1
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Santos CS, Lemos MPO, Betschart LM, Baader WJ. Antiradical capacity assay for hydrophobic substances using hemin-catalyzed luminol chemiluminescence in cationic micelles. Photochem Photobiol 2024. [PMID: 38396365 DOI: 10.1111/php.13925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Antioxidant substances which can diminish the steady-state concentration of free radicals in vivo are important in the human dietary to diminish the deleterious effects of oxidative stress. As the potential of certain substances as antioxidants is difficult to be verified in vivo, simple chemical in vitro assays which test the potential of substances as antioxidants are of great importance for the screening of new antioxidants. These assays measure the capacity of a substance to suppress free radicals. We describe here an antiradical capacity assay, based on luminol chemiluminescence, in cationic micellar medium, allowing the capacity determination of hydrophobic compounds. The antiradical capacity of antioxidants is determined using the Trolox standard by the measurement of the light emission inhibition area caused by the addition of different antiradical concentrations. The obtained results are compared to the values determined using the scavenging of stable free radicals be the substances and shown to be similar for compounds like uric acid, rutin, and quercetin. However, for vitamin E, the luminol assay results in a considerably higher antiradical capacity than the assay with a stable free radical, which is rationalized by the higher reactivity of the radical generated in the luminol assay and a specific localization of vitamin E in the micellar medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cerize S Santos
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcos P O Lemos
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Larissa M Betschart
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Wilhelm J Baader
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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2
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Gonzalez SJ, Heckel JM, Goldblum RR, Reid TA, McClellan M, Gardner MK. Rapid binding to protofilament edge sites facilitates tip tracking of EB1 at growing microtubule plus-ends. eLife 2024; 13:e91719. [PMID: 38385657 PMCID: PMC10883673 DOI: 10.7554/elife.91719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
EB1 is a key cellular protein that delivers regulatory molecules throughout the cell via the tip-tracking of growing microtubule plus-ends. Thus, it is important to understand the mechanism for how EB1 efficiently tracks growing microtubule plus-ends. It is widely accepted that EB1 binds with higher affinity to GTP-tubulin subunits at the growing microtubule tip, relative to GDP-tubulin along the microtubule length. However, it is unclear whether this difference in affinity alone is sufficient to explain the tip-tracking of EB1 at growing microtubule tips. Previously, we found that EB1 binds to exposed microtubule protofilament-edge sites at a ~70 fold faster rate than to closed-lattice sites, due to diffusional steric hindrance to binding. Thus, we asked whether rapid protofilament-edge binding could contribute to efficient EB1 tip tracking. A computational simulation with differential EB1 on-rates based on closed-lattice or protofilament-edge binding, and with EB1 off-rates that were dependent on the tubulin hydrolysis state, robustly recapitulated experimental EB1 tip tracking. To test this model, we used cell-free biophysical assays, as well as live-cell imaging, in combination with a Designed Ankyrin Repeat Protein (DARPin) that binds exclusively to protofilament-edge sites, and whose binding site partially overlaps with the EB1 binding site. We found that DARPin blocked EB1 protofilament-edge binding, which led to a decrease in EB1 tip tracking on dynamic microtubules. We conclude that rapid EB1 binding to microtubule protofilament-edge sites contributes to robust EB1 tip tracking at the growing microtubule plus-end.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J Gonzalez
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States
| | - Julia M Heckel
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States
| | - Rebecca R Goldblum
- Department of Biophysics, Molecular Biology, and Biochemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States
| | - Taylor A Reid
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States
| | - Mark McClellan
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States
| | - Melissa K Gardner
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States
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3
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Zaferani M, Song R, Petry S, Stone HA. Building on-chip cytoskeletal circuits via branched microtubule networks. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2315992121. [PMID: 38232292 PMCID: PMC10823238 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2315992121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Controllable platforms to engineer robust cytoskeletal scaffolds have the potential to create novel on-chip nanotechnologies. Inspired by axons, we combined the branching microtubule (MT) nucleation pathway with microfabrication to develop "cytoskeletal circuits." This active matter platform allows control over the adaptive self-organization of uniformly polarized MT arrays via geometric features of microstructures designed within a microfluidic confinement. We build and characterize basic elements, including turns and divisions, as well as complex regulatory elements, such as biased division and MT diodes, to construct various MT architectures on a chip. Our platform could be used in diverse applications, ranging from efficient on-chip molecular transport to mechanical nano-actuators. Further, cytoskeletal circuits can serve as a tool to study how the physical environment contributes to MT architecture in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meisam Zaferani
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ08544
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ08544
- Omenn-Darling Bioengineering Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ08544
| | - Ryungeun Song
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ08544
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ08544
| | - Sabine Petry
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ08544
| | - Howard A. Stone
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ08544
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4
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Romer B, Travis SM, Mahon BP, McManus CT, Jeffrey PD, Coudray N, Raghu R, Rale MJ, Zhong ED, Bhabha G, Petry S. Conformational states of the microtubule nucleator, the γ-tubulin ring complex. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.19.572162. [PMID: 38187763 PMCID: PMC10769196 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.19.572162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Microtubules (MTs) perform essential functions in the cell, and it is critical that they are made at the correct cellular location and cell cycle stage. This nucleation process is catalyzed by the γ-tubulin ring complex (γ-TuRC), a cone-shaped protein complex composed of over 30 subunits. Despite recent insight into the structure of vertebrate γ-TuRC, which shows that its diameter is wider than that of a MT, and that it exhibits little of the symmetry expected for an ideal MT template, the question of how γ-TuRC achieves MT nucleation remains open. Here, we utilized single particle cryo-EM to identify two conformations of γ-TuRC. The helix composed of 14 γ-tubulins at the top of the γ-TuRC cone undergoes substantial deformation, which is predominantly driven by bending of the hinge between the GRIP1 and GRIP2 domains of the γ-tubulin complex proteins. However, surprisingly, this deformation does not remove the inherent asymmetry of γ-TuRC. To further investigate the role of γ-TuRC conformational change, we used cryo electron-tomography (cryo-ET) to obtain a 3D reconstruction of γ-TuRC bound to a nucleated MT, providing insight into the post-nucleation state. Rigid-body fitting of our cryo-EM structures into this reconstruction suggests that the MT lattice is nucleated by spokes 2 through 14 of the γ-tubulin helix, which entails spokes 13 and 14 becoming more structured than what is observed in apo γ-TuRC. Together, our results allow us to propose a model for conformational changes in γ-TuRC and how these may facilitate MT formation in a cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianna Romer
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Sophie M. Travis
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Brian P. Mahon
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
- Present address: Molecular Structure and Design, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Collin T. McManus
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Philip D. Jeffrey
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Nicolas Coudray
- Department of Cell Biology, NYU School of Medicine, New York City, NY, USA
- Applied Bioinformatics Laboratories, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rishwanth Raghu
- Department of Computer Science, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Michael J. Rale
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
- Present address: Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ellen D. Zhong
- Department of Computer Science, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Gira Bhabha
- Department of Cell Biology, NYU School of Medicine, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Sabine Petry
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
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5
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Song X, Cui L, Wu M, Wang S, Song Y, Liu Z, Xue Z, Chen W, Zhang Y, Li H, Sun L, Liang X. DCX-EMAP is a core organizer for the ultrastructure of Drosophila mechanosensory organelles. J Cell Biol 2023; 222:e202209116. [PMID: 37651176 PMCID: PMC10471123 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202209116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanoreceptor cells develop specialized mechanosensory organelles (MOs), where force-sensitive channels and supporting structures are organized in an orderly manner to detect forces. It is intriguing how MOs are formed. Here, we address this issue by studying the MOs of fly ciliated mechanoreceptors. We show that the main structure of the MOs is a compound cytoskeleton formed of short microtubules and electron-dense materials (EDMs). In a knock-out mutant of DCX-EMAP, this cytoskeleton is nearly absent, suggesting that DCX-EMAP is required for the formation of the MOs and in turn fly mechanotransduction. Further analysis reveals that DCX-EMAP expresses in fly ciliated mechanoreceptors and localizes to the MOs. Moreover, it plays dual roles by promoting the assembly/stabilization of the microtubules and the accumulation of the EDMs in the MOs. Therefore, DCX-EMAP serves as a core ultrastructural organizer of the MOs, and this finding provides novel molecular insights as to how fly MOs are formed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuewei Song
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Lihong Cui
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Menghua Wu
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Shan Wang
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yinlong Song
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Liu
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaoyu Xue
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Chen
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yingjie Zhang
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Li
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Landi Sun
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin Liang
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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6
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Lawrence EJ, Chatterjee S, Zanic M. CLASPs stabilize the pre-catastrophe intermediate state between microtubule growth and shrinkage. J Cell Biol 2023; 222:e202107027. [PMID: 37184584 PMCID: PMC10195879 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202107027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytoplasmic linker-associated proteins (CLASPs) regulate microtubules in fundamental cellular processes. CLASPs stabilize dynamic microtubules by suppressing microtubule catastrophe and promoting rescue, the switch-like transitions between growth and shrinkage. How CLASPs specifically modulate microtubule transitions is not understood. Here, we investigate the effects of CLASPs on the pre-catastrophe intermediate state of microtubule dynamics, employing distinct microtubule substrates to mimic the intermediate state. Surprisingly, we find that CLASP1 promotes the depolymerization of stabilized microtubules in the presence of GTP, but not in the absence of nucleotide. This activity is also observed for CLASP2 family members and a minimal TOG2-domain construct. Conversely, we find that CLASP1 stabilizes unstable microtubules upon tubulin dilution in the presence of GTP. Strikingly, our results reveal that CLASP1 drives microtubule substrates with vastly different inherent stabilities into the same slowly depolymerizing state in a nucleotide-dependent manner. We interpret this state as the pre-catastrophe intermediate state. Therefore, we conclude that CLASPs suppress microtubule catastrophe by stabilizing the intermediate state between growth and shrinkage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J. Lawrence
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Saptarshi Chatterjee
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Marija Zanic
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
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7
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Gouveia B, Setru SU, King MR, Hamlin A, Stone HA, Shaevitz JW, Petry S. Acentrosomal spindles assemble from branching microtubule nucleation near chromosomes in Xenopus laevis egg extract. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3696. [PMID: 37344488 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39041-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Microtubules are generated at centrosomes, chromosomes, and within spindles during cell division. Whereas microtubule nucleation at the centrosome is well characterized, much remains unknown about where, when, and how microtubules are nucleated at chromosomes. To address these questions, we reconstitute microtubule nucleation from purified chromosomes in meiotic Xenopus egg extract and find that chromosomes alone can form spindles. We visualize microtubule nucleation near chromosomes using total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy to find that this occurs through branching microtubule nucleation. By inhibiting molecular motors, we find that the organization of the resultant polar branched networks is consistent with a theoretical model where the effectors for branching nucleation are released by chromosomes, forming a concentration gradient that spatially biases branching microtbule nucleation. In the presence of motors, these branched networks are ultimately organized into functional spindles, where the number of emergent spindle poles scales with the number of chromosomes and total chromatin area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernardo Gouveia
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Sagar U Setru
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Matthew R King
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Aaron Hamlin
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Howard A Stone
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Joshua W Shaevitz
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
- Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Sabine Petry
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA.
