1
|
Zhang Y, Che H, Li C, Jin T. Food Allergens of Plant Origin. Foods 2023; 12:foods12112232. [PMID: 37297475 DOI: 10.3390/foods12112232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
This review presents an update on the physical, chemical, and biological properties of food allergens in plant sources, focusing on the few protein families that contribute to multiple food allergens from different species and protein families recently found to contain food allergens. The structures and structural components of the food allergens in the allergen families may provide further directions for discovering new food allergens. Answers as to what makes some food proteins allergens are still elusive. Factors to be considered in mitigating food allergens include the abundance of the protein in a food, the property of short stretches of the sequence of the protein that may constitute linear IgE binding epitopes, the structural properties of the protein, its stability to heat and digestion, the food matrix the protein is in, and the antimicrobial activity to the microbial flora of the human gastrointestinal tract. Additionally, recent data suggest that widely used techniques for mapping linear IgE binding epitopes need to be improved by incorporating positive controls, and methodologies for mapping conformational IgE binding epitopes need to be developed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhu Zhang
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Pacific West Area, Western Regional Research Center, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, CA 94710, USA
| | - Huilian Che
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Caiming Li
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Pacific West Area, Western Regional Research Center, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, CA 94710, USA
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Tengchuan Jin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230001, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Fuhrmann V, Huang HJ, Akarsu A, Shilovskiy I, Elisyutina O, Khaitov M, van Hage M, Linhart B, Focke-Tejkl M, Valenta R, Sekerel BE. From Allergen Molecules to Molecular Immunotherapy of Nut Allergy: A Hard Nut to Crack. Front Immunol 2021; 12:742732. [PMID: 34630424 PMCID: PMC8496898 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.742732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Peanuts and tree nuts are two of the most common elicitors of immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated food allergy. Nut allergy is frequently associated with systemic reactions and can lead to potentially life-threatening respiratory and circulatory symptoms. Furthermore, nut allergy usually persists throughout life. Whether sensitized patients exhibit severe and life-threatening reactions (e.g., anaphylaxis), mild and/or local reactions (e.g., pollen-food allergy syndrome) or no relevant symptoms depends much on IgE recognition of digestion-resistant class I food allergens, IgE cross-reactivity of class II food allergens with respiratory allergens and clinically not relevant plant-derived carbohydrate epitopes, respectively. Accordingly, molecular allergy diagnosis based on the measurement of allergen-specific IgE levels to allergen molecules provides important information in addition to provocation testing in the diagnosis of food allergy. Molecular allergy diagnosis helps identifying the genuinely sensitizing nuts, it determines IgE sensitization to class I and II food allergen molecules and hence provides a basis for personalized forms of treatment such as precise prescription of diet and allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT). Currently available forms of nut-specific AIT are based only on allergen extracts, have been mainly developed for peanut but not for other nuts and, unlike AIT for respiratory allergies which utilize often subcutaneous administration, are given preferentially by the oral route. Here we review prevalence of allergy to peanut and tree nuts in different populations of the world, summarize knowledge regarding the involved nut allergen molecules and current AIT approaches for nut allergy. We argue that nut-specific AIT may benefit from molecular subcutaneous AIT (SCIT) approaches but identify also possible hurdles for such an approach and explain why molecular SCIT may be a hard nut to crack.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Verena Fuhrmann
- Division of Immunopathology, Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Huey-Jy Huang
- Division of Immunopathology, Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Aysegul Akarsu
- Division of Allergy and Asthma, Department of Pediatrics, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Igor Shilovskiy
- Laboratory for Molecular Allergology, National Research Center (NRC) Institute of Immunology Federal Medical-Biological Agency (FMBA) of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga Elisyutina
- Laboratory for Molecular Allergology, National Research Center (NRC) Institute of Immunology Federal Medical-Biological Agency (FMBA) of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - Musa Khaitov
- Laboratory for Molecular Allergology, National Research Center (NRC) Institute of Immunology Federal Medical-Biological Agency (FMBA) of Russia, Moscow, Russia
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Marianne van Hage
- Department of Medicine Solna, Division of Immunology and Allergy, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University, Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Birgit Linhart
- Division of Immunopathology, Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Margarete Focke-Tejkl
- Division of Immunopathology, Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Krems, Austria
| | - Rudolf Valenta
- Division of Immunopathology, Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Laboratory for Molecular Allergology, National Research Center (NRC) Institute of Immunology Federal Medical-Biological Agency (FMBA) of Russia, Moscow, Russia
- Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Krems, Austria
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Bulent Enis Sekerel
- Division of Allergy and Asthma, Department of Pediatrics, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
A Comprehensive Review on Mustard-Induced Allergy and Implications for Human Health. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2019; 57:39-54. [PMID: 29159565 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-017-8651-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Mustard is widely used in a variety of foods/food products to enhance the flavor and nutritional value that subsequently raise the risk of hypersensitivity reactions. Mustard allergy has been reported for many years and is increasing gradually especially in the areas where its consumption is comparatively higher, and it may be considered among the most important food allergies. A number of relevant clinical studies focused on mustard-induced allergic manifestations are summarized in the current review. In addition, the knowledge regarding the immunological as well as biochemical characteristics of mustard allergens that have been known till date and their cross-reactivity with other food allergens have also been discussed here. Notably, mustard may also be present as a hidden allergen in foods; therefore, it is important to recognize food products that may contain mustard as it may pose potential risk for the allergic individuals. Additionally, the better understanding of the underlying mechanism in mustard allergy is a prerequisite for the development of specific therapeutic procedures. Conclusively, mustard sensitivity should be routinely tested in patients with idiopathic anaphylaxis for the safety of the allergic patients.
Collapse
|
4
|
Geiselhart S, Hoffmann-Sommergruber K, Bublin M. Tree nut allergens. Mol Immunol 2018; 100:71-81. [PMID: 29680588 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2018.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Tree nuts are considered as part of a healthy diet due to their high nutritional quality. However, they are also a potent source of allergenic proteins inducing IgE mediated hypersensitivity often causing serious, life-threatening reactions. The reported prevalence of tree nut allergy is up to 4.9% worldwide. The general term "tree nuts" comprises a number of nuts, seeds, and drupes, derived from trees from different botanical families. For hazelnut and walnut several allergens have been identified which are already partly applied in component resolved diagnosis, while for other tree nuts such as macadamia, coconut, and Brazil nut only individual allergens were identified and data on additional allergenic proteins are missing. This review summarizes the current knowledge on tree nut allergens and describes their physicochemical and immunological characterization and clinical relevance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Geiselhart
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Merima Bublin
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Spiric J, Koppelman SJ, Knulst A, Nordlee JA, Taylor SL, Baumert JL. In vitro
digestion and characterisation of 2S albumin and digestion-resistant peptides in pecan. Int J Food Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.13739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Spiric
- Food Allergy Research and Resource Program; Department of Food Science and Technology; University of Nebraska; Lincoln NE 68588-6207 USA
- Division of Allergology; Paul-Ehrlich-Institut; 63225 Langen Germany
| | - Stef J. Koppelman
- Food Allergy Research and Resource Program; Department of Food Science and Technology; University of Nebraska; Lincoln NE 68588-6207 USA
| | - Andre Knulst
- Department of Dermatology/Allergology; UMC Utrecht; 3584 CX Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Julie A. Nordlee
- Food Allergy Research and Resource Program; Department of Food Science and Technology; University of Nebraska; Lincoln NE 68588-6207 USA
| | - Steve L. Taylor
- Food Allergy Research and Resource Program; Department of Food Science and Technology; University of Nebraska; Lincoln NE 68588-6207 USA
| | - Joseph L. Baumert
- Food Allergy Research and Resource Program; Department of Food Science and Technology; University of Nebraska; Lincoln NE 68588-6207 USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Breiteneder H. Grundlagen natürlicher Allergene. ALLERGOLOGIE 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-37203-2_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
7
|
