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Lee B, Park Y, Lee Y, Kwon S, Shim J. Triptolide, a Cancer Cell Proliferation Inhibitor, Causes Zebrafish Muscle Defects by Regulating Notch and STAT3 Signaling Pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4675. [PMID: 38731894 PMCID: PMC11083231 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Triptolide is a natural compound in herbal remedies with anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative properties. We studied its effects on critical signaling processes within the cell, including Notch1 and STAT3 signaling. Our research showed that triptolide reduces cancer cell proliferation by decreasing the expression of downstream targets of these signals. The levels of each signal-related protein and mRNA were analyzed using Western blot and qPCR methods. Interestingly, inhibiting one signal with a single inhibitor alone did not significantly reduce cancer cell proliferation. Instead, MTT assays showed that the simultaneous inhibition of Notch1 and STAT3 signaling reduced cell proliferation. The effect of triptolide was similar to a combination treatment with inhibitors for both signals. When we conducted a study on the impact of triptolide on zebrafish larvae, we found that it inhibited muscle development and interfered with muscle cell proliferation, as evidenced by differences in the staining of myosin heavy chain and F-actin proteins in confocal fluorescence microscopy. Additionally, we noticed that inhibiting a single type of signaling did not lead to any significant muscle defects. This implies that triptolide obstructs multiple signals simultaneously, including Notch1 and STAT3, during muscle development. Chemotherapy is commonly used to treat cancer, but it may cause muscle loss due to drug-related adverse reactions or other complex mechanisms. Our study suggests that anticancer agents like triptolide, inhibiting essential signaling pathways including Notch1 and STAT3 signaling, may cause muscle atrophy through anti-proliferative activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byongsun Lee
- Department of Bioresources Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea; (B.L.); (Y.P.); (Y.L.); (S.K.)
- Institute of Medical Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongjin Park
- Department of Bioresources Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea; (B.L.); (Y.P.); (Y.L.); (S.K.)
| | - Younggwang Lee
- Department of Bioresources Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea; (B.L.); (Y.P.); (Y.L.); (S.K.)
| | - Seyoung Kwon
- Department of Bioresources Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea; (B.L.); (Y.P.); (Y.L.); (S.K.)
| | - Jaekyung Shim
- Department of Bioresources Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea; (B.L.); (Y.P.); (Y.L.); (S.K.)
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2
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Hoh JFY. Developmental, Physiological and Phylogenetic Perspectives on the Expression and Regulation of Myosin Heavy Chains in Craniofacial Muscles. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4546. [PMID: 38674131 PMCID: PMC11050549 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This review deals with the developmental origins of extraocular, jaw and laryngeal muscles, the expression, regulation and functional significance of sarcomeric myosin heavy chains (MyHCs) that they express and changes in MyHC expression during phylogeny. Myogenic progenitors from the mesoderm in the prechordal plate and branchial arches specify craniofacial muscle allotypes with different repertoires for MyHC expression. To cope with very complex eye movements, extraocular muscles (EOMs) express 11 MyHCs, ranging from the superfast extraocular MyHC to the slowest, non-muscle MyHC IIB (nmMyH IIB). They have distinct global and orbital layers, singly- and multiply-innervated fibres, longitudinal MyHC variations, and palisade endings that mediate axon reflexes. Jaw-closing muscles express the high-force masticatory MyHC and cardiac or limb MyHCs depending on the appropriateness for the acquisition and mastication of food. Laryngeal muscles express extraocular and limb muscle MyHCs but shift toward expressing slower MyHCs in large animals. During postnatal development, MyHC expression of craniofacial muscles is subject to neural and hormonal modulation. The primary and secondary myotubes of developing EOMs are postulated to induce, via different retrogradely transported neurotrophins, the rich diversity of neural impulse patterns that regulate the specific MyHCs that they express. Thyroid hormone shifts MyHC 2A toward 2B in jaw muscles, laryngeal muscles and possibly extraocular muscles. This review highlights the fact that the pattern of myosin expression in mammalian craniofacial muscles is principally influenced by the complex interplay of cell lineages, neural impulse patterns, thyroid and other hormones, functional demands and body mass. In these respects, craniofacial muscles are similar to limb muscles, but they differ radically in the types of cell lineage and the nature of their functional demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Foon Yoong Hoh
- Discipline of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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3