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8
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Guo C, Alfaro-Aco R, Zhang C, Russell RW, Petry S, Polenova T. Structural basis of protein condensation on microtubules underlying branching microtubule nucleation. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3682. [PMID: 37344496 PMCID: PMC10284871 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39176-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Targeting protein for Xklp2 (TPX2) is a key factor that stimulates branching microtubule nucleation during cell division. Upon binding to microtubules (MTs), TPX2 forms condensates via liquid-liquid phase separation, which facilitates recruitment of microtubule nucleation factors and tubulin. We report the structure of the TPX2 C-terminal minimal active domain (TPX2α5-α7) on the microtubule lattice determined by magic-angle-spinning NMR. We demonstrate that TPX2α5-α7 forms a co-condensate with soluble tubulin on microtubules and binds to MTs between two adjacent protofilaments and at the intersection of four tubulin heterodimers. These interactions stabilize the microtubules and promote the recruitment of tubulin. Our results reveal that TPX2α5-α7 is disordered in solution and adopts a folded structure on MTs, indicating that TPX2α5-α7 undergoes structural changes from unfolded to folded states upon binding to microtubules. The aromatic residues form dense interactions in the core, which stabilize folding of TPX2α5-α7 on microtubules. This work informs on how the phase-separated TPX2α5-α7 behaves on microtubules and represents an atomic-level structural characterization of a protein that is involved in a condensate on cytoskeletal filaments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changmiao Guo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Raymundo Alfaro-Aco
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Chunting Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Ryan W Russell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Sabine Petry
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA.
| | - Tatyana Polenova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA.
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9
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Guan C, Hua S, Jiang K. The CEP170B-KIF2A complex destabilizes microtubule minus ends to generate polarized microtubule network. EMBO J 2023; 42:e112953. [PMID: 37014312 PMCID: PMC10233374 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2022112953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Microtubule (MT) minus ends are stabilized by CAMSAP family proteins at noncentrosomal MT-organizing centers. Despite progress in identifying diverse positive regulators, knowledge on the negative regulation of the MT minus-end distribution is lacking. Here, we identify CEP170B as a MT minus-end-binding protein that colocalizes with the microtubule-stabilizing complex at the cortical patches. CEP170B depends on the scaffold protein liprin-α1 for its cortical targeting and requires liprin-α1-bound PP2A phosphatase for its MT localization. CEP170B excludes CAMSAPs-stabilized MT minus ends from the cell periphery in HeLa cells and the basal cortex in human epithelial cells and is required for directional vesicle trafficking and cyst formation in 3D culture. Reconstitution experiments demonstrate that CEP170B autonomously tracks growing MT minus ends and blocks minus-end growth. Furthermore, CEP170B in a complex with the kinesin KIF2A acts as a potent MT minus-end depolymerase capable of antagonizing the stabilizing effect of CAMSAPs. Our study uncovers an antagonistic mechanism for controlling the spatial distribution of MT minus ends, which contributes to the establishment of polarized MT network and cell polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuirong Guan
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Medical Research InstituteWuhan UniversityWuhanChina
- Frontier Science Center for Immunology and MetabolismWuhan UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Shasha Hua
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Medical Research InstituteWuhan UniversityWuhanChina
- Frontier Science Center for Immunology and MetabolismWuhan UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Kai Jiang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Medical Research InstituteWuhan UniversityWuhanChina
- Frontier Science Center for Immunology and MetabolismWuhan UniversityWuhanChina
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10
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Chen J, Roll-Mecak A. Glutamylation is a negative regulator of microtubule growth. Mol Biol Cell 2023; 34:ar70. [PMID: 37074962 PMCID: PMC10295482 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e23-01-0030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Microtubules are noncovalent polymers built from αβ-tubulin dimers. The disordered C-terminal tubulin tails are functionalized with multiple glutamate chains of variable lengths added and removed by tubulin tyrosine ligases (TTLLs) and carboxypeptidases (CCPs). Glutamylation is abundant on stable microtubule arrays such as in axonemes and axons, and its dysregulation leads to human pathologies. Despite this, the effects of glutamylation on intrinsic microtubule dynamics are unclear. Here we generate tubulin with short and long glutamate chains and show that glutamylation slows the rate of microtubule growth and increases catastrophes as a function of glutamylation levels. This implies that the higher stability of glutamylated microtubules in cells is due to effectors. Interestingly, EB1 is minimally affected by glutamylation and thus can report on the growth rates of both unmodified and glutamylated microtubules. Finally, we show that glutamate removal by CCP1 and 5 is synergistic and occurs preferentially on soluble tubulin, unlike TTLL enzymes that prefer microtubules. This substrate preference establishes an asymmetry whereby once the microtubule depolymerizes, the released tubulin is reset to a less-modified state, while polymerized tubulin accumulates the glutamylation mark. Our work shows that a modification on the disordered tubulin tails can directly affect microtubule dynamics and furthers our understanding of the mechanistic underpinnings of the tubulin code.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Chen
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, and
| | - Antonina Roll-Mecak
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, and
- Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892
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11
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Djutanta F, Brown PT, Nainggolan B, Coullomb A, Radhakrishnan S, Sentosa J, Yurke B, Hariadi RF, Shepherd DP. Decoding the hydrodynamic properties of microscale helical propellers from Brownian fluctuations. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2220033120. [PMID: 37235635 PMCID: PMC10235983 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2220033120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The complex motility of bacteria, ranging from single-swimmer behaviors such as chemotaxis to collective dynamics, including biofilm formation and active matter phenomena, is driven by their microscale propellers. Despite extensive study of swimming flagellated bacteria, the hydrodynamic properties of their helical-shaped propellers have never been directly measured. The primary challenges to directly studying microscale propellers are 1) their small size and fast, correlated motion, 2) the necessity of controlling fluid flow at the microscale, and 3) isolating the influence of a single propeller from a propeller bundle. To solve the outstanding problem of characterizing the hydrodynamic properties of these propellers, we adopt a dual statistical viewpoint that connects to the hydrodynamics through the fluctuation-dissipation theorem (FDT). We regard the propellers as colloidal particles and characterize their Brownian fluctuations, described by 21 diffusion coefficients for translation, rotation, and correlated translation-rotation in a static fluid. To perform this measurement, we applied recent advances in high-resolution oblique plane microscopy to generate high-speed volumetric movies of fluorophore-labeled, freely diffusing Escherichia coli flagella. Analyzing these movies with a bespoke helical single-particle tracking algorithm, we extracted trajectories, calculated the full set of diffusion coefficients, and inferred the average propulsion matrix using a generalized Einstein relation. Our results provide a direct measurement of a microhelix's propulsion matrix and validate proposals that the flagella are highly inefficient propellers, with a maximum propulsion efficiency of less than 3%. Our approach opens broad avenues for studying the motility of particles in complex environments where direct hydrodynamic approaches are not feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franky Djutanta
- Biodesign Center for Molecular Design and Biomimetics at the Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ85287
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ85287
| | - Peter T. Brown
- Center for Biological Physics and Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ85287
| | - Bonfilio Nainggolan
- Center for Biological Physics and Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ85287
| | - Alexis Coullomb
- Center for Biological Physics and Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ85287
| | - Sritharini Radhakrishnan
- Biodesign Center for Molecular Design and Biomimetics at the Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ85287
- School of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ85287
| | - Jason Sentosa
- Biodesign Center for Molecular Design and Biomimetics at the Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ85287
| | - Bernard Yurke
- Micron School of Materials Science and Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Boise State University, Boise, ID83725
| | - Rizal F. Hariadi
- Biodesign Center for Molecular Design and Biomimetics at the Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ85287
- Center for Biological Physics and Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ85287
| | - Douglas P. Shepherd
- Center for Biological Physics and Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ85287
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12
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Yang S, Cai M, Huang J, Zhang S, Mo X, Jiang K, Cui H, Yuan J. EB1 decoration of microtubule lattice facilitates spindle-kinetochore lateral attachment in Plasmodium male gametogenesis. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2864. [PMID: 37208365 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38516-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Faithful chromosome segregation of 8 duplicated haploid genomes into 8 daughter gametes is essential for male gametogenesis and mosquito transmission of Plasmodium. Plasmodium undergoes endomitosis in this multinucleated cell division, which is highly reliant on proper spindle-kinetochore attachment. However, the mechanisms underlying the spindle-kinetochore attachment remain elusive. End-binding proteins (EBs) are conserved microtubule (MT) plus-end binding proteins and play an important role in regulating MT plus-end dynamics. Here, we report that the Plasmodium EB1 is an orthologue distinct from the canonical eukaryotic EB1. Both in vitro and in vivo assays reveal that the Plasmodium EB1 losses MT plus-end tracking but possesses MT-lattice affinity. This MT-binding feature of Plasmodium EB1 is contributed by both CH domain and linker region. EB1-deficient parasites produce male gametocytes that develop to the anucleated male gametes, leading to defective mosquito transmission. EB1 is localized at the nucleoplasm of male gametocytes. During the gametogenesis, EB1 decorates the full-length of spindle MTs and regulates spindle structure. The kinetochores attach to spindle MTs laterally throughout endomitosis and this attachment is EB1-dependent. Consequently, impaired spindle-kinetochore attachment is observed in EB1-deficient parasites. These results indicate that a parasite-specific EB1 with MT-lattice binding affinity fulfills the spindle-kinetochore lateral attachment in male gametogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuzhen Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, 361102, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Mengya Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, 361102, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Junjie Huang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shengnan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, 361102, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Xiaoli Mo
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, 361102, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Kai Jiang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
- Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
| | - Huiting Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, 361102, Xiamen, Fujian, China.
| | - Jing Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, 361102, Xiamen, Fujian, China.
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13
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Kraus J, Travis SM, King MR, Petry S. Augmin is a Ran-regulated spindle assembly factor. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:104736. [PMID: 37086784 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitotic spindles are composed of microtubules (MTs) that must nucleate at the right place and time. Ran regulates this process by directly controlling the release of spindle assembly factors (SAFs) from nucleocytoplasmic shuttle proteins importin-αβ and subsequently forms a biochemical gradient of SAFs localized around chromosomes. The majority of spindle MTs are generated by branching MT nucleation, which has been shown to require an eight-subunit protein complex known as augmin. InXenopus laevis, Ran can control branching through a canonical SAF, TPX2, which is non-essential in Drosophila melanogaster embryos and HeLa cells. Thus, how Ran regulates branching MT nucleation when TPX2 is not required remains unknown. Here, we use in vitro pulldowns and TIRF microscopy to show that augmin is a Ran-regulated SAF. We demonstrate that augmin directly interacts with both importin-α and importin-β through two nuclear localization sequences on the Haus8 subunit, which overlap with the MT binding site. Moreover, we show Ran controls localization of augmin to MTs in both Xenopus egg extract and in vitro. Our results demonstrate that RanGTP directly regulates augmin, which establishes a new way by which Ran controls branching MT nucleation and spindle assembly both in the absence and presence of TPX2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodi Kraus
- Department of Molecular Biology; Princeton University; Princeton, NJ, 08544; USA
| | - Sophie M Travis
- Department of Molecular Biology; Princeton University; Princeton, NJ, 08544; USA
| | - Matthew R King
- Department of Molecular Biology; Princeton University; Princeton, NJ, 08544; USA
| | - Sabine Petry
- Department of Molecular Biology; Princeton University; Princeton, NJ, 08544; USA.