Bousquet J, Anto JM, Wickman M, Keil T, Valenta R, Haahtela T, Lodrup Carlsen K, van Hage M, Akdis C, Bachert C, Akdis M, Auffray C, Annesi-Maesano I, Bindslev-Jensen C, Cambon-Thomsen A, Carlsen KH, Chatzi L, Forastiere F, Garcia-Aymerich J, Gehrig U, Guerra S, Heinrich J, Koppelman GH, Kowalski ML, Lambrecht B, Lupinek C, Maier D, Melén E, Momas I, Palkonen S, Pinart M, Postma D, Siroux V, Smit HA, Sunyer J, Wright J, Zuberbier T, Arshad SH, Nadif R, Thijs C, Andersson N, Asarnoj A, Ballardini N, Ballereau S, Bedbrook A, Benet M, Bergstrom A, Brunekreef B, Burte E, Calderon M, De Carlo G, Demoly P, Eller E, Fantini MP, Hammad H, Hohman C, Just J, Kerkhof M, Kogevinas M, Kull I, Lau S, Lemonnier N, Mommers M, Nawijn M, Neubauer A, Oddie S, Pellet J, Pin I, Porta D, Saes Y, Skrindo I, Tischer CG, Torrent M, von Hertzen L. Are allergic multimorbidities and IgE polysensitization associated with the persistence or re-occurrence of foetal type 2 signalling? The MeDALL hypothesis. Allergy 2015; 70:1062-78. [PMID: 25913421 DOI: 10.1111/all.12637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Allergic diseases [asthma, rhinitis and atopic dermatitis (AD)] are complex. They are associated with allergen-specific IgE and nonallergic mechanisms that may coexist in the same patient. In addition, these diseases tend to cluster and patients present concomitant or consecutive diseases (multimorbidity). IgE sensitization should be considered as a quantitative trait. Important clinical and immunological differences exist between mono- and polysensitized subjects. Multimorbidities of allergic diseases share common causal mechanisms that are only partly IgE-mediated. Persistence of allergic diseases over time is associated with multimorbidity and/or IgE polysensitization. The importance of the family history of allergy may decrease with age. This review puts forward the hypothesis that allergic multimorbidities and IgE polysensitization are associated and related to the persistence or re-occurrence of foetal type 2 signalling. Asthma, rhinitis and AD are manifestations of a common systemic immune imbalance (mesodermal origin) with specific patterns of remodelling (ectodermal or endodermal origin). This study proposes a new classification of IgE-mediated allergic diseases that allows the definition of novel phenotypes to (i) better understand genetic and epigenetic mechanisms, (ii) better stratify allergic preschool children for prognosis and (iii) propose novel strategies of treatment and prevention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J. Bousquet
- University Hospital; Montpellier France
- MACVIA-LR; Contre les MAladies Chroniques pour un VIeillissement Actif en Languedoc-Roussillon; European Innovation Partnership on Active and Healthy Ageing Reference Site; Paris France
- INSERM; VIMA: Ageing and Chronic Diseases Epidemiological and Public Health Approaches, U1168; Paris France
- UVSQ; UMR-S 1168; Université Versailles St-Quentin-en-Yvelines; Versailles France
| | - J. M. Anto
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL); Barcelona Spain
- Hospital del Mar Research Institute (IMIM); Barcelona Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP); Barcelona Spain
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences; University of Pompeu Fabra (UPF); Barcelona Spain
| | - M. Wickman
- Sachs’ Children's Hospital; Stockholm Sweden
- Institute of Environmental Medicine; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm Sweden
| | - T. Keil
- Institute of Social Medicine, Epidemiology and Health Economics; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Berlin Germany
- Institute for Clinical Epidemiology and Biometry; University of Wuerzburg; Wuerzburg Germany
| | - R. Valenta
- Division of Immunopathology; Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research; Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - T. Haahtela
- Skin and Allergy Hospital; Helsinki University Hospital; Helsinki Finland
| | - K. Lodrup Carlsen
- Department of Paediatrics; Oslo University Hospital; Oslo Norway
- Faculty of Medicine; Institute of Clinical Medicine; University of Oslo; Oslo Norway
| | - M. van Hage
- Clinical Immunology and Allergy Unit; Department of Medicine Solna; Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital; Stockholm Sweden
| | - C. Akdis
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF); University of Zurich; Davos Switzerland
| | - C. Bachert
- ENT Department; Ghent University Hospital; Gent Belgium
| | - M. Akdis
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF); University of Zurich; Davos Switzerland
| | - C. Auffray
- European Institute for Systems Biology and Medicine; Lyon France
| | - I. Annesi-Maesano
- EPAR U707 INSERM; Paris France
- EPAR UMR-S UPMC; Paris VI; Paris France
| | - C. Bindslev-Jensen
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy Centre; Odense University Hospital; Odense Denmark
| | - A. Cambon-Thomsen
- UMR Inserm U1027; Université de Toulouse III Paul Sabatier; Toulouse France
| | - K. H. Carlsen
- Department of Paediatrics; Oslo University Hospital; Oslo Norway
- University of Oslo; Oslo Norway
| | - L. Chatzi
- Department of Social Medicine; Faculty of Medicine; University of Crete; Heraklion Crete Greece
| | - F. Forastiere
- Department of Epidemiology; Regional Health Service Lazio Region; Rome Italy
| | - J. Garcia-Aymerich
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL); Barcelona Spain
- Hospital del Mar Research Institute (IMIM); Barcelona Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP); Barcelona Spain
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences; University of Pompeu Fabra (UPF); Barcelona Spain
| | - U. Gehrig
- Julius Center of Health Sciences and Primary Care; University Medical Center Utrecht; University of Utrecht; Utrecht the Netherlands
| | - S. Guerra
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL); Barcelona Spain
| | - J. Heinrich
- Institute of Epidemiology; German Research Centre for Environmental Health; Helmholtz Zentrum München; Neuherberg Germany
| | - G. H. Koppelman
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology and Pediatric Allergology; GRIAC Research Institute; University Medical Center Groningen; Beatrix Children's Hospital; University of Groningen; Groningen the Netherlands
| | - M. L. Kowalski
- Department of Immunology, Rheumatology and Allergy; Medical University of Lodz; Lodz Poland
| | - B. Lambrecht
- VIB Inflammation Research Center; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
| | - C. Lupinek
- Division of Immunopathology; Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research; Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | | | - E. Melén
- Institute of Environmental Medicine; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm Sweden
| | - I. Momas
- Department of Public Health and Biostatistics, EA 4064; Paris Descartes University; Paris France
- Paris Municipal Department of Social Action, Childhood, and Health; Paris France
| | - S. Palkonen
- EFA European Federation of Allergy and Airways Diseases Patients' Associations; Brussels Belgium
| | - M. Pinart
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL); Barcelona Spain
| | - D. Postma
- Department of Respiratory Medicine; GRIAC Research Institute; University Medical Center Groningen; Beatrix Children's Hospital; University of Groningen; Groningen the Netherlands
| | | | - H. A. Smit
- Julius Center of Health Sciences and Primary Care; University Medical Center Utrecht; University of Utrecht; Utrecht the Netherlands
| | - J. Sunyer
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL); Barcelona Spain
- Hospital del Mar Research Institute (IMIM); Barcelona Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP); Barcelona Spain
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences; University of Pompeu Fabra (UPF); Barcelona Spain
| | - J. Wright
- Bradford Institute for Health Research; Bradford Royal Infirmary; Bradford UK
| | - T. Zuberbier
- Allergy-Centre-Charité at the Department of Dermatology; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Berlin Germany
- Secretary General of the Global Allergy and Asthma European Network (GA2LEN); Berlin Germany
| | - S. H. Arshad
- David Hide Asthma and Allergy Research Centre; Isle of Wight UK
| | - R. Nadif
- INSERM; VIMA: Ageing and Chronic Diseases Epidemiological and Public Health Approaches, U1168; Paris France
- UVSQ; UMR-S 1168; Université Versailles St-Quentin-en-Yvelines; Versailles France
| | - C. Thijs
- Department of Epidemiology; CAPHRI School of Public Health and Primary Care; Maastricht University; Maastricht the Netherlands
| | - N. Andersson
- Sachs’ Children's Hospital; Stockholm Sweden
- Institute of Environmental Medicine; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm Sweden
| | - A. Asarnoj
- Sachs’ Children's Hospital; Stockholm Sweden
- Institute of Environmental Medicine; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm Sweden
| | - N. Ballardini
- Sachs’ Children's Hospital; Stockholm Sweden
- Institute of Environmental Medicine; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm Sweden
| | - S. Ballereau
- European Institute for Systems Biology and Medicine; Lyon France
| | - A. Bedbrook
- MACVIA-LR; Contre les MAladies Chroniques pour un VIeillissement Actif en Languedoc-Roussillon; European Innovation Partnership on Active and Healthy Ageing Reference Site; Paris France
| | - M. Benet
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL); Barcelona Spain
| | - A. Bergstrom
- Sachs’ Children's Hospital; Stockholm Sweden
- Institute of Environmental Medicine; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm Sweden
| | - B. Brunekreef
- Julius Center of Health Sciences and Primary Care; University Medical Center Utrecht; University of Utrecht; Utrecht the Netherlands
| | - E. Burte
- INSERM; VIMA: Ageing and Chronic Diseases Epidemiological and Public Health Approaches, U1168; Paris France
- UVSQ; UMR-S 1168; Université Versailles St-Quentin-en-Yvelines; Versailles France
| | - M. Calderon
- National Heart and Lung Institute; Imperial College London; Royal Brompton Hospital NHS; London UK
| | - G. De Carlo
- EFA European Federation of Allergy and Airways Diseases Patients' Associations; Brussels Belgium
| | - P. Demoly
- Department of Respiratory Diseases; Montpellier University Hospital; Montpellier France
| | - E. Eller
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy Centre; Odense University Hospital; Odense Denmark
| | - M. P. Fantini
- Department of Medicine and Public Health; Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna; Bologna Italy
| | - H. Hammad
- VIB Inflammation Research Center; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
| | - C. Hohman
- Institute of Social Medicine, Epidemiology and Health Economics; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | - J. Just
- Allergology Department; Centre de l'Asthme et des Allergies; Hôpital d'Enfants Armand-Trousseau (APHP); Paris France
- Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique; Equipe EPAR; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 1136; Paris France
| | - M. Kerkhof
- Department of Respiratory Medicine; GRIAC Research Institute; University Medical Center Groningen; Beatrix Children's Hospital; University of Groningen; Groningen the Netherlands
| | - M. Kogevinas
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL); Barcelona Spain
- Hospital del Mar Research Institute (IMIM); Barcelona Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP); Barcelona Spain
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences; University of Pompeu Fabra (UPF); Barcelona Spain
| | - I. Kull
- Sachs’ Children's Hospital; Stockholm Sweden
- Institute of Environmental Medicine; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm Sweden
| | - S. Lau
- Department for Pediatric Pneumology and Immunology; Charité Medical University; Berlin Germany
| | - N. Lemonnier
- European Institute for Systems Biology and Medicine; Lyon France
| | - M. Mommers
- Department of Epidemiology; CAPHRI School of Public Health and Primary Care; Maastricht University; Maastricht the Netherlands
| | - M. Nawijn
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology and Pediatric Allergology; GRIAC Research Institute; University Medical Center Groningen; Beatrix Children's Hospital; University of Groningen; Groningen the Netherlands
| | | | - S. Oddie
- Bradford Institute for Health Research; Bradford Royal Infirmary; Bradford UK
| | - J. Pellet
- European Institute for Systems Biology and Medicine; Lyon France
| | - I. Pin
- Département de pédiatrie; CHU de Grenoble; Grenoble Cedex 9 France
| | - D. Porta
- Department of Epidemiology; Regional Health Service Lazio Region; Rome Italy
| | - Y. Saes
