose-stimulated OCR in rat islets, without altering the expressions of genes involved in glycolysis and tricarboxylic acid cycle. SB reduced the expression of Kcnj11 (encoding KATP channel) and elevated basal intracellular calcium concentration. On the other hand, SB elicited insulin gene expression in rat islets through increasing H3K18bu occupation in its promoter, without stimulating CREB phosphorylation. These findings indicate that SB potentiates islet function as a lipid molecule at the expense of compromised expression of islet β cell identity genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shushu Wang
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai National Center for Translational Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Miaomiao Yuan
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai National Center for Translational Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Linlin Zhang
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai National Center for Translational Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Kecheng Zhu
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai National Center for Translational Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunxiang Sheng
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai National Center for Translational Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Feiye Zhou
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai National Center for Translational Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhaoqian Xu
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai National Center for Translational Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qianqian Liu
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai National Center for Translational Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun Liu
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai National Center for Translational Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jieli Lu
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai National Center for Translational Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xiao Wang
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai National Center for Translational Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Libin Zhou
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai National Center for Translational Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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9
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Martyniak A, Medyńska-Przęczek A, Wędrychowicz A, Skoczeń S, Tomasik PJ. Prebiotics, Probiotics, Synbiotics, Paraprobiotics and Postbiotic Compounds in IBD. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11121903. [PMID: 34944546 PMCID: PMC8699341 DOI: 10.3390/biom11121903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing incidence of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) and the increasing severity of the course of these diseases create the need for developing new methods of therapy. The gut microbiome is extensively studied as a factor influencing the development and course of IBD. The composition of intestinal microbiota can be relatively easily modified by diet (i.e., prebiotics, mainly dietary fibers) and bacterial supplementation using beneficial bacteria strains called probiotics. Additionally, the effects of the improved microbiome could be enhanced or gained by using paraprobiotics (non-viable, inactivated bacteria or their components) and/or postbiotics (products of bacterial metabolism or equal synthetic products that beneficially modulate immunological response and inflammation). This study summarizes the recent works on prebiotics, probiotics, synbiotics (products merging pre- and probiotics), paraprobiotics and postbiotics in IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Martyniak
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Pediatric Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-663 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Aleksandra Medyńska-Przęczek
- Department of Paediatrics, Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Pediatric Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-663 Krakow, Poland; (A.M.-P.); (A.W.)
| | - Andrzej Wędrychowicz
- Department of Paediatrics, Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Pediatric Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-663 Krakow, Poland; (A.M.-P.); (A.W.)
| | - Szymon Skoczeń
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-663 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Przemysław J. Tomasik
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Pediatric Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-663 Krakow, Poland;
- Correspondence:
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10
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Zhang M, Wang Y, Zhao X, Liu C, Wang B, Zhou J. Mechanistic basis and preliminary practice of butyric acid and butyrate sodium to mitigate gut inflammatory diseases: a comprehensive review. Nutr Res 2021; 95:1-18. [PMID: 34757305 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2021.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A key event featured in the early stage of chronic gut inflammatory diseases is the disordered recruitment and excess accumulation of immune cells in the gut lamina propria. This process is followed by the over-secretion of pro-inflammatory factors and the prolonged overactive inflammatory responses. Growing evidence has suggested that gut inflammatory diseases may be mitigated by butyric acid (BA) or butyrate sodium (NaB). Laboratory studies show that BA and NaB can enhance gut innate immune function through G-protein-mediated signaling pathways while mitigating the overactive inflammatory responses by inhibiting histone deacetylase. The regulatory effects may occur in both epithelial enterocytes and the immune cells in the lamina propria. Prior to further clinical trials, comprehensive literature reviews and rigid examination concerning the underlying mechanism are necessary. To this end, we collected and reviewed 197 published reports regarding the mechanisms, bioactivities, and clinical effects of BA and NaB to modulate gut inflammatory diseases. Our review found insufficient evidence to guarantee the safety of clinical practice of BA and NaB, either by anal enema or oral administration of capsule or tablet. The safety of clinical use of BA and NaB should be further evaluated. Alternatively, dietary patterns rich in "fruits, vegetables and beans" may be an effective and safe approach to prevent gut inflammatory disease, which elevates gut microbiota-dependent production of BA. Our review provides a comprehensive reference to future clinical trials of BA and NaB to treat gut inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingbao Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Second Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong University, 250012 China
| | - Yanan Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Second Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong University, 250012 China
| | - Xianqi Zhao
- School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 250012 China
| | - Chang Liu
- School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 250012 China
| | - Baozhen Wang
- Department of Toxicology and Nutrition, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 250012 China.
| | - Jun Zhou
- Department of Toxicology and Nutrition, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 250012 China.
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11
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Kong D, Schipper L, van Dijk G. Distinct Effects of Short Chain Fatty Acids on Host Energy Balance and Fuel Homeostasis With Focus on Route of Administration and Host Species. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:755845. [PMID: 34744617 PMCID: PMC8569404 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.755845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence implicates gut-microbiota-derived metabolites as important regulators of host energy balance and fuel homeostasis, the underlying mechanisms are currently subject to intense research. In this review, the most important executors, short chain fatty acids, which both directly and indirectly fulfill the interactions between gut microbiota and host will be discussed. Distinct roles of individual short chain fatty acids and the different effects they exert on host metabolism have long been overlooked, which compromises the process of clarifying the sophisticated crosstalk between gut microbiota and its host. Moreover, recent findings suggest that exogenously administered short chain fatty acids affect host metabolism via different mechanisms depending on the routes they enter the host. Although these exogenous routes are often artificial, they may help to comprehend the roles of the short-chain-fatty-acid mechanisms and signaling sites, that would normally occur after intestinal absorption of short chain fatty acids. Cautions should be addressed of generalizing findings, since different results have appeared in different host species, which may imply a host species-specific response to short chain fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dehuang Kong
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | | | - Gertjan van Dijk
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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12
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Liu S, Zhao L, Xiao X, Jiang W, Ju Z, Tian M, Li H, Lin H. Acetate promotes lipogenesis in adipocytes but not in hepatocytes of chickens. Br Poult Sci 2021; 63:54-61. [PMID: 34309437 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2021.1960950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
1.The role of acetate in lipogenesis of chickens remains largely unknown. This trial investigated the effect of sodium acetate (SA) on chicken fat metabolism via in vivo and in vitro experiments.2.The results indicated that supplementation of SA (1.0 g/kg feed) showed marginal to moderate stimulation on the area of the abdominal fat cells and triglyceride (TG) content in liver and adipose tissues. It increased the transcription of some genes involved in fat synthesis and deposition, but did not affect free fatty acid receptor 2 (FFAR2) expression in either liver or abdominal fat.3. In cultured hepatocytes treated with 0.01 mM to 5 mM SA, although mRNA levels of ACC1, PPAR, SREBP-1 c, and FFAR2 were upregulated with SA at certain concentrations, TG content and protein expression of lipogenic genes and FFAR2 were not altered at any dosages. In adipogenic differentiation of preadipocytes, high concentrations of SA (5 mM) exhibited significant increments in TG content and accumulated fat droplets, associated with stimulated transcription of FAS, LPL, AD, FABP4, and FFAR2, as well as elevated protein expression of FABP4 and FFAR2.4. The results showed that adipocytes were more sensitive to acetate than hepatocytes in chickens. While acetate played a minor role in hepatic fat metabolism, it promoted lipogenesis in adipocytes via FFAR2 with the involvement of FAS, LPL, and FABP4.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Liu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - L Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - X Xiao
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - W Jiang
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Z Ju
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - M Tian
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - H Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - H Lin
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
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13
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Bloise AMNDLG, Simões-Alves AC, Debora Santos A, Morio B, Costa-Silva JH. Cardiometabolic impacts of saturated fatty acids: are they all comparable? Int J Food Sci Nutr 2021; 73:1-14. [PMID: 34229557 DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2021.1940885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In last decades, a phenomenon named nutrition transition has been observed in many countries around the world. It has been characterised by increased consumption of fat-rich diets, predisposing to cardiometabolic diseases and high prevalence of the obesity. In the dietary recommendations cited to prevent metabolic diseases, there is a consensus to decrease intake of saturated fatty acids (SFA) to less than 10% of total energy intake, as recommended by the Food Safety Authorities. However, fatty acids of different chain lengths may exhibit different cardiometabolic effects. Thus, our major aim was to review the cardiometabolic effects of different classes of SFA according to carbon chain length, i.e. short-, medium- and long-chains. The review emphasises that not all SFA may have harmful cardiometabolic effects since short- and medium-chain SFA can provide beneficial health effects and participate to the prevention of metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Maria Nunes de Lira Gomes Bloise
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Laboratory of Nutrition, Physical Activity and Phenotypic Plasticity, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, UFPE, Vitória de Santo Antão-PE, Brazil
| | - Aiany Cibelle Simões-Alves
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Laboratory of Nutrition, Physical Activity and Phenotypic Plasticity, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, UFPE, Vitória de Santo Antão-PE, Brazil.,Laboratoire de Recherche en Cardiovasculaire, Métabolisme, Diabétologie et Nutrition (CarMeN), INSERM U1060, INRA U1397, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Alves Debora Santos
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Laboratory of Nutrition, Physical Activity and Phenotypic Plasticity, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, UFPE, Vitória de Santo Antão-PE, Brazil
| | - Beatrice Morio
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Cardiovasculaire, Métabolisme, Diabétologie et Nutrition (CarMeN), INSERM U1060, INRA U1397, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - João Henrique Costa-Silva
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Laboratory of Nutrition, Physical Activity and Phenotypic Plasticity, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, UFPE, Vitória de Santo Antão-PE, Brazil.,Laboratoire de Recherche en Cardiovasculaire, Métabolisme, Diabétologie et Nutrition (CarMeN), INSERM U1060, INRA U1397, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
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14
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Felix JB, Cox AR, Hartig SM. Acetyl-CoA and Metabolite Fluxes Regulate White Adipose Tissue Expansion. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2021; 32:320-332. [PMID: 33712368 PMCID: PMC8035226 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2021.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