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14
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Al-Hiyasat A, Tuna Y, Kuo YW, Howard J. Herding of proteins by the ends of shrinking polymers. Phys Rev E 2023; 107:L042601. [PMID: 37198784 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.107.l042601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The control of biopolymer length is mediated by proteins that localize to polymer ends and regulate polymerization dynamics. Several mechanisms have been proposed to achieve end localization. Here, we propose a novel mechanism by which a protein that binds to a shrinking polymer and slows its shrinkage will be spontaneously enriched at the shrinking end through a "herding" effect. We formalize this process using both lattice-gas and continuum descriptions, and we present experimental evidence that the microtubule regulator spastin employs this mechanism. Our findings extend to more general problems involving diffusion within shrinking domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amer Al-Hiyasat
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Yazgan Tuna
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
| | - Yin-Wei Kuo
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
| | - Jonathon Howard
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
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15
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Rodgers NC, Lawrence EJ, Sawant AV, Efimova N, Gonzalez-Vasquez G, Hickman TT, Kaverina I, Zanic M. CLASP2 facilitates dynamic actin filament organization along the microtubule lattice. Mol Biol Cell 2023; 34:br3. [PMID: 36598814 PMCID: PMC10011731 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e22-05-0149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Coordination between the microtubule and actin networks is essential for cell motility, neuronal growth cone guidance, and wound healing. Members of the CLASP (cytoplasmic linker-associated protein) family of proteins have been implicated in the cytoskeletal cross-talk between microtubules and actin networks; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying the role of CLASP in cytoskeletal coordination are unclear. Here, we investigate CLASP2α's cross-linking function with microtubules and F-actin. Our results demonstrate that CLASP2α cross-links F-actin to the microtubule lattice in vitro. We find that the cross-linking ability is retained by L-TOG2-S, a minimal construct containing the TOG2 domain and serine-arginine-rich region of CLASP2α. Furthermore, CLASP2α promotes the accumulation of multiple actin filaments along the microtubule, supporting up to 11 F-actin landing events on a single microtubule lattice region. CLASP2α also facilitates the dynamic organization of polymerizing actin filaments templated by the microtubule network, with F-actin forming bridges between individual microtubules. Finally, we find that depletion of CLASPs in vascular smooth muscle cells results in disorganized actin fibers and reduced coalignment of actin fibers with microtubules, suggesting that CLASP and microtubules contribute to higher-order actin structures. Taken together, our results indicate that CLASP2α can directly cross-link F-actin to microtubules and that this microtubule-CLASP-actin interaction may influence overall cytoskeletal organization in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. C. Rodgers
- Chemical and Physical Biology Graduate Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - E. J. Lawrence
- Department of Cell and Development Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - A. V. Sawant
- Department of Cell and Development Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - N. Efimova
- Department of Cell and Development Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - G. Gonzalez-Vasquez
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - T. T. Hickman
- Quantitative and Chemical Biology Graduate Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - I. Kaverina
- Department of Cell and Development Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - M. Zanic
- Department of Cell and Development Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
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16
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Luchniak A, Kuo YW, McGuinness C, Sutradhar S, Orbach R, Mahamdeh M, Howard J. Dynamic microtubules slow down during their shrinkage phase. Biophys J 2023; 122:616-623. [PMID: 36659852 PMCID: PMC9989939 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2023.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Microtubules are dynamic polymers that undergo stochastic transitions between growing and shrinking phases. The structural and chemical properties of these phases remain poorly understood. The transition from growth to shrinkage, termed catastrophe, is not a first-order reaction but rather a multistep process whose frequency increases with the growth time: the microtubule ages as the older microtubule tip becomes more unstable. Aging shows that the growing phase is not a single state but comprises several substates of increasing instability. To investigate whether the shrinking phase is also multistate, we characterized the kinetics of microtubule shrinkage following catastrophe using an in vitro reconstitution assay with purified tubulins. We found that the shrinkage speed is highly variable across microtubules and that the shrinkage speed of individual microtubules slows down over time by as much as several fold. The shrinkage slowdown was observed in both fluorescently labeled and unlabeled microtubules as well as in microtubules polymerized from tubulin purified from different species, suggesting that the shrinkage slowdown is a general property of microtubules. These results indicate that microtubule shrinkage, like catastrophe, is time dependent and that the shrinking microtubule tip passes through a succession of states of increasing stability. We hypothesize that the shrinkage slowdown is due to destabilizing events that took place during growth, which led to multistep catastrophe. This suggests that the aging associated with growth is also manifested during shrinkage, with the older, more unstable growing tip being associated with a faster depolymerizing shrinking tip.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Luchniak
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Yin-Wei Kuo
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Catherine McGuinness
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Sabyasachi Sutradhar
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Ron Orbach
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Mohammed Mahamdeh
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Jonathon Howard
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.
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17
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van den Berg CM, Volkov VA, Schnorrenberg S, Huang Z, Stecker KE, Grigoriev I, Gilani S, Frikstad KAM, Patzke S, Zimmermann T, Dogterom M, Akhmanova A. CSPP1 stabilizes growing microtubule ends and damaged lattices from the luminal side. J Cell Biol 2023; 222:213861. [PMID: 36752787 PMCID: PMC9948759 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202208062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Microtubules are dynamic cytoskeletal polymers, and their organization and stability are tightly regulated by numerous cellular factors. While regulatory proteins controlling the formation of interphase microtubule arrays and mitotic spindles have been extensively studied, the biochemical mechanisms responsible for generating stable microtubule cores of centrioles and cilia are poorly understood. Here, we used in vitro reconstitution assays to investigate microtubule-stabilizing properties of CSPP1, a centrosome and cilia-associated protein mutated in the neurodevelopmental ciliopathy Joubert syndrome. We found that CSPP1 preferentially binds to polymerizing microtubule ends that grow slowly or undergo growth perturbations and, in this way, resembles microtubule-stabilizing compounds such as taxanes. Fluorescence microscopy and cryo-electron tomography showed that CSPP1 is deposited in the microtubule lumen and inhibits microtubule growth and shortening through two separate domains. CSPP1 also specifically recognizes and stabilizes damaged microtubule lattices. These data help to explain how CSPP1 regulates the elongation and stability of ciliary axonemes and other microtubule-based structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyntha M. van den Berg
- https://ror.org/04pp8hn57Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Vladimir A. Volkov
- https://ror.org/04pp8hn57Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands,https://ror.org/02e2c7k09Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | | | - Ziqiang Huang
- EMBL Imaging Centre, EMBL-Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kelly E. Stecker
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands,Netherlands Proteomics Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ilya Grigoriev
- https://ror.org/04pp8hn57Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sania Gilani
- https://ror.org/00j9c2840Department of Radiation Biology, Institute of Cancer Research, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway,Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Cancer Research, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kari-Anne M. Frikstad
- https://ror.org/00j9c2840Department of Radiation Biology, Institute of Cancer Research, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sebastian Patzke
- https://ror.org/00j9c2840Department of Radiation Biology, Institute of Cancer Research, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Marileen Dogterom
- https://ror.org/02e2c7k09Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Akhmanova
- https://ror.org/04pp8hn57Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands,Correspondence to Anna Akhmanova:
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18
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Iwanski MK, Kapitein LC. Cellular cartography: Towards an atlas of the neuronal microtubule cytoskeleton. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1052245. [PMID: 37035244 PMCID: PMC10073685 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1052245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Microtubules, one of the major components of the cytoskeleton, play a crucial role during many aspects of neuronal development and function, such as neuronal polarization and axon outgrowth. Consequently, the microtubule cytoskeleton has been implicated in many neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders. The polar nature of microtubules is quintessential for their function, allowing them to serve as tracks for long-distance, directed intracellular transport by kinesin and dynein motors. Most of these motors move exclusively towards either the plus- or minus-end of a microtubule and some have been shown to have a preference for either dynamic or stable microtubules, those bearing a particular post-translational modification or those decorated by a specific microtubule-associated protein. Thus, it becomes important to consider the interplay of these features and their combinatorial effects on transport, as well as how different types of microtubules are organized in the cell. Here, we discuss microtubule subsets in terms of tubulin isotypes, tubulin post-translational modifications, microtubule-associated proteins, microtubule stability or dynamicity, and microtubule orientation. We highlight techniques used to study these features of the microtubule cytoskeleton and, using the information from these studies, try to define the composition, role, and organization of some of these subsets in neurons.