- VIB Inflammation Research Center; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
| | - I. Skrindo
- Department of Paediatrics; Oslo University Hospital; Oslo Norway
- Faculty of Medicine; Institute of Clinical Medicine; University of Oslo; Oslo Norway
| | - C. G. Tischer
- Institute of Epidemiology; German Research Centre for Environmental Health; Helmholtz Zentrum München; Neuherberg Germany
| | - M. Torrent
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL); Barcelona Spain
- Area de Salut de Menorca, ib-salut; Illes Balears Spain
| | - L. von Hertzen
- Skin and Allergy Hospital; Helsinki University Hospital; Helsinki Finland
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Liu M, Burks AW, Green TD. Tree nut allergy: risk factors for development, mitigation of reaction risk and current efforts in desensitization. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2015; 11:673-9. [DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.2015.1032258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
9
|
Downs ML, Semic-Jusufagic A, Simpson A, Bartra J, Fernandez-Rivas M, Rigby NM, Taylor SL, Baumert JL, Mills ENC. Characterization of low molecular weight allergens from English walnut (Juglans regia). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:11767-75. [PMID: 25388987 DOI: 10.1021/jf504672m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Although English walnut is a commonly allergenic tree nut, walnut allergens have been poorly characterized to date. The objective of this work was to characterize the natural, low molecular weight (LMW) allergens from walnut. A protocol was developed to purify LMW allergens (specifically 2S albumins) from English walnuts. In addition to 2S albumins, a series of peptides from the N-terminal region of the 7S seed storage globulin proprotein were also identified and characterized. These peptides comprised a four-cysteine motif (C-X-X-X-C-X10-12-C-X-X-X-C) repeated throughout the 7S N-terminal region. Upon IgE immunoblotting, 3/11 and 5/11 sera from walnut-allergic subjects showed IgE reactivity to the 7S N-terminal fragments and 2S albumin, respectively. The mature 7S protein and the newly described 7S N-terminal peptides represent two distinct types of allergens. Because the proteolytic processing of 7S globulins has not been elucidated in many edible plant species, similar protein fragments may be present in other nuts and seeds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melanie L Downs
- 143 Food Industry Complex, Food Allergy Research and Resource Program, Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln , Lincoln, Nebraska 68583-0919, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Scientific Opinion on the evaluation of allergenic foods and food ingredients for labelling purposes. EFSA J 2014. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
|
11
|
Production and analysis of recombinant tree nut allergens. Methods 2014; 66:34-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2013.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Revised: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
|
12
|
Wang J, Yang L, Zhao X, Li J, Zhang D. Characterization and phylogenetic analysis of allergenic Tryp_alpha_amyl protein family in plants. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:270-278. [PMID: 24328177 DOI: 10.1021/jf402463w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Most known allergenic proteins in rice ( Oryza sativa ) seed belong to the Tryp_alpha_amyl family (PF00234), but the sequence characterization and the evolution of the allergenic Tryp_alpha_amyl family members in plants have not been fully investigated. In this study, two specific motifs were found besides the common alpha-amylase inhibitors (AAI) domain from the allergenic Tryp_alpha_amyl family members in rice seeds (trRSAs). To understand the evolution and functional importance of the Tryp_alpha_amy1 family and the specific motifs for the allergenic one, a BLAST search identified 75 homologous proteins of trRSAs (trHAs) from 22 plant species including main crops such as rice, maize ( Zea mays ), wheat ( Triticum aestivum ), and sorghum ( Sorghum bicolor ) from all available sequences in the public databases. Statistical analysis showed that the allergenicity of trHAs is closely associated with these two motifs with high number of cysteine residues (p value = 0.00026), and the trHAs with and without the two motifs were clustered into separate clades, respectively. Furthermore, significant difference was observed on the secondary and tertiary structures of allergenic and nonallergenic trHAs. In addition, expression analysis showed that trHA-encoding genes of purple false brome ( Brachypodium distachyon ), barrel medic ( Medicago truncatula ), rice, and sorghum are dominantly expressed in seeds. This work provides insight into the understanding of the properties of allergens in the Tryp_alpha_amyl family and is helpful for allergy therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- National Center for Molecular Characterization of Genetically Modified Organisms, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Van Bilsen JH, Knippels LM, Penninks AH, Nieuwenhuizen WF, De Jongh HH, Koppelman SJ. The protein structure determines the sensitizing capacity of Brazil nut 2S albumin (Ber e1) in a rat food allergy model. Clin Transl Allergy 2013; 3:36. [PMID: 24180644 PMCID: PMC3827886 DOI: 10.1186/2045-7022-3-36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
It is not exactly known why certain food proteins are more likely to sensitize. One of the characteristics of most food allergens is that they are stable to the acidic and proteolytic conditions in the digestive tract. This property is thought to be a risk factor in allergic sensitization. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the contribution of the protein structure of 2S albumin (Ber e1), a major allergen from Brazil nut, on the sensitizing capacity in vivo using an oral Brown Norway rat food allergy model. Disulphide bridges of 2S albumin were reduced and alkylated resulting in loss of protein structure and an increased pepsin digestibility in vitro. Both native 2S albumin and reduced/alkylated 2S albumin were administered by daily gavage dosing (0.1 and 1 mg) to Brown Norway rats for 42 days. Intraperitoneal administration was used as a positive control. Sera were analysed by ELISA and passive cutaneous anaphylaxis. Oral exposure to native or reduced/alkylated 2S albumin resulted in specific IgG1 and IgG2a responses whereas only native 2S albumin induced specific IgE in this model, which was confirmed by passive cutaneous anaphylaxis. This study has shown that the disruption of the protein structure of Brazil nut 2S albumin decreased the sensitizing potential in a Brown Norway rat food allergy model, whereas the immunogenicity of 2S albumin remained preserved. This observation may open possibilities for developing immunotherapy for Brazil nut allergy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Léon Mj Knippels
- TNO, Zeist, Netherlands.,Nutricia Research, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Stef J Koppelman
- TNO, Zeist, Netherlands.,Food Allergy Research and Resource Program, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Mirotti L, Florsheim E, Rundqvist L, Larsson G, Spinozzi F, Leite-de-Moraes M, Russo M, Alcocer M. Lipids are required for the development of Brazil nut allergy: the role of mouse and human iNKT cells. Allergy 2013; 68:74-83. [PMID: 23137012 DOI: 10.1111/all.12057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lipids are required for mice sensitization to Ber e 1, Brazil nut major allergen. Here, we characterized different lipid fractions extracted from Brazil nuts and the lipid-binding ability of Ber e 1. Further, we determined their in vivo ability to induce Ber-specific anaphylactic antibodies and the role of invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells in this process. METHODS Wild-type (WT) and iNKT cell-deficient mice were sensitized with Ber e 1 and specific lipid fractions, and anaphylactic antibodies were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA). The lipid-binding characteristic of Ber e 1 (Ber) was established by using fluorescent probes and (15) N-labeled NMR. In vitro production of IL-4 was determined in Ber/lipid C-stimulated mouse iNKT cells and human T-cell lines containing NKTs primed with CD1d+C1R transfectants by flow cytometry and ELISA, respectively. RESULTS Only one specific lipid fraction (lipid C), containing neutral and common phospholipids, induced Ber anaphylactic antibodies in mice. Ber e 1 has a lipid-binding site, and our results indicated an interaction between Ber e 1 and lipid C. iNKT-deficient mice produced lower levels of anaphylactic antibodies than WT mice. In vitro, Ber/lipid C-stimulated murine iNKT cells produced IL-4 but not IFN-gamma. Human T-cell lines derived from nut-allergic patients produced IL-4 to Ber/lipid C in a CD1d- and dose-dependent manner. CONCLUSION Lipid fraction C from Brazil nut presents an essential adjuvant activity to Ber e 1 sensitization, and iNKT cells play a critical role in the development of Brazil nut-allergic response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L. Mirotti
- Departamento de Imunologia; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas; Universidade de São Paulo; São Paulo; Brasil
| | - E. Florsheim
- Departamento de Imunologia; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas; Universidade de São Paulo; São Paulo; Brasil
| | - L. Rundqvist
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics; Umeå University; Umeå; Sweden
| | - G. Larsson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics; Umeå University; Umeå; Sweden
| | - F. Spinozzi
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology and Allergy; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine; University of Perugia; Perugia; Italy
| | - M. Leite-de-Moraes
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 8147; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Faculté de Médecine René Descartes; Paris V, Hôpital Necker; Paris; France
| | - M. Russo
- Departamento de Imunologia; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas; Universidade de São Paulo; São Paulo; Brasil
| | - M. Alcocer
- Division of Nutritional Sciences; School of Biosciences; University of Nottingham; Nottingham; UK
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Stability of sunflower 2S albumins and LTP to physiologically relevant in vitro gastrointestinal digestion. Food Chem 2012; 138:2374-81. [PMID: 23497898 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Revised: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In order for a protein to elicit a systemic allergic response it must reach the circulatory system through the intestinal mucosa as a sufficiently large fragment with adequate structural integrity. Sunflower LTP and 2S albumins (SFA8 and three mixed fractions of Alb1 and Alb2) were digested in simulated gastric fluid (SGF) for 2h and the conditions were then changed to mimic the intestinal environment for a further 2h digestion. The effects of phosphatidylcholine (PC) and emulsification on the digestibility of the proteins were investigated. PC protected all of the proteins studied against both gastric and intestinal digestive enzymes but to different extents. Emulsification of SFA8 resulted in strong protection against digestion, which was further enhanced by the presence of PC in the SGF. These results highlight the importance of considering real food structures such as emulsified systems and also the gastrointestinal environment that proteins are exposed to once consumed when assessing allergenicity.
