1
|
Sha J, Jian X, Yu Q, Wei M, Li X, Zhao L, Qi Y. Exposure to BDE-47 and BDE-209 impaired antioxidative defense mechanisms in Brachionus plicatilis. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 303:135152. [PMID: 35649441 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are persistent organic pollutants (POPs) that pose serious challenges to aquatic animals and environments. Compared with BDE-47 which was one of the most toxic congeners known to date, BDE-209 is less toxic with higher abundance in biotic and abiotic samples. In this study, we have explored the effects of BDE-47 and BDE-209 at different concentrations on the radical oxygen species (ROS) levels and the antioxidant defense system of Brachionus plicatilis. Antioxidant indexes were measured, including total protein content (TSP), the activities of antioxidant enzymes, lipid peroxidation and DNA damage. The results indicated that while low concentrations of PBDEs could activate the antioxidant defense mechanisms, prolonged exposure to higher concentrations of PBDEs could impair the antioxidative capacity of B.plicatilis (P < 0.05). The overwhelming of the B.plicatilis antioxidant defense mechanism led to an accumulation of free radicals, resulting in the overactivation of lipid peroxidation and the increased frequency of DNA damage (P < 0.05). By studying the toxicity of PBDEs and the detoxification mechanism of B.plicatilis, our research has revealed useful indexes for detecting and monitoring the level of BDE-47 and BDE-209 in the future. Altogether, this study holds immense value in the field of ecotoxicology and environmental safety and will aid in the proper management of PBDEs pollution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Sha
- North China Sea Environmental Monitoring Center, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao, 266033, China; Key Laboratory of Ecological Prewarning and Protection of Bohai Sea, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, 266033, China
| | - Xiaoyang Jian
- North China Sea Environmental Monitoring Center, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao, 266033, China; Key Laboratory of Ecological Prewarning and Protection of Bohai Sea, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, 266033, China
| | - Qingyun Yu
- North China Sea Environmental Monitoring Center, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao, 266033, China; Key Laboratory of Ecological Prewarning and Protection of Bohai Sea, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, 266033, China
| | - Miao Wei
- North China Sea Environmental Monitoring Center, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao, 266033, China; Key Laboratory of Ecological Prewarning and Protection of Bohai Sea, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, 266033, China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- North China Sea Environmental Monitoring Center, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao, 266033, China; Key Laboratory of Ecological Prewarning and Protection of Bohai Sea, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, 266033, China
| | - Ludan Zhao
- North China Sea Environmental Monitoring Center, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao, 266033, China; Key Laboratory of Ecological Prewarning and Protection of Bohai Sea, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, 266033, China
| | - Yanping Qi
- North China Sea Environmental Monitoring Center, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao, 266033, China; Key Laboratory of Ecological Prewarning and Protection of Bohai Sea, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, 266033, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhu Q, Liu Z, Wang Y, Song E, Song Y. Endoplasmic reticulum stress manipulates autophagic response that antagonizes polybrominated diphenyl ethers quinone induced cytotoxicity in microglial BV2 cells. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 411:124958. [PMID: 33450633 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were widely used as flame retardants. Previously, we reported that their quinone-type metabolite (PBDEQ) induced selective autophagy, but its biological consequences remain obscure. Here, we illustrated the possible link of PBDEQ-induced autophagy with endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and cytotoxicity in microglial BV2 cells. We found PBDEQ increased the formation of autophagosomes, promoted autophagic degradation, suggesting an improved autophagy flux in BV2 cells. Interestingly, both pharmacologic autophagy inhibitors and autophagy-related 5 gene small interfering RNA (ATG5 siRNA) aggravated the cytotoxicity of PBDEQ, suggesting the antagonizing role of autophagy. PBDEQ induced ER stress and activated protein kinase R-like ER kinase (PERK)-eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α (eIF2α)-activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4)-C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) axis of classic unfolded protein response (UPR) pathway, whilst ER stress inhibitor blocked PBDEQ-induced autophagy. Moreover, N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) alleviated PBDEQ-induced activation of ER stress and autophagy, suggesting reactive oxygen species (ROS) were involved in regulating PBDEQ-induced ER stress and autophagy. Taken together, our results demonstrate a new mechanism of PBDEQ-associated toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiushuang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, 2 Tiansheng Rd, Beibei District, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Zixuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, 2 Tiansheng Rd, Beibei District, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yuting Wang
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, 2 Tiansheng Rd, Beibei District, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Erqun Song
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, 2 Tiansheng Rd, Beibei District, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yang Song
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, 2 Tiansheng Rd, Beibei District, Chongqing 400715, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhao Y, Wang Y, Li Y, Santschi PH, Quigg A. Response of photosynthesis and the antioxidant defense system of two microalgal species (Alexandrium minutum and Dunaliella salina) to the toxicity of BDE-47. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2017; 124:459-469. [PMID: 28781186 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), a persistent organic pollutant are ubiquitous in aquatic ecosystems, which are causing serious environmental concerns. In this study, we chose BDE-47 as a representative PBDEs, to investigate its toxic effects on two microalgal species and the response of their antioxidant system. The results indicated Alexandrium minutum (a dinoflagellate) was more sensitive to BDE-47 than Dunaliella salina (a chlorophyte), as determined by growth rates, cellular structure and photosynthetic parameters. Cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were significantly elevated under the exposure of BDE-47 in both species, corresponding to an increase of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione reductase (GR) activities, while glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activities decreased in D. salina and increased in A. minutum. The different enzymes responses between the two species indicated different mechanisms in their antioxidant system, and we deduced that A. minutum might have a higher efficiency for scavenging H2O2 than D. salina.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhao
- Department of Marine Ecology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - You Wang
- Department of Marine Ecology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Yijun Li
- College of Life Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Peter H Santschi
- Department of Marine Biology, Texas A&M University, Galveston, TX 77553, USA; Department of Oceanography, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Antonietta Quigg
- Department of Oceanography, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; Department of Marine Science, Texas A&M University, Galveston, TX 77553, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
He W, Chen Y, Yang C, Liu W, Kong X, Qin N, He Q, Xu F. Optimized Multiresidue Analysis of Organic Contaminants of Priority Concern in a Daily Consumed Fish (Grass Carp). JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2017; 2017:9294024. [PMID: 28348919 PMCID: PMC5350539 DOI: 10.1155/2017/9294024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The organic contaminants, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), are of priority concern because of their persistence, toxicity, and long-distance transportation in global environment. Their residues in a daily consumed fish (grass carp) pose potential threat to human health and aquatic ecosystems. The present study optimized an analytical protocol of microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), lip-removal by gel permeation chromatography (GPC), cleanup by solid phase cartridge (SC) or adsorption chromatography column (CC), and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Besides traditional statistical parameters, some indicators were calculated to judge the performances of extraction by various methods. The optimization experiment showed that n-hexane/acetone was the best MEA extraction solvent; an optimal fraction time of 10-39 min could simultaneously elute all the target chemicals in a single GPC run. Both CC and SC showed good recoveries. However, CC performed better than SC (p < 0.05) for OCPs, and SC performed better than CC for PBDEs (p < 0.05). We also emphasized the limitations and advantages of SC and CC and finally proposed SC as the promising cleanup method because of its low-cost materials, time-saving steps, being free of manual filling, and operation by automated SPE system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei He
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Process, College of Urban & Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yanru Chen
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Process, College of Urban & Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Chen Yang
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Process, College of Urban & Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wenxiu Liu
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Process, College of Urban & Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiangzhen Kong
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Process, College of Urban & Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ning Qin
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Process, College of Urban & Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Qishuang He
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Process, College of Urban & Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Agriculture Environment Monitoring, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Fuliu Xu