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19
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Rale MJ, Romer B, Mahon BP, Travis SM, Petry S. The conserved centrosomin motif, γTuNA, forms a dimer that directly activates microtubule nucleation by the γ-tubulin ring complex (γTuRC). eLife 2022; 11:e80053. [PMID: 36515268 PMCID: PMC9859039 DOI: 10.7554/elife.80053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
To establish the microtubule cytoskeleton, the cell must tightly regulate when and where microtubules are nucleated. This regulation involves controlling the initial nucleation template, the γ-tubulin ring complex (γTuRC). Although γTuRC is present throughout the cytoplasm, its activity is restricted to specific sites including the centrosome and Golgi. The well-conserved γ-tubulin nucleation activator (γTuNA) domain has been reported to increase the number of microtubules (MTs) generated by γTuRCs. However, previously we and others observed that γTuNA had a minimal effect on the activity of antibody-purified Xenopus γTuRCs in vitro (Thawani et al., eLife, 2020; Liu et al., 2020). Here, we instead report, based on improved versions of γTuRC, γTuNA, and our TIRF assay, the first real-time observation that γTuNA directly increases γTuRC activity in vitro, which is thus a bona fide γTuRC activator. We further validate this effect in Xenopus egg extract. Via mutation analysis, we find that γTuNA is an obligate dimer. Moreover, efficient dimerization as well as γTuNA's L70, F75, and L77 residues are required for binding to and activation of γTuRC. Finally, we find that γTuNA's activating effect opposes inhibitory regulation by stathmin. In sum, our improved assays prove that direct γTuNA binding strongly activates γTuRCs, explaining previously observed effects of γTuNA expression in cells and illuminating how γTuRC-mediated microtubule nucleation is regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Rale
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton UniversityPrincetonUnited States
| | - Brianna Romer
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton UniversityPrincetonUnited States
| | - Brian P Mahon
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton UniversityPrincetonUnited States
| | - Sophie M Travis
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton UniversityPrincetonUnited States
| | - Sabine Petry
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton UniversityPrincetonUnited States
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20
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Liu X, Zhu H, Sabó J, Lánský Z, Neužil P. Improvement of the signal to noise ratio for fluorescent imaging in microfluidic chips. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18911. [PMID: 36344576 PMCID: PMC9640556 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-23426-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Microfluidics systems can be fabricated in various ways using original silicon glass systems, with easy Si processing and surface modifications for subsequent applications such as cell seeding and their study. Fluorescent imaging of cells became a standard technique for the investigation of cell behavior. Unfortunately, high sensitivity fluorescent imaging, e.g., using total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy, is problematic in these microfluidic systems because the uneven surfaces of the silicon channels' bottoms affect light penetration through the optical filters. In this work, we study the nature of the phenomenon, finding that the problem can be rectified by using a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) substrate, defining the channel depth by the thickness of the top Si layer, and halting the etching at the buried SiO2 layer. Then the fluorescent background signal drops by = 5 times, corresponding to the limit of detection drop from = 0.05 mM to = 50 nM of fluorescein. We demonstrate the importance of a flat surface using TIRF-based single-molecule detection, improving the signal to a noise ratio more than 18 times compared to a conventional Si wafer. Overall, using very high-quality SOI substrates pays off, as it improves the fluorescence image quality due to the increase in signal-to-noise ratio. Concerning the cost of microfluidic device fabrication-design, mask fabrication, wafer processing, and device testing-the initial SOI wafer cost is marginal, and using it improves the system performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaocheng Liu
- grid.440588.50000 0001 0307 1240Department of Microsystems Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi’an, 710072 Shaanxi People’s Republic of China
| | - Hanliang Zhu
- grid.440588.50000 0001 0307 1240Department of Microsystems Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi’an, 710072 Shaanxi People’s Republic of China
| | - Ján Sabó
- grid.418095.10000 0001 1015 3316Institute of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Science, Průmyslová 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic ,grid.4491.80000 0004 1937 116XDepartment of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 8, 12800 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Lánský
- grid.418095.10000 0001 1015 3316Institute of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Science, Průmyslová 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Neužil
- grid.440588.50000 0001 0307 1240Department of Microsystems Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi’an, 710072 Shaanxi People’s Republic of China
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21
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Elongator stabilizes microtubules to control central spindle asymmetry and polarized trafficking of cell fate determinants. Nat Cell Biol 2022; 24:1606-1616. [PMID: 36302967 PMCID: PMC7613801 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-022-01020-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Asymmetric cell division gives rise to two daughter cells that inherit different determinants, thereby acquiring different fates. Polarized trafficking of endosomes containing fate determinants recently emerged as an evolutionarily conserved feature of asymmetric cell division to enhance the robustness of asymmetric cell fate determination in flies, fish and mammals. In particular, polarized sorting of signalling endosomes by an asymmetric central spindle contributes to asymmetric cell division in Drosophila melanogaster. However, how central spindle asymmetry arises remains elusive. Here we identify a moonlighting function of the Elongator complex-an established protein acetylase and tRNA methylase involved in the fidelity of protein translation-as a key factor for central spindle asymmetry. Elongator controls spindle asymmetry by stabilizing microtubules differentially on the anterior side of the central spindle. Accordingly, lowering the activity of Elongator on the anterior side using nanobodies mistargets endosomes to the wrong cell. Molecularly, Elongator regulates microtubule dynamics independently of its acetylation and methylation enzymatic activities. Instead, Elongator directly binds to microtubules and increases their polymerization speed while decreasing their catastrophe frequency. Our data establish a non-canonical role of Elongator at the core of cytoskeleton polarity and asymmetric signalling.
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22
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Hotta T, McAlear TS, Yue Y, Higaki T, Haynes SE, Nesvizhskii AI, Sept D, Verhey KJ, Bechstedt S, Ohi R. EML2-S constitutes a new class of proteins that recognizes and regulates the dynamics of tyrosinated microtubules. Curr Biol 2022; 32:3898-3910.e14. [PMID: 35963242 PMCID: PMC9530018 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Tubulin post-translational modifications (PTMs) alter microtubule properties by affecting the binding of microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs). Microtubule detyrosination, which occurs by proteolytic removal of the C-terminal tyrosine from ɑ-tubulin, generates the oldest known tubulin PTM, but we lack comprehensive knowledge of MAPs that are regulated by this PTM. We developed a screening pipeline to identify proteins that discriminate between Y- and ΔY-microtubules and found that echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 2 (EML2) preferentially interacts with Y-microtubules. This activity depends on a Y-microtubule interaction motif built from WD40 repeats. We show that EML2 tracks the tips of shortening microtubules, a behavior not previously seen among human MAPs in vivo, and influences dynamics to increase microtubule stability. Our screening pipeline is readily adapted to identify proteins that specifically recognize a wide range of microtubule PTMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Hotta
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Thomas S McAlear
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Yang Yue
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Takumi Higaki
- Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology (FAST), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan; International Research Organization for Advanced Science and Technology (IROAST), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Sarah E Haynes
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Alexey I Nesvizhskii
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - David Sept
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Kristen J Verhey
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Susanne Bechstedt
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Ryoma Ohi
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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23
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Xie S, Li J, Sun S, Chen W, Cheng H, Song Y, Li Y, Liu M, Zhu X, Liang X, Zhou J. TUBright: A Peptide Probe for Imaging Microtubules. Anal Chem 2022; 94:11168-11174. [PMID: 35917443 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c01285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In vitro assays using reconstituted microtubules have provided molecular insights into the principles of microtubule dynamics and the roles of microtubule-associated proteins. Emerging questions that further uncover the complexity in microtubule dynamics, especially those on tubulin isotypes and post-translational modifications, raise new technical challenges on how to visualize microtubules composed of tubulin purified from limited sources, primarily due to the low efficiency of the conventional tubulin labeling protocol. Here, we develop a peptide probe, termed TUBright, that labels in vitro reconstituted microtubules. TUBright, when coupled with different fluorescent dyes, provides flexible labeling of microtubules with a high signal-to-noise ratio. TUBright does not interfere with the dynamic behaviors of microtubules and microtubule-associated proteins. Therefore, TUBright is a useful tool for imaging microtubules, making it feasible to use tubulin from limited sources for answering many open questions on microtubule dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songbo Xie
- Center for Cell Structure and Function, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology in Universities of Shandong, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Jingrui Li
- Center for Cell Structure and Function, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology in Universities of Shandong, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Shuang Sun
- Center for Cell Structure and Function, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology in Universities of Shandong, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Wei Chen
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Science, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Haisu Cheng
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Science, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yinlong Song
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Science, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yuyang Li
- Center for Cell Structure and Function, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology in Universities of Shandong, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Min Liu
- Center for Cell Structure and Function, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology in Universities of Shandong, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Xueliang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xin Liang
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Science, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- Center for Cell Structure and Function, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology in Universities of Shandong, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China.,State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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24
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Belsham HR, Alghamdi HM, Dave N, Rathbone AJ, Wickstead B, Friel CT. A synthetic ancestral kinesin-13 depolymerizes microtubules faster than any natural depolymerizing kinesin. Open Biol 2022; 12:220133. [PMID: 36043268 PMCID: PMC9428548 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.220133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The activity of a kinesin is largely determined by the approximately 350 residue motor domain, and this region alone is sufficient to classify a kinesin as a member of a particular family. The kinesin-13 family are a group of microtubule depolymerizing kinesins and are vital regulators of microtubule length. Kinesin-13s are critical to spindle assembly and chromosome segregation in both mitotic and meiotic cell division and play crucial roles in cilium length control and neuronal development. To better understand the evolution of microtubule depolymerization activity, we created a synthetic ancestral kinesin-13 motor domain. This phylogenetically inferred ancestral motor domain is the sequence predicted to have existed in the common ancestor of the kinesin-13 family. Here we show that the ancestral kinesin-13 motor depolymerizes stabilized microtubules faster than any previously tested depolymerase. This potent activity is more than an order of magnitude faster than the most highly studied kinesin-13, MCAK and allows the ancestral kinesin-13 to depolymerize doubly stabilized microtubules and cause internal breaks within microtubules. These data suggest that the ancestor of the kinesin-13 family was a 'super depolymerizer' and that members of the kinesin-13 family have evolved away from this extreme depolymerizing activity to provide more controlled microtubule depolymerization activity in extant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah R Belsham
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Medical School, QMC, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Hanan M Alghamdi
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Medical School, QMC, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK.,Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nikita Dave
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Medical School, QMC, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Alexandra J Rathbone
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Medical School, QMC, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Bill Wickstead
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Medical School, QMC, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Claire T Friel
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Medical School, QMC, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
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25
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Kuo YW, Mahamdeh M, Tuna Y, Howard J. The force required to remove tubulin from the microtubule lattice by pulling on its α-tubulin C-terminal tail. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3651. [PMID: 35752623 PMCID: PMC9233703 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31069-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Severing enzymes and molecular motors extract tubulin from the walls of microtubules by exerting mechanical force on subunits buried in the lattice. However, how much force is needed to remove tubulin from microtubules is not known, nor is the pathway by which subunits are removed. Using a site-specific functionalization method, we applied forces to the C-terminus of α-tubulin with an optical tweezer and found that a force of ~30 pN is required to extract tubulin from the microtubule wall. Additionally, we discovered that partial unfolding is an intermediate step in tubulin removal. The unfolding and extraction forces are similar to those generated by AAA-unfoldases. Lastly, we show that three kinesin-1 motor proteins can also extract tubulin from the microtubule lattice. Our results provide the first experimental investigation of how tubulin responds to mechanical forces exerted on its α-tubulin C-terminal tail and have implications for the mechanisms of severing enzymes and microtubule stability. Tubulin, the building blocks of microtubules, can be removed from the microtubule wall by mechanical forces. Using single-molecule methods, the authors show that tubulin partially unfolds prior to its removal and determined the tubulin-extraction force.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Wei Kuo
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Mohammed Mahamdeh
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yazgan Tuna
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jonathon Howard
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
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26
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Pabbathi A, Coleman L, Godar S, Paul A, Garlapati A, Spencer M, Eller J, Alper JD. Long-range electrostatic interactions significantly modulate the affinity of dynein for microtubules. Biophys J 2022; 121:1715-1726. [PMID: 35346642 PMCID: PMC9117880 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2022.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The dynein family of microtubule minus-end-directed motor proteins drives diverse functions in eukaryotic cells, including cell division, intracellular transport, and flagellar beating. Motor protein processivity, which characterizes how far a motor walks before detaching from its filament, depends on the interaction between its microtubule-binding domain (MTBD) and the microtubule. Dynein's MTBD switches between high- and low-binding affinity states as it steps. Significant structural and functional data show that specific salt bridges within the MTBD and between the MTBD and the microtubule govern these affinity state shifts. However, recent computational work suggests that nonspecific, long-range electrostatic interactions between the MTBD and the microtubule may also play an important role in the processivity of dynein. To investigate this hypothesis, we mutated negatively charged amino acids remote from the dynein MTBD-microtubule-binding interface to neutral residues and measured the binding affinity using microscale thermophoresis and optical tweezers. We found a significant increase in the binding affinity of the mutated MTBDs for microtubules. Furthermore, we found that charge screening by free ions in solution differentially affected the binding and unbinding rates of MTBDs to microtubules. Together, these results demonstrate a significant role for long-range electrostatic interactions in regulating dynein-microtubule affinity. Moreover, these results provide insight into the principles that potentially underlie the biophysical differences between molecular motors with various processivities and protein-protein interactions more generally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Pabbathi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina
| | - Lawrence Coleman
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina
| | - Subash Godar
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina
| | - Apurba Paul
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina; Eukaryotic Pathogen Innovations Center, Clemson, University, Clemson, South Carolina
| | - Aman Garlapati
- School of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina
| | - Matheu Spencer
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina
| | - Jared Eller
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina; Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina
| | - Joshua Daniel Alper
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina; Eukaryotic Pathogen Innovations Center, Clemson, University, Clemson, South Carolina; Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina.