Collapse
|
16
|
Sirvent S, Akotenou M, Cuesta-Herranz J, Vereda A, Rodríguez R, Villalba M, Palomares O. The 11S globulin Sin a 2 from yellow mustard seeds shows IgE cross-reactivity with homologous counterparts from tree nuts and peanut. Clin Transl Allergy 2012; 2:23. [PMID: 23231956 PMCID: PMC3583068 DOI: 10.1186/2045-7022-2-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 12/07/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The 11S globulin Sin a 2 is a marker to predict severity of symptoms in mustard allergic patients. The potential implication of Sin a 2 in cross-reactivity with tree nuts and peanut has not been investigated so far. In this work, we studied at the IgG and IgE level the involvement of the 11S globulin Sin a 2 in cross-reactivity among mustard, tree nuts and peanut. Methods Eleven well-characterized mustard-allergic patients sensitized to Sin a 2 were included in the study. A specific anti-Sin a 2 serum was obtained in rabbit. Skin prick tests (SPT), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), immunoblotting and IgG or IgE-inhibition immunoblotting experiments using purified Sin a 2, Sin a 1, Sin a 3, mustard, almond, hazelnut, pistachio, walnut or peanut extracts were performed. Results The rabbit anti-Sin a 2 serum showed high affinity and specificity to Sin a 2, which allowed us to demonstrate that Sin a 2 shares IgG epitopes with allergenic 11S globulins from tree nuts (almond, hazelnut, pistachio and walnut) but not from peanut. All the patients included in the study had positive skin prick test to tree nuts and/or peanut and we subdivided them into two different groups according to their clinical symptoms after ingestion of such allergenic sources. We showed that 11S globulins contain conserved IgE epitopes involved in cross-reactivity among mustard, tree nuts and peanut as well as species-specific IgE epitopes. Conclusions The allergenic 11S globulin Sin a 2 from mustard is involved in cross-reactivity at the IgE level with tree nuts and peanut. Although the clinical relevance of the cross-reactive IgE epitopes present in 11S globulins needs to be investigated in further detail, our results contribute to improve the diagnosis and management of mustard allergic patients sensitized to Sin a 2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sofía Sirvent
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, 28040, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Rundqvist L, Tengel T, Zdunek J, Björn E, Schleucher J, Alcocer MJC, Larsson G. Solution structure, copper binding and backbone dynamics of recombinant Ber e 1-the major allergen from Brazil nut. PLoS One 2012; 7:e46435. [PMID: 23056307 PMCID: PMC3464261 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 2S albumin Ber e 1 is the major allergen in Brazil nuts. Previous findings indicated that the protein alone does not cause an allergenic response in mice, but the addition of components from a Brazil nut lipid fraction were required. Structural details of Ber e 1 may contribute to the understanding of the allergenic properties of the protein and its potential interaction partners. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The solution structure of recombinant Ber e 1 was solved using NMR spectroscopy and measurements of the protein back bone dynamics at a residue-specific level were extracted using (15)N-spin relaxation. A hydrophobic cavity was identified in the structure of Ber e 1. Using the paramagnetic relaxation enhancement property of Cu(2+) in conjunction with NMR, it was shown that Ber e 1 is able to specifically interact with the divalent copper ion and the binding site was modeled into the structure. The IgE binding region as well as the copper binding site show increased dynamics on both fast ps-ns timescale as well as slower µs-ms timescale. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The overall fold of Ber e 1 is similar to other 2S albumins, but the hydrophobic cavity resembles that of a homologous non-specific lipid transfer protein. Ber e 1 is the first 2S albumin shown to interact with Cu(2+) ions. This Cu(2+) binding has minimal effect on the electrostatic potential on the surface of the protein, but the charge distribution within the hydrophobic cavity is significantly altered. As the hydrophobic cavity is likely to be involved in a putative lipid interaction the Cu(2+) can in turn affect the interaction that is essential to provoke an allergenic response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Louise Rundqvist
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Tobias Tengel
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Janusz Zdunek
- Protein Constructor Developers Company, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Erik Björn
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jürgen Schleucher
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Marcos J. C. Alcocer
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Göran Larsson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Cominetti C, de Bortoli MC, Garrido AB, Cozzolino SM. Brazilian nut consumption improves selenium status and glutathione peroxidase activity and reduces atherogenic risk in obese women. Nutr Res 2012; 32:403-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2012.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2011] [Revised: 04/07/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
19
|
Alcocer M, Rundqvist L, Larsson G. Ber e 1 protein: the versatile major allergen from Brazil nut seeds. Biotechnol Lett 2011; 34:597-610. [PMID: 22187079 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-011-0831-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2011] [Accepted: 12/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Due mainly to its extremely high content of sulphur amino acids, Ber e 1 protein, the major allergen from Brazil nut, has attracted much scientific and press attention. Ber e 1 was the main target protein in early biotechnology transgenic work, in early processing studies of plant storage proteins, in plant vacuolar targeting studies and as the main protein in early nutritional supplementation experiments. Ber e 1 was also one of the first food allergens to be unintentionally transferred from one plant to another and was involved in the first reported case of systemic allergic reaction caused by a food allergen transferred in semen. In this review, many of the Ber e 1 unique biotechnological and structural functions are discussed with a particular emphasis on its use as model protein for studies of intrinsic allergenicity of food proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Alcocer
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Sharma GM, Irsigler A, Dhanarajan P, Ayuso R, Bardina L, Sampson HA, Roux KH, Sathe SK. Cloning and characterization of 2S albumin, Car i 1, a major allergen in pecan. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:4130-4139. [PMID: 21395309 DOI: 10.1021/jf104319d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Although pecans are associated with IgE-mediated food allergies, the allergens responsible remain to be identified and characterized. The 2S albumin gene was amplified from the pecan cDNA library. Dot-blots were used to screen the recombinant protein with pecan allergic patients' serum. The affinity purified native protein was analyzed by Edman sequencing and mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (MS/MS) analysis. Cross-reactivity with walnut was determined by inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Sequential epitopes were determined by probing the overlapping peptides with three different patients' serum pool. The 3-dimensional homology model was generated, and the locations of the pecan epitopes were compared with those of known sequential epitopes on other allergenic tree nut homologues. Of 28 patients tested by dot-blot, 22 (79%) bound to 2S albumin, designated as Car i 1. Edman sequencing and the MS/MS sequencing of native 2S albumin confirmed the identity of recombinant (r) Car i 1. Both pecan and walnut protein extracts inhibited the IgE-binding to rCar i 1. Sequential epitope mapping indicated weak, moderate, and strong reactivity against 12, 7, and 5 peptides, respectively. Of the 11 peptides recognized by all serum pools, 5 peptides were strongly reactive and located in 3 discrete regions of the Car i 1 (amino acids 43-57, 67-78, and 106-120). Three-dimensional modeling revealed IgE-reactive epitopes to be solvent accessible and share significant homology with other tree nuts providing a possible basis for previously observed cross-reactivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Girdhari M Sharma
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, The Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
A novel, sensitive and specific real-time PCR for the detection of traces of allergenic Brazil nut (Bertholletia excelsa) in processed foods. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 398:2279-88. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-4072-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2010] [Revised: 07/26/2010] [Accepted: 07/29/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
22
|
Abstract
Development and progress made in the field of recombinant allergens have allowed for the development of a new concept in allergy diagnosis, molecular diagnosis (MD), which makes it possible to identify potential disease-eliciting molecules. Microarray-based testing performed with a small amount of serum sample enables clinicians to determine specific-IgE antibodies against multiple recombinants or purified natural allergen components. Performance characteristics of allergens so far tested are comparable with current diagnostic tests, but have to be confirmed in larger studies. The use of allergen components and the successful interpretation of test results in the clinic require some degree of knowledge about the basis of allergen components and their clinical implications. Allergen components can be classified by protein families based on their function and structure. This review provides a brief overview of basic information on allergen components, recombinants or purified, currently available or soon to become commercially available in ImmunoCAP or ISAC systems, including names, protein family and function. Special consideration is given to primary or species-specific sensitization and possible cross-reactivity, because one of the most important clinical utility of MD is its ability to reveal whether the sensitization is genuine in nature (primary, species-specific) or if it is due to cross-reactivity to proteins with similar protein structures, which may help to evaluate the risk of reaction on exposure to different allergen sources. MD can be a support tool for choosing the right treatment for the right patient with the right timing. Such information will eventually give clinicians the possibility to individualize the actions taken, including an advice on targeted allergen exposure reduction, selection of suitable allergens for specific immunotherapy, or the need to perform food challenges. Nevertheless, all in vitro tests should be evaluated together with the clinical history, because allergen sensitization does not necessarily imply clinical responsiveness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Sastre
