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Monaco ML, Idris OA, Essani K. Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: Basic Biology and Immuno-Oncolytic Viruses. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15082393. [PMID: 37190321 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15082393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most lethal subtype of breast cancer. TNBC diagnoses account for approximately one-fifth of all breast cancer cases globally. The lack of receptors for estrogen, progesterone, and human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER-2, CD340) results in a lack of available molecular-based therapeutics. This increases the difficulty of treatment and leaves more traditional as well as toxic therapies as the only available standards of care in many cases. Recurrence is an additional serious problem, contributing substantially to its higher mortality rate as compared to other breast cancers. Tumor heterogeneity also poses a large obstacle to treatment approaches. No driver of tumor development has been identified for TNBC, and large variations in mutational burden between tumors have been described previously. Here, we describe the biology of six different subtypes of TNBC, based on differential gene expression. Subtype differences can have a large impact on metastatic potential and resistance to treatment. Emerging antibody-based therapeutics, such as immune checkpoint inhibitors, have available targets for small subsets of TNBC patients, leading to partial responses and relatively low overall efficacy. Immuno-oncolytic viruses (OVs) have recently become significant in the pursuit of effective treatments for TNBC. OVs generally share the ability to ignore the heterogeneous nature of TNBC cells and allow infection throughout a treated tumor. Recent genetic engineering has allowed for the enhancement of efficacy against certain tumor types while avoiding the most common side effects in non-cancerous tissues. In this review, TNBC is described in order to address the challenges it presents to potential treatments. The OVs currently described preclinically and in various stages of clinical trials are also summarized, as are their strategies to enhance therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L Monaco
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI 49008, USA
| | - Omer A Idris
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI 49008, USA
| | - Karim Essani
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI 49008, USA
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2
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Study on in vitro Toxicity of Biometal(II) Monensinates Against Rat Zajdela Liver Tumour. CHEMISTRY-DIDACTICS-ECOLOGY-METROLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.2478/cdem-2020-0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The ability of Monensic acid A (MonH∙H2O) and its neutral metal complexes [M(Mon)2(H2O)2]with ions of Mg2+, Ca2+, Mn2+, Co2+, Ni2+ and Zn2+ to decrease viability and proliferation of primary cell cultures, originating from a chemically induced transplantable liver tumour of Zajdela in rats, and bone marrow cells from the same tumour-bearers, was evaluated. Experimental data revealed that manganese(II) and nickel(II) complexes of Monensin A are relatively more selective against the tumour as compared to the healthy bone marrow cells.
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3
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Padole A, Singh R, Zhang EW, Mendoza DP, Dagogo-Jack I, Kalra MK, Digumarthy SR. Radiomic features of primary tumor by lung cancer stage: analysis in BRAF mutated non-small cell lung cancer. Transl Lung Cancer Res 2020; 9:1441-1451. [PMID: 32953516 PMCID: PMC7481629 DOI: 10.21037/tlcr-20-347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background The clinical features and traditional semantic imaging characteristics of BRAF-mutated non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) have been previously reported. The radiomic features of BRAF-mutated NSCLC and their role in predicting cancer stage, however, have yet to be investigated. This study’s goal is to assess the differences in CT radiomic features of primary NSCLC driven by BRAF mutation and stratified by tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) staging. Methods Our IRB approved study included 62 patients with BRAF mutations (V600 in 27 and non-V600 in 35 patients), who underwent contrast-enhanced chest CT. Tumor stage was determined based on the 8th edition of TNM staging. Two thoracic radiologists assessed the primary tumor imaging features such, including tumor size (maximum and minimum dimensions) and density (Hounsfield units, HU). De-identified transverse CT images (DICOM) were processed with 3D slicer (Version 4.7) for manual lesion segmentation and estimation of radiomic features. Descriptive statistics, multivariate logistic regression, and receiver operating characteristics (ROC) were performed. Results There were significant differences in the radiomic features based on cancer stages I-IV with the most significant differences between stage IV and stage I lesions [AUC 0.94 (95% CI: 0.86–0.99), P<0.04]. There were also significant differences in radiomic features between stage IV and combined stages I-III [40/113 radiomic features; AUC 0.71 (95% CI: 0.59–0.85); P<0.04–0.0001]. None of the clinical (0/6) or imaging (0/3) features were significantly different between stage IV and combined stages I–III. Conclusions The radiomic features of primary tumor in BRAF driven NSCLC significantly vary with cancer stage, independent of standard imaging and clinical features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atul Padole
- Division of Thoracic Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ramandeep Singh
- Division of Thoracic Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eric W Zhang
- Division of Thoracic Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dexter P Mendoza
- Division of Thoracic Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ibiayi Dagogo-Jack
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mannudeep K Kalra
- Division of Thoracic Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Subba R Digumarthy
- Division of Thoracic Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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4
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Ewald PW, Swain Ewald HA. The scope of viral causation of human cancers: interpreting virus density from an evolutionary perspective. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 374:20180304. [PMID: 30955500 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2018.0304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Most known oncogenic viruses of humans use DNA as their genomic material. Research over the past quarter century has revealed that their oncogenicity results largely from direct interference with barriers to oncogenesis. In contrast to viruses that have been accepted causes of particular cancers, candidate viral causes tend to have fewer viral than cellular genomes in the tumours. These low viral loads have caused researchers to conclude that the associated viruses are not primary causes of the associated cancers. Consideration of differential survival, reproduction and infiltration of cells in a tumour suggest, however, that viral loads could be low even when viruses are primary causes of cancer. Resolution of this issue has important implications for human health because medical research tends to be effective at preventing and controlling infectious diseases. Mathematical models may clarify the problem and help guide future research by assessing whether low viral loads are likely outcomes of the differential survival, reproduction, and infiltration of cells in a tumour and, more generally, the extent to which viruses contribute to cancer. This article is part of the theme issue 'Silent cancer agents: multi-disciplinary modelling of human DNA oncoviruses'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul W Ewald
- Department of Biology, University of Louisville , Louisville, KY 40292 , USA
| | - Holly A Swain Ewald
- Department of Biology, University of Louisville , Louisville, KY 40292 , USA
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5
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Wang R, Lewis MS, Lyu J, Zhau HE, Pandol SJ, Chung LWK. Cancer-stromal cell fusion as revealed by fluorescence protein tracking. Prostate 2020; 80:274-283. [PMID: 31846114 PMCID: PMC6949378 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We previously determined that cancer-stromal interaction was a direct route to tumor cell heterogeneity progression, since cancer-stromal cell fusion in coculture resulted in the creation of heterogeneous clones of fusion hybrid progeny. In this report, we modified the cancer-stromal coculture system to establish optimal experimental conditions for investigating cell fusion machinery and the mechanism of heterogeneity progression. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Red fluorescence protein-tagged LNCaP cells were cocultured with green fluorescence protein-labeled prostate stromal cells for cancer-stromal cell fusion, which was tracked as dual fluorescent cells by fluorescence microscopy. RESULTS We identified the most efficient strategy to isolate clones of fusion hybrid progenies. From the coculture, mixed cells including fusion hybrids were subjected to low-density replating for colony formation by fusion hybrid progeny. These colonies could propagate into derivative cell populations. Compared to the parental LNCaP cells, clones of the fusion hybrid progeny displayed divergent behaviors and exhibited permanent genomic hybridization. CONCLUSIONS Cancer-stromal cell fusion leads to cancer cell heterogeneity. The cancer-stromal coculture system characterized in this study can be used as a model for molecular characterization of cancer cell fusion as the mechanism behind the progression of heterogeneity observed in clinical prostate cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoxiang Wang
- Uro-Oncology Research, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
- Department of Pathology, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Michael S. Lewis
- Uro-Oncology Research, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
- Department of Pathology, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Ji Lyu
- Uro-Oncology Research, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Haiyen E. Zhau
- Uro-Oncology Research, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Stephen J. Pandol
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
- Department of Pathology, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA
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6
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Miro C, Di Cicco E, Ambrosio R, Mancino G, Di Girolamo D, Cicatiello AG, Sagliocchi S, Nappi A, De Stefano MA, Luongo C, Antonini D, Visconte F, Varricchio S, Ilardi G, Del Vecchio L, Staibano S, Boelen A, Blanpain C, Missero C, Salvatore D, Dentice M. Thyroid hormone induces progression and invasiveness of squamous cell carcinomas by promoting a ZEB-1/E-cadherin switch. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5410. [PMID: 31776338 PMCID: PMC6881453 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13140-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial tumor progression often involves epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). We report that increased intracellular levels of thyroid hormone (TH) promote the EMT and malignant evolution of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) cells. TH induces the EMT by transcriptionally up-regulating ZEB-1, mesenchymal genes and metalloproteases and suppresses E-cadherin expression. Accordingly, in human SCC, elevated D2 (the T3-producing enzyme) correlates with tumor grade and is associated with an increased risk of postsurgical relapse and shorter disease-free survival. These data provide the first in vivo demonstration that TH and its activating enzyme, D2, play an effective role not only in the EMT but also in the entire neoplastic cascade starting from tumor formation up to metastatic transformation, and supports the concept that TH is an EMT promoter. Our studies indicate that tumor progression relies on precise T3 availability, suggesting that pharmacological inactivation of D2 and TH signaling may suppress the metastatic proclivity of SCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Miro
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Emery Di Cicco
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppina Mancino
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Daniela Di Girolamo
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | | | - Serena Sagliocchi
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Annarita Nappi
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Angela De Stefano
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Cristina Luongo
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Dario Antonini
- Department of Biology, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | | | - Silvia Varricchio
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Gennaro Ilardi
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | | | - Stefania Staibano
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Anita Boelen
- Endocrine Laboratory, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Center, location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cedric Blanpain
- IRIBHM, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Caterina Missero
- Department of Biology, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate Scarl, Naples, Italy
| | - Domenico Salvatore
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate Scarl, Naples, Italy
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Monica Dentice
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy.