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27
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Real-Time Imaging of Single γTuRC-Mediated Microtubule Nucleation Events In Vitro by TIRF Microscopy. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2022; 2430:315-336. [PMID: 35476342 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1983-4_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The γ-tubulin ring complex (γTuRC) is the major microtubule nucleator in cells. How γTuRC nucleates microtubules, and how nucleation is regulated is not understood. To gain an understanding of γTuRC activity and regulation at the molecular level, it is important to measure quantitatively how γTuRC interacts with tubulin and potential regulators in space and time. Here, we describe a total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy-based assay on chemically functionalized glass slides for the in vitro study of surface immobilized purified γTuRC. The assay allows to measure microtubule nucleation by γTuRC in real time and at a single molecule level over a wide variety of assay conditions, in the absence and presence of potential regulators. This setup provides a previously unavailable opportunity for quantitative studies of the kinetics of microtubule nucleation by γTuRC.
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28
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Rafiei A, Cruz Tetlalmatzi S, Edrington CH, Lee L, Crowder DA, Saltzberg DJ, Sali A, Brouhard G, Schriemer DC. Doublecortin engages the microtubule lattice through a cooperative binding mode involving its C-terminal domain. eLife 2022; 11:66975. [PMID: 35485925 PMCID: PMC9122500 DOI: 10.7554/elife.66975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Doublecortin (DCX) is a microtubule (MT)-associated protein that regulates MT structure and function during neuronal development and mutations in DCX lead to a spectrum of neurological disorders. The structural properties of MT-bound DCX that explain these disorders are incompletely determined. Here, we describe the molecular architecture of the DCX–MT complex through an integrative modeling approach that combines data from X-ray crystallography, cryo-electron microscopy, and a high-fidelity chemical crosslinking method. We demonstrate that DCX interacts with MTs through its N-terminal domain and induces a lattice-dependent self-association involving the C-terminal structured domain and its disordered tail, in a conformation that favors an open, domain-swapped state. The networked state can accommodate multiple different attachment points on the MT lattice, all of which orient the C-terminal tails away from the lattice. As numerous disease mutations cluster in the C-terminus, and regulatory phosphorylations cluster in its tail, our study shows that lattice-driven self-assembly is an important property of DCX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atefeh Rafiei
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | | | | | - Linda Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - D Alex Crowder
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Daniel J Saltzberg
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Andrej Sali
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Gary Brouhard
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - David C Schriemer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
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29
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Liao M, Kuo YW, Howard J. Counting fluorescently labeled proteins in tissues in the spinning disk microscope using single-molecule calibrations. Mol Biol Cell 2022; 33:ar48. [PMID: 35323029 PMCID: PMC9265152 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e21-12-0618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantification of molecular numbers and concentrations in living cells is critical for testing models of complex biological phenomena. Counting molecules in cells requires estimation of the fluorescence intensity of single molecules, which is generally limited to imaging near cell surfaces, in isolated cells, or where motions are diffusive. To circumvent this difficulty, we have devised a calibration technique for spinning–disk confocal microscopy, commonly used for imaging in tissues, that uses single–step bleaching kinetics to estimate the single–fluorophore intensity. To cross–check our calibrations, we compared the brightness of fluorophores in the SDC microscope to those in the total internal reflection and epifluorescence microscopes. We applied this calibration method to quantify the number of end–binding protein 1 (EB1)–eGFP in the comets of growing microtubule ends and to measure the cytoplasmic concentration of EB1–eGFP in sensory neurons in fly larvae. These measurements allowed us to estimate the dissociation constant of EB1–eGFP from the microtubules as well as the GTP–tubulin cap size. Our results show the unexplored potential of single–molecule imaging using spinning–disk confocal microscopy and provide a straightforward method to count the absolute number of fluorophores in tissues that can be applied to a wide range of biological systems and imaging techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maijia Liao
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Yin-Wei Kuo
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jonathon Howard
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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30
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Krajka V, Vulinovic F, Genova M, Tanzer K, Jijumon AS, Bodakuntla S, Tennstedt S, Mueller-Fielitz H, Meier B, Janke C, Klein C, Rakovic A. H-ABC- and dystonia-causing TUBB4A mutations show distinct pathogenic effects. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabj9229. [PMID: 35275727 PMCID: PMC8916731 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abj9229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in the brain-specific β-tubulin 4A (TUBB4A) gene cause a broad spectrum of diseases, ranging from dystonia (DYT-TUBB4A) to hypomyelination with atrophy of the basal ganglia and cerebellum (H-ABC). Currently, the mechanisms of how TUBB4A variants lead to this pleiotropic manifestation remain elusive. Here, we investigated whether TUBB4A mutations causing either DYT-TUBB4A (p.R2G and p.Q424H) or H-ABC (p.R2W and p.D249N) exhibit differential effects at the molecular and cellular levels. Using live-cell imaging of disease-relevant oligodendrocytes and total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy of whole-cell lysates, we observed divergent impact on microtubule polymerization and microtubule integration, partially reflecting the observed pleiotropy. Moreover, in silico simulations demonstrated that the mutants rarely adopted a straight heterodimer conformation in contrast to wild type. In conclusion, for most of the examined variants, we deciphered potential molecular disease mechanisms that may lead to the diverse clinical manifestations and phenotype severity across and within each TUBB4A-related disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Krajka
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
- Institute of Microtechnology (IMT), Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig 38124, Germany
| | - Franca Vulinovic
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Mariya Genova
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, CNRS UMR3348, 91401 Orsay, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR3348, 91401 Orsay, France
| | - Kerstin Tanzer
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - A. S. Jijumon
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, CNRS UMR3348, 91401 Orsay, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR3348, 91401 Orsay, France
| | - Satish Bodakuntla
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, CNRS UMR3348, 91401 Orsay, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR3348, 91401 Orsay, France
| | - Stephanie Tennstedt
- Institute for Cardiogenetics, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
- DZHK (German Research Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Lübeck/Kiel, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
- University Heart Center Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Helge Mueller-Fielitz
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Britta Meier
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Carsten Janke
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, CNRS UMR3348, 91401 Orsay, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR3348, 91401 Orsay, France
| | - Christine Klein
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Aleksandar Rakovic
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
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31
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Mahserejian SM, Scripture JP, Mauro AJ, Lawrence EJ, Jonasson EM, Murray KS, Li J, Gardner M, Alber M, Zanic M, Goodson HV. Quantification of Microtubule Stutters: Dynamic Instability Behaviors that are Strongly Associated with Catastrophe. Mol Biol Cell 2022; 33:ar22. [PMID: 35108073 PMCID: PMC9250389 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e20-06-0348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubules (MTs) are cytoskeletal fibers that undergo dynamic instability (DI), a remarkable process involving phases of growth and shortening separated by stochastic transitions called catastrophe and rescue. Dissecting DI mechanism(s) requires first characterizing and quantifying these dynamics, a subjective process that often ignores complexity in MT behavior. We present a Statistical Tool for Automated Dynamic Instability Analysis (STADIA) that identifies and quantifies not only growth and shortening, but also a category of intermediate behaviors that we term “stutters.” During stutters, the rate of MT length change tends to be smaller in magnitude than during typical growth or shortening phases. Quantifying stutters and other behaviors with STADIA demonstrates that stutters precede most catastrophes in our in vitro experiments and dimer-scale MT simulations, suggesting that stutters are mechanistically involved in catastrophes. Related to this idea, we show that the anticatastrophe factor CLASP2γ works by promoting the return of stuttering MTs to growth. STADIA enables more comprehensive and data-driven analysis of MT dynamics compared with previous methods. The treatment of stutters as distinct and quantifiable DI behaviors provides new opportunities for analyzing mechanisms of MT dynamics and their regulation by binding proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shant M Mahserejian
- Department of Applied and Computational Mathematics and Statistics, University of Notre Dame, IN 46556.,Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352
| | - Jared P Scripture
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, IN 46556
| | - Ava J Mauro
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, IN 46556.,Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst MA, 01003
| | - Elizabeth J Lawrence
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240
| | - Erin M Jonasson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, IN 46556.,Department of Natural Sciences, Saint Martin's University, Lacey, WA 98503
| | - Kristopher S Murray
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, IN 46556
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Applied and Computational Mathematics and Statistics, University of Notre Dame, IN 46556
| | - Melissa Gardner
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Mark Alber
- Department of Applied and Computational Mathematics and Statistics, University of Notre Dame, IN 46556.,Department of Mathematics, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521
| | - Marija Zanic
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240.,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235.,Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37205
| | - Holly V Goodson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, IN 46556
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32
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Jijumon AS, Bodakuntla S, Genova M, Bangera M, Sackett V, Besse L, Maksut F, Henriot V, Magiera MM, Sirajuddin M, Janke C. Lysate-based pipeline to characterize microtubule-associated proteins uncovers unique microtubule behaviours. Nat Cell Biol 2022; 24:253-267. [PMID: 35102268 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-021-00825-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The microtubule cytoskeleton forms complex macromolecular assemblies with a range of microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) that have fundamental roles in cell architecture, division and motility. Determining how an individual MAP modulates microtubule behaviour is an important step in understanding the physiological roles of various microtubule assemblies. To characterize how MAPs control microtubule properties and functions, we developed an approach allowing for medium-throughput analyses of MAPs in cell-free conditions using lysates of mammalian cells. Our pipeline allows for quantitative as well as ultrastructural analyses of microtubule-MAP assemblies. Analysing 45 bona fide and potential mammalian MAPs, we uncovered previously unknown activities that lead to distinct and unique microtubule behaviours such as microtubule coiling or hook formation, or liquid-liquid phase separation along the microtubule lattice that initiates microtubule branching. We have thus established a powerful tool for a thorough characterization of a wide range of MAPs and MAP variants, thus opening avenues for the determination of mechanisms underlying their physiological roles and pathological implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Jijumon
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, CNRS UMR3348, Orsay, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR3348, Orsay, France
| | - Satish Bodakuntla
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, CNRS UMR3348, Orsay, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR3348, Orsay, France
| | - Mariya Genova
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, CNRS UMR3348, Orsay, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR3348, Orsay, France
| | - Mamata Bangera
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), Bangalore, India
| | - Violet Sackett
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, CNRS UMR3348, Orsay, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR3348, Orsay, France
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Laetitia Besse
- Institut Curie, Université Paris-Saclay, Centre d'Imagerie Multimodale INSERM US43, CNRS UMS2016, Orsay, France
| | - Fatlinda Maksut
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, CNRS UMR3348, Orsay, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR3348, Orsay, France
| | - Veronique Henriot
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, CNRS UMR3348, Orsay, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR3348, Orsay, France
| | - Maria M Magiera
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, CNRS UMR3348, Orsay, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR3348, Orsay, France
| | | | - Carsten Janke
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, CNRS UMR3348, Orsay, France.