White adipose tissue (WAT) depends on coordinated regulation of transcriptional and metabolic pathways to respond to whole-body energy demands. We highlight metabolites that contribute to biosynthetic reactions for WAT expansion. Recent studies have precisely defined how byproducts of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism affect physiological and endocrine functions in adipocytes. We emphasize the critical emerging roles of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle metabolites that connect lipogenesis to WAT energy balance and endocrine functions. These insights address how adipocytes use small molecules generated from central carbon metabolism to measure responses to nutritional stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica B Felix
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Aaron R Cox
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sean M Hartig
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
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15
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Negari IP, Keshari S, Huang CM. Probiotic Activity of Staphylococcus epidermidis Induces Collagen Type I Production through FFaR2/p-ERK Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031414. [PMID: 33572500 PMCID: PMC7866835 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Collagen type I is a key structural component of dermis tissue and is produced by fibroblasts and the extracellular matrix. The skin aging process, which is caused by intrinsic or extrinsic factors, such as natural aging or free radical exposure, greatly reduces collagen expression, thereby leading to obstructed skin elasticity. We investigated the effective fermentation of Cetearyl isononanoate (CIN), a polyethylene glycol (PEG) analog, as a carbon source with the skin probiotic bacterium Staphylococcus epidermidis (S.epidermidis) or butyrate, as their fermentation metabolites could noticeably restore collagen expression through phosphorylated extracellular signal regulated kinase (p-ERK) activation in mouse fibroblast cells and skin. Both the in vitro and in vivo knockdown of short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) or free fatty acid receptor 2 (FFaR2) considerably blocked the probiotic effect of S. epidermidis on p-ERK-induced collagen type I induction. These results demonstrate that butyric acid (BA) in the metabolites of fermenting skin probiotic bacteria mediates FFaR2 to induce the synthesis of collagen through p-ERK activation. We hereby imply that metabolites from the probiotic S. epidermidis fermentation of CIN as a potential carbon source could restore impaired collagen in the dermal extracellular matrix (ECM), providing integrity and elasticity to skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indira Putri Negari
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan;
| | - Sunita Keshari
- Department of Life Sciences, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan;
| | - Chun-Ming Huang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-3-422-7151 (ext. 36101); Fax: +886-3-425-3427
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16
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Killingsworth J, Sawmiller D, Shytle RD. Propionate and Alzheimer's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 12:580001. [PMID: 33505301 PMCID: PMC7831739 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.580001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Propionate, a short-chain fatty acid, serves important roles in the human body. However, our review of the current literature suggests that under certain conditions, excess levels of propionate may play a role in Alzheimer's disease (AD). The cause of the excessive levels of propionate may be related to the Bacteroidetes phylum, which are the primary producers of propionate in the human gut. Studies have shown that the relative abundance of the Bacteroidetes phylum is significantly increased in older adults. Other studies have shown that levels of the Bacteroidetes phylum are increased in persons with AD. Studies on the diet, medication use, and propionate metabolism offer additional potential causes. There are many different mechanisms by which excess levels of propionate may lead to AD, such as hyperammonemia. These mechanisms offer potential points for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Killingsworth
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
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17
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Gurry T, Scapozza L. Exploiting the gut microbiota's fermentation capabilities towards disease prevention. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 189:113469. [PMID: 32688211 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
One of the crucial roles played in the context of human physiology by the human gut microbiota is to ferment resistant polysaccharides and dietary fibres in the colon. Even though it has long been presumed that these processes play fundamental roles in regulating human health, we remain unable to treat or even diagnose deficiencies in microbial fermentation. In part, this relatively slow progress can be attributed to the fact that studying the gut microbiota and its metabolic properties has until now heavily relied on next generation sequencing and case-control cohorts to identify differentially abundant genes, pathways or organisms in the context of a particular clinical indication. Unfortunately, these methods and studies do not allow us to rigorously probe the functional and metabolic phenotype of a microbiota, or for elucidating its mechanisms of action on the host. To improve our clinical control over these fermentation processes, it is critical that we improve our quantitative, mechanistic understanding of their impact on host physiology. In this review, we provide an overview of our current understanding of the roles microbial fermentation processes play in human health in the context of disease prevention. We then describe the evidence linking these processes with depression and anxiety-related conditions, and use these complex disorders as a framework for illustrating the fact that achieving a clinical vision that exploits microbial fermentation towards human health will depend on thoughtful multi-disciplinary collaboration between clinical research, systems biology, and the pharmaceutical and analytical sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Gurry
- Pharmaceutical Biochemistry Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Switzerland; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, (PSI-WS), University of Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Leonardo Scapozza
- Pharmaceutical Biochemistry Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Switzerland; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, (PSI-WS), University of Geneva, Switzerland
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18
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Abstract
AbstractKnowing the biological signals associated with appetite control is crucial for understanding the regulation of food intake. Biomarkers of appetite have been defined as physiological measures that relate to subjective appetite ratings, measured food intake, or both. Several metabolites including amino acids, lipids and glucose were proposed as key molecules associated with appetite control over 60 years ago, and along with bile acids are all among possible appetite biomarker candidates. Additional metabolites that have been associated with appetite include endocannabinoids, lactate, cortisol and β-hydroxybutyrate. However, although appetite is a complex integrative process, studies often investigated a limited number of markers in isolation. Metabolomics involves the study of small molecules or metabolites present in biological samples such as urine or blood, and may present a powerful approach to further the understanding of appetite control. Using multiple analytical techniques allows the characterisation of molecules, such as carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids, bile acids and fatty acids. Metabolomics has proven successful in identifying markers of consumption of certain foods and biomarkers implicated in several diseases. However, it has been underexploited in appetite control or obesity. The aim of the present narrative review is to: (1) provide an overview of existing metabolites that have been identified in human biofluids and associated with appetite control; and (2) discuss the potential of metabolomics to deepen understanding of appetite control in humans.
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19
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Guardia-Escote L, Basaure P, Biosca-Brull J, Cabré M, Blanco J, Pérez-Fernández C, Sánchez-Santed F, Domingo JL, Colomina MT. APOE genotype and postnatal chlorpyrifos exposure modulate gut microbiota and cerebral short-chain fatty acids in preweaning mice. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 135:110872. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.110872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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20
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Hu M, Eviston D, Hsu P, Mariño E, Chidgey A, Santner-Nanan B, Wong K, Richards JL, Yap YA, Collier F, Quinton A, Joung S, Peek M, Benzie R, Macia L, Wilson D, Ponsonby AL, Tang MLK, O'Hely M, Daly NL, Mackay CR, Dahlstrom JE, Vuillermin P, Nanan R. Decreased maternal serum acetate and impaired fetal thymic and regulatory T cell development in preeclampsia. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3031. [PMID: 31292453 PMCID: PMC6620275 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10703-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal immune dysregulation seems to affect fetal or postnatal immune development. Preeclampsia is a pregnancy-associated disorder with an immune basis and is linked to atopic disorders in offspring. Here we show reduction of fetal thymic size, altered thymic architecture and reduced fetal thymic regulatory T (Treg) cell output in preeclamptic pregnancies, which persists up to 4 years of age in human offspring. In germ-free mice, fetal thymic CD4+ T cell and Treg cell development are compromised, but rescued by maternal supplementation with the intestinal bacterial metabolite short chain fatty acid (SCFA) acetate, which induces upregulation of the autoimmune regulator (AIRE), known to contribute to Treg cell generation. In our human cohorts, low maternal serum acetate is associated with subsequent preeclampsia, and correlates with serum acetate in the fetus. These findings suggest a potential role of acetate in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia and immune development in offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjing Hu
- Charles Perkins Centre Nepean, The University of Sydney, Penrith, 2750, NSW, Australia
- Sydney Medical School Nepean, The University of Sydney, Penrith, 2750, NSW, Australia
| | - David Eviston
- Sydney Medical School Nepean, The University of Sydney, Penrith, 2750, NSW, Australia
| | - Peter Hsu
- Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, 2006, NSW, Australia
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, 2145, NSW, Australia
| | - Eliana Mariño
- Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, 3800, VIC, Australia
| | - Ann Chidgey
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, 3800, VIC, Australia
| | - Brigitte Santner-Nanan
- Charles Perkins Centre Nepean, The University of Sydney, Penrith, 2750, NSW, Australia
- Sydney Medical School Nepean, The University of Sydney, Penrith, 2750, NSW, Australia
| | - Kahlia Wong
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, 3800, VIC, Australia
| | - James L Richards
- Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, 3800, VIC, Australia
| | - Yu Anne Yap
- Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, 3800, VIC, Australia
| | - Fiona Collier
- Deakin University, Geelong, 3220, VIC, Australia
- Barwon Health, Geelong, 3220, VIC, Australia
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, 3052, VIC, Australia
| | - Ann Quinton
- Sydney Medical School Nepean, The University of Sydney, Penrith, 2750, NSW, Australia
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Science, Central Queensland University, Sydney, 2000, NSW, Australia
| | - Steven Joung
- Sydney Medical School Nepean, The University of Sydney, Penrith, 2750, NSW, Australia
- Nepean Hospital, Penrith, 2750, NSW, Australia
| | - Michael Peek
- Sydney Medical School Nepean, The University of Sydney, Penrith, 2750, NSW, Australia
- ANU Medical School, College of Health and Medicine, The Australian National University, Canberra, 0200, ACT, Australia
| | - Ron Benzie
- Nepean Hospital, Penrith, 2750, NSW, Australia
- Discipline of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Neonatology, Sydney Medical School Nepean, The University of Sydney, Penrith, 2750, NSW, Australia
| | - Laurence Macia
- Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, 2006, NSW, Australia
| | - David Wilson
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, AITHM, James Cook University, Cairns, 4814, QLD, Australia
| | - Ann-Louise Ponsonby
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, 3052, VIC, Australia
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Research School of Population Health, College of Health and Medicine, The Australian National University, Canberra, 0200, ACT, Australia
| | - Mimi L K Tang
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, 3052, VIC, Australia
- The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Melbourne, 3052, VIC, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 3010, VIC, Australia
| | - Martin O'Hely
- Deakin University, Geelong, 3220, VIC, Australia
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, 3052, VIC, Australia
| | - Norelle L Daly
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, AITHM, James Cook University, Cairns, 4814, QLD, Australia
| | - Charles R Mackay
- Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, 3800, VIC, Australia
| | - Jane E Dahlstrom
- Anatomical Pathology, ACT Pathology, Canberra Hospital and ANU Medical School, College of Health and Medicine, The Australian National University, Canberra, 0200, ACT, Australia
| | - Peter Vuillermin
- Deakin University, Geelong, 3220, VIC, Australia
- Barwon Health, Geelong, 3220, VIC, Australia
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, 3052, VIC, Australia
- Centre for Food and Allergy Research, Parkville, 3052, VIC, Australia
| | - Ralph Nanan
- Charles Perkins Centre Nepean, The University of Sydney, Penrith, 2750, NSW, Australia.