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate Scarl, Naples, Italy.
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Welch DR, Hurst DR. Defining the Hallmarks of Metastasis. Cancer Res 2019; 79:3011-3027. [PMID: 31053634 PMCID: PMC6571042 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-0458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 354] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Metastasis is the primary cause of cancer morbidity and mortality. The process involves a complex interplay between intrinsic tumor cell properties as well as interactions between cancer cells and multiple microenvironments. The outcome is the development of a nearby or distant discontiguous secondary mass. To successfully disseminate, metastatic cells acquire properties in addition to those necessary to become neoplastic. Heterogeneity in mechanisms involved, routes of dissemination, redundancy of molecular pathways that can be utilized, and the ability to piggyback on the actions of surrounding stromal cells makes defining the hallmarks of metastasis extraordinarily challenging. Nonetheless, this review identifies four distinguishing features that are required: motility and invasion, ability to modulate the secondary site or local microenvironments, plasticity, and ability to colonize secondary tissues. By defining these first principles of metastasis, we provide the means for focusing efforts on the aspects of metastasis that will improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danny R Welch
- Department of Cancer Biology and The University of Kansas Cancer Center, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas.
| | - Douglas R Hurst
- Department of Pathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.
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8
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Liu K, Ma Z, Feng L. Apparent diffusion coefficient as an effective index for the therapeutic efficiency of brain chemoradiotherapy for brain metastases from lung cancer. BMC Med Imaging 2018; 18:30. [PMID: 30223786 PMCID: PMC6142399 DOI: 10.1186/s12880-018-0275-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The potential of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) value alteration before and after chemoradiotherapy as a potential monitor for therapeutic efficiency of treatment for brain metastases from lung cancer were discussed. METHOD Thirty lung cancer patients with brain metastases, conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examination and diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) were performed one week before chemoradiotherapy and after one treatment cycle and two treatment cycles. 43 tumor lesions were divided into effective group and invalid group according to the changes of the tumor size. The differences in ADC values at different time points before and after treatment in each treatment group were analyzed. RESULT The maximum diameter of the tumor was no difference after one treatment cycle, but decreased after two treatment cycles. ADC values significantly increased after both one and two treatment cycles. In effective group, the ADC values were significantly increased after one and two treatment cycles. While, there are no difference in invalid group after one treatment cycle but decreased after two treatment cycles. ΔADC values in effective group after one and two treatment cycles were both significantly higher than those in the invalid group. ROC curve analysis then revealed that the area under the curve (AUC) of ΔADC after one treatment was 0.872. CONCLUSION ADC values in brain metastases from lung cancer can help monitor and dynamically observe the therapeutic efficiency of whole brain chemoradiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Liu
- Department of Radiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 51 Xiaoguan Street, Andingmenwai, Chaoyang District, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zenglin Ma
- Department of Radiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 51 Xiaoguan Street, Andingmenwai, Chaoyang District, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lili Feng
- Department of Radiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 51 Xiaoguan Street, Andingmenwai, Chaoyang District, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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9
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Salehi B, Zucca P, Sharifi-Rad M, Pezzani R, Rajabi S, Setzer WN, Varoni EM, Iriti M, Kobarfard F, Sharifi-Rad J. Phytotherapeutics in cancer invasion and metastasis. Phytother Res 2018; 32:1425-1449. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bahare Salehi
- Medical Ethics and Law Research Center; Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Paolo Zucca
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; University of Cagliari; Cagliari Italy
| | - Mehdi Sharifi-Rad
- Department of Medical Parasitology; Zabol University of Medical Sciences; Zabol 61663-335 Iran
| | - Raffaele Pezzani
- OU Endocrinology, Dept. Medicine (DIMED); University of Padova; via Ospedale 105 Padova 35128 Italy
- AIROB, Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca Oncologica di Base; Padova Italy
| | - Sadegh Rajabi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine; Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - William N. Setzer
- Department of Chemistry; University of Alabama in Huntsville; Huntsville AL 35899 USA
| | - Elena Maria Varoni
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences; Milan State University; Milan Italy
| | - Marcello Iriti
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences; Milan State University; Milan Italy
| | - Farzad Kobarfard
- Phytochemistry Research Center; Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy; Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Javad Sharifi-Rad
- Phytochemistry Research Center; Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
- Department of Chemistry, Richardson College for the Environmental Science Complex; The University of Winnipeg; Winnipeg MB Canada
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10
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Abstract
Generation of intratumoral phenotypic and genetic heterogeneity has been attributed to clonal evolution and cancer stem cells that together give rise to a tumor with complex ecosystems. Each ecosystem contains various tumor cell subpopulations and stromal entities, which, depending upon their composition, can influence survival, therapy responses, and global growth of the tumor. Despite recent advances in breast cancer management, the disease has not been completely eradicated as tumors recur despite initial response to treatment. In this review, using data from clinically relevant breast cancer models, we show that the fates of tumor stem cells/progenitor cells in the individual tumor ecosystems comprising a tumor are predetermined to follow a limited (unipotent) and/or unlimited (multipotent) path of differentiation which create conditions for active generation and maintenance of heterogeneity. The resultant dynamic systems respond differently to treatments, thus disrupting the delicate stability maintained in the heterogeneous tumor. This raises the question whether it is better then to preserve stability by preventing takeover by otherwise dormant ecosystems in the tumor following therapy. The ultimate strategy for personalized therapy would require serial assessments of the patient's tumor for biomarker validation during the entire course of treatment that is combined with their three-dimensional mapping to the tumor architecture and landscape.
