1
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Guan Y, Chen J, Guan H, Chen TT, Teng Y, Wei Z, Li Z, Ouyang S, Chen X. Structural and Functional Characterization of a Fish Type I Subgroup d IFN Reveals Its Binding to Receptors. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2024; 212:1207-1220. [PMID: 38345351 PMCID: PMC10944818 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Teleost fish type I IFNs and the associated receptors from the cytokine receptor family B (CRFB) are characterized by remarkable diversity and complexity. How the fish type I IFNs bind to their receptors is still not fully understood. In this study, we demonstrate that CRFB1 and CRFB5 constitute the receptor pair through which type I subgroup d IFN (IFNd) from large yellow croaker, Larimichthys crocea, activates the conserved JAK-STAT signaling pathway as a part of the antiviral response. Our data suggest that L. crocea IFNd (LcIFNd) has a higher binding affinity with L. crocea CRFB5 (LcCRFB5) than with LcCRFB1. Furthermore, we report the crystal structure of LcIFNd at a 1.49-Å resolution and construct structural models of LcIFNd in binary complexes with predicted structures of extracellular regions of LcCRFB1 and LcCRFB5, respectively. Despite striking similarities in overall architectures of LcIFNd and its ortholog human IFN-ω, the receptor binding patterns between LcIFNd and its receptors show that teleost and mammalian type I IFNs may have differentially selected helices that bind to their homologous receptors. Correspondingly, key residues mediating binding of LcIFNd to LcCRFB1 and LcCRFB5 are largely distinct from the receptor-interacting residues in other fish and mammalian type I IFNs. Our findings reveal a ligand/receptor complex binding mechanism of IFNd in teleost fish, thus providing new insights into the function and evolution of type I IFNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyun Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Breeding, Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, College of Marine Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jingjie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Breeding, Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, College of Marine Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Hongxin Guan
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Pathogenesis and Interventions–Fujian Province University, The Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology of Fujian Province, Biomedical Research Center of South China, Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Tao-Tao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Pathogenesis and Interventions–Fujian Province University, The Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology of Fujian Province, Biomedical Research Center of South China, Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yan Teng
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Breeding, Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, College of Marine Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zuyun Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Breeding, Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, College of Marine Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zekai Li
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Pathogenesis and Interventions–Fujian Province University, The Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology of Fujian Province, Biomedical Research Center of South China, Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Songying Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Pathogenesis and Interventions–Fujian Province University, The Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology of Fujian Province, Biomedical Research Center of South China, Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xinhua Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Breeding, Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, College of Marine Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, China
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2
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Chen J, Guan Y, Guan H, Mu Y, Ding Y, Zou J, Ouyang S, Chen X. Molecular and Structural Basis of Receptor Binding and Signaling of a Fish Type I IFN with Three Disulfide Bonds. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 209:806-819. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
In mammals, type I IFNs, which commonly contain one or two disulfide bonds, activate the JAK-STAT signaling pathway through binding to the common cell surface receptor formed by IFN-α/β receptor (IFNAR)1 and IFNAR2 subunits. Although type I IFNs are also known to be essential for antiviral defense in teleost fish, very little is known about mechanisms underlying the recognition of fish type I IFNs by associated receptors. In this study, we demonstrate that a type I IFN of large yellow croaker Larimichthys crocea (LcIFNi), belonging to a new subgroup of fish type I IFNs, triggers antiviral response via the conserved JAK-STAT pathway through stable binding with a heterodimeric receptor comprising subunits LcCRFB5 and LcCRFB2. LcIFNi binds to LcCRFB5 with a much higher affinity than to LcCRFB2. Furthermore, we determined the crystal structure of LcIFNi at a 1.39 Å resolution. The high-resolution structure is, to our knowledge, the first reported structure of a type I IFN with three disulfide bonds, all of which were found to be indispensable for folding and stability of LcIFNi. Using structural analysis, mutagenesis, and biochemical assays, we identified key LcIFNi residues involved in receptor interaction and proposed a structural model of LcIFNi bound to the LcCRFB2–LcCRFB5 receptor. The results show that LcIFNi–LcCRFB2 exhibits a similar binding pattern to human IFN-ω–IFNAR2, whereas the binding pattern of LcIFNi–LcCRFB5 is quite different from that of IFN-ω–IFNAR1. Altogether, our findings reveal the structural basis for receptor interaction and signaling of a type I IFN with three disulfide bonds and provide new insights into the mechanisms underlying type I IFN recognition in teleosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjie Chen
- *Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, College of Marine Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yanyun Guan
- *Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, College of Marine Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Hongxin Guan
- †Provincial University Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Response and Metabolic Regulation, Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology of Fujian Province, Biomedical Research Center of South China, Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yinnan Mu
- *Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, College of Marine Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yang Ding
- *Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, College of Marine Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jun Zou
- ‡Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China; and
| | - Songying Ouyang
- †Provincial University Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Response and Metabolic Regulation, Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology of Fujian Province, Biomedical Research Center of South China, Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xinhua Chen
- *Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, College of Marine Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- §Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, China
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3