- Sydney Medical School Nepean, The University of Sydney, Penrith, 2750, NSW, Australia.
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21
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Perdijk O, Marsland BJ. The microbiome: toward preventing allergies and asthma by nutritional intervention. Curr Opin Immunol 2019; 60:10-18. [PMID: 31078013 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2019.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Allergies and asthma have increased in prevalence over recent decades while the development of therapies to treat or prevent them has stagnated. Genetic predisposition and lifestyle changes influence the constituents of the microbiome and these host-environment-microbe interactions represent a key underlying pressure influencing disease susceptibility. Consequently, there has been a surge of interest in shaping the microbiome to a health-promoting state particularly through nutritional intervention strategies. However, mechanistic insights into the nutrition-microbe-host interplay are still needed in order for such approaches to succeed. In addition, little is known about how trans-kingdom interactions might influence disease susceptibility and progression. Future steps toward revealing the underlying mechanisms of host-microbe interactions will be pivotal for the development of effective dietary intervention strategies for the prevention and treatment of allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olaf Perdijk
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia.
| | - Benjamin J Marsland
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia.
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22
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Perdijk O, van Baarlen P, Fernandez-Gutierrez MM, van den Brink E, Schuren FHJ, Brugman S, Savelkoul HFJ, Kleerebezem M, van Neerven RJJ. Sialyllactose and Galactooligosaccharides Promote Epithelial Barrier Functioning and Distinctly Modulate Microbiota Composition and Short Chain Fatty Acid Production In Vitro. Front Immunol 2019; 10:94. [PMID: 30809221 PMCID: PMC6380229 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human milk oligosaccharides (HMO) and prebiotic oligosaccharides are proposed to confer several health benefits to the infant. They shape the microbiota, have anti-inflammatory properties, and support epithelial barrier functioning. However, in order to select the best oligosaccharides for inclusion in infant formulas, there is a need to increase our understanding of the specific effects of HMO and prebiotics on the host immune system. Therefore, we investigated the effects of the HMO sialyllactose (SL), and galactooligosaccharides (GOS) on epithelial barrier functioning, microbiota composition, and SCFA production. The effect of GOS and SL on epithelial barrier functioning and microbiota composition was investigated using in vitro models. Epithelial barrier function was investigated by transcriptome analysis of fully polarized Caco-2 cells exposed for 6 h to SL or GOS. In addition, epithelial cell growth, alkaline phosphatase production, and re-epithelization was studied. Further, we investigated the effect of SL and GOS on microbiota composition and SCFA production using in vitro fecal batch cultures. Transcriptome analysis showed that SL and GOS both induced pathways that regulate cell cycle control. This gene-expression profile translated to a phenotype of halted proliferation and included the induction of alkaline phosphatase activity, a marker of epithelial cell differentiation. SL and GOS also promoted re-epithelialization in an in vitro epithelial wound repair assay. SL and GOS did show distinct modulation of microbiota composition, promoting the outgrowth of Bacteroides and bifidobacteria, respectively, which resulted in distinct changes in SCFA production profiles. Our results show that SL and GOS can both modulate epithelial barrier function by inducing differentiation and epithelial wound repair, but differentially promote the growth of specific genera in the microbiota, which is associated with differential changes in SCFA profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olaf Perdijk
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Peter van Baarlen
- Host-Microbe Interactomics Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | | | - Erik van den Brink
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Frank H. J. Schuren
- Microbiology and Systems Biology, The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research, Zeist, Netherlands
| | - Sylvia Brugman
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Huub F. J. Savelkoul
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Michiel Kleerebezem
- Host-Microbe Interactomics Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - R. J. Joost van Neerven
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
- FrieslandCampina, Amersfoort, Netherlands
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23
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Gérard C, Vidal H. Impact of Gut Microbiota on Host Glycemic Control. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:29. [PMID: 30761090 PMCID: PMC6363653 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Given that obesity and associated disorder type II diabetes mellitus have reached epidemic proportions worldwide, the development of efficient prevention and therapeutic interventions is a global public health interest. There is now a large body of evidence suggesting that the micro-organisms colonizing the human gut, known as gut microbiota, play a central role in human physiology and metabolism. Understanding how gut microbiota affects and regulates key metabolic functions such as glucose regulation and insulin resistance is an important health issue. The present review summarizes recent advances in our understanding of how gut bacterial species interfere with host metabolic phenotype. We will examine key biological molecular mechanisms underlying the impact of gut microbiota on host glycemic control including: incretin secretion, short-chain fatty acid production, bile acid metabolism, and adipose tissue regulation. We will highlight how prebiotic/probiotic interventions affect these bacterial processes and are now considered as promising approaches to treat obese and diabetic patients.
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Castillo-Rodriguez E, Fernandez-Prado R, Esteras R, Perez-Gomez MV, Gracia-Iguacel C, Fernandez-Fernandez B, Kanbay M, Tejedor A, Lazaro A, Ruiz-Ortega M, Gonzalez-Parra E, Sanz AB, Ortiz A, Sanchez-Niño MD. Impact of Altered Intestinal Microbiota on Chronic Kidney Disease Progression. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10070300. [PMID: 30029499 PMCID: PMC6070989 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10070300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In chronic kidney disease (CKD), accumulation of uremic toxins is associated with an increased risk of CKD progression. Some uremic toxins result from nutrient processing by gut microbiota, yielding precursors of uremic toxins or uremic toxins themselves, such as trimethylamine N-Oxide (TMAO), p-cresyl sulphate, indoxyl sulphate and indole-3 acetic acid. Increased intake of some nutrients may modify the gut microbiota, increasing the number of bacteria that process them to yield uremic toxins. Circulating levels of nutrient-derived uremic toxins are associated to increased risk of CKD progression. This offers the opportunity for therapeutic intervention by either modifying the diet, modifying the microbiota, decreasing uremic toxin production by microbiota, increasing toxin excretion or targeting specific uremic toxins. We now review the link between nutrients, microbiota and uremic toxin with CKD progression. Specific focus will be placed on the generation specific uremic toxins with nephrotoxic potential, the decreased availability of bacteria-derived metabolites with nephroprotective potential, such as vitamin K and butyrate and the cellular and molecular mechanisms linking these toxins and protective factors to kidney diseases. This information provides a conceptual framework that allows the development of novel therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Raul Fernandez-Prado
- Nephrology Department, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Raquel Esteras
- Nephrology Department, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Maria Vanessa Perez-Gomez
- Nephrology Department, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Carolina Gracia-Iguacel
- Nephrology Department, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | | | - Mehmet Kanbay
- Department of Internal Medicine, Koc University School of Medicine, Istanbul 34450, Turkey.