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De Souza LM, Robertson BM, Robertson GP. Future of circulating tumor cells in the melanoma clinical and research laboratory settings. Cancer Lett 2017; 392:60-70. [PMID: 28163189 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2017.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTC) have become a field of interest for oncologists based on the premise that they constitute the underpinning for metastatic dissemination. The lethal nature of cancer is no longer attributed to solid tumor formation, but rather to the process of metastasis; shifting the focus of current studies towards the isolation and identification of metastatic progenitors, such as CTCs. CTCs originate from primary tumor masses that undergo morphologic and genetic alterations, which involve the release of mesenchymal-like cancer cells into the bloodstream, capable of invading nearby tissues for secondary tumor development. Cancerous cells contained in the primary tumor mass acquire the motile mesenchymal phenotype as a result of the Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition, where substantial variations in protein expression and signaling pathways take place. CTCs that migrate from the primary tumor, intravasate into the systemic vasculature, are transported through the bloodstream, and invade tissues and organs suitable for secondary tumor development. While only a limited number of CTCs are viable in the bloodstream, their ability to elude the immune system, evade apoptosis and successfully metastasize at secondary tumor sites, makes CTCs promising candidates for unraveling the triggers that initiates the metastatic process. In this article, these subjects are explored in greater depth to elucidate the potential use of CTCs in the detection, disease staging and management of metastatic melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa M De Souza
- The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Departments of Pharmacology, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
| | - Bailey M Robertson
- The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Departments of Pharmacology, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Gavin P Robertson
- The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Departments of Pharmacology, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; Pathology, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; Dermatology, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; Surgery, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; The Melanoma and Skin Cancer Center, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; The Melanoma Therapeutics Program, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
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12
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Westerhof TM, Li GP, Bachman M, Nelson EL. Multicolor Immunofluorescent Imaging of Complex Cellular Mixtures on Micropallet Arrays Enables the Identification of Single Cells of Defined Phenotype. Adv Healthc Mater 2016; 5:767-71. [PMID: 26924570 PMCID: PMC5629097 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201500859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
A Micropallet-Array-based strategy allowing the identification of cells of defined phenotype in complex mixtures, such as would be obtained from a tissue biopsy, is presented. Following the distribution of single adherent cells from the mixture on individual pedestals, termed "micropallets", immunofluorescent confocal imaging is applied to interrogate the expression of five cell surface molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trisha M Westerhof
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Ayala School of Biological Sciences, University of California at Irvine, 839 Medical Sciences Ct., b100c Sprague Hall, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Guann-Pyng Li
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Samueli School of Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Samueli School of Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Samueli School of Engineering, University of California at Irvine, 4100 Calit2 building, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Mark Bachman
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Samueli School of Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Samueli School of Engineering, University of California at Irvine, 2300 Engineering Gateway, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Edward L Nelson
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Ayala School of Biological Sciences, University of California at Irvine, 839 Medical Sciences Ct., b100c Sprague Hall, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine Medical Center, 101 The City Drive, Building 56, Room 247, Orange, CA, 92868, USA
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13
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Translational potential of cancer stem cells: A review of the detection of cancer stem cells and their roles in cancer recurrence and cancer treatment. Exp Cell Res 2015; 335:135-47. [PMID: 25967525 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2015.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2015] [Revised: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a subpopulation of cancer cells with many clinical implications in most cancer types. One important clinical implication of CSCs is their role in cancer metastases, as reflected by their ability to initiate and drive micro and macro-metastases. The other important contributing factor for CSCs in cancer management is their function in causing treatment resistance and recurrence in cancer via their activation of different signalling pathways such as Notch, Wnt/β-catenin, TGF-β, Hedgehog, PI3K/Akt/mTOR and JAK/STAT pathways. Thus, many different therapeutic approaches are being tested for prevention and treatment of cancer recurrence. These may include treatment strategies targeting altered genetic signalling pathways by blocking specific cell surface molecules, altering the cancer microenvironments that nurture cancer stem cells, inducing differentiation of CSCs, immunotherapy based on CSCs associated antigens, exploiting metabolites to kill CSCs, and designing small interfering RNA/DNA molecules that especially target CSCs. Because of the huge potential of these approaches to improve cancer management, it is important to identify and isolate cancer stem cells for precise study and application of prior the research on their role in cancer. Commonly used methodologies for detection and isolation of CSCs include functional, image-based, molecular, cytological sorting and filtration approaches, the use of different surface markers and xenotransplantation. Overall, given their significance in cancer biology, refining the isolation and targeting of CSCs will play an important role in future management of cancer.
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14
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Mumford BS, Robertson GP. Circulating melanoma cells in the diagnosis and monitoring of melanoma: an appraisal of clinical potential. Mol Diagn Ther 2014; 18:175-83. [PMID: 24297151 DOI: 10.1007/s40291-013-0071-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Circulating melanoma cells (CMCs) are thought to be the foundation for metastatic disease, which makes this cancer especially lethal. Cancer cells contained in the primary tumor undergo genotypic and phenotypic changes leading to an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, during which numerous changes occur in signaling pathways and proteins in the cells. CMCs are then shed off or migrate from the primary tumor and intravasate the vasculature system. A few CMCs are able to survive in the circulation through expression of a variety of genes and also by evading immune system recognition to establish metastases at distant sites after extravasating from the vessels. The presence of CMCs in the blood of a melanoma patient can be used for disease staging, predicting metastasis development, and evaluating the efficacy of therapeutic agents. Overall survival and disease-free duration can also be correlated with the presence of CMCs. Finally, analysis of CMCs for druggable therapeutic gene targets could lead to the development of personalized treatment regimens to prevent metastasis. Thus, the study of CMCs shows promise for the detection, staging, and monitoring of disease treatment, as well as for determination of prognosis and predicting overall disease-free survival. These are the areas reviewed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigid S Mumford
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
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Xu HN, Zheng G, Tchou J, Nioka S, Li LZ. Characterizing the metabolic heterogeneity in human breast cancer xenografts by 3D high resolution fluorescence imaging. SPRINGERPLUS 2013; 2:73. [PMID: 23543813 PMCID: PMC3610024 DOI: 10.1186/2193-1801-2-73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that tumor mitochondrial redox state and its heterogeneity distinguished between the aggressive and the indolent breast cancer xenografts, suggesting novel metabolic indices as biomarkers for predicting tumor metastatic potential. Additionally, we reported that the identified redox biomarkers successfully differentiated between the normal breast tissue and the cancerous breast tissue from breast cancer patients. The aim of the present study was to further characterize intratumor heterogeneity by its distribution of mitochondrial redox state and glucose uptake pattern in tumor xenografts and to further investigate the metabolic heterogeneity of the clinical biopsy samples. We employed the Chance redox scanner, a multi-section cryogenic fluorescence imager to simultaneously image the intratumor heterogeneity in the mitochondrial redox state and glucose uptake at a high spatial resolution (down to 50 × 50 × 20 μm(3)). The mitochondrial redox state was determined by the ratio of the intrinsic fluorescence signals from reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) and oxidized flavoproteins (Fp including FAD, i.e., flavin adenine dinucleotide), and the glucose uptake was measured using a near-infrared fluorescent glucose-analogue, pyropheophorbide 2-deoxyglucosamide (Pyro-2DG). Significant inter- and intratumor metabolic heterogeneity were observed from our imaging data on various types of breast cancer xenografts. The patterns and degrees of heterogeneity of mitochondrial redox state appeared to relate to tumor size and metastatic potential. The glucose uptake was also heterogeneous and generally higher in tumor peripheries. The oxidized and reduced regions mostly corresponded with the lower and the higher pyro-2DG uptake, respectively. However, there were some regions where the glucose uptake did not correlate with the redox indices. Pronounced glucose uptake and high NADH were observed in certain localized areas within the tumor necrotic regions, indicative of the existence of viable cells which was also supported by the H&E staining. Significant heterogeneity of the redox state indices was also observed in clinical specimens of breast cancer patients. As abnormal metabolism including the Warburg effect (high glycolysis) plays important roles in cancer transformation and progression, our observations that reveal the 3D intratumor metabolic heterogeneity as a characteristic feature of breast tumors are of great importance for understanding cancer biology and developing diagnostic and therapeutic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- He N Xu
- Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, USA
- Britton Chance Laboratory of Redox Imaging, Johnson Research Foundation, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Gang Zheng
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Julia Tchou
- Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, USA
- Rena Rowan Breast Center, Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Shoko Nioka
- Britton Chance Laboratory of Redox Imaging, Johnson Research Foundation, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lin Z Li
- Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, USA
- Britton Chance Laboratory of Redox Imaging, Johnson Research Foundation, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, USA
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Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been proposed as the driving force of tumorigenesis and the seeds of metastases. However, their existence and role remain a topic of intense debate. Recently, the identification of CSCs in endogenously developing mouse tumours has provided further support for this concept. Here I discuss the challenges in identifying CSCs, their dependency on a supportive niche and their role in metastasis, and propose that stemness is a flexible — rather than fixed — quality of tumour cells that can be lost and gained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Paul Medema
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology, Center for Experimental Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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17