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Process, College of Urban & Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sha J, Wang Y, Chen H, Wang M, Wang H, Li X, Qi L, Tang X. Using population demographic parameters to assess impacts of two polybrominated diphenyl ethers (BDE-47, BDE-209) on the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2015; 119:106-115. [PMID: 25988436 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Revised: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are highly persistent anthropogenic contaminants found in the environment, posing a risk to aquatic ecosystems, whereas there is a lack of data concerning their impacts on marine invertebrates. The objective of this study was to assess the relative lethal and sublethal aquatic toxicity effects of two PBDEs, BDE-47 and BDE-209 congeners, on marine zooplankton rotifer Brachionus plicatilis associated with PBDE concentrations and time of exposure. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses were performed to determine actual PBDE concentrations. Rotifer population demographic parameters from life tables, including age-specific survivorship (lx), age-specific fecundity (mx), net reproductive rate (R0), intrinsic rate of increase (rm), finite rate of increase (λ), life expectancy (E0) and generation time (T), were used as measures of treatment effects. Results from this study have revealed increasingly intense negative effects on many of the rotifer demographic parameters with elevated PBDE concentrations. The population growth curves of B. plicatilis showed almost no lag phase and reached peak abundances within 11 days, while B. plicatilis exposed to BDE-209 had a lag phase of about 5 days. In addition, increased PBDE levels reduced the population abundances and peak population densities of B. plicatilis. The two PBDEs have caused the carrying capacity (K) suppressed and the negative influence turned more serious as the concentration rose. Results also revealed that the time to reach growth curve inflection point (Tp) was shortened by PBDEs to different degrees. This study not only indicated that life table demography and population growth curve studies were two important aspects used to evaluate toxicant PBDE effects, but also compared the two PBDE disruptions to the population growth and reproduction of the rotifer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Sha
- Department of Marine Ecology, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - You Wang
- Department of Marine Ecology, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Hongmei Chen
- Department of Marine Ecology, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Ming Wang
- Department of Marine Ecology, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Marine Ecology, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Xiaohong Li
- Department of Marine Ecology, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Lei Qi
- The First Institute of Oceanography (FIO), State Oceanic Administration (SOA), Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Xuexi Tang
- Department of Marine Ecology, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sha J, Wang Y, Lv J, Wang H, Chen H, Qi L, Tang X. Effects of two polybrominated diphenyl ethers (BDE-47, BDE-209) on the swimming behavior, population growth and reproduction of the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis. J Environ Sci (China) 2015; 28:54-63. [PMID: 25662239 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2014.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are new kinds of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and their potential threats to the equilibrium and sustainability of marine ecosystems have raised worldwide concerns. Here, two kinds of PBDEs, tetra-BDE (BDE-47) and deca-BDE (BDE-209) were applied, and their toxic effects on the swimming behavior, population growth and reproduction of Brachionus plicatilis were investigated. The results showed that: (1) The actual concentrations of BDE-47 and -209 in the seawater phase measured by GC-MS (Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer) were much lower than their nominal concentrations. (2) In accordance with the 24-hr acute tests, BDE-209 did not show any obvious swimming inhibition to rotifers, but a good correlation did exist between the swimming inhibition rate and BDE-47 concentration suggesting that BDE-47 is more toxic than BDE-209. (3) Both BDE-47 and -209 had a significant influence on the population growth and reproduction parameters of B. plicatilis including the population growth rate, the ratio of ovigerous females/non-ovigerous females (OF/NOF), the ratio of mictic females/amictic females (MF/AF), resting egg production and the mictic rate, which indicate that these parameters in B. plicatilis population were suitable for monitoring and assessing PBDEs. Our results suggest that BDE-47 and -209 are not acute lethal toxicants and may pose a low risk to marine rotifers at environmental concentrations for short-term exposure. They also accumulate differently into rotifers. Further research data are needed to understand the mechanisms responsible for the effects caused by PBDEs and to assess their risks accurately.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Sha
- Department of Marine Ecology, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - You Wang
- Department of Marine Ecology, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Jianxia Lv
- Thermo Fisher Scientific (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing 100080, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Marine Ecology, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Hongmei Chen
- Department of Marine Ecology, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Leilei Qi
- Department of Marine Ecology, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Xuexi Tang
- Department of Marine Ecology, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Brandsma SH, Leonards PEG, Leslie HA, de Boer J. Tracing organophosphorus and brominated flame retardants and plasticizers in an estuarine food web. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 505:22-31. [PMID: 25306092 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.08.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Revised: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Nine organophosphorus flame retardants (PFRs) were detected in a pelagic and benthic food web of the Western Scheldt estuary, The Netherlands. Concentrations of several PFRs were an order of magnitude higher than those of the brominated flame retardants (BFRs). However, the detection frequency of the PFRs (6-56%) was lower than that of the BFRs (50-97%). Tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP), tris(isobutyl) phosphate (TIBP) and tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCIPP) were the dominant PFRs in sediment with median concentrations of 7.0, 8.1 and 1.8 ng/g dry weight (dw), respectively. PFR levels in the suspended particular matter (SPM) were 2-12 times higher than that in sediment. TBOEP, TCIPP, TIBP, tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) and tris(phenyl) phosphate (TPHP) were found in organisms higher in the estuarine food web. The highest PFR concentrations in the benthic food web were found in sculpin, goby and lugworm with median concentrations of 17, 7.4, 4.6 and 2.0 ng/g wet weight (ww) for TBOEP, TIBP, TCIPP and TPHP, respectively. Comparable levels were observed in the pelagic food web, BDE209 was the predominant PBDE in sediment and SPM with median concentrations up to 9.7 and 385 ng/g dw, respectively. BDE47 was predominant in the biotic compartment of the food web with highest median levels observed in sculpin and common tern eggs of 79 ng/g lipid weight (lw) (2.5 ng/g ww) and 80 ng/g lw (11 ng/g ww), respectively. Trophic magnification was observed for all PBDEs with the exception of BDE209. Indications of trophic magnification of PFRs were observed in the benthic food web for TBOEP, TCIPP and TCEP with tentative trophic magnification factors of 3.5, 2.2 and 2.6, respectively (p<0.05). Most of the other PFRs showed trophic dilution in both food webs. The relative high PFR levels in several fish species suggest high emissions and substantial exposure of organisms to PFRs in the Western Scheldt.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sicco H Brandsma
- Institute for Environmental Studies, VU University, De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Pim E G Leonards
- Institute for Environmental Studies, VU University, De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Heather A Leslie
- Institute for Environmental Studies, VU University, De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jacob de Boer
- Institute for Environmental Studies, VU University, De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Li W, Sheng P, Cai J, Feng H, Cai Q. Highly sensitive and selective photoelectrochemical biosensor platform for polybrominated diphenyl ether detection using the quantum dots sensitized three-dimensional, macroporous ZnO nanosheet photoelectrode. Biosens Bioelectron 2014; 61:209-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2014.04.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2014] [Revised: 04/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
9
|
Houde M, Berryman D, de Lafontaine Y, Verreault J. Novel brominated flame retardants and dechloranes in three fish species from the St. Lawrence River, Canada. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 479-480:48-56. [PMID: 24534698 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.01.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Revised: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Restrictions in the utilization of polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) mixtures have led to the increased usage of alternative flame retardant additives in a wide range of commercial applications. The present study examined the occurrence of established and emerging flame retardants (FRs) in fish from a densely-populated urbanized sector of the St. Lawrence River (Montreal, Quebec, Canada). Thirty-eight PBDE congeners and sixteen emerging FRs were determined in fish belonging to three predatory species (yellow perch, northern pike, and muskellunge). The ∑PBDE in fish were up to 24,115 ng/g lipid weight (l.w.) in the apex predator muskellunge. Twelve emerging FRs including bis(2-ethylhexyl)-tetrabromophthalate (BEHTBP), pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB), Dechlorane Plus (anti and syn), dechloranes (Dec) 602, Dec 604, Dec 604 Compound B (Dec 604 CB), and Chlordene Plus (CP) were detected (>0.01 ng/gl.w.) in the liver of muskellunge and northern pike but not in yellow perch homogenates. This is the first report of Dec 604 CB in any fish species. The bioavailability of these FRs in human-impacted aquatic ecosystems warrants further environmental assessment and toxicity testing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magali Houde
- Environment Canada, Centre Saint-Laurent, 105 McGill Street, Montreal, QC H2Y 2E7, Canada.
| | - David Berryman
- Direction du suivi de l'état de l'environnement, Ministère du Développement durable, de l'Environnement, de la Faune et des Parcs, 675, boul. René-Lévesque Est, 7e étage, Québec, QC G1R 5V7, Canada.
| | - Yves de Lafontaine
- Environment Canada, Centre Saint-Laurent, 105 McGill Street, Montreal, QC H2Y 2E7, Canada.