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Wang Z, Xu J, Feng J, Wu K, Chen K, Jia Z, Zhu X, Huang W, Zhao X, Liu Q, Wang B, Chen X, Wang J, Zou J. Structural and Functional Analyses of Type I IFNa Shed Light Into Its Interaction With Multiple Receptors in Fish. Front Immunol 2022; 13:862764. [PMID: 35392096 PMCID: PMC8980424 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.862764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Teleost type I interferons (IFNs) are categorized into group I and II subgroups that bind to distinct receptors to activate antiviral responses. However, the interaction between ifn ligands and receptors has not fully been understood. In this study, the crystal structure of grass carp [Ctenopharyngodon idella (Ci)] IFNa has been solved at 1.58Å and consists of six helices. The CiIFNa displays a typical structure of type I IFNs with a straight helix F and lacks a helix element in the AB loop. Superposition modeling identified several key residues involved in the interaction with receptors. It was found that CiIFNa bound to cytokine receptor family B (CRFB) 1, CRFB2, and CRFB5, and the three receptors could form heterodimeric receptor complexes. Furthermore, mutation of Leu27, Glu103, Lys117, and His165 markedly decreased the phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 1a induced by CiIFNa in the Epithelioma papulosum cyprini (EPC) cells, and Glu103 was shown to be required for the CiIFNa-activated antiviral activity. Interestingly, wild-type and mutant CiIFNa proteins did not alter the phosphorylation levels of STAT1b. Our results demonstrate that fish type I IFNs, although structurally conserved, interact with the receptors in a manner that may differ from mammalian homologs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.,International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.,National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.,International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.,National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianhua Feng
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.,International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.,National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kaizheng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.,International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.,National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kangyong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.,International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.,National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhao Jia
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.,International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.,National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaozhen Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.,International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.,National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenji Huang
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.,International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.,National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.,International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.,National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.,International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.,National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bangjie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.,International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.,National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinhua Chen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Junya Wang
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.,International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.,National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Zou
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.,International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.,National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
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4
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Walter MR. The Role of Structure in the Biology of Interferon Signaling. Front Immunol 2020; 11:606489. [PMID: 33281831 PMCID: PMC7689341 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.606489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferons (IFNs) are a family of cytokines with the unique ability to induce cell intrinsic programs that enhance resistance to viral infection. Induction of an antiviral state at the cell, tissue, organ, and organismal level is performed by three distinct IFN families, designated as Type-I, Type-II, and Type-III IFNs. Overall, there are 21 human IFNs, (16 type-I, 12 IFNαs, IFNβ, IFNϵ, IFNκ, and IFNω; 1 type-II, IFNγ; and 4 type-III, IFNλ1, IFNλ2, IFNλ3, and IFNλ4), that induce pleotropic cellular activities essential for innate and adaptive immune responses against virus and other pathogens. IFN signaling is initiated by binding to distinct heterodimeric receptor complexes. The three-dimensional structures of the type-I (IFNα/IFNAR1/IFNAR2), type-II (IFNγ/IFNGR1/IFNGR2), and type-III (IFNλ3/IFNλR1/IL10R2) signaling complexes have been determined. Here, we highlight similar and unique features of the IFNs, their cell surface complexes and discuss their role in inducing downstream IFN signaling responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Walter
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
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5
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Martinez-Fabregas J, Wilmes S, Wang L, Hafer M, Pohler E, Lokau J, Garbers C, Cozzani A, Fyfe PK, Piehler J, Kazemian M, Mitra S, Moraga I. Kinetics of cytokine receptor trafficking determine signaling and functional selectivity. eLife 2019; 8:e49314. [PMID: 31774398 PMCID: PMC6914340 DOI: 10.7554/elife.49314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokines activate signaling via assembly of cell surface receptors, but it is unclear whether modulation of cytokine-receptor binding parameters can modify biological outcomes. We have engineered IL-6 variants with different affinities to gp130 to investigate how cytokine receptor binding dwell-times influence functional selectivity. Engineered IL-6 variants showed a range of signaling amplitudes and induced biased signaling, with changes in receptor binding dwell-times affecting more profoundly STAT1 than STAT3 phosphorylation. We show that this differential signaling arises from defective translocation of ligand-gp130 complexes to the endosomal compartment and competitive STAT1/STAT3 binding to phospho-tyrosines in gp130, and results in unique patterns of STAT3 binding to chromatin. This leads to a graded gene expression response and differences in ex vivo differentiation of Th17, Th1 and Treg cells. These results provide a molecular understanding of signaling biased by cytokine receptors, and demonstrate that manipulation of signaling thresholds is a useful strategy to decouple cytokine functional pleiotropy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Martinez-Fabregas
- Division of Cell Signaling and Immunology, School of Life SciencesUniversity of DundeeDundeeUnited Kingdom
| | - Stephan Wilmes
- Division of Cell Signaling and Immunology, School of Life SciencesUniversity of DundeeDundeeUnited Kingdom
| | - Luopin Wang
- Department Computer SciencePurdue UniversityWest LafayetteUnited States
| | | | - Elizabeth Pohler
- Division of Cell Signaling and Immunology, School of Life SciencesUniversity of DundeeDundeeUnited Kingdom
| | - Juliane Lokau
- Department of Pathology, Medical FacultyOtto-von-Guericke-University MagdeburgMagdeburgGermany
| | - Christoph Garbers
- Department of Pathology, Medical FacultyOtto-von-Guericke-University MagdeburgMagdeburgGermany
| | - Adeline Cozzani
- INSERM UMR-S-11721, Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre Aubert (JPARC), Institut pour la Recherche sur le Cancer de Lille (IRCL), Université de LilleLilleFrance
| | - Paul K Fyfe
- Division of Cell Signaling and Immunology, School of Life SciencesUniversity of DundeeDundeeUnited Kingdom
| | - Jacob Piehler
- Department of BiologyUniversity of OsnabrückOsnabrückGermany
| | - Majid Kazemian
- Department Computer SciencePurdue UniversityWest LafayetteUnited States
| | - Suman Mitra
- INSERM UMR-S-11721, Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre Aubert (JPARC), Institut pour la Recherche sur le Cancer de Lille (IRCL), Université de LilleLilleFrance
| | - Ignacio Moraga
- Division of Cell Signaling and Immunology, School of Life SciencesUniversity of DundeeDundeeUnited Kingdom
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6