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Xu HN, Zhao H, Mir TA, Lee SC, Feng M, Choe R, Glickson JD, Li LZ. CHOP THERAPY INDUCED MITOCHONDRIAL REDOX STATE ALTERATION IN NON-HODGKIN'S LYMPHOMA XENOGRAFTS. JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE OPTICAL HEALTH SCIENCES 2013; 6:1350011. [PMID: 23745147 PMCID: PMC3672060 DOI: 10.1142/s1793545813500119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
We are interested in investigating whether cancer therapy may alter the mitochondrial redox state in cancer cells to inhibit their growth and survival. The redox state can be imaged by the redox scanner that collects the fluorescence signals from both the oxidized-flavoproteins (Fp) and the reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) in snap-frozen tissues and has been previously employed to study tumor aggressiveness and treatment responses. Here, with the redox scanner we investigated the effects of chemotherapy on mouse xenografts of a human diffuse large B-cell lymphoma cell line (DLCL2). The mice were treated with CHOP therapy, i.e., cyclophosphamide (C) + hydroxydoxorubicin (H) + Oncovin (O) + prednisone (P) with CHO administration on day 1 and prednisone administration on days 1-5. The Fp content of the treated group was significantly decreased (p = 0.033) on day 5, and the mitochondrial redox state of the treated group was slightly more reduced than that of the control group (p = 0.048). The decrease of the Fp heterogeneity (measured by the mean standard deviation) had a border-line statistical significance (p = 0.071). The result suggests that the mitochondrial metabolism of lymphoma cells was slightly suppressed and the lymphomas became less aggressive after the CHOP therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- H N Xu
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA ; Britton Chance Laboratory of Redox Imaging, Johnson Research Foundation, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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18
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Xu HN, Nioka S, Li LZ. Imaging heterogeneity in the mitochondrial redox state of premalignant pancreas in the pancreas-specific PTEN-null transgenic mouse model. Biomark Res 2013; 1:6. [PMID: 24252270 PMCID: PMC3776248 DOI: 10.1186/2050-7771-1-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolic alteration is one of the hallmarks of carcinogenesis. We aimed to identify certain metabolic biomarkers for the early detection of pancreatic cancer (PC) using the transgenic PTEN-null mouse model. Pancreas-specific deletion of PTEN in mouse caused progressive premalignant lesions such as highly proliferative ductal metaplasia. We imaged the mitochondrial redox state of the pancreases of the transgenic mice approximately eight months old using the redox scanner, i.e., the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide/oxidized flavoproteins (NADH/Fp) fluorescence imager at low temperature. Two different approaches, the global averaging of the redox indices without considering tissue heterogeneity along tissue depth and the univariate analysis of multi-section data using tissue depth as a covariate were adopted for the statistical analysis of the multi-section imaging data. The standard deviations of the redox indices and the histogram analysis with Gaussian fit were used to determine the tissue heterogeneity. RESULTS All methods show consistently that the PTEN deficient pancreases (Pdx1-Cre;PTENlox/lox) were significantly more heterogeneous in their mitochondrial redox state compared to the controls (PTENlox/lox). Statistical analysis taking into account the variations of the redox state with tissue depth further shows that PTEN deletion significantly shifted the pancreatic tissue to an overall more oxidized state. Oxidization of the PTEN-null group was not seen when the imaging data were analyzed by global averaging without considering the variation of the redox indices along tissue depth, indicating the importance of taking tissue heterogeneity into account for the statistical analysis of the multi-section imaging data. CONCLUSIONS This study reveals a possible link between the mitochondrial redox state alteration of the pancreas and its malignant transformation and may be further developed for establishing potential metabolic biomarkers for the early diagnosis of pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- He N Xu
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Britton Chance Laboratory of Redox Imaging, Johnson Research Foundation, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Shoko Nioka
- Britton Chance Laboratory of Redox Imaging, Johnson Research Foundation, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lin Z Li
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Britton Chance Laboratory of Redox Imaging, Johnson Research Foundation, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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19
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Horne SD, Stevens JB, Abdallah BY, Liu G, Bremer SW, Ye CJ, Heng HH. Why imatinib remains an exception of cancer research. J Cell Physiol 2012; 228:665-70. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Accepted: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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20
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Ewald PW, Swain Ewald HA. Toward a general evolutionary theory of oncogenesis. Evol Appl 2012; 6:70-81. [PMID: 23396676 PMCID: PMC3567472 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Accepted: 09/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We propose an evolutionary framework, the barrier theory of cancer, which is based on the distinction between barriers to oncogenesis and restraints. Barriers are defined as mechanisms that prevent oncogenesis. Restraints, which are more numerous, inhibit but do not prevent oncogenesis. Processes that compromise barriers are essential causes of cancer; those that interfere with restraints are exacerbating causes. The barrier theory is built upon the three evolutionary processes involved in oncogenesis: natural selection acting on multicellular organisms to mold barriers and restraints, natural selection acting on infectious organisms to abrogate these protective mechanisms, and oncogenic selection which is responsible for the evolution of normal cells into cancerous cells. The barrier theory is presented as a first step toward the development of a general evolutionary theory of cancer. Its attributes and implications for intervention are compared with those of other major conceptual frameworks for understanding cancer: the clonal diversification model, the stem cell theory and the hallmarks of cancer. The barrier theory emphasizes the practical value of distinguishing between essential and exacerbating causes. It also stresses the importance of determining the scope of infectious causation of cancer, because individual pathogens can be responsible for multiple essential causes in infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul W Ewald
- Department of Biology, University of Louisville Louisville, KY, USA
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21
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Field cancerization in mammary carcinogenesis — Implications for prevention and treatment of breast cancer. Exp Mol Pathol 2012; 93:391-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2012.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 10/20/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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22
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Abstract
Somatic mutation theory of cancer has directed cancer research during the last century. A deluge of information on cellular, molecular, and genetic behavior was uncovered, but so was a mind-numbing complexity that still challenges research and concepts, and expectations in the war on cancer have by and large not been fulfilled. A change of paradigm beyond reductionism has been called for, especially as research ubiquitously points at the importance of tissue, microenvironment, extracellular matrix, embryonic and morphogenetic fields, and fields of tissue maintenance and organization in the processes of carcinogenesis, cancer control, and cancer progression, as well as in the control of cellular and genetic behavior. Holistic, organismic systems concepts open new perspectives for cancer research and treatment, as well as general biological understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunver Kienle
- Gunver S. Kienle, Dr med, is senior research scientists at the Institute for Applied Epistemology and Medical Methodology at the University of Witten/Herdecke in Freiburg, Germany
| | - Helmut Kiene
- Helmut Kiene, Dr med, is senior research scientists at the Institute for Applied Epistemology and Medical Methodology at the University of Witten/Herdecke in Freiburg, Germany
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23
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Cellular and molecular mechanisms of hepatocellular carcinoma: an update. Arch Toxicol 2012; 87:227-47. [PMID: 23007558 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-012-0931-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary malignant tumor that accounts for ~80 % of all liver cancer cases worldwide. It is a multifactorial disease caused by a variety of risk factors and often develops in the background of underlying cirrhosis. A number of cellular phenomena, such as tumor microenvironment, inflammation, oxidative stress, and hypoxia act in concert with various molecular events to facilitate tumor initiation, progression, and metastasis. The emergence of microRNAs and molecular-targeted therapies adds a new dimension in our efforts to combat this deadly disease. Intense research in this multitude of areas has led to significant progress in our understanding of cellular processes and molecular mechanisms that occur during multistage events that lead to hepatocarcinogenesis. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge of HCC, focusing mainly on advances that have occurred during the past 5 years and on the development of novel therapeutics for liver cancer.
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24
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Chandrasekaran S, Geng Y, DeLouise LA, King MR. Effect of homotypic and heterotypic interaction in 3D on the E-selectin mediated adhesive properties of breast cancer cell lines. Biomaterials 2012; 33:9037-48. [PMID: 22992472 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.08.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Hematogenous metastasis involves a glycoprotein mediated adhesion cascade of tumor cells with E-selectin on the endothelial layer of the blood vessels. Cell-cell interactions play a major role in cancer metastasis and invasiveness. Intercellular communication between two cancer cells or between a cancer cell with a stromal cell in the microenvironment such as fibroblasts or inflammatory cells play an important role in metastatic invasion. Culturing tumor cells as 3D spheroids can recapitulate these physiologically relevant cell-cell interactions. The heterogeneity in primary tumors is attributed to cell subpopulations with varying degree of invasiveness. Co-culturing cancer cells with different phenotypes as 3D spheroids can mimic this heterogeneity. Here we report the effect of homotypic and heterotypic interactions in breast cancer cells cultured as 3D spheroids on polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) on the adhesion phenotype to E-selectin. We show that breast cancer cell lines (BT20 and MCF7) propagating as 3D spheroids on PDMS exhibit a stronger interaction with human recombinant E-selectin when compared to their respective monolayer grown counterparts on tissue culture plate (TCP). Matrigel invasion assay also indicated that BT20 and MCF7 spheroids were more invasive than BT20 and MCF7 cells grown as monolayers. To mimic tumor heterogeneity in vitro, a co-culture model included tumorigenic cell lines BT20, MCF7 and a non-tumorigenic mammary epithelial cell line MCF10A. These cell lines were cultured together in equal seeding ratio on PDMS to generate co-culture spheroids. The heterotypic interactions in the co-culture model resulted in enhancement of the adhesion of the most invasive BT20 cell line to E-selectin. BT20 cells in co-culture bound to the greatest degree to soluble E-selectin compared to MCF7 and MCF10A cells in co-culture. Co-invasion assay with co-culture spheroids indicated that BT20 cells in co-culture were more invasive than MCF7 and MCF10A cells. The results presented here indicate that homotypic and heterotypic interaction of cancer cells favor adhesion to E-selectin thus representing a complexity beyond planar cell culture. Also, when cells of different phenotypes are mixed, the heterogeneity enhances the adhesive phenotype and invasiveness of the most invasive cell population. The results challenge the classic use of planar cell culture for evaluating the adhesion of cancer cells to E-selectin and establish our co-culture technique as a model that can help investigative studies in metastasis and invasiveness of breast and other types of cancers.