| | - Jonathan Verreault
- Centre de recherche en toxicologie de l'environnement (TOXEN), Département des sciences biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P. 8888, Succursale Centre-ville, Montreal, QC H3C 3P8, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kakimoto K, Nagayoshi H, Takagi S, Akutsu K, Konishi Y, Kajimura K, Hayakawa K, Toriba A. Inhalation and dietary exposure to Dechlorane Plus and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in Osaka, Japan. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2014; 99:69-73. [PMID: 24211159 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Revised: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This study estimated daily exposure to Dechlorane Plus (DP) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) via inhalation and diet. Samples of atmospheric particles and food (obtained by market basket method) from Osaka, Japan were analyzed for DP (syn-, anti-) and PBDE using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. DP was detected in both atmospheric particles and food samples. Among the atmospheric particles, DP was detected in all samples. ΣDP concentration was 7.1-15.4 pg m(-3) and anti-DP was the dominant residue among DP isomers. PBDE was also detected in all the atmospheric particles. ΣPBDE concentration was 9.9-23.3 pg m(-3). In the market basket study, DP was detected in Groups Ш (sugar and confectionary), V (legumes and their products), X (fish, shellfish, and their products), and XI (meat and eggs) at concentrations of 3.3, 2.8, 1.9, and 1.5 pg g(-1) wet wt, respectively. PBDE was detected in Groups Ш, IV (oils and fats), V, X, XI, and XШ (seasonings and other processed foods) at concentrations of 153, 79.1, 74.6, 308, 94.8, and 186 pg g(-1) wet wt, respectively. The daily intake of ΣDP (750 pg day(-1)) via inhalation and diet was approximately one percent of that for ΣPBDE (62 ng day(-1)).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kensaku Kakimoto
- Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health, 1-3-69, Nakamichi, Higashinari-ku, Osaka 537-0025, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Barco-Bonilla N, Plaza-Bolaños P, Tarifa NMV, Romero-González R, Martínez Vidal JL, Frenich AG. Highly sensitive determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in surface water by GC coupled to high-resolution MS according to the EU Water Directive 2008/105/EC. J Sep Sci 2013; 37:69-76. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201300757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Revised: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nieves Barco-Bonilla
- Department of Chemistry and Physics (Analytical Chemistry Area); Andalusian Center for the Assessment and Monitoring of Global Change (CAESCG); Agrifood Campus of International Excellence ceiA3; University of Almería; Almería Spain
| | - Patricia Plaza-Bolaños
- Department of Chemistry and Physics (Analytical Chemistry Area); Andalusian Center for the Assessment and Monitoring of Global Change (CAESCG); Agrifood Campus of International Excellence ceiA3; University of Almería; Almería Spain
| | - Noelia Ma Valera Tarifa
- Department of Chemistry and Physics (Analytical Chemistry Area); Andalusian Center for the Assessment and Monitoring of Global Change (CAESCG); Agrifood Campus of International Excellence ceiA3; University of Almería; Almería Spain
| | - Roberto Romero-González
- Department of Chemistry and Physics (Analytical Chemistry Area); Andalusian Center for the Assessment and Monitoring of Global Change (CAESCG); Agrifood Campus of International Excellence ceiA3; University of Almería; Almería Spain
| | - José Luis Martínez Vidal
- Department of Chemistry and Physics (Analytical Chemistry Area); Andalusian Center for the Assessment and Monitoring of Global Change (CAESCG); Agrifood Campus of International Excellence ceiA3; University of Almería; Almería Spain
| | - Antonia Garrido Frenich
- Department of Chemistry and Physics (Analytical Chemistry Area); Andalusian Center for the Assessment and Monitoring of Global Change (CAESCG); Agrifood Campus of International Excellence ceiA3; University of Almería; Almería Spain
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Gassel M, Harwani S, Park JS, Jahn A. Detection of nonylphenol and persistent organic pollutants in fish from the North Pacific Central Gyre. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2013; 73:231-242. [PMID: 23746941 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2012] [Revised: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Despite scientific and public concern, research on food web contamination from chemicals in plastic is limited, and distinguishing plastic sources from prey remains a challenge. We analyzed juvenile yellowtail (Seriola lalandi) from the North Pacific Central Gyre for plastic ingestion and tissue concentrations of persistent organic pollutants and nonionic surfactants to investigate potential contamination from plastic exposure. Ingestion of synthetic debris occurred in ~10% of the sample population. PCBs and DDTs were 352±240 (mean±SD) and 1425±1118 ng/g lw, respectively. PBDEs were 9.08±10.6 ng/g lw, with BDEs-47, 99, and 209 representing 90% of PBDEs. Nonylphenol (NP) was detected in one-third of the yellowtail with a mean of 52.8±88.5 ng/g ww overall and 167±72.3 ng/g ww excluding non-detects. Because environmental NP is strongly associated with wastewater treatment effluents, long-range transport is unlikely, and NP was previously measured in gyre plastic, we concluded that plastic-mediated exposure best explained our findings of NP in yellowtail.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margy Gassel
- Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, California Environmental Protection Agency, 1515 Clay Street, 16th Floor, Oakland, CA, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Cao H, He M, Han D, Li J, Li M, Wang W, Yao S. OH-initiated oxidation mechanisms and kinetics of 2,4,4'-Tribrominated diphenyl ether. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:8238-8247. [PMID: 23855483 DOI: 10.1021/es400088v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
2,4,4'-Tribromodiphenyl ether (BDE-28) was selected as a typical congener of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) to examine its fate both in the atmosphere and in water solution. All the calculations were obtained at the ground state. The mechanism result shows that the oxidations between BDE-28 and OH radicals are highly feasible especially at the less-brominated phenyl ring. Hydroxylated dibrominated diphenyl ethers (OH-PBDEs) are formed through direct bromine-substitution reactions (P1∼P3) or secondary reactions of OH-adducts (P4∼P8). Polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PBDDs) resulting from o-OH-PBDEs are favored products compared with polybrominated dibenzofurans (PBDFs) generated by bromophenols and their radicals. The complete degradation of OH adducts in the presence of O2/NO, which generates unsaturated ketones and aldehydes, is less feasible compared with the H-abstraction pathways by O2. Aqueous solution reduces the feasibility between BDE-28 and the OH radical. The rate constant of BDE-28 and the OH radical is determined to be 1.79 × 10(-12) cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1) with an atmospheric lifetime of 6.7 days.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haijie Cao
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kakimoto K, Nagayoshi H, Yoshida J, Akutsu K, Konishi Y, Toriba A, Hayakawa K. Detection of Dechlorane Plus and brominated flame retardants in marketed fish in Japan. CHEMOSPHERE 2012; 89:416-419. [PMID: 22698370 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.05.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Revised: 04/08/2012] [Accepted: 05/19/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Fish samples purchased from Japanese markets were analyzed for Dechlorane Plus (DP)(syn-, anti-), polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE), and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD)(α, γ). Twenty fish were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for DP and PBDE, and using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for HBCD. DP was detected in 18 samples and ∑DP concentrations were <0.2-14.2 pg g(-1)wet wt. Among the DP isomers, anti-DP was the dominant residue observed in this study. PBDE was detected in all samples. Concentrations of ∑PBDE ranged from 2.2 to 878 pg g(-1) wet wt. HBCD was detected in 18 samples, and ∑HBCD concentrations were <0.02-21.9 ng g(-1)wet wt. In fish landed near the East China Sea and the Sea of Japan, we detected relatively high concentrations of DP, PBDE, and HBCD. These results indicate that the seawaters around East Asia are contaminated with flame retardants. This study demonstrates the presence of DP in fish marketed in Japan for the first time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kensaku Kakimoto
- Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health, 1-3-69, Nakamichi, Higashinari-ku, Osaka 537-0025, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Helaleh MIH, Al-Rashdan A, Ibtisam A. Levels of Polybrominated Biphenyl Ethers in Some Selected Fish and Shellfish from Kuwait. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2012.629953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
|
16
|
Extraction and determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in water and urine samples using solidified floating organic drop microextraction along with high performance liquid chromatography. Mikrochim Acta 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-011-0713-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
|
17
|