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Gorby C, Martinez-Fabregas J, Wilmes S, Moraga I. Mapping Determinants of Cytokine Signaling via Protein Engineering. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2143. [PMID: 30319612 PMCID: PMC6170656 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokines comprise a large family of secreted ligands that are critical for the regulation of immune homeostasis. Cytokines initiate signaling via dimerization or oligomerization of the cognate receptor subunits, triggering the activation of the Janus Kinases (JAKs)/ signal transducer and activator of transcription (STATs) pathway and the induction of specific gene expression programs and bioactivities. Deregulation of cytokines or their downstream signaling pathways are at the root of many human disorders including autoimmunity and cancer. Identifying and understanding the mechanistic principles that govern cytokine signaling will, therefore, be highly important in order to harness the therapeutic potential of cytokines. In this review, we will analyze how biophysical (ligand-receptor binding geometry and affinity) and cellular (receptor trafficking and intracellular abundance of signaling molecules) parameters shape the cytokine signalosome and cytokine functional pleiotropy; from the initial cytokine binding to its receptor to the degradation of the cytokine receptor complex in the proteasome and/or lysosome. We will also discuss how combining advanced protein engineering with detailed signaling and functional studies has opened promising avenues to tackle complex questions in the cytokine signaling field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Gorby
- Division of Cell Signaling and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Martinez-Fabregas
- Division of Cell Signaling and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Stephan Wilmes
- Division of Cell Signaling and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Ignacio Moraga
- Division of Cell Signaling and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
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7
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Harris BD, Schreiter J, Chevrier M, Jordan JL, Walter MR. Human interferon-ϵ and interferon-κ exhibit low potency and low affinity for cell-surface IFNAR and the poxvirus antagonist B18R. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:16057-16068. [PMID: 30171073 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.003617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
IFNϵ and IFNκ are interferons that induce microbial immunity at mucosal surfaces and in the skin. They are members of the type-I interferon (IFN) family, which consists of 16 different IFNs, that all signal through the common IFNAR1/IFNAR2 receptor complex. Although IFNϵ and IFNκ have unique expression and functional properties, their biophysical properties have not been extensively studied. In this report, we describe the expression, purification, and characterization of recombinant human IFNϵ and IFNκ. In cellular assays, IFNϵ and IFNκ exhibit ∼1000-fold lower potency than IFNα2 and IFNω. The reduced potency of IFNϵ and IFNκ are consistent with their weak affinity for the IFNAR2 receptor chain. Despite reduced IFNAR2-binding affinities, IFNϵ and IFNκ exhibit affinities for the IFNAR1 chain that are similar to other IFN subtypes. As observed for cellular IFNAR2 receptor, the poxvirus antagonist, B18R, also exhibits reduced affinity for IFNϵ and IFNκ, relative to the other IFNs. Taken together, our data suggest IFNϵ and IFNκ are specialized IFNs that have evolved to weakly bind to the IFNAR2 chain, which allows innate protection of the mucosa and skin and limits neutralization of IFNϵ and IFNκ biological activities by viral IFN antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany D Harris
- From the Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35243 and
| | | | - Marc Chevrier
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Raritan, New Jersey 08869
| | - Jarrat L Jordan
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Raritan, New Jersey 08869
| | - Mark R Walter
- From the Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35243 and
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8
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TAT-IL-24-KDEL-induced apoptosis is inhibited by survivin but restored by the small molecular survivin inhibitor, YM155, in cancer cells. Oncotarget 2018; 7:37030-37042. [PMID: 27203744 PMCID: PMC5095056 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-24 (IL-24) is a cytokine belonging to the IL-10 gene family. This cytokine selectively induces apoptosis in cancer cells, without harming normal cells, through a mechanism involving endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response. TAT-IL-24-KDEL is a fusion protein that efficiently enters the tumor cells and locates in the ER. Here we report that TAT-IL-24-KDEL induced apoptosis in human cancer cells, mediated by the ER stress cell death pathway. This process was accompanied by the inhibition of the transcription of an antiapoptotic protein, survivin. The forced expression of survivin partially protected cancer cells from the induction of apoptosis by TAT-IL-24-KDEL, increased their clonogenic survival, and attenuated TAT-IL-24-KDEL-induced activation of caspase-3/7. RNA interference of survivin markedly sensitized the transformed cells to TAT-IL-24-KDEL. Survivin was expressed at higher levels among isolated clones that resistant to TAT-IL-24-KDEL. These observations show the important role of survivin in attenuating cancer-specific apoptosis induced by TAT-IL-24-KDEL. The pharmacological inhibition of survivin expression by a selective small-molecule survivin suppressant YM155 synergistically sensitized cancer cells to TAT-IL-24-KDEL-induced apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. The combined regimen caused significantly higher activation of ER stress and dysfunction of mitochondria than either treatment alone. As survivin is overexpressed in a majority of cancers, the combined TAT-IL-24-KDEL and YM155 treatment provides a promising alternative to the existing therapies.
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9
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Zhang J, Cong X, Zhaoqiao J, Yang X, Li M, Chen H, Mi R, Jin G, Liu F, Huang BR. Ran binding protein 9 (RanBPM) binds IFN-λR1 in the IFN-λ signaling pathway. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2017; 60:1030-1039. [PMID: 28547582 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-017-9028-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Like the type I interferons (IFNs), the recently discovered cytokine IFN-λ displays antiviral, antiproliferative, and proapoptotic activities, mediated by a heterodimeric IFN-λ receptor complex composed of a unique IFN-λR1 chain and the IL-10R2 chain. However, the molecular mechanism of the IFN-λ-regulated pathway remains unclear. In this study, we newly identified RAN-binding protein M (RanBPM) as a binding partner of IFN-λR1. The interaction between RanBPM and IFN-λR1 was identified with a glutathione S-transferase pull-down assay and coimmunoprecipitation experiments. IFN-λ1 stimulates this interaction and affects the cellular distribution of RanBPM. However, the interaction between RanBPM and IFN-λR1 does not correlate with their conserved TRAF6-binding sites. Furthermore, we also found that RanBPM is a scaffolding protein with a modulatory function that regulates the activities of IFN-stimulated response elements. Therefore, RanBPM plays a novel role in the IFN-λ-regulated signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junwen Zhang
- National Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
- Brain Tumor Research Center, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing Tiantan Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Xiaojie Cong
- National Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Jiajie Zhaoqiao
- National Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Xia Yang
- National Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Meng Li
- National Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Hong Chen
- National Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Ruifang Mi
- Brain Tumor Research Center, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing Tiantan Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Guishan Jin
- Brain Tumor Research Center, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing Tiantan Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Fusheng Liu
- Brain Tumor Research Center, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing Tiantan Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China.
- Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Bing-Ren Huang
- National Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China.