| | - Alberto Tejedor
- Nefrología, IIS-Gregorio Marañón, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28007 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Alberto Lazaro
- Nefrología, IIS-Gregorio Marañón, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28007 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Marta Ruiz-Ortega
- Nephrology Department, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Emilio Gonzalez-Parra
- Nephrology Department, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ana B Sanz
- Nephrology Department, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Alberto Ortiz
- Nephrology Department, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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25
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Gill PA, van Zelm MC, Muir JG, Gibson PR. Review article: short chain fatty acids as potential therapeutic agents in human gastrointestinal and inflammatory disorders. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2018; 48:15-34. [PMID: 29722430 DOI: 10.1111/apt.14689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 274] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Butyrate, propionate and acetate are short chain fatty acids (SCFA), important for maintaining a healthy colon and are considered as protective in colorectal carcinogenesis. However, they may also regulate immune responses and the composition of the intestinal microbiota. Consequently, their importance in a variety of chronic inflammatory diseases is emerging. AIMS To review the physiology and metabolism of SCFA in humans, cellular and molecular mechanisms by which SCFA may act in health and disease, and approaches for therapeutic delivery of SCFA. METHODS A PubMed literature search was conducted for clinical and pre-clinical studies using search terms: 'dietary fibre', short-chain fatty acids', 'acetate', 'propionate', 'butyrate', 'inflammation', 'immune', 'gastrointestinal', 'metabolism'. RESULTS A wide range of pre-clinical evidence supports roles for SCFA as modulators of not only colonic function, but also multiple inflammatory and metabolic processes. SCFA are implicated in many autoimmune, allergic and metabolic diseases. However, translating effects of SCFA from animal studies to human disease is limited by physiological and dietary differences and by the challenge of delivering sufficient amounts of SCFA to the target sites that include the colon and the systemic circulation. Development of novel targeted approaches for colonic delivery, combined with postbiotic supplementation, may represent desirable strategies to achieve adequate targeted SCFA delivery. CONCLUSIONS There is a large array of potential disease-modulating effects of SCFA. Adequate targeted delivery to the sites of action is the main limitation of such application. The ongoing development and evaluation of novel delivery techniques offer potential for translating promise to therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Gill
- Department of Gastroenterology, Central Clinical School, Monash University and Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University and Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - M C van Zelm
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University and Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - J G Muir
- Department of Gastroenterology, Central Clinical School, Monash University and Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - P R Gibson
- Department of Gastroenterology, Central Clinical School, Monash University and Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
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26
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Pizarro N, de la Torre R. Inter-relationship of the Intestinal Microbiome, Diet, and Mental Health. Curr Behav Neurosci Rep 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s40473-018-0147-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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27
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Bajury DM, Nashri SM, King Jie Hung P, Sarbini SR. Evaluation of potential prebiotics: a review. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2017.1373287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dayang Marshitah Bajury
- Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia Bintulu Campus, Bintulu, Malaysia
| | - Siti Maisarah Nashri
- Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia Bintulu Campus, Bintulu, Malaysia
| | - Patricia King Jie Hung
- Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia Bintulu Campus, Bintulu, Malaysia
| | - Shahrul Razid Sarbini
- Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia Bintulu Campus, Bintulu, Malaysia
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28
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Epigenetic Metabolite Acetate Inhibits Class I/II Histone Deacetylases, Promotes Histone Acetylation, and Increases HIV-1 Integration in CD4 + T Cells. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.01943-16. [PMID: 28539453 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01943-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the effect of acetate, the most concentrated short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) in the gut and bloodstream, on the susceptibility of primary human CD4+ T cells to HIV-1 infection. We report that HIV-1 replication is increased in CD3/CD28-costimulated CD4+ T cells upon acetate treatment. This enhancing effect correlates with increased expression of the early activation marker CD69 and impaired class I/II histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity. In addition, acetate enhances acetylation of histones H3 and H4 and augments HIV-1 integration into the genome of CD4+ T cells. Thus, we propose that upon antigen presentation, acetate influences class I/II HDAC activity that transforms condensed chromatin into a more relaxed structure. This event leads to a higher level of viral integration and enhanced HIV-1 production. In line with previous studies showing reactivation of latent HIV-1 by SCFAs, we provide evidence that acetate can also increase the susceptibility of primary human CD4+ T cells to productive HIV-1 infection.IMPORTANCE Alterations in the fecal microbiota and intestinal epithelial damage involved in the gastrointestinal disorder associated with HIV-1 infection result in microbial translocation that leads to disease progression and virus-related comorbidities. Indeed, notably via production of short-chain fatty acids, bacteria migrating from the lumen to the intestinal mucosa could influence HIV-1 replication by epigenetic regulatory mechanisms, such as histone acetylation. We demonstrate that acetate enhances virus production in primary human CD4+ T cells. Moreover, we report that acetate impairs class I/II histone deacetylase activity and increases integration of HIV-1 DNA into the host genome. Therefore, it can be postulated that bacterial metabolites such as acetate modulate HIV-1-mediated disease progression.
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29
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Hu J, Lin S, Zheng B, Cheung PCK. Short-chain fatty acids in control of energy metabolism. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 58:1243-1249. [PMID: 27786539 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2016.1245650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), especially acetate, propionate and butyrate, are the end products from the intestinal microbial fermentation of dietary fibers and resistant starch. It has been well documented that plasma and colonic SCFAs are associated with metabolic syndromes. Recently, the involvement of SCFAs in energy homeostasis regulation has been extensively studied. The importance of SCFAs on energy metabolism has highlighted the potential of modulating SCFAs as a nutritional target to prevent and counteract metabolism disorders and its associated diseases such as obesity and type 2 diabetes. Here, we summarize the current knowledge about the biological properties of SCFAs with their impact on the energy homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiamiao Hu
- a College of Food Science , Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University , Fuzhou , Fujian , P.R. China.,b Translational & Experimental Medicine, Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School , University of Warwick , Coventry , UK
| | - Shaoling Lin
- a College of Food Science , Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University , Fuzhou , Fujian , P.R. China
| | - Baodong Zheng
- a College of Food Science , Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University , Fuzhou , Fujian , P.R. China
| | - Peter C K Cheung
- c School of Life Sciences , The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin, New Territories , Hong Kong SAR
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30
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Huang W, Zhou L, Guo H, Xu Y, Xu Y. The role of short-chain fatty acids in kidney injury induced by gut-derived inflammatory response. Metabolism 2017; 68:20-30. [PMID: 28183450 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2016.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
It has been found that several circulating metabolites derived from gut microbiota fermentation associate with a systemic immuno-inflammatory response and kidney injury, which has been coined the gut-kidney axis. Recent evidence has suggested that short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), which are primarily originated from fermentation of dietary fiber in the gut, play an important role in regulation of immunity, blood pressure, glucose and lipid metabolism, and seem to be the link between microbiota and host homeostasis. In addition to their important role as fuel for colonic epithelial cells, SCFAs also modulate different cell signal transduction processes via G-protein coupled receptors, and act as epigenetic regulators by the inhibition of histone deacetylase and as potential mediators involved in the autophagy pathway. Though controversial, an intimate connection between SCFAs and kidney injury has been revealed, suggesting that SCFAs may act as new therapeutic targets of kidney injury. This review is intended to provide an overview of the impact of SCFAs and the potential link to kidney injury induced by gut-derived inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Huang
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine (Macau University of Science and Technology), Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau, PR China; Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, PR China. 646000
| | - Luping Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, PR China. 646000
| | - Hengli Guo
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine (Macau University of Science and Technology), Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau, PR China
| | - Youhua Xu
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine (Macau University of Science and Technology), Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau, PR China.
| | - Yong Xu
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau, PR China; Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, PR China. 646000.