Munschy C, Héas-Moisan K, Tixier C, Boulesteix L, Morin J. Classic and novel brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in common sole (Solea solea L.) from main nursery zones along the French coasts. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2011; 409:4618-4627. [PMID: 21855959 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2011] [Revised: 07/06/2011] [Accepted: 07/07/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) were investigated in juvenile common sole from nursery zones situated along the French coast in 2007, 2008 and 2009. Extensive identification was performed with regard to PBDEs, novel BFRs 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE) and decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE), and other non-PBDE BFRs, namely, hexabromobenzene (HBB) and 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexabromobiphenyl (BB-153). Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) concentrations (Σ 14 congeners) ranged from 0.01 ng/g to 0.16 ng/g wet weight (ww) in muscle, and 0.07 ng/g to 2.8 ng/g ww in liver. Concentrations were in the lower range of those reported in the literature in other European locations. Lower PBDE concentrations, condition indices and lipid contents were observed in the Seine estuary in 2009, possibly in relation to a lower water flow. The PBDE patterns and ratios we observed suggested that juvenile sole have a relative high metabolic degradation capacity. Non-PBDE BFRs were detected at lower levels than PBDEs, i.e., within the < method detection limit - 0.005 ng/g ww range in muscle, and < method detection limit - 0.2 ng/g ww range in liver. The data obtained is of particular interest for the future monitoring of these compounds in the environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Munschy
- IFREMER (Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer), Laboratory of Biogeochemistry of Organic Contaminants, Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, BP 21105, 44311 Nantes Cedex 3, France.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Ye RR, Lei ENY, Lam MHW, Chan AKY, Bo J, van de Merwe JP, Fong ACC, Yang MMS, Lee JS, Segner HE, Wong CKC, Wu RSS, Au DWT. Gender-specific modulation of immune system complement gene expression in marine medaka Oryzias melastigma following dietary exposure of BDE-47. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2011; 19:2477-87. [PMID: 22828878 PMCID: PMC3404281 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-012-0887-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2011] [Accepted: 03/20/2012] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BDE-47 is one of the most widely found congeners of PBDEs in marine environments. The potential immunomodulatory effects of BDE-47 on fish complement system were studied using the marine medaka Oryzias melastigma as a model fish. Three-month-old O. melastigma were subjected to short-term (5 days) and long-term (21 days) exposure to two concentrations of BDE-47 (low dose at 290 ± 172 ng/day; high dose at 580 ± 344 ng/day) via dietary uptake of BDE-47 encapsulated in Artemia nauplii. Body burdens of BDE-47 and other metabolic products were analyzed in the exposed and control fish. Only a small amount of debrominated product, BDE-28, was detected, while other metabolic products were all under detection limit. Transcriptional expression of six major complement system genes involved in complement activation: C1r/s (classical pathway), MBL-2 (lectin pathway), CFP (alternative pathway), F2 (coagulation pathway), C3 (the central component of complement system), and C9 (cell lysis) were quantified in the liver of marine medaka. Endogenous expression of all six complement system genes was found to be higher in males than in females (p < 0.05). Upon dietary exposure of marine medaka to BDE-47, expression of all six complement genes were downregulated in males at day 5 (or longer), whereas in females, MBl-2, CFP, and F2 mRNAs expression were upregulated, but C3 and C9 remained stable with exposure time and dose. A significant negative relationship was found between BDE-47 body burden and mRNA expression of C1r/s, CFP, and C3 in male fish (r = -0.8576 to -0.9447). The above findings on changes in complement gene expression patterns indicate the complement system may be compromised in male O. melastigma upon dietary exposure to BDE-47. Distinct gender difference in expression of six major complement system genes was evident in marine medaka under resting condition and dietary BDE-47 challenge. The immunomodulatory effects of BDE-47 on transcriptional expression of these complement components in marine medaka were likely induced by the parent compound instead of biotransformed products. Our results clearly demonstrate that future direction for fish immunotoxicology and risk assessment of immunosuppressive chemicals must include parallel evaluation for both genders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roy R. Ye
- State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Elva N. Y. Lei
- State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Michael H. W. Lam
- State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Alice K. Y. Chan
- State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Jun Bo
- State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Jason P. van de Merwe
- State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Amy C. C. Fong
- State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Michael M. S. Yang
- State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - J. S. Lee
- National Research Lab of Marine Molecular and Environmental Bioscience, Department of Chemistry College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Helmut E. Segner
- Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, University of Bern, CH3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Chris K. C. Wong
- Department of Biology, Baptist University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Rudolf S. S. Wu
- School of Biological Science, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Doris W. T. Au
- State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
An L, Hu J, Yang M, Zheng B, Wei A, Shang J, Zhao X. CYP1A mRNA expression in redeye mullets (Liza haematocheila) from Bohai Bay, China. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2011; 62:718-725. [PMID: 21310441 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2010] [Revised: 01/12/2011] [Accepted: 01/12/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Induction of cytochrome P4501A (CYP1A) has been used as a biomarker in fish for monitoring aromatic and organic contaminants. In this study, a partial of CYP1A gene in redeye mullet (Liza haematocheila) was isolated and sequenced, and then a real-time quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction assay was developed for quantification of CYP1A mRNA normalized to β-actin. The developed method was applied to detect CYP1A mRNA expression in redeye mullets collected from Nandaihe (reference site) and Dashentang (impacted site) in Bohai Bay, China. CYP1A mRNA expression values were significantly elevated in redeye mullets from Dashentang compared to a reference site--Nandaihe, which was correlated with the contents of different environmentally relevant pollutants in tissues, particularly with PCBs and PBDEs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lihui An
- MOE Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Hori S. [Organohalogen compounds in foodstuffs and human breast milk]. Food Hygiene and Safety Science (Shokuhin Eiseigaku Zasshi) 2011; 51:373-82. [PMID: 21228527 DOI: 10.3358/shokueishi.51.373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
21
|
Xia C, Lam JCW, Wu X, Sun L, Xie Z, Lam PKS. Levels and distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in marine fishes from Chinese coastal waters. CHEMOSPHERE 2011; 82:18-24. [PMID: 21051072 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2010] [Revised: 09/05/2010] [Accepted: 10/09/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in yellow croakers (Pseudosciaena crocea) and silver pomfrets (Pampus argenteus) collected from nine coastal cities along the eastern China coastline were investigated. PBDE congeners with mono- to hexa-brominated substitutions were detected in the samples, indicating their ubiquitous distribution in the marine environment of China. The total PBDE concentration averaged 3.04 ng g⁻¹ lipid wt, a level that was relatively lower than in other regions of the world, especially North America where Penta-BDE was extensively used. Geographically, the highest concentration of PBDEs was found in Xiamen, and the PBDE levels in yellow croakers were significantly higher than those in pomfrets in most of the selected cities, a pattern which may be related to the different feeding habits of the two species. The congener profiles of PBDEs were found to be different from the commonly detected pattern in fishes from other regions of the world (i.e., BDE47>BDE99, BDE100>BDE153, BDE154). BDE47 and BDE154 were the predominant congeners in both species, accounting for more than 60% of the total PBDE concentrations. The reasons for the relatively high proportion of BDE154 may be due to the debromination of higher brominated congeners such as BDE183 and BDE209 by these two species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chonghuan Xia
- Institute of Polar Environment, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Losada S, Santos F, Covaci A, Galceran M. Gas chromatography–ion trap tandem mass spectrometry method for the analysis of methoxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers in fish. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:5253-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2010] [Revised: 05/31/2010] [Accepted: 06/08/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
23
|