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10
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Chuartzman SG, Nevo R, Waichman S, Shental D, Piehler J, Levy Y, Reich Z, Kapon R. Binding of interferon reduces the force of unfolding for interferon receptor 1. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0175413. [PMID: 28403186 PMCID: PMC5389645 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Differential signaling of the type I interferon receptor (IFNAR) has been correlated with the ability of its subunit, IFNAR1, to differentially recognize a large spectrum of different ligands, which involves intricate conformational re-arrangements of multiple interacting domains. To shed light onto the structural determinants governing ligand recognition, we compared the force-induced unfolding of the IFNAR1 ectodomain when bound to interferon and when free, using the atomic force microscope and steered molecular dynamics simulations. Unexpectedly, we find that IFNAR1 is easier to mechanically unfold when bound to interferon than when free. Analysis of the structures indicated that the origin of the reduction in unfolding forces is a conformational change in IFNAR1 induced by ligand binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia G. Chuartzman
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Reinat Nevo
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Sharon Waichman
- Department of Biology, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Dalit Shental
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Jacob Piehler
- Department of Biology, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Yaakov Levy
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ziv Reich
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- * E-mail: (RK); (ZR)
| | - Ruti Kapon
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- * E-mail: (RK); (ZR)
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11
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Type I interferon receptors in goose: Molecular cloning, structural identification, evolutionary analysis and age-related tissue expression profile. Gene 2015; 561:35-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2014] [Revised: 01/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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12
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Spangler JB, Moraga I, Mendoza JL, Garcia KC. Insights into cytokine-receptor interactions from cytokine engineering. Annu Rev Immunol 2014; 33:139-67. [PMID: 25493332 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-032713-120211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines exert a vast array of immunoregulatory actions critical to human biology and disease. However, the desired immunotherapeutic effects of native cytokines are often mitigated by toxicity or lack of efficacy, either of which results from cytokine receptor pleiotropy and/or undesired activation of off-target cells. As our understanding of the structural principles of cytokine-receptor interactions has advanced, mechanism-based manipulation of cytokine signaling through protein engineering has become an increasingly feasible and powerful approach. Modified cytokines, both agonists and antagonists, have been engineered with narrowed target cell specificities, and they have also yielded important mechanistic insights into cytokine biology and signaling. Here we review the theory and practice of cytokine engineering and rationalize the mechanisms of several engineered cytokines in the context of structure. We discuss specific examples of how structure-based cytokine engineering has opened new opportunities for cytokines as drugs, with a focus on the immunotherapeutic cytokines interferon, interleukin-2, and interleukin-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie B Spangler
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305; , , ,
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13
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Siupka P, Hamming OJ, Frétaud M, Luftalla G, Levraud JP, Hartmann R. The crystal structure of zebrafish IL-22 reveals an evolutionary, conserved structure highly similar to that of human IL-22. Genes Immun 2014; 15:293-302. [PMID: 24833303 DOI: 10.1038/gene.2014.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Revised: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The class II cytokine family consists of small α-helical signaling proteins including the interleukin-10 (IL-10)/IL-22 family, as well as interferons (IFNs). They regulate the innate immune response and in addition have an important role in protecting epithelial tissues. Teleost fish possess a class II cytokine system surprisingly similar to that of humans, and thus zebrafish offers an attractive model organism for investigating the role of class II cytokines in inflammation. However, the evolution of class II cytokines is critical to understand if we are to take full advantage of zebrafish as a model system. The small size and fast evolution of these cytokines obscure phylogenetic analyses based purely on sequences, but one can overcome this obstacle by using information contained within the structure of those molecules. Here we present the crystal structure of IL-22 from zebrafish (zIL-22) solved at 2.1 Å, which displays a typical class II cytokine architecture. We generated a structure-guided alignment of vertebrate class II cytokines and used it for phylogenetic analysis. Our analysis suggests that IL-22 and IL-26 arose early during the evolution of the IL-10-like cytokines. Thus, we propose an evolutionary scenario of class II cytokines in vertebrates, based on genomic and structural data.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Siupka
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - O J Hamming
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - M Frétaud
- 1] Macrophages et Développement de l'Immunité, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France [2] CNRS URA2578, Paris, France
| | - G Luftalla
- UM2, Dynamique des Interactions Membranaires Normales et Pathologiques, Montpellier, France
| | - J-P Levraud
- 1] Macrophages et Développement de l'Immunité, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France [2] CNRS URA2578, Paris, France
| | - R Hartmann
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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14
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The molecular basis of IL-10 function: from receptor structure to the onset of signaling. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2014; 380:191-212. [PMID: 25004819 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-43492-5_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Assembly of the cell surface IL-10 receptor complex is the first step in initiating IL-10 signaling pathways that regulate intestinal inflammation, viral persistence and even tumor surveillance. The discovery of IL-10 homologs in the genomes of herpes viruses suggests IL-10 signaling pathways can be manipulated at the level of the receptor complex. This chapter will describe our current molecular understanding of IL-10 receptor assembly based on crystal structures and biochemical analyses of cellular and viral IL-10 receptor complexes.
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15
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Yang L, Xu L, Li Y, Li J, Bi Y, Liu W. Molecular and functional characterization of canine interferon-epsilon. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2013; 33:760-8. [PMID: 23964570 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2013.0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we provide the first comprehensive annotation of the entire family of canine interferons (IFNs). Canine IFN-ε (IFNE), IFN-κ (IFNK), and IFN-λ (IFNL) were discovered for the first time. Ten functional and 2 truncated IFN-α (IFNA) pseudogenes were found in the genome, which also enriched the existing knowledge about canine IFNA. The canine type I IFN genes are clustered on chromosome 11, and their relative arrangements are illustrated. To further investigate the biological activity of canine IFNE, it was expressed and purified in Escherichia coli. Recombinant canine IFNE (rCaIFN-ε) displayed potent antiviral activity on both homologous and heterologous animal cells in vitro, indicating that rCaIFN-ε has more broad cross-species activity than recombinant canine IFNA (rCaIFN-α). The antiviral activities of rCaIFN-ε and rCaIFN-α7 against different viruses on MDCK cells were also evaluated. The antiviral activities of recombinant canine IFNK and IFNL were demonstrated using a VSV-MDCK virus-target cell system. rCaIFN-ε exhibited a significant anti-proliferative response against A72 canine tumor cells and MDCK canine epithelial cells in a dose-dependent manner. rCaIFN-α7 was approximately 16-fold more potent than rCaIFN-ε in promoting natural killer cell cytotoxicity activity. Further, rCaIFN-ε can activate the JAK-STAT signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limin Yang
- 1 CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology , Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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16
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Thompson CD, Zurko JC, Hanna BF, Hellenbrand DJ, Hanna A. The therapeutic role of interleukin-10 after spinal cord injury. J Neurotrauma 2013; 30:1311-24. [PMID: 23731227 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2012.2651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating condition affecting 270,000 people in the United States. A potential treatment for decreasing the secondary inflammation, excitotoxic damage, and neuronal apoptosis associated with SCI, is the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10. The best characterized effects of IL-10 are anti-inflammatory-it downregulates pro-inflammatory species interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-2 (IL-2), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α, interferon-γ, matrix metalloproteinase-9, nitric oxide synthase, myeloperoxidase, and reactive oxygen species. Pro-apoptotic factors cytochrome c, caspase 3, and Bax are downregulated by IL-10, whereas anti-apoptotic factors B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) and Bcl-2-associated X, B-cell lymphoma-extra large (Bcl-xl) are upregulated by IL-10. IL-10 also provides trophic support to neurons through the IL-10 receptor. Increased tissue sparing, functional recovery, and neuroprotection are seen with an immediate post-SCI systemic administration of IL-10. Treatment of SCI with IL-10 has been used successfully in combination with Schwann cell and olfactory glial cell grafts, as well as methylprednisolone. Minocycline, tetramethylpyrazine, and hyperbaric oxygen treatment all increase IL-10 levels in a SCI models and result in increased tissue sparing and functional recovery. A chronic systemic administration of IL-10 does not appear to be beneficial to SCI recovery and causes increased susceptibility to septicemia, pneumonia, and peripheral neuropathy. However, a localized upregulation of IL-10 has been shown to be beneficial and can be achieved by herpes simplex virus gene therapy, injection of poliovirus replicons, or surgical placement of a slow-release compound. IL-10 shows promise as a treatment for SCI, although research on local IL-10 delivery timeline and dosage needs to be expanded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colton D Thompson
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin , Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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17
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Structural basis for receptor sharing and activation by interleukin-20 receptor-2 (IL-20R2) binding cytokines. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:12704-9. [PMID: 22802649 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1117551109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin 20 (IL-20) is a pleotropic IL-10 family cytokine that protects epithelial surfaces from pathogens. However, dysregulated IL-20 signaling is implicated in several human pathologies including psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, atherosclerosis, and osteoporosis. IL-20, and related cytokines IL-19 and IL-24, designated IL-20 subfamily cytokines (IL-20SFCs), induce cellular responses through an IL-20R1/IL-20R2 (type I) receptor heterodimer, whereas IL-20 and IL-24 also signal through the IL-22R1/IL-20R2 (type II) receptor complex. The crystal structure of the IL-20/IL-20R1/IL-20R2 complex reveals how type I and II complexes discriminate cognate from noncognate ligands. The structure also defines how the receptor-cytokine interfaces are affinity tuned to allow distinct signaling through a receptor complex shared by three different ligands. Our results provide unique insights into the complexity of IL-20SFC signaling that may be critical in the design of mechanistic-based inhibitors of IL-20SFC-mediated inflammatory disease.