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Girolamo DD, Benavente-Diaz M, Murolo M, Grimaldi A, Lopes PT, Evano B, Kuriki M, Gioftsidi S, Laville V, Tinevez JY, Letort G, Mella S, Tajbakhsh S, Comai G. Extraocular muscle stem cells exhibit distinct cellular properties associated with non-muscle molecular signatures. Development 2024; 151:dev202144. [PMID: 38240380 DOI: 10.1242/dev.202144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle stem cells (MuSCs) are recognised as functionally heterogeneous. Cranial MuSCs are reported to have greater proliferative and regenerative capacity when compared with those in the limb. A comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms underlying this functional heterogeneity is lacking. Here, we have used clonal analysis, live imaging and single cell transcriptomic analysis to identify crucial features that distinguish extraocular muscle (EOM) from limb muscle stem cell populations. A MyogeninntdTom reporter showed that the increased proliferation capacity of EOM MuSCs correlates with deferred differentiation and lower expression of the myogenic commitment gene Myod. Unexpectedly, EOM MuSCs activated in vitro expressed a large array of extracellular matrix components typical of mesenchymal non-muscle cells. Computational analysis underscored a distinct co-regulatory module, which is absent in limb MuSCs, as driver of these features. The EOM transcription factor network, with Foxc1 as key player, appears to be hardwired to EOM identity as it persists during growth, disease and in vitro after several passages. Our findings shed light on how high-performing MuSCs regulate myogenic commitment by remodelling their local environment and adopting properties not generally associated with myogenic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Di Girolamo
- Stem Cells and Development Unit, 25 rue du Dr Roux, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
- UMR CNRS 3738, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Maria Benavente-Diaz
- Stem Cells and Development Unit, 25 rue du Dr Roux, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
- UMR CNRS 3738, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universités, Complexité du Vivant, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Melania Murolo
- Stem Cells and Development Unit, 25 rue du Dr Roux, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
- UMR CNRS 3738, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Alexandre Grimaldi
- Stem Cells and Development Unit, 25 rue du Dr Roux, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
- UMR CNRS 3738, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universités, Complexité du Vivant, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Priscilla Thomas Lopes
- Stem Cells and Development Unit, 25 rue du Dr Roux, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
- UMR CNRS 3738, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Brendan Evano
- Stem Cells and Development Unit, 25 rue du Dr Roux, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
- UMR CNRS 3738, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Mao Kuriki
- Stem Cells and Development Unit, 25 rue du Dr Roux, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
- UMR CNRS 3738, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Stamatia Gioftsidi
- Université Paris-Est, 77420 Champs-sur- Marne, France
- Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Inserm, IMRB U955-E10, 94000 Créteil, France
| | - Vincent Laville
- Stem Cells and Development Unit, 25 rue du Dr Roux, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
- UMR CNRS 3738, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Hub, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Yves Tinevez
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Image Analysis Hub, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Gaëlle Letort
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3738, 25 rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Sebastian Mella
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Hub, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Shahragim Tajbakhsh
- Stem Cells and Development Unit, 25 rue du Dr Roux, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
- UMR CNRS 3738, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Glenda Comai
- Stem Cells and Development Unit, 25 rue du Dr Roux, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
- UMR CNRS 3738, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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4
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Johnson LL, Abrahante JE, McLoon LK. Nystagmus in the B6(CG)Tyr(c-2J)/J Albino Mouse: A Functional and RNA-Seq Analysis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2024; 65:26. [PMID: 38206276 PMCID: PMC10787582 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.65.1.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose Infantile nystagmus syndrome (INS) is a gaze-holding disorder characterized by conjugate, uncontrolled eye oscillations that can result in significant visual acuity loss. INS is often associated with albinism, but the mechanism is unclear. Albino mice have nystagmus; however, a pigmented mouse with a tyr mutation making it phenotypically albino, the B6(CG)-Tyr(c-2J)/J (B6 albino), had not been tested. We tested optokinetic response (OKR) in B6 albino and control mice. RNA-Seq was performed on extraocular muscles (EOM), tibialis anterior (TA) muscle, abducens (CN6), and oculomotor (CN3) neurons to uncover molecular differences that may contribute to nystagmus. Methods OKR was measured using an ISCAN system. RNA was isolated from four tissues to identify differentially expressed genes and validated with qPCR and immunohistochemistry. Ingenuity pathway analyses identified top biological pathways. Results All B6 albino mice tested had nystagmus. Differential RNA expression analysis showed 383 genes differentially expressed in EOM, 70 in CN3, 20 in CN6, and 639 in the TA. Two genes were differentially expressed in all four tissues: wdfy1 and nnt. Differences were validated by qPCR and immunostaining. Conclusions The tyr mutation in B6 albino mice, genotypically pigmented and phenotypically albino, is sufficient to result in spontaneous nystagmus. The two genes with decreased expression in the B6 albino tissues examined, wdfy1 and nnt, have been implicated in mitochondrial dysfunction and stem cell maintenance in other systems. Their function in extraocular muscle is unknown. These studies suggest that this mouse model of nystagmus may allow molecular identification of candidate nystagmus-related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura L. Johnson