Kuo YM, Sepúlveda MS, Hua I, Ochoa-Acuña HG, Sutton TM. Bioaccumulation and biomagnification of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in a food web of Lake Michigan. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2010; 19:623-634. [PMID: 19882349 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-009-0431-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/09/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers are hydrophobic chemicals and can biomagnify in food chains. Little is known about the biomagnification of PBDEs in the Lake Michigan food web. Plankton, Diporeia, lake whitefish, lake trout, and Chinook salmon were collected from Lake Michigan in 2006 between April and August. Fish liver and muscle and whole invertebrates were analyzed for six PBDEs (BDE-47, 99, 100, 153, 154, and 209). Carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios (delta(13)C and delta(15)N) were also quantified in order to establish the trophic structure of the food web. Geometric means of Sigma PBDE concentrations in fish ranged from 0.562 to 1.61 microg/g-lipid. BDE-209 concentrations ranged from 0.184 to 1.23 microg/g-lipid in all three fish species. Sigma BDE-47, 99, and 209 comprised 80-94% of Sigma PBDE molar concentration. Within each fish species, there were no significant differences in PBDE concentrations between liver and muscle. The highest concentration of BDE-209 (144 microg/g-lipid) was detected in Diporeia. Based on analysis of delta(15)N and PBDE concentrations, BDE-47 and 100 were found to biomagnify, whereas BDE-209 did not. A significant negative correlation between BDE-209 and trophic level was found in this food web. Biomagnification factors were also calculated and again BDE-47 and 100 biomagnified between food web members whereas BDE-209 did not. Diporeia could be one of the main dietary sources of BDE-209 for fish in Lake Michigan; BDE-47 and 100 biomagnified within this food chain; the concentration of BDE-209 decreased at higher trophic levels, suggesting partial uptake and/or biotransformation of BDE-209 in the Lake Michigan food web.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Ming Kuo
- School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, 550 Stadium Mall Dr., West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Takahashi S, Oshihoi T, Ramu K, Isobe T, Ohmori K, Kubodera T, Tanabe S. Organohalogen compounds in deep-sea fishes from the western North Pacific, off-Tohoku, Japan: Contamination status and bioaccumulation profiles. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2010; 60:187-196. [PMID: 19837437 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2009.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2009] [Revised: 09/17/2009] [Accepted: 09/21/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Twelve species of deep-sea fishes collected in 2005 from the western North Pacific, off-Tohoku, Japan were analyzed for organohalogen compounds. Among the compounds analyzed, concentrations of DDTs and PCBs (up to 23,000 and 12,400 ng/g lipid wt, respectively) were the highest. The present study is the foremost to report the occurrence of brominated flame retardants such as PBDEs and HBCDs in deep-sea organisms from the North Pacific region. Significant positive correlations found between delta(15)N ( per thousand) and PCBs, DDTs and PBDEs suggest the high biomagnification potential of these contaminants in food web. The large variation in delta(13)C (per thousand) values observed between the species indicate multiple sources of carbon in the food web and specific accumulation of hydrophobic organohalogen compounds in benthic dwelling carnivore species like snubnosed eel. The results obtained in this study highlight the usefulness of deep-sea fishes as sentinel species to monitor the deep-sea environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shin Takahashi
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 2-5, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Eljarrat E, Raldúa D, Barceló D. Origin, Occurrence, and Behavior of Brominated Flame Retardants in the Ebro River Basin. THE HANDBOOK OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/698_2010_70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
|
26
|
Liu X, Hu J, Huang C, Wang H, Wang X. Determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in aquatic animal tissue using cleanup by freezing-dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction combined with GC-MS. J Sep Sci 2009; 32:4213-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200900480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
27
|
Shaw SD, Kannan K. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in marine ecosystems of the American continents: foresight from current knowledge. REVIEWS ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2009; 24:157-229. [PMID: 19891120 DOI: 10.1515/reveh.2009.24.3.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a class of synthetic halogenated organic compounds used in commercial and household products, such as textiles, furniture, and electronics, to increase their flame ignition resistance and to meet fire safety standards. The demonstrated persistence, bioaccumulation, and toxic potential of these compounds in animals and in humans are of increasing concern. The oceans are considered global sinks for PBDEs, as higher levels are found in marine organisms than in terrestrial biota. For the past three decades, North America has dominated the world market demand for PBDEs, consuming 95% of the penta-BDE formulation. Accordingly, the PBDE concentrations in marine biota and people from North America are the highest in the world and are increasing. Despite recent restrictions on penta- and octa-BDE commercial formulations, penta-BDE containing products will remain a reservoir for PBDE release for years to come, and the deca-BDE formulation is still in high-volume use. In this paper, we review all available data on the occurrence and trends of PBDEs in the marine ecosystems (air, water, sediments, invertebrates, fish, seabirds, and marine mammals) of North and South America. We outline here our concerns about the potential future impacts of large existing stores of banned PBDEs in consumer products, and the vast and growing reservoirs of deca-BDE as well as new and naturally occurring brominated compounds on marine ecosystems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susan D Shaw
- Marine Environmental Research Institute, Center for Marine Studies, Blue Hill, ME 04614, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Medina CM, Pitarch E, Portolés T, López FJ, Hernández F. GC-MS/MS multi-residue method for the determination of organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in human breast tissues. J Sep Sci 2009; 32:2090-102. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200800737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
29
|
Wang Z, Ma X, Lin Z, Na G, Yao Z. Congener specific distributions of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in sediment and mussel (Mytilus edulis) of the Bo Sea, China. CHEMOSPHERE 2009; 74:896-901. [PMID: 19095284 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.10.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2008] [Revised: 10/22/2008] [Accepted: 10/24/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Congener specific distributions of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were investigated in sediment and mussel (Mytilus edulis) collected from the coast of Bo Sea, China. The median values of BDE-209 and SigmaPBDEs (including BDE-17, -28, -47, -66, -71, -85, -99, -100, -138, -153, -154, -183 and -190) were 2.29 and 0.16 ng g(-1)dry weight in sediment, and 2.43 and 0.68 ng g(-1)dry weight in mussel, respectively. BDE-209 was the predominant congener (61-99% in mussel and 75-99% in sediment except for one sample with 17%). Different congener patterns (excluding BDE-209) were observed between sediment and mussel, which were attributed to individual congener's bioaccumulation potential and/or the ability to metabolize. The four most abundant congeners were BDE-47 (40.3%), -99 (22.5%), -71 (8.9%) and -28 (5.8%) in sediment, and -47 (36.4%), -28 (14.5%), -154 (8.6%) and -71 (8.6%) in mussel, respectively. The ratios of BDE-47/BDE-99 and BDE-100/BDE-99 in sediment were lower than those in mussel, indicating higher transformation and uptake rate of BDE-99 in mussel. The biota-sediment accumulation factor (BSAF) of individual PBDE congeners declined with the increase of their logarithm of octanol-water partition coefficients (log K(OW)) except for BDE-154, indicating congeners with higher logK(OW) were more likely to retain in sediment. These can be explained with a high affinity of these compounds for carbonaceous geosorbents, and molecular steric hindrance that limits large, very hydrophobic organic compounds from penetrating the cellular membranes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wang
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Liu X, Li J, Zhao Z, Zhang W, Lin K, Huang C, Wang X. Solid-phase extraction combined with dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction for the determination for polybrominated diphenyl ethers in different environmental matrices. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:2220-6. [PMID: 19168180 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.12.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2008] [Revised: 12/16/2008] [Accepted: 12/31/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An analytical method, solid-phase extraction combined with dispersive liquid-liquid microextration (SPE-DLLME), was established to determine polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in water and plant samples. After concentration and purification of the samples in LC-C18 column, 1.0-mL elution sample containing 22.0 microL 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane was injected rapidly into the 5.0-mL pure water. After extraction and centrifuging, the sedimented phase was injected rapidly into gas chromatography with electron-capture detection (GC-ECD). For water samples, enrichment factors (EFs) are in the range of 6838-9405 under the optimum conditions. The calibration curves are linear in the range of 0.1-100 ng L(-1) (BDEs 28, 47) and 0.5-500 ng L(-1) (BDEs 100, 99, 85, 154, 153). The relative standard deviations (RSDs) and the limits of detection (LODs) are in the range of 4.2-7.9% (n=5) and 0.03-0.15 ng L(-1), respectively. For plant samples, RSDs and LODs are in the range of 5.9-11.3% and 0.04-0.16 microg kg(-1), respectively. The relative recoveries of well, river, sea, leachate, and clover samples, spiked with different levels of PBDEs, are 66.8-94.1%, 72.2-100.5%, 74.5-110.4%, 62.1-105.1%, 66.1-91.7%, 62.4-88.9%, and 64.5-83.2%, respectively. The results show that SPE-DLLME is a suitable method for the determination of PBDEs in water and plant samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiujuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Antignac JP, Cariou R, Zalko D, Berrebi A, Cravedi JP, Maume D, Marchand P, Monteau F, Riu A, Andre F, Le Bizec B. Exposure assessment of French women and their newborn to brominated flame retardants: determination of tri- to deca- polybromodiphenylethers (PBDE) in maternal adipose tissue, serum, breast milk and cord serum. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2009; 157:164-173. [PMID: 18804904 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2008.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2008] [Revised: 07/02/2008] [Accepted: 07/17/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