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Veprik A, Laufer D, Weiss S, Rubins N, Walker MD. GPR41 modulates insulin secretion and gene expression in pancreatic β‐cells and modifies metabolic homeostasis in fed and fasting states. FASEB J 2016; 30:3860-3869. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.201500030r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Veprik
- Department of Biomolecular SciencesWeizmann Institute of Science Rehovot Israel
| | - Dana Laufer
- Department of Biomolecular SciencesWeizmann Institute of Science Rehovot Israel
| | - Sara Weiss
- Department of Biomolecular SciencesWeizmann Institute of Science Rehovot Israel
| | - Nir Rubins
- Department of Biomolecular SciencesWeizmann Institute of Science Rehovot Israel
| | - Michael D. Walker
- Department of Biomolecular SciencesWeizmann Institute of Science Rehovot Israel
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32
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Hu J, Kyrou I, Tan BK, Dimitriadis GK, Ramanjaneya M, Tripathi G, Patel V, James S, Kawan M, Chen J, Randeva HS. Short-Chain Fatty Acid Acetate Stimulates Adipogenesis and Mitochondrial Biogenesis via GPR43 in Brown Adipocytes. Endocrinology 2016; 157:1881-94. [PMID: 26990063 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Short-chain fatty acids play crucial roles in a range of physiological functions. However, the effects of short-chain fatty acids on brown adipose tissue have not been fully investigated. We examined the role of acetate, a short-chain fatty acid formed by fermentation in the gut, in the regulation of brown adipocyte metabolism. Our results show that acetate up-regulates adipocyte protein 2, peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α, and uncoupling protein-1 expression and affects the morphological changes of brown adipocytes during adipogenesis. Moreover, an increase in mitochondrial biogenesis was observed after acetate treatment. Acetate also elicited the activation of ERK and cAMP response element-binding protein, and these responses were sensitive to G(i/o)-type G protein inactivator, Gβγ-subunit inhibitor, phospholipase C inhibitor, and MAPK kinase inhibitor, indicating a role for the G(i/o)βγ/phospholipase C/protein kinase C/MAPK kinase signaling pathway in these responses. These effects of acetate were mimicked by treatment with 4-chloro-α-(1-methylethyl)-N-2-thiazolylbenzeneacetamide, a synthetic G protein-coupled receptor 43 (GPR43) agonist and were impaired in GPR43 knockdown cells. Taken together, our results indicate that acetate may have important physiological roles in brown adipocytes through the activation of GPR43.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiamiao Hu
- Department of Translational and Experimental Medicine (J.H., B.K.T., G.K.D., G.T., V.P., M.K., J.C., H.S.R.), Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom; Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (I.K., B.K.T., G.K.D., H.S.R.) and Arden Tissue Bank (S.J.), Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire National Health Service Trust, Coventry CV2 2DX, United Kingdom; Birmingham Heartlands and Solihull Hospitals (B.K.T.), Heart of England National Health Service Foundation, National Health Service Trust, Birmingham B9 5SS, United Kingdom; Translational Research Institute (M.R.), Hamad Medical Corporation, 3050 Doha, Qatar; Jining Medical University (J.C.), 273100 Jining, People's Republic of China; and Aston Medical Research Institute (I.K., H.S.R.), Aston Medical School, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, United Kingdom
| | - Ioannis Kyrou
- Department of Translational and Experimental Medicine (J.H., B.K.T., G.K.D., G.T., V.P., M.K., J.C., H.S.R.), Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom; Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (I.K., B.K.T., G.K.D., H.S.R.) and Arden Tissue Bank (S.J.), Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire National Health Service Trust, Coventry CV2 2DX, United Kingdom; Birmingham Heartlands and Solihull Hospitals (B.K.T.), Heart of England National Health Service Foundation, National Health Service Trust, Birmingham B9 5SS, United Kingdom; Translational Research Institute (M.R.), Hamad Medical Corporation, 3050 Doha, Qatar; Jining Medical University (J.C.), 273100 Jining, People's Republic of China; and Aston Medical Research Institute (I.K., H.S.R.), Aston Medical School, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, United Kingdom
| | - Bee K Tan
- Department of Translational and Experimental Medicine (J.H., B.K.T., G.K.D., G.T., V.P., M.K., J.C., H.S.R.), Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom; Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (I.K., B.K.T., G.K.D., H.S.R.) and Arden Tissue Bank (S.J.), Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire National Health Service Trust, Coventry CV2 2DX, United Kingdom; Birmingham Heartlands and Solihull Hospitals (B.K.T.), Heart of England National Health Service Foundation, National Health Service Trust, Birmingham B9 5SS, United Kingdom; Translational Research Institute (M.R.), Hamad Medical Corporation, 3050 Doha, Qatar; Jining Medical University (J.C.), 273100 Jining, People's Republic of China; and Aston Medical Research Institute (I.K., H.S.R.), Aston Medical School, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, United Kingdom
| | - Georgios K Dimitriadis
- Department of Translational and Experimental Medicine (J.H., B.K.T., G.K.D., G.T., V.P., M.K., J.C., H.S.R.), Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom; Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (I.K., B.K.T., G.K.D., H.S.R.) and Arden Tissue Bank (S.J.), Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire National Health Service Trust, Coventry CV2 2DX, United Kingdom; Birmingham Heartlands and Solihull Hospitals (B.K.T.), Heart of England National Health Service Foundation, National Health Service Trust, Birmingham B9 5SS, United Kingdom; Translational Research Institute (M.R.), Hamad Medical Corporation, 3050 Doha, Qatar; Jining Medical University (J.C.), 273100 Jining, People's Republic of China; and Aston Medical Research Institute (I.K., H.S.R.), Aston Medical School, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, United Kingdom
| | - Manjunath Ramanjaneya
- Department of Translational and Experimental Medicine (J.H., B.K.T., G.K.D., G.T., V.P., M.K., J.C., H.S.R.), Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom; Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (I.K., B.K.T., G.K.D., H.S.R.) and Arden Tissue Bank (S.J.), Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire National Health Service Trust, Coventry CV2 2DX, United Kingdom; Birmingham Heartlands and Solihull Hospitals (B.K.T.), Heart of England National Health Service Foundation, National Health Service Trust, Birmingham B9 5SS, United Kingdom; Translational Research Institute (M.R.), Hamad Medical Corporation, 3050 Doha, Qatar; Jining Medical University (J.C.), 273100 Jining, People's Republic of China; and Aston Medical Research Institute (I.K., H.S.R.), Aston Medical School, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, United Kingdom
| | - Gyanendra Tripathi
- Department of Translational and Experimental Medicine (J.H., B.K.T., G.K.D., G.T., V.P., M.K., J.C., H.S.R.), Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom; Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (I.K., B.K.T., G.K.D., H.S.R.) and Arden Tissue Bank (S.J.), Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire National Health Service Trust, Coventry CV2 2DX, United Kingdom; Birmingham Heartlands and Solihull Hospitals (B.K.T.), Heart of England National Health Service Foundation, National Health Service Trust, Birmingham B9 5SS, United Kingdom; Translational Research Institute (M.R.), Hamad Medical Corporation, 3050 Doha, Qatar; Jining Medical University (J.C.), 273100 Jining, People's Republic of China; and Aston Medical Research Institute (I.K., H.S.R.), Aston Medical School, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, United Kingdom
| | - Vanlata Patel
- Department of Translational and Experimental Medicine (J.H., B.K.T., G.K.D., G.T., V.P., M.K., J.C., H.S.R.), Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom; Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (I.K., B.K.T., G.K.D., H.S.R.) and Arden Tissue Bank (S.J.), Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire National Health Service Trust, Coventry CV2 2DX, United Kingdom; Birmingham Heartlands and Solihull Hospitals (B.K.T.), Heart of England National Health Service Foundation, National Health Service Trust, Birmingham B9 5SS, United Kingdom; Translational Research Institute (M.R.), Hamad Medical Corporation, 3050 Doha, Qatar; Jining Medical University (J.C.), 273100 Jining, People's Republic of China; and Aston Medical Research Institute (I.K., H.S.R.), Aston Medical School, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, United Kingdom
| | - Sean James
- Department of Translational and Experimental Medicine (J.H., B.K.T., G.K.D., G.T., V.P., M.K., J.C., H.S.R.), Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom; Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (I.K., B.K.T., G.K.D., H.S.R.) and Arden Tissue Bank (S.J.), Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire National Health Service Trust, Coventry CV2 2DX, United Kingdom; Birmingham Heartlands and Solihull Hospitals (B.K.T.), Heart of England National Health Service Foundation, National Health Service Trust, Birmingham B9 5SS, United Kingdom; Translational Research Institute (M.R.), Hamad Medical Corporation, 3050 Doha, Qatar; Jining Medical University (J.C.), 273100 Jining, People's Republic of China; and Aston Medical Research Institute (I.K., H.S.R.), Aston Medical School, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, United Kingdom
| | - Mohamed Kawan
- Department of Translational and Experimental Medicine (J.H., B.K.T., G.K.D., G.T., V.P., M.K., J.C., H.S.R.), Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom; Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (I.K., B.K.T., G.K.D., H.S.R.) and Arden Tissue Bank (S.J.), Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire National Health Service Trust, Coventry CV2 2DX, United Kingdom; Birmingham Heartlands and Solihull Hospitals (B.K.T.), Heart of England National Health Service Foundation, National Health Service Trust, Birmingham B9 5SS, United Kingdom; Translational Research Institute (M.R.), Hamad Medical Corporation, 3050 Doha, Qatar; Jining Medical University (J.C.), 273100 Jining, People's Republic of China; and Aston Medical Research Institute (I.K., H.S.R.), Aston Medical School, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, United Kingdom
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Translational and Experimental Medicine (J.H., B.K.T., G.K.D., G.T., V.P., M.K., J.C., H.S.R.), Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom; Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (I.K., B.K.T., G.K.D., H.S.R.) and Arden Tissue Bank (S.J.), Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire National Health Service Trust, Coventry CV2 2DX, United Kingdom; Birmingham Heartlands and Solihull Hospitals (B.K.T.), Heart of England National Health Service Foundation, National Health Service Trust, Birmingham B9 5SS, United Kingdom; Translational Research Institute (M.R.), Hamad Medical Corporation, 3050 Doha, Qatar; Jining Medical University (J.C.), 273100 Jining, People's Republic of China; and Aston Medical Research Institute (I.K., H.S.R.), Aston Medical School, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, United Kingdom
| | - Harpal S Randeva
- Department of Translational and Experimental Medicine (J.H., B.K.T., G.K.D., G.T., V.P., M.K., J.C., H.S.R.), Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom; Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (I.K., B.K.T., G.K.D., H.S.R.) and Arden Tissue Bank (S.J.), Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire National Health Service Trust, Coventry CV2 2DX, United Kingdom; Birmingham Heartlands and Solihull Hospitals (B.K.T.), Heart of England National Health Service Foundation, National Health Service Trust, Birmingham B9 5SS, United Kingdom; Translational Research Institute (M.R.), Hamad Medical Corporation, 3050 Doha, Qatar; Jining Medical University (J.C.), 273100 Jining, People's Republic of China; and Aston Medical Research Institute (I.K., H.S.R.), Aston Medical School, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, United Kingdom
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Richards L, Li M, van Esch B, Garssen J, Folkerts G. The effects of short-chain fatty acids on the cardiovascular system. PHARMANUTRITION 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phanu.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Kistler M, Muntean A, Szymczak W, Rink N, Fuchs H, Gailus-Durner V, Wurst W, Hoeschen C, Klingenspor M, Hrabě de Angelis M, Rozman J. Diet-induced and mono-genetic obesity alter volatile organic compound signature in mice. J Breath Res 2016; 10:016009. [PMID: 26860833 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7155/10/1/016009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of obesity is still rising in many countries, resulting in an increased risk of associated metabolic diseases. In this study we aimed to describe the volatile organic compound (VOC) patterns symptomatic for obesity. We analyzed high fat diet (HFD) induced obese and mono-genetic obese mice (global knock-in mutation in melanocortin-4 receptor MC4R-ki). The source strengths of 208 VOCs were analyzed in ad libitum fed mice and after overnight food restriction. Volatiles relevant for a random forest-based separation of obese mice were detected (26 in MC4R-ki, 22 in HFD mice). Eight volatiles were found to be important in both obesity models. Interestingly, by creating a partial correlation network of the volatile metabolites, the chemical and metabolic origins of several volatiles were identified. HFD-induced obese mice showed an elevation in the ketone body acetone and acrolein, a marker of lipid peroxidation, and several unidentified volatiles. In MC4R-ki mice, several yet-unidentified VOCs were found to be altered. Remarkably, the pheromone (methylthio)methanethiol was found to be reduced, linking metabolic dysfunction and reproduction. The signature of volatile metabolites can be instrumental in identifying and monitoring metabolic disease states, as shown in the screening of the two obese mouse models in this study. Our findings show the potential of breath gas analysis to non-invasively assess metabolic alterations for personalized diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Kistler