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18
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Thomas C, Moraga I, Levin D, Krutzik PO, Podoplelova Y, Trejo A, Lee C, Yarden G, Vleck SE, Glenn JS, Nolan GP, Piehler J, Schreiber G, Garcia KC. Structural linkage between ligand discrimination and receptor activation by type I interferons. Cell 2011; 146:621-32. [PMID: 21854986 PMCID: PMC3166218 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2011.06.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2011] [Revised: 05/17/2011] [Accepted: 06/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Type I Interferons (IFNs) are important cytokines for innate immunity against viruses and cancer. Sixteen human type I IFN variants signal through the same cell-surface receptors, IFNAR1 and IFNAR2, yet they can evoke markedly different physiological effects. The crystal structures of two human type I IFN ternary signaling complexes containing IFNα2 and IFNω reveal recognition modes and heterotrimeric architectures that are unique among the cytokine receptor superfamily but conserved between different type I IFNs. Receptor-ligand cross-reactivity is enabled by conserved receptor-ligand "anchor points" interspersed among ligand-specific interactions that "tune" the relative IFN-binding affinities, in an apparent extracellular "ligand proofreading" mechanism that modulates biological activity. Functional differences between IFNs are linked to their respective receptor recognition chemistries, in concert with a ligand-induced conformational change in IFNAR1, that collectively control signal initiation and complex stability, ultimately regulating differential STAT phosphorylation profiles, receptor internalization rates, and downstream gene expression patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Thomas
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Departments of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, and Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ignacio Moraga
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Departments of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, and Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Doron Levin
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Peter O. Krutzik
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Baxter Lab in Stem Cell Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Yulia Podoplelova
- Division of Biophysics, University of Osnabrück, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Angelica Trejo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Baxter Lab in Stem Cell Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Choongho Lee
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ganit Yarden
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Susan E. Vleck
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jeffrey S. Glenn
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Garry P. Nolan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Baxter Lab in Stem Cell Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jacob Piehler
- Division of Biophysics, University of Osnabrück, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Gideon Schreiber
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - K. Christopher Garcia
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Departments of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, and Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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19
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Xing F, Li Y, Liang S, Liu D, Jiang C, Zhang Y, Kang L, Jiang Y. cDNA cloning, genomic structure and mRNA expression pattern of porcine type I interferons receptor 2 gene. Int J Immunogenet 2011; 38:339-45. [PMID: 21649860 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-313x.2011.01018.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFN) are important mediators of the host defence against viruses through binding to the cell surface receptors, among which the binding to type I IFN receptor 2 (IFNAR2) is the very first step initiating a complex signal transduction cascade. By using RT-PCR and 5' RACE approaches, we obtained porcine IFNAR2 cDNA, the nucleotide identity of its coding region is 57.53%, 67.45%, 74.07% and 74.63% to those of mouse, human, sheep and cattle, respectively; and the deduced protein of which shares 38.18%, 55.29%, 62.01% and 63.39% identity to those of mouse, human, sheep and cattle, respectively. The genomic structure of porcine IFNAR2 gene consists of nine exons and eight introns. Porcine IFNAR2 mRNA expression was detected in all tissues examined, being strong in the spleen, small intestine, cerebrum and uterus tissues and relatively weak in the stomach tissues. As compared with piglets, the expression of IFNAR2 mRNA was significantly higher in both liver and spleen of Laiwu adult pigs (P < 0.01); in Duroc pigs, however, significantly higher IFNAR2 mRNA expression was only found in adult liver (P < 0.05). In Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire commercial pigs infected with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), the expression of IFNAR2 mRNA in lung tissue was significantly down-regulated as compared to uninfected ones (P < 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- F Xing
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
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20
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Abstract
Interleukin-10 (IL-10) family of cytokines includes a number of its viral homologs and eight cellular cytokines (IL-19, IL-20, IL-22, IL-24, IL-26, IL-28A, IL-28B, and IL-29). The latter three proteins are also known as IFN-λ2, IFN-λ3, and IFN-λ1, and are recognized as type III (or λ) interferons. Most of the cellular homologs of IL-10 are monomeric in solution, whereas IL-10 and its viral homologs are intercalated dimers consisting of two helical bundle domains topologically similar to the monomeric members of the family. A classical four-helix bundle, a signature element of all helical cytokines, is always found as part of the domain of each member of the IL-10 family. The only crystal structures of these cytokine receptors that have been determined to date are for their extracellular domains (ECDs). Each ECD consists of two β-sandwich domains connected in the middle by a linkage. Signal transduction occurs when a cytokine binds to its two appropriate receptor chains. IL-10 and its viral homologs use the same IL-10 receptor system, whereas the cellular homologs of IL-10 use their own receptors, which in some cases may overlap and be used in different pairwise combinations. The known structures of binary complexes allowed for marking of the receptor binding site, which always includes helix A, loop AB and helix F (IL-10 notations) on the side of a ligand, loops of the N-terminal and C-terminal domains directed toward the ligand, and the interdomain linkage of the ECD. An analysis of the published structures of both the binary and ternary complexes of all helical cytokines allowed for the generation of a model of the signaling complex of IL-10. The receptor binding site I of the high affinity receptor IL-10R1 is exactly the same as in the crystal structure of the binary IL-10/sIL-10R1 complex, whereas the receptor binding site II is located on the surface of the first and the third helices of the four-helix bundle. The receptor/receptor interface, or site III, is formed between the C-terminal domains of IL-10R1 and IL-10R2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Zdanov
- Macromolecular Crystallography Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702-1201, United States.