- Allergy Department, Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Sharma GM, Mundoma C, Seavy M, Roux KH, Sathe SK. Purification and biochemical characterization of Brazil nut (Bertholletia excelsa L.) seed storage proteins. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:5714-5723. [PMID: 20405841 DOI: 10.1021/jf9036326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Brazil nut storage proteins, 2S albumin, 7S vicilin, and an 11S legumin, were purified using column chromatography. Analytical ultracentrifugation of the purified albumin, vicilin, and legumin proteins, respectively, registered sedimentation coefficients of 1.8, 7.1, and 11.8 S. Under reducing conditions, the major polypeptide bands in 2S albumin were observed at 6.4, 10-11, and 15.2 kDa. The 7S globulin was composed of one 12.6 kDa, two approximately 38-42 kDa, and two approximately 54-57 kDa polypeptides, whereas the 11S globulin contained two major classes of polypeptides: approximately 30-32 and approximately 20-21 kDa. The 7S globulin stained positive when reacted with Schiff reagent, indicating that it is a glycoprotein. The estimated molecular mass and Stokes radius for 2S albumin and 7S and 11S globulins were 19.2 kDa and 20.1 A, 114.8 kDa and 41.1 A, and 289.4 kDa and 56.6 A, respectively. Circular dichroism spectroscopic analysis indicated the secondary structure of the three proteins to be mainly beta-sheets and turns. Emission fluorescence spectra of the native proteins registered a lambda(max) at 337, 345, and 328 nm for 2S albumin and 7S and 11S globulins, respectively. When probed with anti-Brazil nut seed protein rabbit polyclonal antibodies, 7S globulin exhibited higher immunoreactivity than 2S albumin and 11S globulin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Girdhari M Sharma
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, College of Human Sciences, The Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-1493, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Ahn K, Bardina L, Grishina G, Beyer K, Sampson HA. Identification of two pistachio allergens, Pis v 1 and Pis v 2, belonging to the 2S albumin and 11S globulin family. Clin Exp Allergy 2009; 39:926-34. [PMID: 19522997 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2009.03259.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND IgE-mediated allergic reactions to pistachio appear to be occurring more frequently; however, little is known about its allergenic proteins. OBJECTIVE We attempted to identify pistachio allergens and to clone the encoding genes. METHODS Pistachio proteins were extracted and separated by SDS-PAGE. Immunolabelling was performed with sera from 28 pistachio-allergic individuals. Proteins of interest were further analysed by Edman sequencing and mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (MS/MS). In parallel, a cDNA library was generated from immature pistachios and screened with primers designed on the basis of internal sequences and peptide spectra. Full-length cDNA clones were isolated from the library and sequenced. Recombinant proteins were expressed and tested with sera from pistachio-allergic patients. RESULTS Nineteen out of 28 patients (68%) showed IgE binding to a 7 kDa protein fraction, while 14 (50%) showed specific IgE to a 32 kDa protein fraction. Analysis by Edman sequencing and MS/MS revealed that these proteins were homologue to the cashew nut allergens Ana o 3 and Ana o 2, respectively. Screening of the pistachio cDNA library resulted in isolation of novel protein cDNAs. Open-reading frame translation provided the complete amino acid sequences of two new allergenic pistachio proteins. Recombinant proteins were recognized by six out of six selected patients. Therefore, these new allergens were named Pis v 1 and Pis v 2 by the Allergen Nomenclature Subcommittee. CONCLUSION Novel allergens in pistachio, Pis v 1 and Pis v 2, which belong to 2S albumin and 11S globulin family, respectively, were isolated and the genes encoding these allergens were identified.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Ahn
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology and the Jaffe Food Allergy Institute, The Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029-6574, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Utility of rodent models for evaluating protein allergenicity. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2009; 54:S58-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2008.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2008] [Revised: 10/06/2008] [Accepted: 10/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
26
|
van Boxtel EL, Koppelman SJ, van den Broek LA, Gruppen H. Heat denaturation of Brazil nut allergen Ber e 1 in relation to food processing. Food Chem 2008; 110:904-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.02.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2007] [Revised: 01/02/2008] [Accepted: 02/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
27
|
Eigenmann PA, Beyer K, Wesley Burks A, Lack G, Liacouras CA, Hourihane JO, Sampson HA, Sodergren E. New visions for food allergy: an iPAC summary and future trends. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2008; 19 Suppl 19:26-39. [PMID: 18665961 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3038.2008.00765.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The spectrum of food allergy consists of a variety of different clinical pictures including immunoglobulin (Ig)E, and non-IgE food allergy as well as mixed, IgE and non-IgE disorders. In addition, eosinophilic diseases of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract with occasional IgE-type sensitization are increasingly recognized. As a consequence, the clinical picture of food allergy is pleomorphic and can range from chronic GI symptoms to severe anaphylaxis. The diagnosis of food allergy is mostly hampered by the lack of reliable in vitro tests for non-IgE-mediated diseases, and in most cases relies on a reoccurrence of symptoms upon re-exposure to the antigen; in general during a standardized food challenge. Currently, there is no safe and efficient treatment for food allergy and the treatment relies on avoidance diets. Priorities for research have been identified by iPAC (international Pediatric Allergy and Asthma Consortium) and outlined in this review. They include studies to better identify the pathogenesis of food allergy, including genetic aspects; studies to develop diagnostic and follow-up tests; studies for standardization of food challenges; as well as studies addressing a safe and efficient treatment of food allergy.
Collapse
|
28
|
|
29
|
Moreno FJ, Clemente A. 2S Albumin Storage Proteins: What Makes them Food Allergens? Open Biochem J 2008; 2:16-28. [PMID: 18949071 PMCID: PMC2570561 DOI: 10.2174/1874091x00802010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2007] [Revised: 01/15/2008] [Accepted: 01/20/2008] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
2S albumin storage proteins are becoming of increasing interest in nutritional and clinical studies as they have been reported as major food allergens in seeds of many mono- and di-cotyledonous plants. This review describes the main biochemical, structural and functional properties of these proteins thought to play a role in determining their potential allergenicity. 2S albumins are considered to sensitize directly via the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). The high stability of their intrinsic protein structure, dominated by a well-conserved skeleton of cysteine residues, to the harsh conditions present in the GIT suggests that these proteins are able to cross the gut mucosal barrier to sensitize the mucosal immune system and/or elicit an allergic response. The flexible and solvent-exposed hypervariable region of these proteins is immunodominant and has the ability to bind IgE from allergic patients sera. Several linear IgE-binding epitopes of 2S albumins spanning this region have been described to play a major role in allergenicity; the role of conformational epitopes of these proteins in food allergy is far from being understood and need to be investigated. Finally, the interaction of these proteins with other components of the food matrix might influence the absorption rates of immunologically reactive 2S albumins but also in their immune response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F. Javier Moreno
- Instituto de Fermentaciones Industriales (CSIC), C/ Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alfonso Clemente
- Estación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC), Profesor Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Ahn YJ, Chen GQ. Temporal and spatial expression of 2S albumin in castor (Ricinus communis L.). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2007; 55:10043-9. [PMID: 17960884 DOI: 10.1021/jf071272p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
We studied the temporal and spatial expression of the 2S albumin in castor (Ricinus communis L.) during seed development, germination, post-germination, and plant development. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis showed that the 2S albumin transcript accumulated to a maximum level at the middle of seed development, showing a bell-shaped temporal pattern. Residual levels of the transcript were present in the mature seed and degraded rapidly upon germination. Immunodetection analysis was performed using an anti-2S albumin antibody under reducing conditions. During seed development, the 2S albumin precursor pro-protein began to be synthesized at 26 days after pollination (DAP); the pro-protein was thereafter processed to mature proteins at 40 DAP, suggesting that the post-translation modification of 2S albumin takes place during this time period. Both the 2S albumin precursor pro-protein and the mature proteins accumulated throughout seed maturation and desiccation stages. During seed germination, both forms of the 2S albumin proteins were present in endosperm and cotyledon until the completion of germination and degraded rapidly afterwards. However, the antibody also detected a group of proteins/peptides in endosperm and cotyledon when the seeds progressed to germination and post-germination stages. A 14 kDa protein in the leaves of fully developed seedlings and mature plants also reacted to the anti-2S albumin antibody. The identity of the proteins accumulated in germinating seed and leaf remains unknown.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yeh-Jin Ahn
- Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Services, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA 94710, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Guo F, Jin T, Howard A, Zhang YZ. Purification, crystallization and initial crystallographic characterization of brazil-nut allergen Ber e 2. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2007; 63:976-9. [PMID: 18007055 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309107051445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2007] [Accepted: 10/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Peanut and tree-nut allergies have attracted considerable attention because of their frequency and their lifelong persistence. Brazil-nut (Bertholletia excelsa) allergies have been well documented and the 11S legumin-like seed storage protein Ber e 2 (excelsin) is one of the two known brazil-nut allergens. In this study, Ber e 2 was extracted from brazil-nut kernels and purified to high purity by crystalline precipitation and gel-filtration chromatography. Well diffracting single crystals were obtained using the hanging-drop vapour-diffusion method. A molecular-replacement structural solution has been obtained. Refinement of the structure is currently under way.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Guo