In the frame of a French monitoring program, tri- to deca- polybromodiphenylethers (PBDE) have been measured in maternal and cord serum, adipose tissue, and breast milk samples, collected from 93 volunteer women during caesarean deliveries. The seven major tri- to heptaBDE (BDE-28, 47, 99, 100, 153, 154, and 183) were detected in adipose tissue and breast milk with cumulated median values of 2.59 and 2.51 ng g(-1) l w. Nine highly brominated octa- to decaBDE (BDE-196, 197, 201, 202, 203, 206, 207, 208 and 209) was performed in the same samples, with cumulated median values of 2.73 and 3.39 ng g(-1) l w in adipose tissue and breast milk, respectively. At this opposite, median levels of octa- to decaBDE in maternal and cord serum appeared significantly higher than the levels of tri- to heptaBDE in the same matrices, i.e. 8.85 and 12.34 versus 0.98 and 0.69 ng g(-1) l w, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Philippe Antignac
- Laboratoire d'Etude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments, USC INRA 2013, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Nantes, Route de Gachet, BP 50707, 44307 Nantes Cedex 3, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Sudaryanto A, Kajiwara N, Tsydenova OV, Isobe T, Yu H, Takahashi S, Tanabe S. Levels and congener specific profiles of PBDEs in human breast milk from China: implication on exposure sources and pathways. CHEMOSPHERE 2008; 73:1661-1668. [PMID: 18834613 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.07.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2008] [Revised: 07/24/2008] [Accepted: 07/25/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Fourteen PBDE congeners from mono- to deca-BDE were determined in breast milk of primiparous mothers from two locations in East China, i.e. Nanjing (n=9), an urban area, and Zhoushan (n=10), a semi rural coastal area. PBDEs were detected in all the human breast milk samples of the present study, indicating that general population in these two locations are widely exposed to these pollutants. Relatively higher concentrations of PBDEs were found in the milk of mothers from Nanjing than Zhoushan, suggesting the existence of significant sources of PBDEs in urban areas. PBDE levels in the present study were similar to those in European countries, but one or two orders of magnitude lower than in North America. Except for BDE-3, all congeners from di- to deca-BDE were detected in the samples of the present study. BDE-209, a congener considered to have less bioavailability, was detected in about 50% of the samples at concentrations higher than that of other congeners. Other higher brominated congeners, such as BDE-153, -197 and -207, were also prominent in the present study, which is different from the pattern generally observed in previous studies on human milk as well as biota samples. These results may indicate that the inhabitants of Nanjing and Zhoushan are exposed to location specific sources of PBDEs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agus Sudaryanto
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Cariou R, Antignac JP, Zalko D, Berrebi A, Cravedi JP, Maume D, Marchand P, Monteau F, Riu A, Andre F, Le Bizec B. Exposure assessment of French women and their newborns to tetrabromobisphenol-A: occurrence measurements in maternal adipose tissue, serum, breast milk and cord serum. CHEMOSPHERE 2008; 73:1036-41. [PMID: 18790516 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.07.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2008] [Revised: 07/29/2008] [Accepted: 07/31/2008] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
A French monitoring study was initiated to evaluate the exposure of fetus and newborn to brominated flame retardants (BFR). A previously developed multi-residue analytical method was used for measuring the main classes of BFR (tetrabromobisphenol-A, and tri- to decabomodiphenyl ethers) in various human biological matrices. Analyzed samples (maternal and cord serum, adipose tissue and breast milk) were collected from 93 volunteer women during caesarean deliveries. TBBPA was detected in 44% of the analyzed breast milk samples, at levels varying from 0.06 to 37.34 ng g(-1) lipid weight, but was not detected in adipose tissue. This compound was also detected in 30% of the analyzed serum samples, with similar average values in maternal and cord serum (154 pg g(-1) fresh weight versus 199 pg g(-1) fresh weight, respectively). The interpretation of the collected data permitted the demonstration of (1) a significant exposure to TBBPA both for mothers and fetuses and (2) a possible risk of overexposure of newborns through breastfeeding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ronan Cariou
- Laboratoire d'Etude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments, USC INRA 2013, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Nantes, BP 50707, F-44307 Nantes Cedex 3, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Roosens L, Dirtu AC, Goemans G, Belpaire C, Gheorghe A, Neels H, Blust R, Covaci A. Brominated flame retardants and polychlorinated biphenyls in fish from the river Scheldt, Belgium. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2008; 34:976-983. [PMID: 18400299 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2008.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2008] [Revised: 02/21/2008] [Accepted: 02/24/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were measured in several fish species originating from the river Scheldt (Belgium). Five sampling locations were chosen in a highly industrialized area along the river, while two ponds in the vicinity of the river served as reference sites. The present study is a follow-up of a survey performed in 2000 which reported extremely high levels of PBDEs and HBCDs in eel (Anguilla anguilla) collected from the same region (Oudenaarde, Flanders). The sum of tri- to hepta-BDE congeners (2270+/-2260 ng/g lipid weight (lw), range 660-11500 ng/g lw) and total HBCDs (4500+/-3000 ng/g lw, range 390-12100 ng/g lw) were one order of magnitude higher than levels usually reported from freshwater systems, indicating the presence of point sources. In most samples, levels of total HBCDs were higher than those of PBDEs, probably due to the high density of factories using HBCD as an additive brominated flame retardant (BFR). The high values of HBCDs were confirmed by both gas- and liquid-chromatography-mass spectrometry. Although BFR levels were between the highest ever reported in freshwater ecosystems, PCBs could be detected at even higher concentrations (16000+/-14300 ng/g lw, range 3900-66600 ng/g lw), being among the highest levels recorded in Belgium. The inter-sampling site variation of PBDEs, HBCDs and PCBs was comparable. All locations presented similar PBDE congener profiles, with BDE 47 being the dominant congener, followed by BDE 100, BDE 99 and BDE 49, probably originating from the former use of the penta-BDE technical mixture. In order to estimate the impact of these point sources on human exposure, we further focussed on eels which showed a considerable decrease in the PBDE and HBCD levels between 2000 and 2006. Due to the wide span in concentrations between the different sampling locations, a variable contribution to the total human exposure through local eel consumption was estimated. The calculated daily intake ranged from 3 ng to 330 ng PBDEs/day for normal eel consumers, but was as high as 9800 ng PBDEs/day for anglers, which may be considered at risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Roosens
- Toxicological Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Akutsu K, Takatori S, Nakazawa H, Hayakawa K, Izumi S, Makino T. Dietary intake estimations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) based on a total diet study in Osaka, Japan. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS PART B-SURVEILLANCE 2008; 1:58-68. [DOI: 10.1080/19393210802236901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
36
|
Mariottini M, Corsi I, Della Torre C, Caruso T, Bianchini A, Nesi I, Focardi S. Biomonitoring of polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) pollution: a field study. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2008; 148:80-6. [PMID: 18485829 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2008.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2007] [Revised: 03/18/2008] [Accepted: 03/20/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and cytochrome P450 enzyme activities were investigated in European eels (Anguilla anguilla) collected from seven sites in a coastal lagoon in the north-western Mediterranean Sea, Orbetello lagoon (Italy). Twelve PBDE congeners were measured in muscle and two CYP1A enzyme activities, 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) and benzo(a)pyrene monooxygenase (BP(a)PMO), were investigated in liver microsomal fraction in order to obtain insights into the health of the lagoon environment. PBDE muscle levels were low and the most abundant congeners were 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenylether (BDE-47), 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexaBDE (BDE-153) and 2,2',4,5'-tetraBDE (BDE-49). EROD and B(a)PMO activities were also low and no differences were observed between eels from different sites. Multivariate analysis (PCA) did not indicate correlations between PBDEs and either P450 activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michela Mariottini