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21
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Hinck AP. Class II cytokine common receptors: something old, something new. Structure 2010; 18:551-2. [PMID: 20462488 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2010.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In this issue of Structure, Yoon and colleagues provide models of a low affinity cytokine common receptor, IL-10R2, in a ternary complex with two class II cytokines and their corresponding ligand-specific receptors, revealing the nature of their promiscuous interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P Hinck
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
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22
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Trivella DBB, Ferreira-Júnior JR, Dumoutier L, Renauld JC, Polikarpov I. Structure and function of interleukin-22 and other members of the interleukin-10 family. Cell Mol Life Sci 2010; 67:2909-35. [PMID: 20454917 PMCID: PMC11115847 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-010-0380-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2009] [Revised: 04/19/2010] [Accepted: 04/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The IL-10 family of cytokines is comprised of IL-10, IL-19, IL-20, IL-22, IL-24, IL-26, and IFN-lambdas (IL-28A, IL-28B, and IL-29). The IL-10 family members bind to shared class II cytokine receptor chains that associate in various combinations in heterodimeric complexes. Upon interleukin/receptor complex formation, these proteins switch on the Jak/STAT pathway and elicit pleiotropic biological responses whose variety sharply contrasts with their structural similarities. IL-10 family members are involved in several human diseases and health conditions and hence their structural analyses may provide valuable information to design specific therapeutic strategies. In this review, we describe the human interleukin-10 family of cytokines, focusing on their structures and functions, with particular attention given to IL-22 and IL-10. We report on the recently published structures of IL-10 cytokine family members and their complexes with cognate transmembrane and soluble receptors as well as on interleukin physiology and physiopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Barretto Barbosa Trivella
- Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Trabalhador São Carlense 400, São Carlos, SP CEP 13566-590 Brazil
| | - José Ribamar Ferreira-Júnior
- Escola de Artes, Ciências e Humanidades, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Arlindo Béttio, 1000, Ermelino Matarazzo, São Paulo, SP CEP 03828-000 Brazil
| | - Laure Dumoutier
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels Branch, Brussels, Belgium
- Experimental Medicine Unit, Christian de Duve Institute, Universite’ Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jean-Christophe Renauld
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels Branch, Brussels, Belgium
- Experimental Medicine Unit, Christian de Duve Institute, Universite’ Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Igor Polikarpov
- Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Trabalhador São Carlense 400, São Carlos, SP CEP 13566-590 Brazil
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23
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Xue Q, Yang L, Liu X, Liu W. Molecular characterization of feline type I interferon receptor 2. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2010; 30:81-8. [PMID: 20028200 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2009.0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The cDNA sequence of feline interferon receptor 2 (feIFNAR2) was generated using RT-PCR method in present study. This gene included 1,572 bp and encoded a 523 aminoacid (aa) protein with a 35 aa signal peptide. The deduced protein shared 61% amino acid identity to the human IFNAR2. There were two fibronectin type III (FBN-III) domains of about 110 residues in the extracellular domain. Homology modeling of feIFNAR2 presented a similar structure with other IFN receptors. The ELISA and FACS experiments demonstrated that the protein could bind to feIFN-alpha or feIFN-omega. However, antiviral activity assay found that feIFN-omega had broader species spectrum compared with feIFN-alpha. To define the functional differences, several point mutations of feIFNAR2 were constructed and the relative affinities of feIFN-alpha or feIFN-omega for feIFNAR2 and mutants were evaluated. The results suggested that feIFN-alpha and feIFN-omega had different binding sites on feIFNAR2. T75 and M77 on feIFNAR2 were hotspots for binding to feIFN-alpha, but not to feIFN-omega. These findings suggested that the cloned feline IFNAR2 interacted with both feIFN-alpha and feIFN-omega, however, not sharing the same binding sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghua Xue
- The Center for Molecular Virology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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24
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Yoon SI, Jones BC, Logsdon NJ, Harris BD, Deshpande A, Radaeva S, Halloran BA, Gao B, Walter MR. Structure and mechanism of receptor sharing by the IL-10R2 common chain. Structure 2010; 18:638-48. [PMID: 20462497 PMCID: PMC2879597 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2010.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2009] [Revised: 02/12/2010] [Accepted: 02/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
IL-10R2 is a shared cell surface receptor required for the activation of five class 2 cytokines (IL-10, IL-22, IL-26, IL-28, and IL-29) that play critical roles in host defense. To define the molecular mechanisms that regulate its promiscuous binding, we have determined the crystal structure of the IL-10R2 ectodomain at 2.14 A resolution. IL-10R2 residues required for binding were identified by alanine scanning and used to derive computational models of IL-10/IL-10R1/IL-10R2 and IL-22/IL-22R1/IL-10R2 ternary complexes. The models reveal a conserved binding epitope that is surrounded by two clefts that accommodate the structural and chemical diversity of the cytokines. These results provide a structural framework for interpreting IL-10R2 single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-il Yoon
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294
| | - Brandi C. Jones
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294
| | - Naomi J. Logsdon
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294
| | - Bethany D. Harris
- Center for Biophysical Sciences and Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294
| | - Ashlesha Deshpande
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294
| | - Svetlana Radaeva
- Section on Liver Biology, Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Brian A. Halloran
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294
| | - Bin Gao
- Section on Liver Biology, Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Mark R. Walter
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294
- Center for Biophysical Sciences and Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294
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25
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Lambda Interferons: New Cytokines with Old Functions. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2010; 3:795-809. [PMID: 27713280 PMCID: PMC4034011 DOI: 10.3390/ph3040795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2010] [Revised: 03/24/2010] [Accepted: 03/24/2010] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferon lambda (IFN-λ) is a member of the class II cytokine family, and like the other members of this family, they are small helical proteins. Since their discovery significant efforts have been made to determine their role in innate and adaptive immunity. Their strong antiviral activity, both in vitro and in vivo, has firmly established their interferon status. However, in contrast to type I interferon, only a very limited subset of cells/tissues responds to interferon lambda. In addition to inducing an antiviral state in responsive cells, recent data suggest that IFN-l plays a role in shaping the adaptive immune response. However, the data is not in complete agreement regarding the effect of IFN-λ on the adaptive immune system. Recently IFN-l has entered clinical trials against hepatitis C Virus and IFN-l is a promising future therapeutic, against different viruses replicating in responsive tissues, like that of the airway epithelia. In this review we describe the knowledge acquired during the past six years about the structure and function of interferon lambda.