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Munich, Germany. German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Munich, Germany. German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
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35
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Bourassa MW, Alim I, Bultman SJ, Ratan RR. Butyrate, neuroepigenetics and the gut microbiome: Can a high fiber diet improve brain health? Neurosci Lett 2016; 625:56-63. [PMID: 26868600 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 356] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
As interest in the gut microbiome has grown in recent years, attention has turned to the impact of our diet on our brain. The benefits of a high fiber diet in the colon have been well documented in epidemiological studies, but its potential impact on the brain has largely been understudied. Here, we will review evidence that butyrate, a short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) produced by bacterial fermentation of fiber in the colon, can improve brain health. Butyrate has been extensively studied as a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor but also functions as a ligand for a subset of G protein-coupled receptors and as an energy metabolite. These diverse modes of action make it well suited for solving the wide array of imbalances frequently encountered in neurological disorders. In this review, we will integrate evidence from the disparate fields of gastroenterology and neuroscience to hypothesize that the metabolism of a high fiber diet in the gut can alter gene expression in the brain to prevent neurodegeneration and promote regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan W Bourassa
- Sperling Center for Hemorrhagic Stroke Recovery, Burke Medical Research Institute, 785 Mamaroneck Ave, White Plains, NY 10605, USA; Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Ave. Box 65, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ishraq Alim
- Sperling Center for Hemorrhagic Stroke Recovery, Burke Medical Research Institute, 785 Mamaroneck Ave, White Plains, NY 10605, USA; Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Ave. Box 65, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Scott J Bultman
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina Genetic Medicine Building, Room 5060, 120 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Rajiv R Ratan
- Sperling Center for Hemorrhagic Stroke Recovery, Burke Medical Research Institute, 785 Mamaroneck Ave, White Plains, NY 10605, USA; Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Ave. Box 65, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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Abstract
Reversible acetylation was initially described as an epigenetic mechanism regulating DNA accessibility. Since then, this process has emerged as a controller of histone and nonhistone acetylation that integrates key physiological processes such as metabolism, circadian rhythm and cell cycle, along with gene regulation in various organisms. The widespread and reversible nature of acetylation also revitalized interest in the mechanisms that regulate lysine acetyltransferases (KATs) and deacetylases (KDACs) in health and disease. Changes in protein or histone acetylation are especially relevant for many common diseases including obesity, diabetes mellitus, neurodegenerative diseases and cancer, as well as for some rare diseases such as mitochondrial diseases and lipodystrophies. In this Review, we examine the role of reversible acetylation in metabolic control and how changes in levels of metabolites or cofactors, including nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, nicotinamide, coenzyme A, acetyl coenzyme A, zinc and butyrate and/or β-hydroxybutyrate, directly alter KAT or KDAC activity to link energy status to adaptive cellular and organismal homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keir J Menzies
- Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Hongbo Zhang
- Laboratory of Integrative and Systems Physiology, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 15, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Elena Katsyuba
- Laboratory of Integrative and Systems Physiology, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 15, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Johan Auwerx
- Laboratory of Integrative and Systems Physiology, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 15, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Ho KJ, Xiong L, Hubert NA, Nadimpalli A, Wun K, Chang EB, Kibbe MR. Vancomycin treatment and butyrate supplementation modulate gut microbe composition and severity of neointimal hyperplasia after arterial injury. Physiol Rep 2015; 3:3/12/e12627. [PMID: 26660548 PMCID: PMC4760455 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut microbial metabolites are increasingly recognized as determinants of health and disease. However, whether host–microbe crosstalk influences peripheral arteries is not understood. Neointimal hyperplasia, a proliferative and inflammatory response to arterial injury, frequently limits the long‐term benefits of cardiovascular interventions such as angioplasty, stenting, and bypass surgery. Our goal is to assess the effect of butyrate, one of the principal short chain fatty acids produced by microbial fermentation of dietary fiber, on neointimal hyperplasia development after angioplasty. Treatment of male Lewis Inbred rats with oral vancomycin for 4 weeks changed the composition of gut microbes as assessed by 16S rRNA‐based taxonomic profiling and decreased the concentration of circulating butyrate by 69%. In addition, rats treated with oral vancomycin had exacerbated neointimal hyperplasia development after carotid angioplasty. Oral supplementation of butyrate reversed these changes. Butyrate also inhibited vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation, migration, and cell cycle progression in a dose‐dependent manner in vitro. Our results suggest for the first time that gut microbial composition is associated with the severity of arterial remodeling after injury, potentially through an inhibitory effect of butyrate on VSMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen J Ho
- Department of Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Liqun Xiong
- Department of Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Nathaniel A Hubert
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Knapp Center for Biomedical Discovery, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Anuradha Nadimpalli
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Knapp Center for Biomedical Discovery, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Kelly Wun
- Department of Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Eugene B Chang
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Knapp Center for Biomedical Discovery, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Melina R Kibbe
- Department of Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
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Chang AJ, Ortega FE, Riegler J, Madison DV, Krasnow MA. Oxygen regulation of breathing through an olfactory receptor activated by lactate. Nature 2015; 527:240-4. [PMID: 26560302 PMCID: PMC4765808 DOI: 10.1038/nature15721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Animals have evolved homeostatic responses to changes in oxygen availability that act on different time scales. Although the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) transcriptional pathway that controls long term responses to low oxygen (hypoxia) has been established1, the pathway that mediates acute responses to hypoxia in mammals is not well understood. Here we show that the olfactory receptor Olfr78 is highly and selectively expressed in oxygen-sensitive glomus cells of the carotid body, a chemosensory organ at the carotid artery bifurcation that monitors blood oxygen and stimulates breathing within seconds when oxygen declines2. Olfr78 mutants fail to increase ventilation in hypoxia but respond normally to hypercapnia. Glomus cells are present in normal numbers and appear structurally intact, but hypoxia-induced carotid body activity is diminished. Lactate, a metabolite that rapidly accumulates in hypoxia and induces hyperventilation3–6, activates Olfr78 in heterologous expression experiments, induces calcium transients in glomus cells, and stimulates carotid sinus nerve activity through Olfr78. We propose that in addition to its role in olfaction, Olfr78 acts as a hypoxia sensor in the breathing circuit by sensing lactate produced when oxygen levels decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy J Chang
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford, California 94305-5307, USA
| | - Fabian E Ortega
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford, California 94305-5307, USA
| | - Johannes Riegler
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Daniel V Madison
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Mark A Krasnow
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford, California 94305-5307, USA
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Verbeke KA, Boobis AR, Chiodini A, Edwards CA, Franck A, Kleerebezem M, Nauta A, Raes J, van Tol EAF, Tuohy KM. Towards microbial fermentation metabolites as markers for health benefits of prebiotics. Nutr Res Rev 2015; 28:42-66. [PMID: 26156216 PMCID: PMC4501371 DOI: 10.1017/s0954422415000037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Available evidence on the bioactive, nutritional and putative detrimental properties of gut microbial metabolites has been evaluated to support a more integrated view of how prebiotics might affect host health throughout life. The present literature inventory targeted evidence for the physiological and nutritional effects of metabolites, for example, SCFA, the potential toxicity of other metabolites and attempted to determine normal concentration ranges. Furthermore, the biological relevance of more holistic approaches like faecal water toxicity assays and metabolomics and the limitations of faecal measurements were addressed. Existing literature indicates that protein fermentation metabolites (phenol, p-cresol, indole, ammonia), typically considered as potentially harmful, occur at concentration ranges in the colon such that no toxic effects are expected either locally or following systemic absorption. The endproducts of saccharolytic fermentation, SCFA, may have effects on colonic health, host physiology, immunity, lipid and protein metabolism and appetite control. However, measuring SCFA concentrations in faeces is insufficient to assess the dynamic processes of their nutrikinetics. Existing literature on the usefulness of faecal water toxicity measures as indicators of cancer risk seems limited. In conclusion, at present there is insufficient evidence to use changes in faecal bacterial metabolite concentrations as markers of prebiotic effectiveness. Integration of results from metabolomics and metagenomics holds promise for understanding the health implications of prebiotic microbiome modulation but adequate tools for data integration and interpretation are currently lacking. Similarly, studies measuring metabolite fluxes in different body compartments to provide a more accurate picture of their nutrikinetics are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin A. Verbeke
- Translational Research in Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), KU Leuven and Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Center (LFoRCe), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alan R. Boobis
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Alessandro Chiodini
- Formerly ILSI Europe, Box 6, Avenue Emmanuel Mounier 83, BE-1200, Brussels, Belgium; now European Commission, Research Executive Agency (REA) Unit B2, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Christine A. Edwards
- Human Nutrition School of Medicine, College of MVLS, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland
| | | | - Michiel Kleerebezem
- Host Microbe Interactomics, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Arjen Nauta
- FrieslandCampina, Amersfoort, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Raes
- Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven; VIB, Leuven; DBIT, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Kieran M. Tuohy
- Nutrition and Nutrigenomics, Research and Innovation Centre-Fondazione Edmund Mach, Trento, Italy
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Heimann E, Nyman M, Degerman E. Propionic acid and butyric acid inhibit lipolysis and de novo lipogenesis and increase insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in primary rat adipocytes. Adipocyte 2015; 4:81-8. [PMID: 26167409 PMCID: PMC4496978 DOI: 10.4161/21623945.2014.960694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Revised: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Fermentation of dietary fibers by colonic microbiota generates short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), e.g., propionic acid and butyric acid, which have been described to have “anti-obesity properties” by ameliorating fasting glycaemia, body weight and insulin tolerance in animal models. In the present study, we therefore investigate if propionic acid and butyric acid have effects on lipolysis, de novo lipogenesis and glucose uptake in primary rat adipocytes. We show that both propionic acid and butyric acid inhibit isoproterenol- and adenosine deaminase-stimulated lipolysis as well as isoproterenol-stimulated lipolysis in the presence of a phosphodiesterase (PDE3) inhibitor. In addition, we show that propionic acid and butyric acid inhibit basal and insulin-stimulated de novo lipogenesis, which is associated with increased phosphorylation and thus inhibition of acetyl CoA carboxylase, a rate-limiting enzyme in fatty acid synthesis. Furthermore, we show that propionic acid and butyric acid increase insulin-stimulated glucose uptake. To conclude, our study shows that SCFAs have effects on fat storage and mobilization as well as glucose uptake in rat primary adipocytes. Thus, the SCFAs might contribute to healthier adipocytes and subsequently also to improved energy metabolism with for example less circulating free fatty acids, which is beneficial in the context of obesity and type 2 diabetes.