- Department of Environmental Sciences G. Sarfatti, University of Siena, Via Mattioli 4, 53100 Siena, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Miyake Y, Jiang Q, Yuan W, Hanari N, Okazawa T, Wyrzykowska B, So MK, Lam PKS, Yamashita N. Preliminary health risk assessment for polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans in seafood from Guangzhou and Zhoushan, China. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2008; 57:357-364. [PMID: 18423495 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2008.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2007] [Revised: 02/14/2008] [Accepted: 03/07/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Dietary intake is one of the important routes of human exposure to brominated flame retardants (BFRs) such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). The use of PBDEs may also result in exposure to polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDDs/DFs), as these compounds are impurities in technical mixtures of BFRs and can also be formed unintentionally by the same processes that generate chlorinated dioxins. This study determined the concentrations of polybrominated compounds in common seafood in Guangzhou and Zhoushan, and assessed the health risks of these chemicals via consumption of contaminated seafood. Seafood samples (fish, bivalves, shrimp, crab, and cephalopods) purchased from local markets in 2003 and 2004 were analyzed for PBDEs and PBDDs/DFs. The highest concentration of total PBDEs (46.3 ng g(-1) lipid wt.) was detected in fish from Guangzhou, in which BDEs 47 and 209 were the two predominant congeners. The total daily intakes of PBDEs, PBDDs, and PBDFs were, 946, 6.39, and 6.54 pg kg(-1) body weight (bw) in Guangzhou, and 489, 4.99, and 7.65 pg kg(-1) bw in Zhoushan, respectively. The hazard ratios for PBDDs and PBDFs were both greater than unity, indicating that these compounds may pose some health risks to the local population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Miyake
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), EMTECH, AIST Tsukuba West, 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8569, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Antignac JP, Cariou R, Maume D, Marchand P, Monteau F, Zalko D, Berrebi A, Cravedi JP, Andre F, Le Bizec B. Exposure assessment of fetus and newborn to brominated flame retardants in France: preliminary data. Mol Nutr Food Res 2008; 52:258-65. [PMID: 18186099 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.200700077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Brominated flame retardants (BFR) are chemicals extensively used in many manufactured products to reduce the risk of fire, but also environmental pollutants. In order to assess the potential risk linked to these compounds in human, a French monitoring study was initiated to evaluate the exposure of fetus and newborn. A previously described multi-residue analytical method was used, for measuring the main classes of BFR (hexabromocyclododecane, tetrabromobisphenol-A, and tri- to deca-polybromodiphenylethers) in various biological matrices. These analyzed samples (maternal and umbilical serum, adipose tissue and breast milk) were collected on volunteer women during caesarean deliveries. Preliminary results obtained on 26 individuals (mother/newborn pairs) mainly demonstrated the presence of polybromodiphenylethers (PBDE) and tetrabromobisphenol A both in maternal and fetal matrices, and a possible risk of overexposure of newborns through breastfeeding. Contaminations levels were found globally in the ng/g lipid weight range, consistent with other published European data. Exposure results regarding highly brominated PBDE congeners (octa- to deca-BDE) appeared particularly informative and non-commonly reported, these compounds accounting for around 50% of the total PBDE load. Additional data collection and metabolism investigations are now on-going. A more complete statistical analysis related to this BFR exposition study will be provided in a next future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Philippe Antignac
- Laboratoire d'Etude des Résidus et Contaminants dans Aliments, USC INRA 2013, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Nantes, Nantes, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Xian Q, Ramu K, Isobe T, Sudaryanto A, Liu X, Gao Z, Takahashi S, Yu H, Tanabe S. Levels and body distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) in freshwater fishes from the Yangtze River, China. CHEMOSPHERE 2008; 71:268-76. [PMID: 17980898 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2007] [Revised: 09/18/2007] [Accepted: 09/18/2007] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) were determined in muscle, liver and eggs of freshwater fishes from the lower reach of the Yangtze River, China. The present study is the first to report HBCD concentrations in the environment of China. The concentrations of PBDEs and HBCDs in muscle of freshwater fishes from the Yangtze River ranged from 18 to 1100ng/g and 12 to 330ng/g lipid weight (wt.), respectively. When compared with other regions of the world, the contamination of PBDEs in biota could be regarded as moderate, whereas contamination of HBCDs in biota was relatively high. The PBDE congener profiles in fishes of the present study were markedly different from those observed in freshwater and marine fishes from other regions of the world. In the present study, BDE-15, BDE-28 and BDE-47 were the predominant congeners in the fishes. This particular congener profile in fishes from the Yangtze River revealed that a specific commercial PBDE formulation (probably made in China) might have been used in the Yangtze River Delta region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiming Xian
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Mariussen E, Fjeld E, Breivik K, Steinnes E, Borgen A, Kjellberg G, Schlabach M. Elevated levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in fish from Lake Mjøsa, Norway. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2008; 390:132-141. [PMID: 17976687 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2007] [Revised: 09/17/2007] [Accepted: 09/18/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Surprisingly high levels of PBDEs (polybrominated diphenyl ethers) in fish from Lake Mjøsa watercourse initialized a more detailed study of PBDE contamination in the Lake Mjøsa region as well as fish from other lakes in southeast Norway. With exception of the fish from Lake Mjøsa, the sum concentration of PBDEs in trout was, on a wet weight (ww) basis, in the range of 0.3-40 ng/g (21-1215 ng/g lipid weight (lw)) in fish fillet and 39-446 ng/g (125-915 ng/g lw) in burbot liver. The PBDE levels in fish from Lake Mjøsa, was found in the range of 72-1120 ng/g ww (2348-16,753 ng/g lw) in trout and 156-2265 ng/g ww (4201-45,144 ng/g lw) in burbot. It was later confirmed that the elevated levels in Lake Mjøsa were mainly caused by the release of PBDEs to the water from a textile manufacturer in the town of Lillehammer. In addition to PBDE levels in fish we also present information on the spatial distribution of PBDEs in air around the Mjøsa watercourse, based on the complementary use of passive air samples and analysis of moss, including data on measured air concentrations. The results confirm the presence of an active source of atmospheric PBDEs in the region of Lillehammer. Although this source appears to have a limited impact on atmospheric levels towards the southern reaches of the lake, it could still be a significant source of PBDEs to the lake as a whole. However, more research is needed to better understand and quantify the relative importance of various sources and pathways for which PBDEs enter Lake Mjøsa in order to support the development of future control strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Espen Mariussen
- Norwegian Institute for Air Research, P. O. Box 100, NO-2027 Kjeller, Norway.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Ashizuka Y, Nakagawa R, Hori T, Yasutake D, Tobiishi K, Sasaki K. Determination of brominated flame retardants and brominated dioxins in fish collected from three regions of Japan. Mol Nutr Food Res 2008; 52:273-83. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.200700110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
42
|
Medina CM, Pitarch E, López FJ, Vázquez C, Hernández F. Determination of PBDEs in human breast adipose tissues by gas chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 390:1343-54. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-007-1792-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2007] [Revised: 11/30/2007] [Accepted: 12/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
43
|
Hermanussen S, Matthews V, Päpke O, Limpus CJ, Gaus C. Flame retardants (PBDEs) in marine turtles, dugongs and seafood from Queensland, Australia. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2008; 57:409-18. [PMID: 18313081 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2008.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2007] [Revised: 12/24/2007] [Accepted: 01/07/2008] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are used as flame retardants in numerous products. These compounds have been found to enter the marine environment where they have the potential to bioaccumulate in biota. Limited information is currently available concerning the levels of PBDEs in Australian marine wildlife. This study presents baseline information on PBDE levels in a variety of marine species from Queensland, Australia and considers the influence of species-specific factors on contaminant levels and tissue distribution in marine turtles. Overall, the PBDE levels measured in this study are relatively low compared to marine biota from the northern hemisphere, indicating low level input into the marine system of Queensland. This is in general agreement with global estimates which suggest low PBDE usage in Australia. Previous studies, however, have found relatively high PBDE levels in Australian human milk and sera. This discrepancy in contamination trends between terrestrial and marine biota suggests that future transport of PBDEs may occur to the marine system in Australia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Hermanussen
- National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology (EnTox), University of Queensland, 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains 4108, Queensland (Qld), Australia.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Zhu L, Ma B, Liang X. Quantitative analysis of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in earthworms and soil by gas chromatography coupled to ion-trap tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2008; 22:394-400. [PMID: 18181233 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.3374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