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Adaptive evolution of interferon-gamma in Glire lineage and evidence for a recent selective sweep in Mus. m. domesticus. Genes Immun 2009; 10:297-308. [PMID: 19387460 DOI: 10.1038/gene.2009.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Interferon-gamma plays a key role in the immune response against intracellular pathogens. Its gene is located inside a cluster of cytokines from the interleukin-10 family. A comparison of the coding sequences in the mammalian Glire lineage indicates a possible action of positive Darwinian selection promoting rapid amino-acid changes in the branch leading to murine rodents represented by Mus and Rattus. Looking at genomic diversity of this gene inside the genus Mus, we could propose that a recent selective sweep has affected M. m. domesticus, this subspecies harbouring predominantly a single Ifng haplotype that differs from that of the other subspecies by a unique amino-acid difference in a key position of the molecule. The sweep seems to have affected a region of at most 50 kb as recombinants could be found at flanking conserved non-coding sequences. Functional differences were clearly apparent in cis-regulation of Ifng transcription between the domesticus and the musculus-type haplotypes. As the presence of the musculus haplotype in a predominantly domesticus background seems to promote susceptibility to chronic infection by Theiler's virus, these findings open interesting avenues for documenting immune system gene co-evolution.
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Gupta P, Walter MR, Su ZZ, Lebedeva IV, Emdad L, Randolph A, Valerie K, Sarkar D, Fisher PB. BiP/GRP78 is an intracellular target for MDA-7/IL-24 induction of cancer-specific apoptosis. Cancer Res 2007; 66:8182-91. [PMID: 16912197 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-0577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma differentiation-associated gene-7/interleukin-24 (mda-7/IL-24) is a unique member of the IL-10 gene family that induces cancer-selective growth suppression and apoptosis in a wide spectrum of human cancers in cell culture and animal models. Additionally, recent clinical trials confirm safety and document significant clinical activity of mda-7/IL-24 in patients with diverse solid cancers and melanomas. Despite intensive study the molecular basis of tumor-cell selectivity of mda-7/IL-24 is not well characterized. Using deletion analysis, a specific mutant of MDA-7/IL-24, M4, consisting of amino acids 104 to 206, is described that retains the cancer-specific growth-suppressive and apoptosis-inducing properties of the full-length protein. Employing rationally designed mutational analysis, we show that MDA-7/IL-24 and M4 physically interact with BiP/GRP78 through their C and F helices, localize in the endoplasmic reticulum, and activate p38 MAPK and GADD gene expression, culminating in cancer-selective apoptosis. These studies provide novel mechanistic insights into the discriminating antitumor activity of MDA-7/IL-24 by elucidating BiP/GRP78 as a defined intracellular target of action and present an unparalleled opportunity to develop improved therapeutic versions of this cancer-specific apoptosis-inducing cytokine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Gupta
- Department of Pathology, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
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Uzé G, Monneron D. IL-28 and IL-29: newcomers to the interferon family. Biochimie 2007; 89:729-34. [PMID: 17367910 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2007.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2006] [Accepted: 01/19/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
IL-28 and IL-29 were recently described as members of a new cytokine family that shares with type I interferon (IFN) the same Jak/Stat signalling pathway driving expression of a common set of genes. Accordingly, they have been named IFN lambda. IFNs lambda exhibit several common features with type I IFNs: antiviral activity, antiproliferative activity and in vivo antitumour activity. Importantly, however, IFNs lambda bind to a distinct membrane receptor, composed of IFNLR1 and IL10R2. This specific receptor usage suggests that this cytokine family does not merely replicate the type I IFN system and justifies its designation as type III IFN by the nomenclature committee of the International Society of Interferon and Cytokine Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilles Uzé
- CNRS UMR 5124, University Montpellier II, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
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Sabat R, Wallace E, Endesfelder S, Wolk K. IL-19 and IL-20: two novel cytokines with importance in inflammatory diseases. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2007; 11:601-12. [PMID: 17465720 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.11.5.601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
IL-19 and IL-20 are two cytokines that were discovered in 2000 and 2001, respectively. Based on the structure and location of their genes, their primary and secondary protein structures and the used receptor complexes, they were classified with IL-10, IL-22, IL-24, IL-26, IL-28 and IL-29 in the IL-10 family of cytokines, and form a subgroup with IL-24 within this family. IL-19 and IL-20 are produced by monocytes as well as non-immune tissue cells under inflammatory conditions. IL-19 and IL-20 act via a receptor complex that consists of the IL-20R1 and IL-20R2 chains. IL-20 is additionally able to signal via a second receptor complex (IL-22R1/IL-20R2). It is controversial whether or not IL-19 and IL-20 regulate the function of immune cells. However, the expression of their receptors aliments the perception that the cells of the skin, lungs and reproductive organs as well as various glands are major targets of these mediators. Results from animal experiments and massively increased expression of these mediators in human inflamed tissues support the assumption that they play an important role in the pathogenesis of a few inflammatory diseases. For this reason, the authors have reviewed the facts known at present regarding these cytokines and postulate that IL-19 and IL-20 are pharmacologically interesting distal elements of an inflammatory cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Sabat
- Interdisciplinary Group of Molecular Immunopathology, Dermatology/Medical Immunology, University Hospital Charité, Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany.