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR3348, Orsay, France.
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33
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McAlear TS, Bechstedt S. The mitotic spindle protein CKAP2 potently increases formation and stability of microtubules. eLife 2022; 11:72202. [PMID: 35029146 PMCID: PMC8798059 DOI: 10.7554/elife.72202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells increase microtubule dynamics to make large rearrangements to their microtubule cytoskeleton during cell division. Changes in microtubule dynamics are essential for the formation and function of the mitotic spindle, and misregulation can lead to aneuploidy and cancer. Using in vitro reconstitution assays we show that the mitotic spindle protein Cytoskeleton-Associated Protein 2 (CKAP2) has a strong effect on nucleation of microtubules by lowering the critical tubulin concentration 100-fold. CKAP2 increases the apparent rate constant ka of microtubule growth by 50-fold and increases microtubule growth rates. In addition, CKAP2 strongly suppresses catastrophes. Our results identify CKAP2 as the most potent microtubule growth factor to date. These finding help explain CKAP2's role as an important spindle protein, proliferation marker, and oncogene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas S McAlear
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | - Susanne Bechstedt
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
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34
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Mukherjee S, Gardner MK. Centromere Tension Measurement in Budding Yeast Mitosis. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2415:199-210. [PMID: 34972956 PMCID: PMC9800073 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1904-9_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
During budding yeast mitosis, duplicated chromosomes are aligned at the center of the metaphase mitotic spindle, and the centromeres are stretched by forces generated within the mitotic spindle. In response to these stretching forces, mechanical tension builds up in the centromeric chromatin. The magnitude of this tension is detected by the cell to signal the attachment configuration of the sister chromosomes: a high tension signal would indicate that sister chromosomes are properly attached to opposite spindle poles, while a low tension signal could indicate the lack of a bipolar attachment. A low tension signal drives the cell to correct improper attachments in metaphase, thus preventing potential errors in anaphase chromosome segregation. In this paper, we describe a microscopy-based method to directly measure the magnitude of centromere tension in budding yeast metaphase spindles. The advantage of this method is that quantitative tension estimates are obtained without perturbing spindle and/or chromosome structure and as cells progress normally through mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumya Mukherjee
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Melissa K Gardner
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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35
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Puttrich V, Rohlena J, Braun M, Lansky Z. In Vitro Reconstitution of Molecular Motor-Driven Mitochondrial Transport. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2431:533-546. [PMID: 35412296 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1990-2_28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular trafficking of organelles driven by molecular motors underlies essential cellular processes. Mitochondria, the powerhouses of the cell, are one of the major cargoes of molecular motors. Efficient distribution of mitochondria ensures cellular fitness while defects in this process contribute to severe pathologies, such as neurodegenerative diseases. Reconstitution of the mitochondrial microtubule-based transport in vitro in a bottom-up approach provides a powerful tool to investigate the mitochondrial trafficking machinery in a controlled environment in the absence of complex intracellular interactions. In this chapter, we describe the procedures for achieving such reconstitution of mitochondrial transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Puttrich
- Institute of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Prague West, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Rohlena
- Institute of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Prague West, Czech Republic
| | - Marcus Braun
- Institute of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Prague West, Czech Republic
| | - Zdenek Lansky
- Institute of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Prague West, Czech Republic.
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36
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Kuo YW, Howard J. In Vitro Reconstitution of Microtubule Dynamics and Severing Imaged by Label-Free Interference-Reflection Microscopy. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2430:73-91. [PMID: 35476326 PMCID: PMC9131738 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1983-4_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The dynamic architecture of the microtubule cytoskeleton is crucial for cell division, motility and morphogenesis. The dynamic properties of microtubules-growth, shrinkage, nucleation, and severing-are regulated by an arsenal of microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs). The activities of many of these MAPs have been reconstituted in vitro using microscope assays. As an alternative to fluorescence microscopy, interference-reflection microscopy (IRM) has been introduced as an easy-to-use, wide-field imaging technique that allows label-free visualization of microtubules with high contrast and speed. IRM circumvents several problems associated with fluorescence microscopy including the high concentrations of tubulin required for fluorescent labeling, the potential perturbation of function caused by the fluorophores, and the risks of photodamage. IRM can be implemented on a standard epifluorescence microscope at low cost and can be combined with fluorescence techniques like total-internal-reflection-fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy. Here we describe the experimental procedure to image microtubule dynamics and severing using IRM , providing practical tips and guidelines to resolve possible experimental hurdles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Wei Kuo
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jonathon Howard
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
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37
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Lawrence EJ, Arpag G, Arnaiz C, Zanic M. SSNA1 stabilizes dynamic microtubules and detects microtubule damage. eLife 2021; 10:67282. [PMID: 34970964 PMCID: PMC8798045 DOI: 10.7554/elife.67282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sjögren’s syndrome nuclear autoantigen-1 (SSNA1/NA14) is a microtubule-associated protein with important functions in cilia, dividing cells, and developing neurons. However, the direct effects of SSNA1 on microtubules are not known. We employed in vitro reconstitution with purified proteins and TIRF microscopy to investigate the activity of human SSNA1 on dynamic microtubule ends and lattices. Our results show that SSNA1 modulates all parameters of microtubule dynamic instability—slowing down the rates of growth, shrinkage, and catastrophe, and promoting rescue. We find that SSNA1 forms stretches along growing microtubule ends and binds cooperatively to the microtubule lattice. Furthermore, SSNA1 is enriched on microtubule damage sites, occurring both naturally, as well as induced by the microtubule severing enzyme spastin. Finally, SSNA1 binding protects microtubules against spastin’s severing activity. Taken together, our results demonstrate that SSNA1 is both a potent microtubule-stabilizing protein and a novel sensor of microtubule damage; activities that likely underlie SSNA1’s functions on microtubule structures in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J Lawrence
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, United States
| | - Goker Arpag
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology and Program in Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, United States
| | - Cayetana Arnaiz
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, United States
| | - Marija Zanic
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology and Program in Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, United States
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38
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Kuzmić M, Linares GC, Fialová JL, Iv F, Salaün D, Llewellyn A, Gomes M, Belhabib M, Liu Y, Asano K, Rodrigues M, Isnardon D, Tachibana T, Koenderink GH, Badache A, Mavrakis M, Verdier-Pinard P. Septin-microtubule association via a motif unique to the isoform 1 of septin 9 tunes stress fibers. J Cell Sci 2021; 135:273936. [PMID: 34854883 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.258850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Septins, a family of GTP-binding proteins assembling into higher order structures, interface with the membrane, actin filaments and microtubules, which positions them as important regulators of cytoarchitecture. Septin 9 (SEPT9), which is frequently overexpressed in tumors and mutated in hereditary neuralgic amyotrophy (HNA), mediates the binding of septins to microtubules, but the molecular determinants of this interaction remained uncertain. We demonstrate that a short MAP-like motif unique to SEPT9 isoform 1 (SEPT9_i1) drives septin octamer-microtubule interaction in cells and in vitro reconstitutions. Septin-microtubule association requires polymerizable septin octamers harboring SEPT9_i1. Although outside of the MAP-like motif, HNA mutations abrogates this association, identifying a putative regulatory domain. Removal of this domain from SEPT9_i1 sequesters septins on microtubules, promotes microtubule stability and alters actomyosin fiber distribution and tension. Thus, we identify key molecular determinants and potential regulatory roles of septin-microtubule interaction, paving the way to deciphering the mechanisms underlying septin-associated pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mira Kuzmić
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), INSERM, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Gerard Castro Linares
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience Delft, Delft University of Technology, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Jindřiška Leischner Fialová
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), INSERM, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, 13009 Marseille, France.,Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - François Iv
- Institut Fresnel, CNRS UMR7249, Aix Marseille Univ, Centrale Marseille, 13013 Marseille, France
| | - Danièle Salaün
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), INSERM, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Alex Llewellyn
- Institut Fresnel, CNRS UMR7249, Aix Marseille Univ, Centrale Marseille, 13013 Marseille, France
| | - Maxime Gomes
- Institut Fresnel, CNRS UMR7249, Aix Marseille Univ, Centrale Marseille, 13013 Marseille, France
| | - Mayssa Belhabib
- Institut Fresnel, CNRS UMR7249, Aix Marseille Univ, Centrale Marseille, 13013 Marseille, France
| | - Yuxiang Liu
- Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Keisuke Asano
- Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Magda Rodrigues
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), INSERM, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Daniel Isnardon
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), INSERM, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Taro Tachibana
- Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan.,Cell Engineering Corporation, Osaka, Japan
| | - Gijsje H Koenderink
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience Delft, Delft University of Technology, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Ali Badache
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), INSERM, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Manos Mavrakis
- Institut Fresnel, CNRS UMR7249, Aix Marseille Univ, Centrale Marseille, 13013 Marseille, France
| | - Pascal Verdier-Pinard
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), INSERM, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, 13009 Marseille, France
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39
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Zhang G, Dong Z, Gimple RC, Wolin A, Wu Q, Qiu Z, Wood LM, Shen JZ, Jiang L, Zhao L, Lv D, Prager BC, Kim LJY, Wang X, Zhang L, Anderson RL, Moore JK, Bao S, Keller TH, Lin G, Kang C, Hamerlik P, Zhao R, Ford HL, Rich JN. Targeting EYA2 tyrosine phosphatase activity in glioblastoma stem cells induces mitotic catastrophe. J Exp Med 2021; 218:212685. [PMID: 34617969 PMCID: PMC8504185 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20202669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma ranks among the most lethal of primary brain malignancies, with glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs) at the apex of tumor cellular hierarchies. Here, to discover novel therapeutic GSC targets, we interrogated gene expression profiles from GSCs, differentiated glioblastoma cells (DGCs), and neural stem cells (NSCs), revealing EYA2 as preferentially expressed by GSCs. Targeting EYA2 impaired GSC maintenance and induced cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and loss of self-renewal. EYA2 displayed novel localization to centrosomes in GSCs, and EYA2 tyrosine (Tyr) phosphatase activity was essential for proper mitotic spindle assembly and survival of GSCs. Inhibition of the EYA2 Tyr phosphatase activity, via genetic or pharmacological means, mimicked EYA2 loss in GSCs in vitro and extended the survival of tumor-bearing mice. Supporting the clinical relevance of these findings, EYA2 portends poor patient prognosis in glioblastoma. Collectively, our data indicate that EYA2 phosphatase function plays selective critical roles in the growth and survival of GSCs, potentially offering a high therapeutic index for EYA2 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoxin Zhang
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Zhen Dong
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Ryan C Gimple
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA.,Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH
| | - Arthur Wolin
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Qiulian Wu
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Zhixin Qiu
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Lisa M Wood
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Jia Z Shen
- Tumor Initiation and Maintenance Program, National Cancer Institute-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Li Jiang
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Linjie Zhao
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Deguan Lv
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Briana C Prager
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA.,Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH
| | - Leo J Y Kim
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA.,Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH
| | - Xiuxing Wang
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Lingdi Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Ryan L Anderson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Jeffrey K Moore
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Shideng Bao
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Thomas H Keller
- Experimental Drug Development Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Grace Lin
- Experimental Drug Development Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Congbao Kang