A method coupling gas chromatography to ion-trap tandem mass spectrometry (GC/ITMS) was developed and optimized for the analysis of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in soil and earthworms. It was found that the molecular ion [M]+ cluster provided better performance than the [M-2Br]+ as a collision-induced dissociation (CID) precursor ion for most congeners when considering sensitivity, specificity and potential interference from complicated matrices. Other parameters such as the resonant excitation voltage, 'q' value, were also optimized. To evaluate the suitability of the ITMS method, the optimized method was applied for the analysis of PBDEs in different samples including earthworms and soil, and its performance was compared with that of selected ion monitoring (SIM). It was found that ITMS offered higher sensitivity than SIM when analyzing real environmental samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lingyan Zhu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Morgado I, Hamers T, Van der Ven L, Power DM. Disruption of thyroid hormone binding to sea bream recombinant transthyretin by ioxinyl and polybrominated diphenyl ethers. CHEMOSPHERE 2007; 69:155-63. [PMID: 17553549 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2006] [Revised: 02/09/2007] [Accepted: 04/04/2007] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
A number of chemicals released into the environment share structural similarity to the thyroid hormones (THs), thyroxine (T(4)) and triiodothyronine (T(3)) and it is thought that they may interfere with the thyroid axis and behave as endocrine disruptors (EDs). One of the ways by which such environmental contaminants may disrupt the TH axis is by binding to TH transporter proteins. Transthyretin (TTR) is one of the thyroid hormone binding proteins responsible for TH transport in the blood. TTR forms a stable tetramer that binds both T(4) and T(3) and in fish it is principally synthesized in the liver but is also produced by the brain and intestine. In the present study, we investigate the ability of some chemicals arising from pharmaceutical, industrial or agricultural production and classified as EDs, to compete with [I(125)]-T(3) for sea bream recombinant TTR (sbrTTR). Ioxinyl, a common herbicide and several polybrominated diphenyl ethers were strong inhibitors of [I(125)]-T(3) binding to TTR and some showed even greater affinity than the natural ligand T(3). The TTR competitive binding assay developed offers a quick and effective tool for preliminary risk assessment of chemicals which may disrupt the thyroid axis in teleost fish inhabiting vulnerable aquatic environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Morgado
- Centro de Ciências do Mar, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Minh NH, Isobe T, Ueno D, Matsumoto K, Mine M, Kajiwara N, Takahashi S, Tanabe S. Spatial distribution and vertical profile of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and hexabromocyclododecanes in sediment core from Tokyo Bay, Japan. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2007; 148:409-17. [PMID: 17291651 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2006.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2006] [Revised: 12/06/2006] [Accepted: 12/13/2006] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) and polybrominated diethyl ethers (PBDEs) were detected in three sediment cores and six surface sediments of Tokyo Bay, Japan. HBCDs were detected for the first time in this region with concentrations ranging from 0.056 to 2.3 ng/g dry wt, implying their widespread contamination, even though their concentrations were lower than summation operatorPBDEs (di- to nona-BDEs) and BDE-209. Levels of these compounds were higher near to the highly populated industrial area of the bay implicating industrial and human activities as sources of these compounds. Summation operatorPBDEs increased in the sediment layer up to the mid-1990s and decreased afterwards, whereas BDE-209 showed an increasing trend until now, following the usage of different commercial BDE mixtures. HBCDs first appeared in the mid-1970s and increased until today. The annual surficial flux of HBCDs (0.62-2.4 ng/cm2/yr) is equal to summation operatorPBDEs (0.95-2.6 ng/cm2/yr) but lower than that of BDE-209 (17-58 ng/cm2/yr).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Hung Minh
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Shin M, Svoboda ML, Falletta P. Microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) for the determination of polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs) in sewage sludge. Anal Bioanal Chem 2007; 387:2923-9. [PMID: 17340088 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-007-1168-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2006] [Revised: 01/25/2007] [Accepted: 01/31/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
An efficient microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) method has been developed and evaluated for the quantification of eight major polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs) in sewage sludge. The PBDEs were extracted from wet and dry sludge in a microwave extraction unit using a hexane/acetone mixture for 35 min at a controlled temperature of 130 degrees C. The extract was concentrated, cleaned up on a silica gel column, and analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) in the negative chemical ionization (NCI) mode. The MAE procedure exhibited higher extraction efficiency, specifically for BDE (brominated diphenylether) 209, than the conventional Soxhlet extraction. The test congeners were clearly separated under specific instrumental operating conditions, at a source temperature of 230 degrees C and a column length of 20 m. The present analytical method showed recovery efficiencies ranging from 80 to 110% when applied to the PBDE-free sludge spiked with eight PBDE congeners. The efficiency of the MAE method was confirmed using sludge obtained from four sewage treatment plants (STPs). The results indicate that BDE 47, 99, and 209 are the most abundant congeners present in these sewage sludges, which is consistent with previous reports.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mari Shin
- Aquatic Ecosystem Management Research Division, National Water Research Institute, Environment Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, P.O. Box 5050, Burlington, ON, L7R 4A6, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Gómara B, Herrero L, González MJ. Survey of polybrominated diphenyl ether levels in Spanish commercial foodstuffs. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2006; 40:7541-7. [PMID: 17256492 DOI: 10.1021/es061130w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of 15 BDEs flame retardants have been determined in a large variety of food samples purchased in different markets across Spain. This is the first time that BDEs 184, 191, 196, and 197; impurities from BDEs formulations; and/or degradation products of BDE 209, have been detected in foodstuffs. Values ranged from <0.01 to 2482 pg/g fresh weight. The highest total BDE concentrations were found in fish samples (median of 189, range of 24-880 pg/g f.w.), followed by oils (median of 119, range of 14.8-2958 pg/g f.w.), meats (median of 75.9, range of 6.82-2518 pg/g f.w.), shellfish (median of 75.7, range of 3.29-677 pg/g f.w.), eggs (median of 73.5, range of 12.8-557 pg/g f.w.), and dairy products (median of 66.1, range of 3.24-1588 pg/g f.w.). The total BDE values found in this study are consistent with research reported elsewhere. They are in the same range as those recently reported by other European and Asian studies and lower than those conducted in the U.S. BDE 47 was the predominant congener in fish, shellfish, dairy products (except butter), and meats, while BDE 209 was the predominant in oil and egg samples. The most remarkable findings in this study were the large contribution of the highest brominated BDEs (hepta- to deca-BDE), and principally BDE 209, to the total BDE concentration found in Spanish foods, except fish and shellfish, and the presence of BDE 184, 191, 196, and 197 in many of the samples. The calculated intake of 38.5 ng/day of BDEs was comparable to intake assessment from other UE countries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Gómara
- Department of Instrumental Analysis and Environmental Chemistry, IQOG (CSIC), Juan de la Cierva, 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Ramu K, Kajiwara N, Mochizuki H, Miyasaka H, Asante KA, Takahashi S, Ota S, Yeh HM, Nishida S, Tanabe S. Occurrence of organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in deep-sea fishes from the Sulu Sea. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2006; 52:1827-32. [PMID: 17078975 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2006.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2006] [Accepted: 09/10/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Karri Ramu
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 2-5, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Akutsu K, Tanaka Y, Hayakawa K. Occurrence of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated biphenyls in shark liver oil supplements. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 23:1323-9. [PMID: 17118876 DOI: 10.1080/02652030600892966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Results are reported of a pilot survey of concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in shark liver oil supplements. Eleven brands of dietary supplements were analysed using an isotope dilution GC/MS method. Total concentrations of 10 PBDE congeners (BDE-28, -47, -49, -66, -99, -100, -153, -154, -155 and -183) ranged from 0.1 to 53 ng g-1 oil weight and total concentrations of six PCB congeners (CB-28/31, -52, -118, -153 and -180) in the samples ranged from 16 to 340 ng g-1 oil weight (undetected values are not included). Two brands of Japanese deep-sea shark liver oil contained the highest levels of PBDEs (49-53 ng g-1 oil weight) and PCBs (290-340 ng g-1 oil weight). These results indicate that PBDEs may have entered Japanese deep-sea waters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiko Akutsu
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|