- Department of Biology, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL 60616, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Dearman RJ, Alcocer MJC, Kimber I. Influence of plant lipids on immune responses in mice to the major Brazil nut allergen Ber e 1. Clin Exp Allergy 2007; 37:582-91. [PMID: 17430356 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2007.02689.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lipids, particularly bacterial lipopolysaccharide, can impact on immune responses to proteins, with low doses enhancing type 2 responses. OBJECTIVE We have examined the influence of natural plant lipid extracts on antibody responses provoked in mice by recombinant Ber e 1, the major allergen in Brazil nuts. METHODS BALB/c strain mice were immunized (by intraperitoneal injection) with natural or recombinant Ber e l produced in Pichia pastoris and admixed with various lipid fractions isolated from Brazil nuts. Serum samples were analysed for specific IgE antibody by homologous passive cutaneous anaphylaxis assay and for IgG by enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay. RESULTS Exposure to recombinant (lipid-free) Ber e 1 alone failed to induce detectable IgG or IgE antibody. Co-administration of the total lipid fraction (with reduced triglyceride levels), sterol-rich, or polar lipid fractions, resulted in marked adjuvant effects on IgG and IgE. However, the beta-sitosterol and glycolipid-rich fractions were associated with only low-level IgG antibody, and had little impact on IgE antibody production. Natural Ber e 1 containing endogenous lipids also provoked IgG and IgE antibody responses. Identical IgE and IgG antibody responses were detected regardless of whether natural or recombinant Ber e 1 was used as substrates for analyses. CONCLUSION Endogenous Brazil nut lipids are required for the induction of optimal antibody responses to Ber e 1 in the BALB/c strain mouse. Appropriate antibody binding sites are present on both natural and recombinant forms of Ber e 1, suggesting that the impact of lipid is at the induction phase, rather than antibody recognition, and is possibly required for efficient antigen presentation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R J Dearman
- Syngenta Central Toxicology Laboratory, Macclesfield, Cheshire, UK.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
|
34
|
Abstract
The detection of potentially allergenic foods, such as sesame seeds, in food products is a major concern for the food-processing industry. A real-time PCR method was designed to determine if sesame seed DNA is present in food products. The PCR reaction amplifies a 66-bp fragment of the sesame seed 2S albumin gene, which is detected with a sesame-specific, dual-labeled TaqMan probe. This reaction will not amplify DNA derived from other seeds present in baked goods, such as pumpkin, poppy, and sunflower seeds. Additionally, this assay will not cross-react with DNA from several tree nut species, such as almond, Brazil nut, cashew, hazelnut, and walnut, as well as four varieties of peanut. This assay is sensitive enough to detect 5 pg of purified sesame seed DNA, as well as sesame seed DNA in a spiked wheat cracker sample.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Brzezinski
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Forensic Chemistry Center, 6751 Steger Drive, Cincinnati, Ohio 45237-3097, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Palomares O, Vereda A, Cuesta-Herranz J, Villalba M, Rodríguez R. Cloning, sequencing, and recombinant production of Sin a 2, an allergenic 11S globulin from yellow mustard seeds. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2007; 119:1189-96. [PMID: 17349683 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2007.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2006] [Revised: 12/04/2006] [Accepted: 01/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Among allergenic spices, mustard represents 1 of the most important in terms of allergenic potency and widespread use. An 11S globulin (Sin a 2) has been isolated from yellow mustard seeds and identified as a new major allergen. OBJECTIVE Cloning and sequencing a cDNA encoding a Sin a 2 subunit and producing the allergen as a recombinant protein. METHODS Sin a 2 subunit-encoding cDNA was amplified by polymerase chain reaction, cloned, and sequenced. The allergen was produced as a recombinant protein in Escherichia coli and used for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, immunoblotting, and inhibition experiments. Sera from patients with mustard allergy and an anti-polyhistidine monoclonal antibody were used. RESULTS Sin a 2-specific cDNA comprises an open reading frame that encodes a protein of 510 amino acids, in which the first 23 residues correspond to the signal peptide. Sequence alignment with other allergenic 11S globulins showed levels of sequence identity ranging between 27% and 38%. Three peptides described as epitopes in Ara h 3 were moderately conserved in Sin a 2. Approximately 87% of the IgE binding to natural Sin a 2 was inhibited by the recombinant allergen using sera from patients with mustard allergy. CONCLUSION The recombinant 11S globulin from yellow mustard seeds produced in E coli retained the IgE-binding capability of the natural allergen. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS The availability of Sin a 2 sequence and its recombinant production could help to develop future therapeutic approaches and might well open new investigation lines to resolve whether 11S globulins are proteins implicated in cross-reactivity processes involving mustard seeds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Palomares
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
de Leon MP, Rolland JM, O'Hehir RE. The peanut allergy epidemic: allergen molecular characterisation and prospects for specific therapy. Expert Rev Mol Med 2007; 9:1-18. [PMID: 17210088 DOI: 10.1017/s1462399407000208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractPeanut (Arachis hypogaea) allergy is a major cause of food-induced anaphylaxis, with increasing prevalence worldwide. To date, there is no cure for peanut allergy, and, unlike many other food allergies, it usually persists through to adulthood. Prevention of exposure to peanuts is managed through strict avoidance, which can be compromised by the frequent use of peanuts and peanut products in food preparations. Conventional subcutaneous-injection allergen immunotherapy using crude peanut extract is not a recommended treatment because of the risk of severe side effects, largely as a result of specific IgE antibodies. Consequently, there is an urgent need to develop a suitable peanut allergen preparation that can induce specific clinical and immunological tolerance to peanuts in allergic individuals without adverse side effects. This requires detailed molecular and immunological characterisation of the allergenic components of peanut. This article reviews current knowledge on clinically relevant peanut allergens, in particular Ara h 1, Ara h 2 and Ara h 3, together with options for T-cell-reactive but non-IgE-binding allergen variants for specific immunotherapeutic strategies. These include T-cell-epitope peptide and hypoallergenic mutant vaccines. Alternative routes of administration such as sublingual are also considered, and appropriate adjuvants for delivering effective treatments at these sites examined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria P de Leon
- Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Moreno FJ, Rubio LA, Olano A, Clemente A. Uptake of 2S albumin allergens, Ber e 1 and Ses i 1, across human intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cell monolayers. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2006; 54:8631-9. [PMID: 17061844 DOI: 10.1021/jf061760h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated the absorption rates of two purified major allergen 2S albumins, Ber e 1 from Brazil nuts (Bertholletia excelsa Humb. & Bonpl.) and Ses i 1 from white sesame seeds (Sesamum indicum L.), across human intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cell monolayers following gastrointestinal digestion in vitro. The transport from apical to basolateral side in cell monolayers was evaluated by RP-HPLC-UV and indirect competitive ELISA methods, being confirmed by western-blotting analysis. Significant amounts (approximately 15-25 nmol micromol(-1) initial amount/h) of intact Ber e 1 and Ses i 1 were found in the basolateral side. The absorption rates of both plant allergens through the cell monolayer were shown to be constant during the whole incubation period (4 h at 37 degrees C), verifying that the permeability of the membrane was not altered by the allergen digests. Our findings revealed that both purified 2S albumin allergens may be able to survive in immunologically reactive forms to the simulated harsh conditions of the gastrointestinal tract to be transported across the Caco-2 cell monolayers, so that they would be able to sensitize the mucosal immune system and/or elicit an allergic response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Javier Moreno
- Instituto de Fermentaciones Industriales (CSIC), C/Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Ridout S, Matthews S, Gant C, Twiselton R, Dean T, Arshad SH. The diagnosis of Brazil nut allergy using history, skin prick tests, serum-specific immunoglobulin E and food challenges. Clin Exp Allergy 2006; 36:226-32. [PMID: 16433861 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2006.02426.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allergy to Brazil nut is a relatively common nut allergy and can be fatal. However, the evidence is lacking regarding the best approach to its diagnosis. OBJECTIVE We sought to determine the relative merits of history, skin prick testing, measurement of serum-specific IgE and challenge in the diagnosis of Brazil nut allergy. METHODS Fifty-six children and adults with a history of an allergic reaction to Brazil nut or evidence of sensitization were investigated by questionnaire (n=56), skin prick tests (SPTs) (n=53), measurement of serum-specific IgE to Brazil nut (n=54) and double-blind, placebo-controlled labial, and if necessary oral, challenges (n=19). RESULTS Brazil nut allergy occurred in highly atopic individuals of any age with a strong family history of atopy. In 24 of 56 (43%), the history of an immediate reaction was sufficient to make a diagnosis with confidence and an oral challenge was considered unsafe. Of the 19 subjects undertaking the 'gold standard' test of a double-blind, placebo-controlled, food challenge, all six subjects with a SPT of at least 6 mm had a positive challenge and all three subjects with a SPT of 0 mm had a negative challenge. In the remaining 10 (53%) subjects, where SPT was between 1 and 5 mm and serum-specific IgE was less than 3.5 kU/L, an oral challenge was performed resulting in three positive and seven negative challenges. CONCLUSION A combination of history, SPT and serum-specific IgE was adequate in achieving a diagnosis in the majority (77%) patients with suspected Brazil nut allergy. However, a doubtful history with SPT between 1 and 5 mm, or a serum-specific IgE less than 3.5 kU/L may require an oral challenge to help determine the risk of a Brazil nut allergic reaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Ridout