- Experimental Drug Development Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Petra Hamerlik
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rui Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Heide L Ford
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Jeremy N Rich
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA.,University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA.,Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
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40
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Diao L, Liu MY, Song YL, Zhang X, Liang X, Bao L. α1A and α1C form microtubules to display distinct properties mainly mediated by their C-terminal tails. J Mol Cell Biol 2021; 13:864-875. [PMID: 34609491 PMCID: PMC8800519 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjab062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubules consisting of α/β-tubulin dimers play critical roles in cells. More than seven genes encode α-tubulin in vertebrates. However, the property of microtubules composed of different α-tubulin isotypes is largely unknown. Here, we purified recombinant tubulin heterodimers of mouse α-tubulin isotypes including α1A and α1C with β-tubulin isotype β2A. In vitro microtubule reconstitution assay detected that α1C/β2A microtubules grew faster and underwent catastrophe less frequently than α1A/β2A microtubules. Generation of chimeric tail-swapped and point-mutation tubulins revealed that the carboxyl-terminal (C-terminal) tails of α-tubulin isotypes largely accounted for the differences in polymerization dynamics of α1A/β2A and α1C/β2A microtubules. Kinetics analysis showed that in comparison to α1A/β2A microtubules, α1C/β2A microtubules displayed higher on-rate, lower off-rate, and similar GTP hydrolysis rate at the plus-end, suggesting a contribution of higher plus-end affinity to faster growth and less frequent catastrophe of α1C/β2A microtubules. Furthermore, EB1 had a higher binding ability to α1C/β2A microtubules than to α1A/β2A ones, which could also be attributed to the difference in the C-terminal tails of these two α-tubulin isotypes. Thus, α-tubulin isotypes diversify microtubule properties, which, to a great extent, could be accounted by their C-terminal tails.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Diao
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Ming-Yi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Yin-Long Song
- Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China.,Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Xin Liang
- Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Lan Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
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41
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Halbi G, Fayer I, Aranovich D, Gat S, Bar S, Erukhimovitch V, Granek R, Bernheim-Groswasser A. Nano-Particles Carried by Multiple Dynein Motors Self-Regulate Their Number of Actively Participating Motors. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168893. [PMID: 34445598 PMCID: PMC8396316 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Intra-cellular active transport by native cargos is ubiquitous. We investigate the motion of spherical nano-particles (NPs) grafted with flexible polymers that end with a nuclear localization signal peptide. This peptide allows the recruitment of several mammalian dynein motors from cytoplasmic extracts. To determine how motor–motor interactions influenced motility on the single microtubule level, we conducted bead-motility assays incorporating surface adsorbed microtubules and combined them with model simulations that were based on the properties of a single dynein. The experimental and simulation results revealed long time trajectories: when the number of NP-ligated motors Nm increased, run-times and run-lengths were enhanced and mean velocities were somewhat decreased. Moreover, the dependence of the velocity on run-time followed a universal curve, regardless of the system composition. Model simulations also demonstrated left- and right-handed helical motion and revealed self-regulation of the number of microtubule-bound, actively transporting dynein motors. This number was stochastic along trajectories and was distributed mainly between one, two, and three motors, regardless of Nm. We propose that this self-regulation allows our synthetic NPs to achieve persistent motion that is associated with major helicity. Such a helical motion might affect obstacle bypassing, which can influence active transport efficiency when facing the crowded environment of the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gal Halbi
- The Department of Chemical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel; (G.H.); (D.A.); (S.G.); (S.B.); (V.E.)
| | - Itay Fayer
- The Stella and Avram Goren-Goldstein Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel;
| | - Dina Aranovich
- The Department of Chemical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel; (G.H.); (D.A.); (S.G.); (S.B.); (V.E.)
| | - Shachar Gat
- The Department of Chemical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel; (G.H.); (D.A.); (S.G.); (S.B.); (V.E.)
| | - Shay Bar
- The Department of Chemical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel; (G.H.); (D.A.); (S.G.); (S.B.); (V.E.)
| | - Vitaly Erukhimovitch
- The Department of Chemical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel; (G.H.); (D.A.); (S.G.); (S.B.); (V.E.)
| | - Rony Granek
- The Stella and Avram Goren-Goldstein Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel;
- The Ilse Katz Institute for Meso and Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
- Correspondence: (R.G.); (A.B.-G.)
| | - Anne Bernheim-Groswasser
- The Department of Chemical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel; (G.H.); (D.A.); (S.G.); (S.B.); (V.E.)
- The Ilse Katz Institute for Meso and Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
- Correspondence: (R.G.); (A.B.-G.)
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42
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Goldblum RR, McClellan M, White K, Gonzalez SJ, Thompson BR, Vang HX, Cohen H, Higgins L, Markowski TW, Yang TY, Metzger JM, Gardner MK. Oxidative stress pathogenically remodels the cardiac myocyte cytoskeleton via structural alterations to the microtubule lattice. Dev Cell 2021; 56:2252-2266.e6. [PMID: 34343476 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2021.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In the failing heart, the cardiac myocyte microtubule network is remodeled, which contributes to cellular contractile failure and patient death. However, the origins of this deleterious cytoskeletal reorganization are unknown. We now find that oxidative stress, a condition characteristic of heart failure, leads to cysteine oxidation of microtubules. Our electron and fluorescence microscopy experiments revealed regions of structural damage within the microtubule lattice that occurred at locations of oxidized tubulin. The incorporation of GTP-tubulin into these damaged, oxidized regions led to stabilized "hot spots" within the microtubule lattice, which suppressed the shortening of dynamic microtubules. Thus, oxidative stress may act inside of cardiac myocytes to facilitate a pathogenic shift from a sparse microtubule network into a dense, aligned network. Our results demonstrate how a disease condition characterized by oxidative stress can trigger a molecular oxidation event, which likely contributes to a toxic cellular-scale transformation of the cardiac myocyte microtubule network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca R Goldblum
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Mark McClellan
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Kyle White
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Samuel J Gonzalez
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Brian R Thompson
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Hluechy X Vang
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Houda Cohen
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - LeeAnn Higgins
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Todd W Markowski
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Tzu-Yi Yang
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Joseph M Metzger
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Melissa K Gardner
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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43
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Farmer V, Arpağ G, Hall SL, Zanic M. XMAP215 promotes microtubule catastrophe by disrupting the growing microtubule end. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:212518. [PMID: 34324632 PMCID: PMC8327381 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202012144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The GTP-tubulin cap is widely accepted to protect microtubules against catastrophe. The GTP-cap size is thought to increase with the microtubule growth rate, presumably endowing fast-growing microtubules with enhanced stability. It is unknown what GTP-cap properties permit frequent microtubule catastrophe despite fast growth. Here, we investigate microtubules growing in the presence and absence of the polymerase XMAP215. Using EB1 as a GTP-cap marker, we find that GTP-cap size increases regardless of whether growth acceleration is achieved by increasing tubulin concentration or by XMAP215. Despite increased mean GTP-cap size, microtubules grown with XMAP215 display increased catastrophe frequency, in contrast to microtubules grown with more tubulin, for which catastrophe is abolished. However, microtubules polymerized with XMAP215 have large fluctuations in growth rate; display tapered and curled ends; and undergo catastrophe at faster growth rates and with higher EB1 end-localization. Our results suggest that structural perturbations induced by XMAP215 override the protective effects of the GTP-cap, ultimately driving microtubule catastrophe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Farmer
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Göker Arpağ
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Sarah L Hall
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Marija Zanic
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN.,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN.,Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
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44
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Chen J, Kholina E, Szyk A, Fedorov VA, Kovalenko I, Gudimchuk N, Roll-Mecak A. α-tubulin tail modifications regulate microtubule stability through selective effector recruitment, not changes in intrinsic polymer dynamics. Dev Cell 2021; 56:2016-2028.e4. [PMID: 34022132 PMCID: PMC8476856 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2021.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Microtubules are non-covalent polymers of αβ-tubulin dimers. Posttranslational processing of the intrinsically disordered C-terminal α-tubulin tail produces detyrosinated and Δ2-tubulin. Although these are widely employed as proxies for stable cellular microtubules, their effect (and of the α-tail) on microtubule dynamics remains uncharacterized. Using recombinant, engineered human tubulins, we now find that neither detyrosinated nor Δ2-tubulin affect microtubule dynamics, while the α-tubulin tail is an inhibitor of microtubule growth. Consistent with the latter, molecular dynamics simulations show the α-tubulin tail transiently occluding the longitudinal microtubule polymerization interface. The marked differential in vivo stabilities of the modified microtubule subpopulations, therefore, must result exclusively from selective effector recruitment. We find that tyrosination quantitatively tunes CLIP-170 density at the growing plus end and that CLIP170 and EB1 synergize to selectively upregulate the dynamicity of tyrosinated microtubules. Modification-dependent recruitment of regulators thereby results in microtubule subpopulations with distinct dynamics, a tenet of the tubulin code hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Chen
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ekaterina Kholina
- Department of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Agnieszka Szyk
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Vladimir A Fedorov
- Department of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia; Center for Theoretical Problems of Physicochemical Pharmacology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ilya Kovalenko
- Department of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia; Astrakhan State University, Astrakhan 414056, Russia; Sechenov University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Nikita Gudimchuk
- Department of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia; Center for Theoretical Problems of Physicochemical Pharmacology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Dmitry Rogachev National Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Antonina Roll-Mecak
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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45
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Sun L, Cui L, Liu Z, Wang Q, Xue Z, Wu M, Sun T, Mao D, Ni J, Pastor-Pareja JC, Liang X. Katanin p60-like 1 sculpts the cytoskeleton in mechanosensory cilia. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:211570. [PMID: 33263729 PMCID: PMC7717695 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202004184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanoreceptor cells develop a specialized cytoskeleton that plays structural and sensory roles at the site of mechanotransduction. However, little is known about how the cytoskeleton is organized and formed. Using electron tomography and live-cell imaging, we resolve the 3D structure and dynamics of the microtubule-based cytoskeleton in fly campaniform mechanosensory cilia. Investigating the formation of the cytoskeleton, we find that katanin p60-like 1 (kat-60L1), a neuronal type of microtubule-severing enzyme, serves two functions. First, it amplifies the mass of microtubules to form the dense microtubule arrays inside the sensory cilia. Second, it generates short microtubules that are required to build the nanoscopic cytoskeleton at the mechanotransduction site. Additional analyses further reveal the functional roles of Patronin and other potential factors in the local regulatory network. In all, our results characterize the specialized cytoskeleton in fly external mechanosensory cilia at near-molecular resolution and provide mechanistic insights into how it is formed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Landi Sun
- Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Science, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Lihong Cui
- Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Science, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Liu
- Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Science, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Qixuan Wang
- Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Science, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaoyu Xue
- Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Science, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Menghua Wu
- Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Science, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Tianhui Sun
- Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Science, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Decai Mao
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianquan Ni
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - José Carlos Pastor-Pareja
- Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Science, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Liang
- Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Science, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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46