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Key Words
- ACC, acetyl-CoA carboxylase
- ADA, adenosine deaminase
- AMPK, AMP-activated protein kinase
- BA, butyric acid
- BSA, bovine serum albumin
- FFAR, free fatty acid receptor
- GLUT, glucose transporter
- GPCR, G-protein-coupled receptor
- HSL, hormone-sensitive lipase
- ISO, isoproterenol
- KRBH, Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate-HEPES
- KRH, Krebs Ringer-HEPES
- PA, propionic acid
- PDE, cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase
- SCFAs, short-chain fatty acids
- T2D, type 2 diabetes
- adipocyte
- metabolism
- obesity
- short-chain fatty acid
- type 2 diabetes
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41
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Loss of FFA2 and FFA3 increases insulin secretion and improves glucose tolerance in type 2 diabetes. Nat Med 2015; 21:173-7. [PMID: 25581519 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes is a major health problem worldwide, and one of its key features is the inability of elevated glucose to stimulate the release of sufficient amounts of insulin from pancreatic beta cells to maintain normal blood glucose levels. New therapeutic strategies to improve beta cell function are therefore believed to be beneficial. Here we demonstrate that the short-chain fatty acid receptors FFA2 (encoded by FFAR2) and FFA3 (encoded by FFAR3) are expressed in mouse and human pancreatic beta cells and mediate an inhibition of insulin secretion by coupling to Gi-type G proteins. We also provide evidence that mice with dietary-induced obesity and type 2 diabetes, as compared to non-obese control mice, have increased local formation by pancreatic islets of acetate, an endogenous agonist of FFA2 and FFA3, as well as increased systemic levels. This elevation may contribute to the insufficient capacity of beta cells to respond to hyperglycemia in obese states. Indeed, we found that genetic deletion of both receptors, either on the whole-body level or specifically in pancreatic beta cells, leads to greater insulin secretion and a profound improvement of glucose tolerance when mice are on a high-fat diet compared to controls. On the other hand, deletion of Ffar2 and Ffar3 in intestinal cells did not alter glucose tolerance in diabetic animals, suggesting these receptors act in a cell-autonomous manner in beta cells to regulate insulin secretion. In summary, under diabetic conditions elevated acetate acts on FFA2 and FFA3 to inhibit proper glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, and we expect antagonists of FFA2 and FFA3 to improve insulin secretion in type 2 diabetes.
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42
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Han JH, Kim IS, Jung SH, Lee SG, Son HY, Myung CS. The effects of propionate and valerate on insulin responsiveness for glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and C2C12 myotubes via G protein-coupled receptor 41. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95268. [PMID: 24748202 PMCID: PMC3991595 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Since insulin resistance can lead to hyperglycemia, improving glucose uptake into target tissues is critical for regulating blood glucose levels. Among the free fatty acid receptor (FFAR) family of G protein-coupled receptors, GPR41 is known to be the Gαi/o-coupled receptor for short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) such as propionic acid (C3) and valeric acid (C5). This study aimed to investigate the role of GPR41 in modulating basal and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in insulin-sensitive cells including adipocytes and skeletal muscle cells. Expression of GPR41 mRNA and protein was increased with maximal expression at differentiation day 8 for 3T3-L1 adipocytes and day 6 for C2C12 myotubes. GPR41 protein was also expressed in adipose tissues and skeletal muscle. After analyzing dose-response relationship, 300 µM propionic acid or 500 µM valeric acid for 30 min incubation was used for the measurement of glucose uptake. Both propionic acid and valeric acid increased insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 adipocyte, which did not occur in cells transfected with siRNA for GPR41 (siGPR41). In C2C12 myotubes, these SCFAs increased basal glucose uptake, but did not potentiate insulin-stimulated glucose uptake, and siGPR41 treatment reduced valerate-stimulated basal glucose uptake. Therefore, these findings indicate that GPR41 plays a role in insulin responsiveness enhanced by both propionic and valeric acids on glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and C2C12 myotubes, and in valerate-induced increase in basal glucose uptake in C2C12 myotubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo-Hui Han
- Department of Pharmacology, Chungnam National University College of Pharmacy, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Su Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Chungnam National University College of Pharmacy, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hyuk Jung
- Department of Pharmacology, Chungnam National University College of Pharmacy, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Gil Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, Chungnam National University College of Pharmacy, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwa-Young Son
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Chungnam National University College of Veterinary Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Seon Myung
- Department of Pharmacology, Chungnam National University College of Pharmacy, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Drug Research & Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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43
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Offermanns S. Free fatty acid (FFA) and hydroxy carboxylic acid (HCA) receptors. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2013; 54:407-34. [PMID: 24160702 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-011613-135945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Saturated and unsaturated free fatty acids (FFAs), as well as hydroxy carboxylic acids (HCAs) such as lactate and ketone bodies, are carriers of metabolic energy, precursors of biological mediators, and components of biological structures. However, they are also able to exert cellular effects through G protein-coupled receptors named FFA1-FFA4 and HCA1-HCA3. Work during the past decade has shown that these receptors are widely expressed in the human body and regulate the metabolic, endocrine, immune and other systems to maintain homeostasis under changing dietary conditions. The development of genetic mouse models and the generation of synthetic ligands of individual FFA and HCA receptors have been instrumental in identifying cellular and biological functions of these receptors. These studies have produced strong evidence that several FFA and HCA receptors can be targets for the prevention and treatment of various diseases, including type 2 diabetes mellitus, obesity, and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Offermanns
- Department of Pharmacology, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany and Medical Faculty, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany;
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44
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Hudson BD, Murdoch H, Milligan G. Minireview: The effects of species ortholog and SNP variation on receptors for free fatty acids. Mol Endocrinol 2013; 27:1177-87. [PMID: 23686113 PMCID: PMC3951919 DOI: 10.1210/me.2013-1085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Although it is widely assumed that species orthologs of hormone-responsive G protein-coupled receptors will be activated by the same endogenously produced ligand(s), variation in potency, particularly in cases in which more than 1 receptor responds to the same hormone, can result in challenges in defining the contribution of individual receptors in different species. This can create considerably greater issues when using synthetic chemical ligands and, in some cases, may result in a complete lack of efficacy of such a ligand when used in animal models of pathophysiology. In man, the concept that distinct responses of individuals to medicines may reflect differences in the ability of such drugs to bind to or activate single nucleotide polymorphism variants of receptors is more established as a concept but, in many cases, clear links between such variants that are associated with disease phenotypes and substantial differences in receptor ligand pharmacology have been more difficult to obtain. Herein we consider each of these issues for the group of free fatty acid receptors, FFA1-FFA4, defined to be activated by free fatty acids of varying chain length, which, based on their production by 1 tissue or location and action in distinct locations, have been suggested to possess characteristics of hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian D Hudson
- Molecular Pharmacology Group, Institute of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, United Kingdom
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45
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Ohira H, Fujioka Y, Katagiri C, Mamoto R, Aoyama-Ishikawa M, Amako K, Izumi Y, Nishiumi S, Yoshida M, Usami M, Ikeda M. Butyrate attenuates inflammation and lipolysis generated by the interaction of adipocytes and macrophages. J Atheroscler Thromb 2013; 20:425-42. [PMID: 23470566 DOI: 10.5551/jat.15065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Paracrine interaction between macrophages and adipocytes in obese visceral fat tissues is thought to be a trigger of chronic inflammation. The immunomodulatory effect of the short chain fatty acid, butyric acid, has been demonstrated. We hypothesize that sodium butyrate (butyrate) attenuates inflammatory responses and lipolysis generated by the interaction of macrophages and adipocytes. METHODS Using contact or transwell co-culture methods with differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes and RAW264.7 macrophages, we investigated the effects of butyrate on the production of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and the release of free glycerol, free fatty acids (FFAs) into the medium. We also examined the activity of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) and the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in co-cultured macrophages, as well as lipase activity and expression in co-cultured adipocytes. RESULTS We found increased production of TNF-α, MCP-1, IL-6, and free glycerol, FFAs in the co-culture medium, and butyrate significantly reduced them. Butyrate inhibited the phosphorylation of MAPKs, the activity of NF-κB in co-cultured macrophages, and suppressed lipase activity in co-cultured adipocytes. Lipase inhibitors significantly attenuated the production of TNF-α, MCP-1 and IL-6 in the co-culture medium as effectively as butyrate. Butyrate suppressed the protein production of adipose triglyceride lipase, hormone sensitive lipase, and fatty acid-binding protein 4 in co-cultured adipocytes. Pertussis toxin, which is known to block GPR41 completely, inhibited the antilipolysis effect of butyrate. CONCLUSION Butyrate suppresses inflammatory responses generated by the interaction of adipocytes and macrophages through reduced lipolysis and inhibition of inflammatory signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideo Ohira
- Division of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition, Kobe Gakuin University, Japan.