- The David Hide Asthma and Allergy Research Centre, St Mary's Hospital, Newport, Isle of Wight, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Kean DE, Goodridge HS, McGuinness S, Harnett MM, Alcocer MJC, Harnett W. Differential Polarization of Immune Responses by Plant 2S Seed Albumins, Ber e 1, and SFA8. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 177:1561-6. [PMID: 16849463 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.3.1561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The plant 2S seed albumins Ber e 1 and SFA8, although structurally very similar, vary with respect to their allergenic properties. Whereas the former represents a major allergen, the latter appears to promote only weak allergenic responses. The aim of this investigation was to determine whether the allergenic properties of Ber e 1 and SFA8 reflected differential polarization of dendritic cell (DC) and Th cell responses. We thus investigated the effect of recombinant forms of both allergens on DC and Th cell responses as indicated by cell surface phenotype and cytokine production. Exposure of murine DCs to SFA8, but not Ber e 1, resulted in production of the cytokines IL-12 p40 and TNF-alpha by a mechanism independent of recognition by TLRs. Furthermore, depending on the mouse strain used, increased expression of MHC class II and costimulatory molecules such as CD40, CD80, and CD86 was associated with exposure to SFA8, but not Ber e 1. In coculture experiments using the DO11.10 transgenic T cell that recognizes OVA peptide, DCs exposed to both allergens induced T cells to produce IFN-gamma, but only Ber e 1 could induce significant production of IL-4 and IL-5. Likewise, analysis of transcription factors shows increased T-bet with respect to both allergens, but also GATA-3 with respect to Ber e 1. Overall, our data are consistent with the idea that the ability of Ber e 1, but not SFA8, to act as a potent allergen may reflect differences in their ability to induce IL-12 production.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- 2S Albumins, Plant
- Albumins/immunology
- Allergens/immunology
- Animals
- Antigens, Plant
- Bone Marrow Cells/immunology
- Bone Marrow Cells/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Coculture Techniques
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/metabolism
- Helianthus/immunology
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Plant Proteins/immunology
- Protein Precursors/immunology
- Resting Phase, Cell Cycle/immunology
- Seeds/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/metabolism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dorothy E Kean
- Division of Immunology, Infection, and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Bousquet J, Anto JM, Bachert C, Bousquet PJ, Colombo P, Crameri R, Daëron M, Fokkens W, Leynaert B, Lahoz C, Maurer M, Passalacqua G, Valenta R, van Hage M, Van Ree R. Factors responsible for differences between asymptomatic subjects and patients presenting an IgE sensitization to allergens. A GA2LEN project. Allergy 2006; 61:671-80. [PMID: 16677235 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2006.01048.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of allergen-specific IgE is required for the development of allergic diseases including allergic rhinitis and allergic asthma (patients), but many individuals with allergen-specific IgE do not develop symptoms (asymptomatic subjects). Differences may exist between asymptomatic subjects and patients. Whether the presence of allergen-specific IgE translates into clinical allergy most likely depends on a complex interplay of multiple factors. These include a family history of atopy, the levels of total serum IgE and, allergen-specific IgE or IgG, epitope-specificity of IgE and their degree of polyclonality (mono- vs polysensitized), as yet unidentified serum factors, the balance of T regulatory cells (Treg) and Th1/Th2 cells, the polymorphisms of the high affinity receptor for IgE (FcepsilonRI) and other factors regulating the activation of FcepsilonRI-bearing cells. Asymptomatic subjects may be more often monosensitized than patients who may be more often polysensitized. There are many unanswered important questions that need to be addressed in order to better understand how IgE sensitization translates into clinical allergy. The assessment of differences between the asymptomatic and symptomatic groups of subjects represent one of the scientific programs of Global Allergy and Asthma European Network funded by the European Union and the hypotheses underlying these differences are presented in this paper.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Allergens/immunology
- Asthma/immunology
- Bacteria/immunology
- Down-Regulation
- Humans
- Hypersensitivity, Immediate/blood
- Hypersensitivity, Immediate/diagnosis
- Hypersensitivity, Immediate/genetics
- Hypersensitivity, Immediate/immunology
- Immunoglobulin E/blood
- Polymorphism, Genetic
- Receptors, IgE/genetics
- Receptors, IgE/metabolism
- Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial/immunology
- Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal/immunology
- Superantigens/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Bousquet
- Service des Maladies Respiratoires, University Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
van Boxtel EL, van Koningsveld GA, Koppelman SJ, van den Broek LAM, Voragen AGJ, Gruppen H. Expanded bed adsorption as a fast technique for the large-scale purification of the complete isoform pool of Ber e 1, the major allergen from Brazil nuts. Mol Nutr Food Res 2006; 50:275-81. [PMID: 16521161 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.200500203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A new, fast, large-scale purification method for Ber e 1, the major allergen from Brazil nuts, using expanded bed adsorption (EBA) chromatography, is presented. Using EBA, crude extracts can be applied to a fluidized column, which allows the unhindered passage of particulate impurities, thereby avoiding time-consuming centrifugation or filtration steps. With this new purification method, 2.8 g of Ber e 1 was obtained from 85 g defatted Brazil nut meal, essentially within 1 day. Various structural as well as immunochemical characteristics of the purified protein were determined, and compared to those of Ber e 1 purified using conventional chromatographic techniques. The complete pool of Ber e 1 isoforms was collected using EBA. The most abundant isoforms were observed to have pI around 8 and heterogeneity was observed in both the large and the small subunit of the heterodimeric protein. Ber e 1 has a highly ordered secondary structure. No apparent differences in immune reactivity were observed between EBA purified Ber e 1 and conventionally purified Ber e 1, using IgE-binding experiments. Thus, using EBA, Ber e 1 can be purified fast and on gram-scale, while having purity equal to that of conventionally purified Ber e 1.
Collapse
|
42
|
Asero R. Plant food allergies: a suggested approach to allergen-resolved diagnosis in the clinical practice by identifying easily available sensitization markers. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2005; 138:1-11. [PMID: 16088207 DOI: 10.1159/000087352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Molecular biology techniques have led to the identification of a number of allergens in vegetable foods, but due to the lack of purified food proteins for routine diagnostic use, the detection of sensitizing allergens remains a nearly impossible task in most clinical settings. The allergen-resolved diagnosis of food allergy is essential because each plant-derived food may contain a number of different allergens showing different physical/chemical characteristics that strongly influence the clinical expression of allergy; moreover, many allergens may cross-react with homologue proteins present in botanically unrelated vegetable foods. OBJECTIVE Through a review of the available literature, this study aimed to detect "markers" of sensitization to specific plant food allergens that are easily accessible in the clinical practice. RESULTS There are several "markers" of sensitization to different allergenic proteins in vegetable foods that can be helpful in the clinical practice. Specific algorithms for patients allergic to Rosaceae and to tree nuts were built. CONCLUSION Clinical allergologists lacking the assistance of an advanced molecular biology lab may take advantage of some specific clinical data as well as of some "markers" in the difficult task of correctly diagnosing patients with plant food allergy and to provide them the best preventive advice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Asero
- Ambulatorio di Allergologia, Clinica San Carlo, Paderno Dugnano, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Palomares O, Cuesta-Herranz J, Vereda A, Sirvent S, Villalba M, Rodríguez R. Isolation and identification of an 11S globulin as a new major allergen in mustard seeds. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2005; 94:586-92. [PMID: 15945563 DOI: 10.1016/s1081-1206(10)61138-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although mustard seed allergy has been largely reported during the preceding 20 years, currently only 2 allergens, Sin a 1 and Bra j 1, have been identified. OBJECTIVE To improve the characterization of the allergenic profile of yellow mustard seeds by reporting the identification and biochemical characterization of an 11S globulin as a new major allergen. METHODS Mustard seed proteins were separated using size exclusion and ion-exchange chromatographic columns, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and 2-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Separation of different polypeptide chains was achieved by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Mass spectrometry after tryptic digestion and Edman degradation were used to determine amino acid sequences of peptides. IgE binding assays were performed with 13 serum samples from mustard allergic patients in immunoblotting and enzyme-linked immunosorbent inhibition assays. RESULTS A protein of 51 kDa was recognized as a major allergen by patients allergic to mustard and called Sin a 2. The allergen was dissociated in 2 chains of 36 and 23 kDa, which also bound IgE. N-terminal end and internal amino acid sequences allowed identification of the new allergen as a seed storage 11S globulin belonging to the Cupin super family. Purified allergen was able to inhibit the IgE binding of sera from allergic patients to mustard seeds extract in up to 55% of the responses. CONCLUSIONS An 11S globulin storage protein has been isolated and identified as a novel major allergen of mustard seeds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Palomares