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Urbanska M, Lüdecke A, Walter WJ, van Oijen AM, Duderstadt KE, Diez S. Highly-Parallel Microfluidics-Based Force Spectroscopy on Single Cytoskeletal Motors. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2007388. [PMID: 33759372 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202007388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Cytoskeletal motors transform chemical energy into mechanical work to drive essential cellular functions. Optical trapping experiments have provided crucial insights into the operation of these molecular machines under load. However, the throughput of such force spectroscopy experiments is typically limited to one measurement at a time. Here, a highly-parallel, microfluidics-based method that allows for rapid collection of force-dependent motility parameters of cytoskeletal motors with two orders of magnitude improvement in throughput compared to currently available methods is introduced. Tunable hydrodynamic forces to stepping kinesin-1 motors via DNA-tethered beads and utilize a large field of view to simultaneously track the velocities, run lengths, and interaction times of hundreds of individual kinesin-1 molecules under varying resisting and assisting loads are applied. Importantly, the 16 µm long DNA tethers between the motors and the beads significantly reduces the vertical component of the applied force pulling the motors away from the microtubule. The approach is readily applicable to other molecular systems and constitutes a new methodology for parallelized single-molecule force studies on cytoskeletal motors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Urbanska
- B CUBE - Center for Molecular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Annemarie Lüdecke
- B CUBE - Center for Molecular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Wilhelm J Walter
- B CUBE - Center for Molecular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Antoine M van Oijen
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Groningen, AE, 9700, Netherlands
- Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Karl E Duderstadt
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Groningen, AE, 9700, Netherlands
- Structure and Dynamics of Molecular Machines, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152, Martinsried, Germany
- Physics Department, Technische Universität München, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Stefan Diez
- B CUBE - Center for Molecular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307, Dresden, Germany
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47
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Best RL, LaPointe NE, Azarenko O, Miller H, Genualdi C, Chih S, Shen BQ, Jordan MA, Wilson L, Feinstein SC, Stagg NJ. Microtubule and tubulin binding and regulation of microtubule dynamics by the antibody drug conjugate (ADC) payload, monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE): Mechanistic insights into MMAE ADC peripheral neuropathy. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2021; 421:115534. [PMID: 33852878 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2021.115534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE) is a potent anti-cancer microtubule-targeting agent (MTA) used as a payload in three approved MMAE-containing antibody drug conjugates (ADCs) and multiple ADCs in clinical development to treat different types of cancers. Unfortunately, MMAE-ADCs can induce peripheral neuropathy, a frequent adverse event leading to treatment dose reduction or discontinuation and subsequent clinical termination of many MMAE-ADCs. MMAE-ADC-induced peripheral neuropathy is attributed to non-specific uptake of the ADC in peripheral nerves and release of MMAE, disrupting microtubules (MTs) and causing neurodegeneration. However, molecular mechanisms underlying MMAE and MMAE-ADC effects on MTs remain unclear. Here, we characterized MMAE-tubulin/MT interactions in reconstituted in vitro soluble tubulin or MT systems and evaluated MMAE and vcMMAE-ADCs in cultured human MCF7 cells. MMAE bound to soluble tubulin heterodimers with a maximum stoichiometry of ~1:1, bound abundantly along the length of pre-assembled MTs and with high affinity at MT ends, introduced structural defects, suppressed MT dynamics, and reduced the kinetics and extent of MT assembly while promoting tubulin ring formation. In cells, MMAE and MMAE-ADC (via nonspecific uptake) suppressed proliferation, mitosis and MT dynamics, and disrupted the MT network. Comparing MMAE action to other MTAs supports the hypothesis that peripheral neuropathy severity is determined by the precise mechanism(s) of each individual drug-MT interaction (location of binding, affinity, effects on morphology and dynamics). This work demonstrates that MMAE binds extensively to tubulin and MTs and causes severe MT dysregulation, providing convincing evidence that MMAE-mediated inhibition of MT-dependent axonal transport leads to severe peripheral neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Best
- Neuroscience Research Institute and Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Nichole E LaPointe
- Neuroscience Research Institute and Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Olga Azarenko
- Neuroscience Research Institute and Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Herb Miller
- Neuroscience Research Institute and Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Christine Genualdi
- Safety Assessment, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Stephen Chih
- Neuroscience Research Institute and Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Ben-Quan Shen
- Preclinical and Translational PK, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Mary Ann Jordan
- Neuroscience Research Institute and Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Leslie Wilson
- Neuroscience Research Institute and Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Stuart C Feinstein
- Neuroscience Research Institute and Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.
| | - Nicola J Stagg
- Safety Assessment, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
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48
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Ma J, Saikia N, Godar S, Hamilton GL, Ding F, Alper J, Sanabria H. Ensemble Switching Unveils a Kinetic Rheostat Mechanism of the Eukaryotic Thiamine Pyrophosphate Riboswitch. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2021; 27:rna.075937.120. [PMID: 33863818 PMCID: PMC8208051 DOI: 10.1261/rna.075937.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) riboswitches regulate thiamine metabolism by inhibiting the translation of enzymes essential to thiamine synthesis pathways upon binding to thiamine pyrophosphate in cells across all domains of life. Recent work on the Arabidopsis thaliana TPP riboswitch suggests a multi-step TPP binding process involving multiple riboswitch configurational ensembles and that Mg2+ dependence underlies the mechanism of TPP recognition and subsequent transition to the expression-inhibiting state of the aptamer domain followed by changes in the expression platform. However, details of the relationship between TPP riboswitch conformational changes and interactions with TPP and Mg2+ ¬¬in the aptamer domain constituting this mechanism are unknown. Therefore, we integrated single-molecule multiparameter fluorescence and force spectroscopy with atomistic molecular dynamics simulations and found that conformational transitions within the aptamer domain's sensor helices associated with TPP and Mg2+ ligand binding occurred between at least five different ensembles on timescales ranging from µs to ms. These dynamics are orders of magnitude faster than the 10 second-timescale folding kinetics associated with expression-state switching in the switch sequence. Together, our results show that a TPP and Mg2+ dependent mechanism determines dynamic configurational state ensemble switching of the aptamer domain's sensor helices that regulates the stability of the switch helix, which ultimately may lead to the expression-inhibiting state of the riboswitch. Additionally, we propose that two pathways exist for ligand recognition and that this mechanism underlies a kinetic rheostat-like behavior of the Arabidopsis thaliana TPP riboswitch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyan Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University
| | | | - Subash Godar
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson University
| | | | - Feng Ding
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson University
| | - Joshua Alper
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson University
| | - Hugo Sanabria
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson University
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49
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Ayukawa R, Iwata S, Imai H, Kamimura S, Hayashi M, Ngo KX, Minoura I, Uchimura S, Makino T, Shirouzu M, Shigematsu H, Sekimoto K, Gigant B, Muto E. GTP-dependent formation of straight tubulin oligomers leads to microtubule nucleation. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:211760. [PMID: 33544140 PMCID: PMC7871348 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202007033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleation of microtubules (MTs) is essential for cellular activities, but its mechanism is unknown because of the difficulty involved in capturing rare stochastic events in the early stage of polymerization. Here, combining rapid flush negative stain electron microscopy (EM) and kinetic analysis, we demonstrate that the formation of straight oligomers of critical size is essential for nucleation. Both GDP and GTP tubulin form single-stranded oligomers with a broad range of curvatures, but upon nucleation, the curvature distribution of GTP oligomers is shifted to produce a minor population of straight oligomers. With tubulin having the Y222F mutation in the β subunit, the proportion of straight oligomers increases and nucleation accelerates. Our results support a model in which GTP binding generates a minor population of straight oligomers compatible with lateral association and further growth to MTs. This study suggests that cellular factors involved in nucleation promote it via stabilization of straight oligomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rie Ayukawa
- Laboratory for Molecular Biophysics, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama, Japan
| | - Seigo Iwata
- Laboratory for Molecular Biophysics, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Imai
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Chuo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinji Kamimura
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Chuo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahito Hayashi
- Laboratory for Molecular Biophysics, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kien Xuan Ngo
- Laboratory for Molecular Biophysics, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama, Japan
| | - Itsushi Minoura
- Laboratory for Molecular Biophysics, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama, Japan
| | - Seiichi Uchimura
- Laboratory for Molecular Biophysics, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Makino
- Laboratory for Molecular Biophysics, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama, Japan
| | - Mikako Shirouzu
- Laboratory for Protein Functional and Structural Biology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hideki Shigematsu
- Laboratory for Protein Functional and Structural Biology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Ken Sekimoto
- Matière et Systèmes Complexes (MSC), CNRS UMR 7057, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,Gulliver, CNRS UMR 7083, ESPCI Paris and Université Paris Sciences et Lettres, Paris, France
| | - Benoît Gigant
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Etsuko Muto
- Laboratory for Molecular Biophysics, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama, Japan
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50
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Khan N, Pelletier D, McAlear TS, Croteau N, Veyron S, Bayne AN, Black C, Ichikawa M, Khalifa AAZ, Chaaban S, Kurinov I, Brouhard G, Bechstedt S, Bui KH, Trempe JF. Crystal structure of human PACRG in complex with MEIG1 reveals roles in axoneme formation and tubulin binding. Structure 2021; 29:572-586.e6. [PMID: 33529594 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2021.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The Parkin co-regulated gene protein (PACRG) binds at the inner junction between doublet microtubules of the axoneme, a structure found in flagella and cilia. PACRG binds to the adaptor protein meiosis expressed gene 1 (MEIG1), but how they bind to microtubules is unknown. Here, we report the crystal structure of human PACRG in complex with MEIG1. PACRG adopts a helical repeat fold with a loop that interacts with MEIG1. Using the structure of the axonemal doublet microtubule from the protozoan Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and single-molecule fluorescence microscopy, we propose that PACRG binds to microtubules while simultaneously recruiting free tubulin to catalyze formation of the inner junction. We show that the homologous PACRG-like protein also mediates dual tubulin interactions but does not bind MEIG1. Our findings establish a framework to assess the function of the PACRG family of proteins and MEIG1 in regulating axoneme assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nimra Khan
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Centre de Recherche en Biologie Structurale - FRQS, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Dylan Pelletier
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Centre de Recherche en Biologie Structurale - FRQS, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Thomas S McAlear
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Centre de Recherche en Biologie Structurale - FRQS, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Nathalie Croteau
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Centre de Recherche en Biologie Structurale - FRQS, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Simon Veyron
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Centre de Recherche en Biologie Structurale - FRQS, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Andrew N Bayne
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Centre de Recherche en Biologie Structurale - FRQS, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Corbin Black
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Centre de Recherche en Biologie Structurale - FRQS, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Muneyoshi Ichikawa
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Ahmad Abdelzaher Zaki Khalifa
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Centre de Recherche en Biologie Structurale - FRQS, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Sami Chaaban
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Centre de Recherche en Biologie Structurale - FRQS, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Igor Kurinov
- NECAT, Cornell University, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Argonne, IL, USA
| | - Gary Brouhard
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Centre de Recherche en Biologie Structurale - FRQS, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Susanne Bechstedt
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Centre de Recherche en Biologie Structurale - FRQS, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Khanh Huy Bui
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Centre de Recherche en Biologie Structurale - FRQS, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jean-François Trempe
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Centre de Recherche en Biologie Structurale - FRQS, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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