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25
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Horne TK, Abrahamse H, Cronjé MJ. Investigating the efficiency of novel metallo-phthalocyanine PDT-induced cell death in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2012; 9:215-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2011.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2011] [Revised: 12/07/2011] [Accepted: 12/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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26
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Xu HN, Nioka S, Chance B, Li LZ. 3-D high-resolution mapping of the heterogeneity in mitochondrial redox state of human breast tumor xenografts. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2012; 737:169-74. [PMID: 22259098 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-1566-4_25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- H N Xu
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 423 Guardian Drive, Philadelphia, PA 19014, USA
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27
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Diaz-Cano SJ. Tumor heterogeneity: mechanisms and bases for a reliable application of molecular marker design. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:1951-2011. [PMID: 22408433 PMCID: PMC3292002 DOI: 10.3390/ijms13021951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Revised: 01/23/2012] [Accepted: 02/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor heterogeneity is a confusing finding in the assessment of neoplasms, potentially resulting in inaccurate diagnostic, prognostic and predictive tests. This tumor heterogeneity is not always a random and unpredictable phenomenon, whose knowledge helps designing better tests. The biologic reasons for this intratumoral heterogeneity would then be important to understand both the natural history of neoplasms and the selection of test samples for reliable analysis. The main factors contributing to intratumoral heterogeneity inducing gene abnormalities or modifying its expression include: the gradient ischemic level within neoplasms, the action of tumor microenvironment (bidirectional interaction between tumor cells and stroma), mechanisms of intercellular transference of genetic information (exosomes), and differential mechanisms of sequence-independent modifications of genetic material and proteins. The intratumoral heterogeneity is at the origin of tumor progression and it is also the byproduct of the selection process during progression. Any analysis of heterogeneity mechanisms must be integrated within the process of segregation of genetic changes in tumor cells during the clonal expansion and progression of neoplasms. The evaluation of these mechanisms must also consider the redundancy and pleiotropism of molecular pathways, for which appropriate surrogate markers would support the presence or not of heterogeneous genetics and the main mechanisms responsible. This knowledge would constitute a solid scientific background for future therapeutic planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvador J. Diaz-Cano
- Department Histopathology, King’s College Hospital and King’s Health Partners, Denmark Hill, London SE5 9RS, UK; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +44-20-3299-3041; Fax: +44-20-3299-3670
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28
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Heng HHQ, Stevens JB, Bremer SW, Liu G, Abdallah BY, Ye CJ. Evolutionary mechanisms and diversity in cancer. Adv Cancer Res 2012; 112:217-53. [PMID: 21925306 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-387688-1.00008-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The recently introduced genome theory of cancer evolution provides a new framework for evolutionary studies on cancer. In particular, the established relationship between the large number of individual molecular mechanisms and the general evolutionary mechanism of cancer calls upon a change in our strategies that have been based on the characterization of common cancer gene mutations and their defined pathways. To further explain the significance of the genome theory of cancer evolution, a brief review will be presented describing the various attempts to illustrate the evolutionary mechanism of cancer, followed by further analysis of some key components of somatic cell evolution, including the diversity of biological systems, the multiple levels of information systems and control systems, the two phases (the punctuated or discontinuous phase and gradual Darwinian stepwise phase) and dynamic patterns of somatic cell evolution where genome replacement is the driving force. By linking various individual molecular mechanisms to the level of genome population diversity and tumorigenicity, the general mechanism of cancer has been identified as the evolutionary mechanism of cancer, which can be summarized by the following three steps including stress-induced genome instability, population diversity or heterogeneity, and genome-mediated macroevolution. Interestingly, the evolutionary mechanism is equal to the collective aggregate of all individual molecular mechanisms. This relationship explains why most of the known molecular mechanisms can contribute to cancer yet there is no single dominant mechanism for the majority of clinical cases. Despite the fact that each molecular mechanism can serve as a system stress and initiate the evolutionary process, to achieve cancer, multiple cycles of genome-mediated macroevolution are required and are a stochastically determined event. Finally, the potential clinical implications of the evolutionary mechanism of cancer are briefly reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry H Q Heng
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, MI, USA
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29
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Abstract
Large-scale cancer genomics, proteomics and RNA-sequencing efforts are currently mapping in fine detail the genetic and biochemical alterations that occur in cancer. However, it is becoming clear that it is difficult to integrate and interpret these data and to translate them into treatments. This difficulty is compounded by the recognition that cancer cells evolve, and that initiation, progression and metastasis are influenced by a wide variety of factors. To help tackle this challenge, the US National Cancer Institute Physical Sciences-Oncology Centers initiative is bringing together physicists, cancer biologists, chemists, mathematicians and engineers. How are we beginning to address cancer from the perspective of the physical sciences?
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Michor
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. michor@jimmy. harvard.edu
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30
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Hurst DR, Welch DR. Metastasis suppressor genes at the interface between the environment and tumor cell growth. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 286:107-80. [PMID: 21199781 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-385859-7.00003-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms and genetic programs required for cancer metastasis are sometimes overlapping, but components are clearly distinct from those promoting growth of a primary tumor. Every sequential, rate-limiting step in the sequence of events leading to metastasis requires coordinated expression of multiple genes, necessary signaling events, and favorable environmental conditions or the ability to escape negative selection pressures. Metastasis suppressors are molecules that inhibit the process of metastasis without preventing growth of the primary tumor. The cellular processes regulated by metastasis suppressors are diverse and function at every step in the metastatic cascade. As we gain knowledge into the molecular mechanisms of metastasis suppressors and cofactors with which they interact, we learn more about the process, including appreciation that some are potential targets for therapy of metastasis, the most lethal aspect of cancer. Until now, metastasis suppressors have been described largely by their function. With greater appreciation of their biochemical mechanisms of action, the importance of context is increasingly recognized especially since tumor cells exist in myriad microenvironments. In this chapter, we assemble the evidence that selected molecules are indeed suppressors of metastasis, collate the data defining the biochemical mechanisms of action, and glean insights regarding how metastasis suppressors regulate tumor cell communication to-from microenvironments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas R Hurst
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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31
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Abstract
AbstractGlioblastoma Multiforme (GBM) is the most malignant and devastating primary brain tumour with a median survival of ∼12–16 months. Although recent large scale sequencing projects have shed considerable light into the complexity of the disease, there remains much to be elucidated in the hopes of generating effective therapeutic strategies. Although these studies investigate the mutations and expression of bulk tumour they have limits with respect to cell of origin and the concept of brain tumour initiating cells (BTIC). Current research has challenged the old paradigm of the stochastic model as recent evidence suggests that a subset of cancer cells within a tumor is responsible for tumor initiation, maintenance, and resistance to therapy. To gain a better understanding of the different compartment of cells that GBM comprise of require careful and elegant experiments. In addition to studying GBM, exploring the role of normal neural stem cells and progenitors cells is essential to partially explain whether these GBM BTIC behave similarly or differently then their non transformed counterparts. Here we discuss the recent literature between the two models, candidate regions of glioma genesis, candidate cells of origin for GBM, and possible therapeutic avenues to explore.