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
- Graduate Program in Cellular, Molecular, Developmental Biology and Genetics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
| | - Juan E. Abrahante
- University of Minnesota Informatics Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
| | - Linda K. McLoon
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
- Graduate Program in Cellular, Molecular, Developmental Biology and Genetics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
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5
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Whitlock JM. Muscle Progenitor Cell Fusion in the Maintenance of Skeletal Muscle. Results Probl Cell Differ 2024; 71:257-279. [PMID: 37996682 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-37936-9_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle possesses a resident, multipotent stem cell population that is essential for its repair and maintenance throughout life. Here I highlight the role of this stem cell population in muscle repair and regeneration and review the genetic control of the process; the mechanistic steps of activation, migration, recognition, adhesion, and fusion of these cells; and discuss the novel recognition of the membrane signaling that coordinates myogenic cell-cell fusion, as well as the identification of a two-part fusogen system that facilitates it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarred M Whitlock
- Section on Membrane Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shrive National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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6
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Ahmed S, Rogers AV, Nowlan NC. Mechanical loading due to muscle movement regulates establishment of the collagen network in the developing murine skeleton. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2023; 10:231023. [PMID: 37859832 PMCID: PMC10582611 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.231023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical loading is critical for collagen network maintenance and remodelling in adult skeletal tissues, but the role of loading in collagen network formation during development is poorly understood. We test the hypothesis that mechanical loading is necessary for the onset and maturation of spatial localization and structure of collagens in prenatal cartilage and bone, using in vivo and in vitro mouse models of altered loading. The majority of collagens studied was aberrant in structure or localization, or both, when skeletal muscle was absent in vivo. Using in vitro bioreactor culture system, we demonstrate that mechanical loading directly modulates the spatial localization and structure of collagens II and X. Furthermore, we show that mechanical loading in vitro rescues aspects of the development of collagens II and X from the effects of fetal immobility. In conclusion, our findings show that mechanical loading is a critical determinant of collagen network establishment during prenatal skeletal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saima Ahmed
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Niamh C. Nowlan
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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7
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Pomella S, Danielli SG, Alaggio R, Breunis WB, Hamed E, Selfe J, Wachtel M, Walters ZS, Schäfer BW, Rota R, Shipley JM, Hettmer S. Genomic and Epigenetic Changes Drive Aberrant Skeletal Muscle Differentiation in Rhabdomyosarcoma. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:2823. [PMID: 37345159 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15102823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS), the most common soft-tissue sarcoma in children and adolescents, represents an aberrant form of skeletal muscle differentiation. Both skeletal muscle development, as well as regeneration of adult skeletal muscle are governed by members of the myogenic family of regulatory transcription factors (MRFs), which are deployed in a highly controlled, multi-step, bidirectional process. Many aspects of this complex process are deregulated in RMS and contribute to tumorigenesis. Interconnected loops of super-enhancers, called core regulatory circuitries (CRCs), define aberrant muscle differentiation in RMS cells. The transcriptional regulation of MRF expression/activity takes a central role in the CRCs active in skeletal muscle and RMS. In PAX3::FOXO1 fusion-positive (PF+) RMS, CRCs maintain expression of the disease-driving fusion oncogene. Recent single-cell studies have revealed hierarchically organized subsets of cells within the RMS cell pool, which recapitulate developmental myogenesis and appear to drive malignancy. There is a large interest in exploiting the causes of aberrant muscle development in RMS to allow for terminal differentiation as a therapeutic strategy, for example, by interrupting MEK/ERK signaling or by interfering with the epigenetic machinery controlling CRCs. In this review, we provide an overview of the genetic and epigenetic framework of abnormal muscle differentiation in RMS, as it provides insights into fundamental mechanisms of RMS malignancy, its remarkable phenotypic diversity and, ultimately, opportunities for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Pomella
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Cell and Gene Therapy, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS Istituto Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesu, Viale San Paolo 15, 00146 Rome, Italy