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Moreno FJ, Mellon FA, Wickham MSJ, Bottrill AR, Mills ENC. Stability of the major allergen Brazil nut 2S albumin (Ber e 1) to physiologically relevant in vitro gastrointestinal digestion. FEBS J 2005; 272:341-52. [PMID: 15654873 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2004.04472.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The major 2S albumin allergen from Brazil nuts, Ber e 1, was subjected to gastrointestinal digestion using a physiologically relevant in vitro model system either before or after heating (100 degrees C for 20 min). Whilst the albumin was cleaved into peptides, these were held together in a much larger structure even when digested by using a simulated phase 1 (gastric) followed by a phase 2 (duodenal) digestion system. Neither prior heating of Ber e 1 nor the presence of the physiological surfactant phosphatidylcholine affected the pattern of proteolysis. After 2 h of gastric digestion, approximately 25% of the allergen remained intact, approximately 50% corresponded to a large fragment of M(r) 6400, and the remainder comprised smaller peptides. During duodenal digestion, residual intact 2S albumin disappeared quickly, but a modified form of the 'large fragment' remained, even after 2 h of digestion, with a mass of approximately 5000 Da. The 'large fragment' comprised several smaller peptides that were identified, by using different MS techniques, as deriving from the large subunit. In particular, sequences corresponding to the hypervariable region (Q37-M47) and to another peptide (P42-P69), spanning the main immunoglobulin E epitope region of 2S albumin allergens, were found to be largely intact following phase 1 (gastric) digestion. They also contained previously identified putative T-cell epitopes. These findings indicate that the characteristic conserved skeleton of cysteine residues of 2S albumin family and, particularly, the intrachain disulphide bond pattern of the large subunit, play a critical role in holding the core protein structure together even after extensive proteolysis, and the resulting structures still contain potentially active B- and T-cell epitopes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Javier Moreno
- Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Mills ENC, Jenkins JA, Alcocer MJC, Shewry PR. Structural, biological, and evolutionary relationships of plant food allergens sensitizing via the gastrointestinal tract. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2005; 44:379-407. [PMID: 15540651 DOI: 10.1080/10408690490489224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The recently completed genome sequence of the model plant species Arabidopsis has been estimated to encode over 25,000 proteins, which, on the basis of their function, can be classified into structural and metabolic (the vast majority of plant proteins), protective proteins, which defend a plant against invasion by pathogens or feeding by pests, and storage proteins, which proved a nutrient store to support germination in seeds. It is now clear that almost all plant food allergens are either protective or storage proteins. It is also becoming evident that those proteins that trigger the development of an allergic response through the gastrointestinal tract belong primarily to two large protein superfamilies: (1) The cereal prolamin superfamily, comprising three major groups of plant food allergens, the 2S albumins, lipid transfer proteins, and cereal alpha-amylase/trypsin inhibitors, which have related structures, and are stable to thermal processing and proteolysis. They include major allergens from Brazil nut, peanuts, fruits, such as peaches, and cereals, such as rice and wheat; (2) The cupin superfamily, comprising the major globulin storage proteins from a number of plant species. The globulins have been found to be allergens in plant foods, such as peanuts, soya bean, and walnut; (3) The cyteine protease C1 family, comprising the papain-like proteases from microbes, plants, and animals. This family contains two notable allergens that sensitize via the GI tract, namely actinidin from kiwi fruit and the soybean allergen, Gly m Bd 30k/P34. This study describes the properties, structures, and evolutionary relationships of these protein families, the allergens that belong to them, and discusses them in relation to the role protein structure may play in determining protein allergenicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E N Clare Mills
- Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich, United Kingdom.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Koppelman SJ, Nieuwenhuizen WF, Gaspari M, Knippels LMJ, Penninks AH, Knol EF, Hefle SL, de Jongh HHJ. Reversible denaturation of Brazil nut 2S albumin (Ber e1) and implication of structural destabilization on digestion by pepsin. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2005; 53:123-131. [PMID: 15631518 DOI: 10.1021/jf0491355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The high resistance of Brazil nut 2S albumin, previously identified as an allergen, against proteolysis by pepsin was examined in this work. Although the denaturation temperature of this protein exceeds the 110 degrees C at neutral pH, at low pH a fully reversible thermal denaturation was observed at approximately 82 degrees C. The poor digestibility of the protein by pepsin illustrates the tight globular packing. Chemical processing (i.e., subsequent reduction and alkylation of the protein) was used to destabilize the globular fold. Far-UV circular dichroism and infrared spectroscopy showed that the reduced and alkylated form had lost its beta-structures, whereas the alpha-helix content was conserved. The free energy of stabilization of the globular fold of the processed protein as assessed by a guanidine titration study was only 30-40% of that of the native form. Size exclusion chromatography indicated that the heavy chain lost its globular character once separated from the native 2S albumin. The consequences of these changes in structural stability for degradation by pepsin were analyzed using gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. Whereas native 2S albumin was digested slowly in 1 h, the reduced and alkylated protein was digested completely within 30 s. These results are discussed in view of the potential allergenicity of Brazil nut 2S albumin.
Collapse
|
47
|
Akkerdaas JH, Wensing M, Knulst AC, Stephan O, Hefle SL, Aalberse RC, van Ree R. A novel approach for the detection of potentially hazardous pepsin stable hazelnut proteins as contaminants in chocolate-based food. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2004; 52:7726-7731. [PMID: 15675826 DOI: 10.1021/jf049278r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Contamination of food products with pepsin resistant allergens is generally believed to be a serious threat to patients with severe food allergy. A sandwich type enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed to measure pepsin resistant hazelnut protein in food products. Capturing and detecting rabbit antibodies were raised against pepsin-digested hazelnut and untreated hazelnut protein, respectively. The assay showed a detection limit of 0.7 ng/mL hazelnut protein or <1 microg hazelnut in 1 g food matrix and a maximum of 0.034% cross-reactivity (peanut). Chocolate samples spiked with 0.5-100 microg hazelnut/g chocolate showed a mean recovery of 97.3%. In 9/12 food products labeled "may contain nuts", hazelnut was detected between 1.2 and 417 microg hazelnut/g food. It can be concluded that the application of antibodies directed to pepsin-digested food extracts in ELISA can facilitate specific detection of stable proteins that have the highest potential of inducing severe food anaphylaxis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaap H Akkerdaas
- Sanquin Research, Department of Immunopathology and Laboratory for Experimental and Clinical Immunology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Alcocer MJC, Murtagh GJ, Wilson PB, Progias P, Lin J, Archer DB. The major human structural IgE epitope of the Brazil nut allergen Ber e 1: a chimaeric and protein microarray approach. J Mol Biol 2004; 343:759-69. [PMID: 15465060 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2004.08.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2004] [Revised: 07/29/2004] [Accepted: 08/19/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A protein microarray system containing different dilutions of 77 related and non-related proteins was used to show that IgE from subjects allergic to Brazil nut specifically recognise the seed 2S albumin protein (Ber e 1). Further, correctly folded chimaeric 2S albumin proteins containing structural epitope replacement were constructed and directed to the secretion pathway of the methylotropic yeast Pichia pastoris. Through the use of a chimaeric protein microarray system together with sera from a panel of 18 well-characterised Brazil nut allergic subjects, a structural IgE epitope of Ber e 1 was mapped to a helix-loop-helix region. The same structural region has been previously reported as the immunodominant region in related food allergens by different techniques. In conclusion, the combination of chimaeric proteins and protein microarrays will greatly facilitate the screening of a large number of individuals for a particular structural epitope and help to further our understanding of how proteins are recognised by the adaptive immune system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcos J C Alcocer
- School of Biosciences, Division of Nutritional Biochemistry, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Moreno FJ, Jenkins JA, Mellon FA, Rigby NM, Robertson JA, Wellner N, Clare Mills EN. Mass spectrometry and structural characterization of 2S albumin isoforms from Brazil nuts (Bertholletia excelsa). BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2004; 1698:175-86. [PMID: 15134650 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2003.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2003] [Revised: 09/03/2003] [Accepted: 11/13/2003] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Proteomic approaches have been used to characterise the main 2S albumin isoforms from Brazil nuts (Bertholletia excelsa). Whilst most isoforms ( approximately 10 discrete protein species) exhibited molecular masses of around 12 kDa with a high amino acid sequence homology, important charge heterogeneity was found, with pIs varying between 4.6 and 6.6, with one >or=7.0. Proteomic analysis showed that these corresponded to a total of six National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) accessions and that three isoforms had been purified to homogeneity corresponding to gi/384327, 112754 and 99609. The latter sequence corresponds to an isoform, previously only identified at the nucleotide sequence level, had a slightly higher molecular weight (13.4 kDa), and with noticeable differences in the primary structure. Proteins corresponding to six different NCBI accessions were identified, the heterogeneity of which had been increased by posttranslational processing. Evidence was found of cyclization of the N-terminal glutamine residue in two isoforms, together with ragged C-termini, indicative of carboxypeptidase activity within the vacuole following posttranslational processing. No evidence of glycosylation was found. Circular dichroism (CD) and Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy indicated all the studied isoforms were predominantly alpha-helical in nature, but that the Mr 13400 species was structurally distinct, with a higher proportion of alpha-helical structure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Javier Moreno
- Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney Lane, Norwich NR4 7UA, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Dietetic products, nutrition and allergies [NDA] on a request from the Commission relating to the evaluation of allergenic foods for labelling purposes. EFSA J 2004. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2004.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
|