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32
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Xu HN, Nioka S, Chance B, Li LZ. Heterogeneity of mitochondrial redox state in premalignant pancreas in a PTEN null transgenic mouse model. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2011; 701:207-13. [PMID: 21445789 PMCID: PMC5679089 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-7756-4_28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
Abstract
Pancreas-specific deletion of PTEN in mice revealed progressive premalignant lesions such as ductal metaplasia with infrequent malignant transformation. In this study, we aimed at evaluating the mitochondrial redox state of the metaplastic pancreas in a pancreas-specific PTEN null transgenic mouse model. The two intrinsic fluorophores, reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) and oxidized flavoproteins (Fp) such as flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), in the respiratory chain in mitochondria are sensitive indicators of mitochondrial redox states and have been applied to the studies of mitochondrial function with energy-linked processes. The redox ratio, Fp/(Fp+NADH) provides a sensitive index of mitochondrial redox state. We have obtained optical images of the in vivo mitochondrial redox states of the snap frozen pancreases from pancreas-specific PTEN null mice (Pdx1-Cre;PTEN(lox/lox), N=3) and the controls (PTEN(lox/lox), N=3) using the redox scanner at low temperature. The results showed high spatial heterogeneity of mitochondrial redox state in the mutated pancreases with hot spots of much higher Fp redox ratios whereas the normal ones, were relatively homogenous. The cystic dilation regions in the metaplastic pancreases showed little to no NADH or Fp signal. Histological analysis confirmed no cells existed in these regions. It is the first time that the in vivo mitochondrial redox states of the metaplastic mouse pancreas were optically imaged. Our previous results on human melanoma and breast cancer mouse xenografts have shown that mitochondrial redox state quantitatively correlates with cancer metastatic potential. The more oxidative mitochondrial redox state (higher Fp redox ratio) corresponded to the higher metastatic potential of the tumors. As mitochondrial redox state imbalance is associated with abnormal mitochondrial function, and redox state mediates the generation of reactive oxygen species and many signal transduction pathways, this research may provide insights for studying basic biology and developing early diagnostic imaging biomarkers for pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- He N Xu
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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33
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Calorini L, Bianchini F. Environmental control of invasiveness and metastatic dissemination of tumor cells: the role of tumor cell-host cell interactions. Cell Commun Signal 2010; 8:24. [PMID: 20822533 PMCID: PMC2945354 DOI: 10.1186/1478-811x-8-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2010] [Accepted: 09/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in tumor biology led to the realization that, in order to understand the mechanisms involved in proliferation and invasion of tumor cells, an analysis of the complex interactions that tumor cells establish with host cells of tumor microenvironment is required. The bidirectional interactions between tumor cells and components of tumor microenvironment, in particular endothelial cells, cells of monocyte/macrophage lineage and fibroblasts/myofibroblasts, play a critical role in most of the events that characterize tumor progression and metastasis. Interactions between these "reactive" normal cells and the genetically altered tumor cells, by either cell-to-cell contacts or soluble mediators, control the most aspects of tumor formation and progression. This review addresses some of the experimental evidences documenting that tumor cells may influence host cells of their own microenvironment by triggering changes that facilitate their local as well as distant dissemination. Therefore, it focuses on macrophages and fibroblasts that, upon stimulation by tumor cells, change their state towards a tumor-promoting-like phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lido Calorini
- Dipartimento di Patologia e Oncologia Sperimentali, Università degli Studi di Firenze and Istituto Toscano Tumori (ITT), Italy.
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34
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Navarro-Alvarez N, Kondo E, Kawamoto H, Hassan W, Yuasa T, Kubota Y, Seita M, Nakahara H, Hayashi T, Nishikawa Y, Hassan RARA, Javed SM, Noguchi H, Matsumoto S, Nakaji S, Tanaka N, Kobayashi N, Soto-Gutierrez A. Isolation and propagation of a human CD133(-) colon tumor-derived cell line with tumorigenic and angiogenic properties. Cell Transplant 2010; 19:865-77. [PMID: 20587145 DOI: 10.3727/096368910x508997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been proposed in human colorectal cancers (CRC) a minority subset of cancer cells within tumors able to initiate tumor growth, defined as cancer stem cells (CSC). Solid human primary colonic and its ovarian metastatic cancer tissues were collected from fresh surgical samples and subsequent xenografts were established in nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficient (NOD/SCID) mice. The resulting tumors were disaggregated into single-cell suspensions and a CD133(-) cell line (NANK) was newly established and analyzed by flow cytometry. Surface markers of progenitor cells were immunophenotypically analyzed, and expression of stem cell and cancer-related genes was characterized. Secreted angiogenesis-associated molecules were investigated by proteomic array technology. Finally, different numbers of NANK were implanted and their tumor-initiating properties were investigated in NOD/SCID mice. Intraperitoneal injection of NANK in NOD/SCID mice induced tumors with developing progressive peritoneal dissemination and ascites. NANK cells maintained a differentiated phenotype and reproduced the full morphologic and phenotypic heterogeneity of their parental lesions. Noticeably, NANK lacked the expression of conventional CSC markers CD133 and CD44, self-renewal genes Oct-4 and Nanog, but showed the expression of an important gastrointestinal development marker CDX-2 and BMI-1 that is essential in regulating the proliferative activity of normal and leukemic stem cells. In addition, NANK secreted high amounts of important angiogenic cytokines. These results provide a novel and extensive model in human CSC for studying the generation and maintenance of phenotypic heterogeneity in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nalú Navarro-Alvarez
- Department of Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
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Lan SF, Safiejko-Mroczka B, Starly B. Long-term cultivation of HepG2 liver cells encapsulated in alginate hydrogels: A study of cell viability, morphology and drug metabolism. Toxicol In Vitro 2010; 24:1314-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2010.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2009] [Revised: 02/10/2010] [Accepted: 02/12/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Xu HN, Nioka S, Glickson JD, Chance B, Li LZ. Quantitative mitochondrial redox imaging of breast cancer metastatic potential. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2010; 15:036010. [PMID: 20615012 PMCID: PMC3188620 DOI: 10.1117/1.3431714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2009] [Revised: 03/10/2010] [Accepted: 04/06/2010] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Predicting tumor metastatic potential remains a challenge in cancer research and clinical practice. Our goal was to identify novel biomarkers for differentiating human breast tumors with different metastatic potentials by imaging the in vivo mitochondrial redox states of tumor tissues. The more metastatic (aggressive) MDA-MB-231 and less metastatic (indolent) MCF-7 human breast cancer mouse xenografts were imaged with the low-temperature redox scanner to obtain multi-slice fluorescence images of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) and oxidized flavoproteins (Fp). The nominal concentrations of NADH and Fp in tissue were measured using reference standards and used to calculate the Fp redox ratio, Fp(NADH+Fp). We observed significant core-rim differences, with the core being more oxidized than the rim in all aggressive tumors but not in the indolent tumors. These results are consistent with our previous observations on human melanoma mouse xenografts, indicating that mitochondrial redox imaging potentially provides sensitive markers for distinguishing aggressive from indolent breast tumor xenografts. Mitochondrial redox imaging can be clinically implemented utilizing cryogenic biopsy specimens and is useful for drug development and for clinical diagnosis of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- He N Xu
- University of Pennsylvania, School of Medicine, Department of Radiology, B6 Blockley Hall, 423 Guardian Drive, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6069, USA
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Yang X, Shi C, Tong R, Qian W, Zhau HE, Wang R, Zhu G, Cheng J, Yang VW, Cheng T, Henary M, Strekowski L, Chung LWK. Near IR heptamethine cyanine dye-mediated cancer imaging. Clin Cancer Res 2010; 16:2833-44. [PMID: 20410058 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-10-0059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Near-IR fluorescence imaging has great potential for noninvasive in vivo imaging of tumors. In this study, we show the preferential uptake and retention of two hepatamethine cyanine dyes, IR-783 and MHI-148, in tumor cells and tissues. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN IR-783 and MHI-148 were investigated for their ability to accumulate in human cancer cells, tumor xenografts, and spontaneous mouse tumors in transgenic animals. Time- and concentration-dependent dye uptake and retention in normal and cancer cells and tissues were compared, and subcellular localization of the dyes and mechanisms of the dye uptake and retention in tumor cells were evaluated using organelle-specific tracking dyes and bromosulfophthalein, a competitive inhibitor of organic anion transporting peptides. These dyes were used to detect human cancer metastases in a mouse model and differentiate cancer cells from normal cells in blood. RESULTS These near-IR hepatamethine cyanine dyes were retained in cancer cells but not normal cells, in tumor xenografts, and in spontaneous tumors in transgenic mice. They can be used to detect cancer metastasis and cancer cells in blood with a high degree of sensitivity. The dyes were found to concentrate in the mitochondria and lysosomes of cancer cells, probably through organic anion transporting peptides, because the dye uptake and retention in cancer cells can be blocked completely by bromosulfophthalein. These dyes, when injected to mice, did not cause systemic toxicity. CONCLUSIONS These two heptamethine cyanine dyes are promising imaging agents for human cancers and can be further exploited to improve cancer detection, prognosis, and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojian Yang
- Molecular Urology and Therapeutics, Department of Urology, Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, GA, USA
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He H, Yang X, Davidson AJ, Wu D, Marshall FF, Chung LWK, Zhau HE, Wang R. Progressive epithelial to mesenchymal transitions in ARCaP E prostate cancer cells during xenograft tumor formation and metastasis. Prostate 2010; 70:518-28. [PMID: 19918799 PMCID: PMC3180894 DOI: 10.1002/pros.21086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mechanism of epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) could be adopted by tumor cells for migration and invasion. We have reported that ARCaP(E) human prostate cancer cells undergo EMT-like changes during xenograft growth in athymic mice. METHODS In this report, we assessed the extent of EMT by tracking changes in cloned ARCaP(E) cells expressing red fluorescence protein during successive orthotopic prostate tumor formation. Cancer cells with stromal-like morphology were isolated and examined for EMT-like changes. RESULTS EMT-like morphologic and expression changes were detected after one round of in vivo tumor formation. Importantly, when recovered tumor cells were used in second round xenograft tumor formation, a large fraction of ARCaP(E) cells showed drastic EMT-like changes, with markedly enlarged cell size and divergent cell shapes similar to those of mesenchymal stromal cells. The morphologic change was accompanied by increased growth and metastasis, as tumor incidence increased while red fluorescent tumor cells could be detected from circulating blood, bone marrow, peritoneal ascites, and lung of the tumor-bearing mice. Recovered clones from these samples had lost epithelial markers but many showed activated stromal marker vimentin expression. The EMT appeared permanent since the newly acquired morphology was sustained after continuous passages. CONCLUSIONS Results from this study demonstrate that through interaction with the host tumor microenvironment, cancer cells acquire cellular plasticity. During xenograft tumor formation and metastasis, a single clone of cancer cells could yield a heterogeneous population, with a substantial number of tumor cells adopting mesenchymal stroma-like phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui He
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China 710061
- Department of Urology and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Xiaojian Yang
- Department of Urology and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Alec J. Davidson
- Neuroscience Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310
| | - Daqing Wu
- Department of Urology and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Fray F. Marshall
- Department of Urology and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Leland W. K. Chung
- Department of Urology and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Haiyen E. Zhau
- Department of Urology and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Ruoxiang Wang
- Department of Urology and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
- Corresponding to: Dr. Ruoxiang Wang, Department of Urology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1365B Clifton Road, NE, Suite B5103, Atlanta, GA 30322, Tel. (404) 778-5116, FAX. (404) 778-3965,
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Harry VN, Semple SI, Parkin DE, Gilbert FJ. Use of new imaging techniques to predict tumour response to therapy. Lancet Oncol 2010; 11:92-102. [PMID: 20129132 DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(09)70190-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Imaging of tumour response to therapy has steadily evolved over the past few years as a result of advances in existing imaging modalities and the introduction of new functional techniques. The use of imaging as an early surrogate biomarker of response is appealing, because it might allow for a window of opportunity during which treatment regimens can be tailored accordingly, depending on the expected response. The clinical effect of this would ultimately result in a reduction in morbidity and undue costs. The aim of this review is to describe the potential of various new imaging techniques as biomarkers of early tumour response. We have reviewed the literature and identified studies that have assessed these techniques, such as diffusion-weighted MRI, dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI, magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and 18-fluorodeoxyglucose-PET as early response indicators, and highlight the current clinical awareness of their use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa N Harry
- Department of Gynaecological Oncology, St Bartholomew's Hospital, London, UK.