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Layden BT, Angueira AR, Brodsky M, Durai V, Lowe WL. Short chain fatty acids and their receptors: new metabolic targets. Transl Res 2013; 161:131-40. [PMID: 23146568 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2012.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Revised: 10/12/2012] [Accepted: 10/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acids are carboxylic acids with aliphatic tails of different lengths, where short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) typically refer to carboxylic acids with aliphatic tails less than 6 carbons. In humans, SCFAs are derived in large part from fermentation of carbohydrates and proteins in the colon. By this process, the host is able to salvage energy from foods that cannot be processed normally in the upper parts of the gastrointestinal tract. In humans, SCFAs are a minor nutrient source, especially for people on Western diets. Intriguingly, recent studies, as highlighted here, have described multiple beneficial roles of SCFAs in the regulation of metabolism. Further interest in SCFAs has emerged due to the association of gut flora composition with obesity and other metabolic states. The recent identification of receptors specifically activated by SCFAs has further increased interest in this area. These receptors, free fatty acid receptor-2 and -3 (FFAR2 and FFAR3), are expressed not only in the gut epithelium where SCFAs are produced, but also at multiple other sites considered to be metabolically important, such as adipose tissue and pancreatic islets. Because of these relatively recent findings, studies examining the role of these receptors, FFAR2 and FFAR3, and their ligands, SCFAs, in metabolism are emerging. This review provides a critical analysis of SCFAs, their recently identified receptors, and their connection to metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian T Layden
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611-3008, USA.
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Pham TX, Lee J. Dietary regulation of histone acetylases and deacetylases for the prevention of metabolic diseases. Nutrients 2012; 4:1868-86. [PMID: 23363995 PMCID: PMC3546612 DOI: 10.3390/nu4121868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Revised: 11/12/2012] [Accepted: 11/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related diseases such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer involve epigenetic modifications, where accumulation of minute changes in the epigenome over time leads to disease manifestation. Epigenetic changes are influenced by life style and diets. This represents an avenue whereby dietary components could accelerate or prevent age-related diseases through their effects on epigenetic modifications. Histone acetylation is an epigenetic modification that is regulated through the opposing action of histone acetylases (HATs) and deacetylases (HDACs). These two families of enzymes play critical roles in metabolic processes and their dysregulation is associated with pathogenesis of several diseases. Dietary components, such as butyrate, sulforaphane, and curcumin, have been shown to affect HAT and HDAC activity, and their health benefits are attributed, at least in part, to epigenetic modifications. Given the decades that it takes to accumulate epigenetic changes, it is unlikely that pharmaceuticals could undo epigenetic changes without side effects. Therefore, long term consumption of dietary components that can alter the epigenome could be an attractive means of disease prevention. The goal of this review is to highlight the roles of diets and food components in epigenetic modifications through the regulation of HATs and HDACs for disease prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tho X Pham
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
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Male mice that lack the G-protein-coupled receptor GPR41 have low energy expenditure and increased body fat content. Br J Nutr 2012; 109:1755-64. [PMID: 23110765 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114512003923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
SCFA are produced in the gut by bacterial fermentation of undigested carbohydrates. Activation of the Gαi-protein-coupled receptor GPR41 by SCFA in β-cells and sympathetic ganglia inhibits insulin secretion and increases sympathetic outflow, respectively. A possible role in stimulating leptin secretion by adipocytes is disputed. In the present study, we investigated energy balance and glucose homoeostasis in GPR41 knockout mice fed on a standard low-fat or a high-fat diet. When fed on the low-fat diet, body fat mass was raised and glucose tolerance was impaired in male but not female knockout mice compared to wild-type mice. Soleus muscle and heart weights were reduced in the male mice, but total body lean mass was unchanged. When fed on the high-fat diet, body fat mass was raised in male but not female GPR41 knockout mice, but by no more in the males than when they were fed on the low-fat diet. Body lean mass and energy expenditure were reduced in male mice but not in female knockout mice. These results suggest that the absence of GPR41 increases body fat content in male mice. Gut-derived SCFA may raise energy expenditure and help to protect against obesity by activating GPR41.
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Intravenous acetate elicits a greater free fatty acid rebound in normal than hyperinsulinaemic humans. Eur J Clin Nutr 2012; 66:1029-34. [PMID: 22828730 PMCID: PMC3937122 DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2012.98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Background/Objectives Colonic fermentation of dietary fiber may improve insulin sensitivity via the metabolic effects of short chain fatty acids (SCFA) in reducing free fatty acids (FFA). The main objectives of this study were to compare peripheral uptake of acetate (AC) in participants with normal (< 40pmol/L, NI) and high (≥ 40pmol/L, HI) plasma-insulin and the ability of AC to reduce FFA in both groups. Subject/Methods Overnight fasted NI (n = 9) and HI (n = 9) participants were given an intravenous (IV) infusion of 140 mmol/L sodium acetate at 3 different rates over 90 minutes. The total amount of AC infused was 51.85 mmols. Results Acetate clearance in NI participants was not significantly different than that in HI participants (2.11 ± 0.23 vs 2.09 ± 0.24 ml/min). FFA fell in both groups, but rebounded to a greater extent in NI than HI participants (time × group interaction, P = 0.001). Significant correlations between insulin resistance (IR) indices (HOMA-IR, Matsuda and Insulinogenic Index) vs FFA rebound during IV AC infusion were also observed. Conclusions These findings suggest that AC uptake is similar in both groups. Participants with lower plasma insulin and lower IR indices had a greater FFA rebound. These results support the hypothesis that increasing AC concentrations in the systemic circulation may reduce lipolysis and plasma FFA concentrations and thus improve insulin sensitivity. More in-depth studies are needed to look at the effects of SCFA on FFA metabolism in insulin resistant participants.
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Layden BT, Yalamanchi SK, Wolever TMS, Dunaif A, Lowe WL. Negative association of acetate with visceral adipose tissue and insulin levels. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2012; 5:49-55. [PMID: 22419881 PMCID: PMC3299553 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s29244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The composition of gut flora has been proposed as a cause of obesity, a major risk factor for type 2 diabetes. The objective of this study was to assess whether serum short chain fatty acids, a major by-product of fermentation in gut flora, are associated with obesity and/or diabetes-related traits (insulin sensitivity and secretion). METHODS The association of serum short chain fatty acids levels with measures of obesity was assessed using body mass index, computerized tomography scan, and dual photon X-ray absorptiometry scan. Insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion were both determined from an oral glucose tolerance test and insulin sensitivity was also determined from a hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp. RESULTS In this population of young, obese women, acetate was negatively associated with visceral adipose tissue determined by computerized tomography scan and dual photon X-ray absorptiometry scan, but not body mass index. The level of the short chain fatty acids acetate, but not propionate or butyrate, was also negatively associated with fasting serum insulin and 2 hour insulin levels in the oral glucose tolerance test. CONCLUSIONS In this population, serum acetate was negatively associated with visceral adipose tissue and insulin levels. Future studies need to verify these findings and expand on these observations in larger cohorts of subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian T Layden
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine (BTL, SKY, AD, WLL), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Correspondence: BT Layden, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Tarry Building 15-760, 303 East Chicago, Avenue, Chicago, Illinois, 60611-3008, USA, Tel +1 312 503 1610, Fax +1 312 908 9032, Email
| | - Sudha K Yalamanchi
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine (BTL, SKY, AD, WLL), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Thomas MS Wolever
- Department of Nutritional Sciences (TMSW), University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Andrea Dunaif
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine (BTL, SKY, AD, WLL), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - William L Lowe
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine (BTL, SKY, AD, WLL), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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