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Sara G Danielli
- Department of Oncology and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital of Zurich, 8032 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Rita Alaggio
- Department of Pathology, Cell and Gene Therapy, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Viale San Paolo 15, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Willemijn B Breunis
- Department of Oncology and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital of Zurich, 8032 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ebrahem Hamed
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Freiburg, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Joanna Selfe
- Sarcoma Molecular Pathology Team, Divisions of Molecular Pathology and Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 FNG, UK
| | - Marco Wachtel
- Department of Oncology and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital of Zurich, 8032 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Zoe S Walters
- Translational Epigenomics Team, Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Beat W Schäfer
- Department of Oncology and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital of Zurich, 8032 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Rossella Rota
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Cell and Gene Therapy, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS Istituto Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesu, Viale San Paolo 15, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Janet M Shipley
- Sarcoma Molecular Pathology Team, Divisions of Molecular Pathology and Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 FNG, UK
| | - Simone Hettmer
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Freiburg, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Centre Freiburg (CCCF), University Medical Center Freiburg, 790106 Freiburg, Germany
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8
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Doyle ME, Premathilake HU, Yao Q, Mazucanti CH, Egan JM. Physiology of the tongue with emphasis on taste transduction. Physiol Rev 2023; 103:1193-1246. [PMID: 36422992 PMCID: PMC9942923 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00012.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The tongue is a complex multifunctional organ that interacts and senses both interoceptively and exteroceptively. Although it is easily visible to almost all of us, it is relatively understudied and what is in the literature is often contradictory or is not comprehensively reported. The tongue is both a motor and a sensory organ: motor in that it is required for speech and mastication, and sensory in that it receives information to be relayed to the central nervous system pertaining to the safety and quality of the contents of the oral cavity. Additionally, the tongue and its taste apparatus form part of an innate immune surveillance system. For example, loss or alteration in taste perception can be an early indication of infection as became evident during the present global SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Here, we particularly emphasize the latest updates in the mechanisms of taste perception, taste bud formation and adult taste bud renewal, and the presence and effects of hormones on taste perception, review the understudied lingual immune system with specific reference to SARS-CoV-2, discuss nascent work on tongue microbiome, as well as address the effect of systemic disease on tongue structure and function, especially in relation to taste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Máire E Doyle
- Diabetes Section/Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Hasitha U Premathilake
- Diabetes Section/Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Qin Yao
- Diabetes Section/Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Caio H Mazucanti
- Diabetes Section/Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Josephine M Egan
- Diabetes Section/Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
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9
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Kong L, Fang Y, Du M, Wang Y, He H, Liu Z. Gαi2 regulates the adult myogenesis of masticatory muscle satellite cells. J Cell Mol Med 2023; 27:1239-1249. [PMID: 36977201 PMCID: PMC10148056 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Although similar to trunk and limb skeletal muscles, masticatory muscles are believed as unique in both developmental origins and myogenesis. Gαi2 has been demonstrated to promote muscle hypertrophy and muscle satellite cell differentiation in limb muscles. However, the effect of Gαi2 on masticatory muscles is still unexplored. This study aimed to identify the role of Gαi2 in the proliferation and differentiation of masticatory muscle satellite cells, further exploring the metabolic mechanism of masticatory muscles. The proliferation rate, myotube size, fusion index of masticatory muscle satellite cells and Pax7, Myf5, MyoD, Tcf21 and Musculin expressions were significantly decreased by Gαi2 knockdown, while in cells infected with AdV4-Gαi2, the proliferation rate, myotube size, fusion index and Tbx1 expression were significantly increased. Masticatory muscle satellite cells also displayed phenotype transformation as Gαi2 changed. In addition, Gαi2 altered myosin heavy chain (MyHC) isoforms of myotubes with less MyHC-2A expression in siGαi2 group and more MyHC-slow expression in AdV4-Gαi2 group. In conclusion, Gαi2 could positively affect the adult myogenesis of masticatory muscle satellite cells and maintain the superiority of MyHC-slow. Masticatory muscle satellite cells may have their unique Gαi2-regulated myogenic transcriptional networks, although they may share some common characteristics with trunk and limb muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Kong