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Rasnick D. DATE analysis: A general theory of biological change applied to microarray data. Biotechnol Prog 2009; 25:1275-88. [PMID: 19685488 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to conventional data mining, which searches for specific subsets of genes (extensive variables) to correlate with specific phenotypes, DATE analysis correlates intensive state variables calculated from the same datasets. At the heart of DATE analysis are two biological equations of state not dependent on genetic pathways. This result distinguishes DATE analysis from other bioinformatics approaches. The dimensionless state variable F quantifies the relative overall cellular activity of test cells compared to well-chosen reference cells. The variable pi(i) is the fold-change in the expression of the ith gene of test cells relative to reference. It is the fraction phi of the genome undergoing differential expression-not the magnitude pi-that controls biological change. The state variable phi is equivalent to the control strength of metabolic control analysis. For tractability, DATE analysis assumes a linear system of enzyme-connected networks and exploits the small average contribution of each cellular component. This approach was validated by reproducible values of the state variables F, RNA index, and phi calculated from random subsets of transcript microarray data. Using published microarray data, F, RNA index, and phi were correlated with: (1) the blood-feeding cycle of the malaria parasite, (2) embryonic development of the fruit fly, (3) temperature adaptation of Killifish, (4) exponential growth of cultured S. pneumoniae, and (5) human cancers. DATE analysis was applied to aCGH data from the great apes. A good example of the power of DATE analysis is its application to genomically unstable cancers, which have been refractory to data mining strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Rasnick
- Chromosome Diagnostics, LLC, Oakland, CA 94607, USA.
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Harry VN, Semple SI, Gilbert FJ, Parkin DE. Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging in the early detection of response to chemoradiation in cervical cancer. Gynecol Oncol 2008; 111:213-20. [PMID: 18774597 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2008.07.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2008] [Revised: 07/21/2008] [Accepted: 07/24/2008] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWI) as an early and reproducible response indicator in women receiving concurrent radiotherapy and chemotherapy (chemoradiation) for advanced cervical cancer. METHODS Twenty women with advanced cervical cancer were included in a prospective cohort study. DWI was carried out prior to chemoradiation, repeated after 2 weeks of therapy and at the conclusion of therapy using a 1.5 T MRI scanner. The apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) was calculated from the diffusion data at each assessment. This was correlated with final tumour response as determined by change in tumour size using MRI and conventional clinical response. Twelve women also underwent 2 separate pre-treatment DWI examinations to test for reproducibility of the ADC measurements. RESULTS ADC values after 2 weeks of therapy showed a significant correlation with eventual MR response (p=0.048, rho=0.448, Spearman's correlation) and clinical response (p=0.009, rho=0.568) as did the change in ADC after 2 weeks of therapy (p=0.01, rho=0.56 for MR response, p=0.03, rho=0.48 for clinical response). Reproducibility of ADC measurements was confirmed with a mean difference in ADC of -0.003 between consecutive pre-therapy MRI assessments and 95% confidence intervals of -0.12 and 0.11. CONCLUSION DWI has potential to provide a surrogate biomarker of treatment response in advanced cervical cancers. The use of ADC offers an early and reproducible indication of tumour response which may ultimately allow the development of individualised regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa N Harry
- Department of Gynaecological Oncology, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Aberdeen, UK
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Role of caveolin 1, E-cadherin, Enolase 2 and PKCalpha on resistance to methotrexate in human HT29 colon cancer cells. BMC Med Genomics 2008; 1:35. [PMID: 18694510 PMCID: PMC2527490 DOI: 10.1186/1755-8794-1-35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2008] [Accepted: 08/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Methotrexate is one of the earliest cytotoxic drugs used in cancer therapy, and despite the isolation of multiple other folate antagonists, methotrexate maintains its significant role as a treatment for different types of cancer and other disorders. The usefulness of treatment with methotrexate is limited by the development of drug resistance, which may be acquired through different ways. To get insights into the mechanisms associated with drug resistance and sensitization we performed a functional analysis of genes deregulated in methotrexate resistant cells, either due to its co-amplification with the dhfr gene or as a result of a transcriptome screening using microarrays. Methods Gene expression levels were compared between triplicate samples from either HT29 sensitive cells and resistant to 10-5 M MTX by hybridization to the GeneChip® HG U133 PLUS 2.0 from Affymetrix. After normalization, a list of 3-fold differentially expressed genes with a p-value < 0.05 including multiple testing correction (Benjamini and Hochberg false discovery rate) was generated. RT-Real-time PCR was used to validate the expression levels of selected genes and copy-number was determined by qPCR. Functional validations were performed either by siRNAs or by transfection of an expression plasmid. Results Genes adjacent to the dhfr locus and included in the 5q14 amplicon were overexpressed in HT29 MTX-resistant cells. Treatment with siRNAs against those genes caused a slight reduction in cell viability in both HT29 sensitive and resistant cells. On the other hand, microarray analysis of HT29 and HT29 MTX resistant cells unveiled overexpression of caveolin 1, enolase 2 and PKCα genes in resistant cells without concomitant copy number gain. siRNAs against these three genes effectively reduced cell viability and caused a decreased MTX resistance capacity. Moreover, overexpression of E-cadherin, which was found underexpressed in MTX-resistant cells, also sensitized the cells toward the chemotherapeutic agent. Combined treatments targeting siRNA inhibition of caveolin 1 and overexpression of E-cadherin markedly reduced cell viability in both sensitive and MTX-resistant HT29 cells. Conclusion We provide functional evidences indicating that caveolin 1 and E-cadherin, deregulated in MTX resistant cells, may play a critical role in cell survival and may constitute potential targets for coadjuvant therapy.