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Abstract
The interleukin-19 (IL-19) subfamily of cytokines is part of a larger family of homologs of IL-10 that includes two groups of proteins: five viral cytokines, and eight cellular cytokines, having quite different biological activities. Among proteins of the latter group, IL-19, IL-20, IL-22, and IL-24 were suggested to form a structurally unique IL-19 subfamily characterized by their structural features and aggregation state as monomers. IFN-lambda1, IFN-lambda2, and IFN-lambda3 are likely to belong to this subfamily, and it is still not clear whether IL-26 belongs to it or not. In spite of their differences in biological function, all cellular homologs of IL-10 used for signaling a set of five overlapping membrane-bound receptors: three long receptor chains (IL-20R1, IL-22R1, and IFN-lambdaR) and two short receptor chains (IL-20R2 and IL-10R2). Signal transduction is initiated when a cytokine binds two receptor chains, one long and one short, forming a ternary complex. Crystal structures of IL-19 and IL-22 showed that these cytokines consist of seven amphipathic helices of different length organized in helical bundle, covering an extensive hydrophobic core. Based on the similarity of the structures with the structure of a single domain of IL-10, and with the crystal structure of a binary IL-10/IL-10R1 complex, putative receptor binding sites on the surface of IL-19 and IL-22 were identified. This chapter summarizes the available structural data on the IL-19 subfamily of cytokines and their putative ligand/receptor complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Zdanov
- Macromolecular Crystallography Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
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Yoon SI, Logsdon NJ, Sheikh F, Donnelly RP, Walter MR. Conformational changes mediate interleukin-10 receptor 2 (IL-10R2) binding to IL-10 and assembly of the signaling complex. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:35088-96. [PMID: 16982608 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m606791200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-10 receptor 2 (IL-10R2) is a critical component of the IL-10.IL-10R1.IL-10R2 complex which regulates IL-10-mediated immunomodulatory responses. The ternary IL-10 signaling complex is assembled in a sequential order with the IL-10.IL-10R1 interaction occurring first followed by engagement of the IL-10R2 chain. In this study we map the IL-10R2 binding site on IL-10 using surface plasmon resonance and cell-based assays. Critical IL-10R2 binding residues are located in helix A adjacent to the previously identified IL-10R1 recognition surface. Interestingly, IL-10R2 binding residues located in the N-terminal end of helix A exhibit large structural differences between unbound cIL-10 and cIL-10.IL-10R1 crystal structures. This suggests IL-10R1-induced conformational changes regulate IL-10R2 binding and assembly of the ternary IL-10.IL-10R1.IL-10R2 complex. The basic mechanistic features of the assembly process are likely shared by six additional class-2 cytokines (viral IL-10s, IL-22, IL-26, IL-28A, IL28B, and IL-29) to promote IL-10R2 binding to six additional receptor complexes. These studies highlight the importance of structure in regulating low affinity protein-protein interactions and IL-10 signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Il Yoon
- Department of Microbiology and Center for Biophysical Sciences and Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA
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Mege JL, Meghari S, Honstettre A, Capo C, Raoult D. The two faces of interleukin 10 in human infectious diseases. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2006; 6:557-69. [PMID: 16931407 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(06)70577-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Resolution of infections depends on the host's ability to mount a protective immune response. However, an exacerbated response to infections may result in deleterious lesions. Consequently, immunoregulatory mechanisms are needed to control immune response and prevent infection-associated lesions. Interleukin 10 may be a major regulator of innate and adaptive immunity in vitro and in animals, but its role in human infections is still unclear. Review of the published work reveals wide involvement of interleukin 10 in two major features of infectious diseases. On one hand, interleukin 10 prevents the development of immunopathological lesions that result from exacerbated protective immune response to acute and chronic infections. On the other hand, it is critically involved in persistence of bacteria and viruses by interfering with innate and adaptive protective immunity. Moreover, infections induce the expansion of interleukin-10-producing regulatory cells that are involved in protection against allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Louis Mege
- Unité des Rickettsies, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 6020, Institut Fédératif de Recherche 48, Université de la Méditerranée, Faculté de Médecine, Marseille, France
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Stauber DJ, Debler EW, Horton PA, Smith KA, Wilson IA. Crystal structure of the IL-2 signaling complex: paradigm for a heterotrimeric cytokine receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:2788-93. [PMID: 16477002 PMCID: PMC1413841 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0511161103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
IL-2 is a cytokine that functions as a growth factor and central regulator in the immune system and mediates its effects through ligand-induced hetero-trimerization of the receptor subunits IL-2R alpha, IL-2R beta, and gamma(c). Here, we describe the crystal structure of the trimeric assembly of the human IL-2 receptor ectodomains in complex with IL-2 at 3.0 A resolution. The quaternary structure is consistent with a stepwise assembly from IL-2/IL-2R alpha to IL-2/IL-2R alpha/IL-2R beta to IL-2/IL-2R alpha/IL-2R beta/gamma(c). The IL-2R alpha subunit forms the largest of the three IL-2/IL-2R interfaces, which, together with the high abundance of charge-charge interactions, correlates well with the rapid association rate and high-affinity interaction of IL-2R alpha with IL-2 at the cell surface. Surprisingly, IL-2R alpha makes no contacts with IL-2R beta or gamma(c), and only minor changes are observed in the IL-2 structure in response to receptor binding. These findings support the principal role of IL-2R alpha to deliver IL-2 to the signaling complex and act as regulator of signal transduction. Cooperativity in assembly of the final quaternary complex is easily explained by the extraordinarily extensive set of interfaces found within the fully assembled IL-2 signaling complex, which nearly span the entire length of the IL-2R beta and gamma(c) subunits. Helix A of IL-2 wedges tightly between IL-2R beta and gamma(c) to form a three-way junction that coalesces into a composite binding site for the final gamma(c) recruitment. The IL-2/gamma(c) interface itself exhibits the smallest buried surface and the fewest hydrogen bonds in the complex, which is consistent with its promiscuous use in other cytokine receptor complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah J. Stauber
- *Department of Molecular Biology and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037; and
| | - Erik W. Debler
- *Department of Molecular Biology and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037; and
| | - Patricia A. Horton
- *Department of Molecular Biology and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037; and
| | - Kendall A. Smith
- Division of Immunology, Department of Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10021
| | - Ian A. Wilson
- *Department of Molecular Biology and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037; and
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Nagem RAP, Ferreira Júnior JR, Dumoutier L, Renauld JC, Polikarpov I. Interleukin-22 and its crystal structure. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2006; 74:77-103. [PMID: 17027512 DOI: 10.1016/s0083-6729(06)74004-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-22 (IL-22) is a cytokine that regulates the production of acute phase proteins of the immunological response. On binding to its cognate receptor (IL-22R1), which is associated to the interleukin-10 receptor 2 (IL-10R2), IL-22 promotes activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathway and several other cellular responses. A soluble receptor termed interleukin-22 binding protein (IL-22BP) is also able to bind to IL-22 as a natural protein antagonist, and probably provides systemic regulation of IL-22 activity. This inflammatory response system is analyzed here in terms of its molecular physiology and structural assembly. Three-dimensional (3D) model of IL-22 and structural basis of its interactions with the cognate receptors are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronaldo Alves Pinto Nagem
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos, 6627 CEP 31270910, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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