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Pepper JW, Sprouffske K, Maley CC. Animal cell differentiation patterns suppress somatic evolution. PLoS Comput Biol 2008; 3:e250. [PMID: 18085819 PMCID: PMC2134960 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.0030250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2007] [Accepted: 10/31/2007] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell differentiation in multicellular organisms has the obvious function during development of creating new cell types. However, in long-lived organisms with extensive cell turnover, cell differentiation often continues after new cell types are no longer needed or produced. Here, we address the question of why this is true. It is believed that multicellular organisms could not have arisen or been evolutionarily stable without possessing mechanisms to suppress somatic selection among cells within organisms, which would otherwise disrupt organismal integrity. Here, we propose that one such mechanism is a specific pattern of ongoing cell differentiation commonly found in metazoans with cell turnover, which we call "serial differentiation." This pattern involves a sequence of differentiation stages, starting with self-renewing somatic stem cells and proceeding through several (non-self-renewing) transient amplifying cell stages before ending with terminally differentiated cells. To test the hypothesis that serial differentiation can suppress somatic evolution, we used an agent-based computer simulation of cell population dynamics and evolution within tissues. The results indicate that, relative to other, simpler patterns, tissues organized into serial differentiation experience lower rates of detrimental cell-level evolution. Self-renewing cell populations are susceptible to somatic evolution, while those that are not self-renewing are not. We find that a mutation disrupting differentiation can create a new self-renewing cell population that is vulnerable to somatic evolution. These results are relevant not only to understanding the evolutionary origins of multicellularity, but also the causes of pathologies such as cancer and senescence in extant metazoans, including humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Pepper
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America.
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Fabarius A, Li R, Yerganian G, Hehlmann R, Duesberg P. Specific clones of spontaneously evolving karyotypes generate individuality of cancers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 180:89-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2007.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2007] [Accepted: 10/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Abstract
Metastasis is the most lethal attribute of cancer cells and clinical decisions regarding treatment are based largely upon the likelihood of developing metastases. However, improvements in detection as well as recent experimental data have raised questions about the most appropriate definition of a metastasis, especially whether the mere presence of cells at secondary sites constitute a metastatic lesion. After reviewing the experimental basis of metastasis, a definition of metastasis is proffered along with a proposal to consider regarding modification of staging parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danny R Welch
- Department of Pathology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-0019, USA.
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Abstract
Most cancer deaths are due to the development of metastases, hence the most important improvements in morbidity and mortality will result from prevention (or elimination) of such disseminated disease. Some would argue that treatments directed against metastasis are too late because cells have already escaped from the primary tumour. Such an assertion runs contrary to the significant but (for many common adult cancers) fairly modest improvements in survival following the use of adjuvant radiation and chemotherapy designed to eliminate disseminated cells after surgical removal of the primary tumour. Nonetheless, the debate raises important issues concerning the accurate early identification of clonogenic, metastatic cells, the discovery of novel, tractable targets for therapy, and the monitoring of minimal residual disease. We focus on recent findings regarding intrinsic and extrinsic molecular mechanisms controlling metastasis that determine how, when, and where cancers metastasise, and their implications for patient management in the 21st century.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne A Eccles
- Tumour Biology and Metastasis, Cancer Research UK Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, UK.
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Reliene R, Bishop AJR, Schiestl RH. Involvement of homologous recombination in carcinogenesis. ADVANCES IN GENETICS 2007; 58:67-87. [PMID: 17452246 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2660(06)58003-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
DNA alterations of every type are associated with the incidence of carcinogenesis, often on the genomic scale. Although homologous recombination (HR) is an important pathway of DNA repair, evidence is accumulating that deleterious genomic rearrangements can result from HR. It therefore follows that HR events may play a causative role in carcinogenesis. HR is elevated in response to carcinogens. HR may also be increased or decreased when its upstream regulation is perturbed or components of the HR machinery itself are not fully functional. This chapter summarizes research findings that demonstrate an association between HR and carcinogenesis. Increased or decreased frequencies of HR have been found in cancer cells and cancer-prone hereditary human disorders characterized by mutations in genes playing a role in HR, such as ATM, Tp53, BRCA, BLM, and WRN genes. Another evidence linking perturbations in HR and carcinogenesis is provided by studies showing that exposure to carcinogens results in an increased frequency of HR resulting in DNA deletions in yeast, human cells, or mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramune Reliene
- Department of Pathology, Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA
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Abstract
Neoplasms are microcosms of evolution. Within a neoplasm, a mosaic of mutant cells compete for space and resources, evade predation by the immune system and can even cooperate to disperse and colonize new organs. The evolution of neoplastic cells explains both why we get cancer and why it has been so difficult to cure. The tools of evolutionary biology and ecology are providing new insights into neoplastic progression and the clinical control of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M F Merlo
- Cellular and Molecular Oncology Program, The Wistar Institute, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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Karev GP, Novozhilov AS, Koonin EV. Mathematical modeling of tumor therapy with oncolytic viruses: effects of parametric heterogeneity on cell dynamics. Biol Direct 2006; 1:30. [PMID: 17018145 PMCID: PMC1622743 DOI: 10.1186/1745-6150-1-30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2006] [Accepted: 10/03/2006] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: One of the mechanisms that ensure cancer robustness is tumor heterogeneity, and its effects on tumor cells dynamics have to be taken into account when studying cancer progression. There is no unifying theoretical framework in mathematical modeling of carcinogenesis that would account for parametric heterogeneity. Results: Here we formulate a modeling approach that naturally takes stock of inherent cancer cell heterogeneity and illustrate it with a model of interaction between a tumor and an oncolytic virus. We show that several phenomena that are absent in homogeneous models, such as cancer recurrence, tumor dormancy, and others, appear in heterogeneous setting. We also demonstrate that, within the applied modeling framework, to overcome the adverse effect of tumor cell heterogeneity on the outcome of cancer treatment, a heterogeneous population of an oncolytic virus must be used. Heterogeneity in parameters of the model, such as tumor cell susceptibility to virus infection and the ability of an oncolytic virus to infect tumor cells, can lead to complex, irregular evolution of the tumor. Thus, quasi-chaotic behavior of the tumor-virus system can be caused not only by random perturbations but also by the heterogeneity of the tumor and the virus. Conclusion: The modeling approach described here reveals the importance of tumor cell and virus heterogeneity for the outcome of cancer therapy. It should be straightforward to apply these techniques to mathematical modeling of other types of anticancer therapy. Reviewers: Leonid Hanin (nominated by Arcady Mushegian), Natalia Komarova (nominated by Orly Alter), and David Krakauer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgy P Karev
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA
| | - Artem S Novozhilov
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA
| | - Eugene V Koonin
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA
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Parris GE. The cell clone ecology hypothesis and the cell fusion model of cancer progression and metastasis: History and experimental support. Med Hypotheses 2006; 66:76-83. [PMID: 16169667 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2005.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2005] [Accepted: 08/04/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The two-stage initiation-progression model of cancer is widely accepted. Although mutations explain initiation of neoplasia, the assumption that mutations are responsible for progression of neoplasia to cancer appears to have little experimental support. The "cell clone ecology hypothesis" explains why neoplasia evolve and the "cell fusion model of cancer progression and metastasis" describes how they evolve into clinically significant tumors. A brief history of important concepts and experiments is provided. Clinically significant cancers are effectively new parasite species that live, expand and evolve within the host. It is hypothesized that survival and fate of the parasite clones called "cancer" are governed by the principles of ecology. It is argued that while mutations or aneuploidy (asexual reproduction) can result in transient/self-limiting neoplasia, neither of these asexual modes of forming new karyotypes can maintain the ecologically fit parasites that develop into clinically significant cancer. Mutations and/or unstable genomes (aneuploidy) progressively degrade cell lines and if only these mechanisms were at work, neoplasia would spontaneously become extinct or benign (enfeebled) before reaching clinical significance (an example of "Muller's ratchet"). In the cell fusion model of (clinically significant) cancer progression and metastasis, cell-cell fusion is the essential element allowing normal cells or (transient) neoplasia to evolve into clinically significant cancers. Cell-cell fusion is required for producing and sustaining clinically significant cancer because it provides a sex-like mode of reproduction essential for an ecologically fit parasite organism. Cell-cell fusion provides the opportunity needed for tumors to rejuvenate cell lines containing abnormal genomes and rapidly evolve to acquire dramatically aggressive traits such as metastasis. Indeed, metastasis appears to require cell-cell fusion. Cell-cell fusion also partially overcomes erosion of teleomeres during clone expansion and allows the essential elements of a tumorigenic genome to hide from chemotherapy as recessive traits in cells with normal phenotypes and re-emerge (by cell-cell fusion) as a new cancer after the phenotypically cancerous cells have been eradicated by classical chemotherapy. Eradication of the cancer parasite cannot be routinely achieved by classical toxic chemotherapy alone or even by chemotherapy augmented with techniques needed to overcome anti-apoptotic traits of cancer cells. Direct chemical intervention against cell-cell fusion concurrent with classical toxic chemotherapy holds a promise of preventing re-lapse of the disease. Intervention against cell-cell fusion may also directly suppress metastasis based on the model presented here. The paper also summarizes work on the cell surface glycoprotein CD44 that implicates it as a key element in cell-cell fusion and hence cancer.
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