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yi Fang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Kunming Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Kunming, China
| | - Mingyuan Du
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yunlong Wang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hong He
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhijian Liu
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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10
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Di Carlo D, Chisholm J, Kelsey A, Alaggio R, Bisogno G, Minard-Colin V, Jenney M, Dávila Fajardo R, Merks JHM, Shipley JM, Selfe JL. Biological Role and Clinical Implications of MYOD1L122R Mutation in Rhabdomyosarcoma. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15061644. [PMID: 36980529 PMCID: PMC10046495 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15061644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Major progress in recent decades has furthered our clinical and biological understanding of rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) with improved stratification for treatment based on risk factors. Clinical risk factors alone were used to stratify patients for treatment in the European Pediatric Soft Tissue Sarcoma Study Group (EpSSG) RMS 2005 protocol. The current EpSSG overarching study for children and adults with frontline and relapsed rhabdomyosarcoma (FaR-RMS NCT04625907) includes FOXO1 fusion gene status in place of histology as a risk factor. Additional molecular features of significance have recently been recognized, including the MYOD1L122R gene mutation. Here, we review biological information showing that MYOD1L122R blocks cell differentiation and has a MYC-like activity that enhances tumorigenesis and is linked to an aggressive cellular phenotype. MYOD1L122R mutations can be found together with mutations in other genes, such as PIK3CA, as potentially cooperating events. Using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, ten publications in the clinical literature involving 72 cases were reviewed. MYOD1L122R mutation in RMS can occur in both adults and children and is frequent in sclerosing/spindle cell histology, although it is also significantly reported in a subset of embryonal RMS. MYOD1L122R mutated tumors most frequently arise in the head and neck and extremities and are associated with poor outcome, raising the issue of how to use MYOD1L122R in risk stratification and how to treat these patients most effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Di Carlo
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Padova, 35128 Padua, Italy
- Pediatric Hematology-Oncology Division, University Hospital of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Julia Chisholm
- Children and Young People's Unit, Royal Marsden Hospital, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Anna Kelsey
- Department of Pediatric Histopathology, Manchester University Foundation Trust, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
| | - Rita Alaggio
- Pathology Unit, Department of Laboratories, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | - Gianni Bisogno
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Padova, 35128 Padua, Italy
- Pediatric Hematology-Oncology Division, University Hospital of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Veronique Minard-Colin
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Oncology, INSERM U1015, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, 94800 Villejuif, France
| | - Meriel Jenney
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Children's Hospital for Wales, Cardiff CF14 4XW, UK
| | - Raquel Dávila Fajardo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes H M Merks
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Division of Imaging and Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Janet M Shipley
- Sarcoma Molecular Pathology Team, Divisions of Molecular Pathology and Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Joanna L Selfe
- Sarcoma Molecular Pathology Team, Divisions of Molecular Pathology and Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, UK
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11
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Ahmad N, de la Serna IL, Marathe HG, Fan X, Dube P, Zhang S, Haller ST, Kennedy DJ, Pestov NB, Modyanov NN. Eutherian-Specific Functions of BetaM Acquired through Atp1b4 Gene Co-Option in the Regulation of MyoD Expression. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:414. [PMID: 36836771 PMCID: PMC9962273 DOI: 10.3390/life13020414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Vertebrate ATP1B4 genes represent a rare instance of orthologous gene co-option, resulting in radically different functions of the encoded BetaM proteins. In lower vertebrates, BetaM is a Na, K-ATPase β-subunit that is a component of ion pumps in the plasma membrane. In placental mammals, BetaM lost its ancestral role and, through structural alterations of the N-terminal domain, became a skeletal and cardiac muscle-specific protein of the inner nuclear membrane, highly expressed during late fetal and early postnatal development. We previously determined that BetaM directly interacts with the transcriptional co-regulator SKI-interacting protein (SKIP) and is implicated in the regulation of gene expression. This prompted us to investigate a potential role for BetaM in the regulation of muscle-specific gene expression in neonatal skeletal muscle and cultured C2C12 myoblasts. We found that BetaM can stimulate expression of the muscle regulatory factor (MRF), MyoD, independently of SKIP. BetaM binds to the distal regulatory region (DRR) of MyoD, promotes epigenetic changes associated with activation of transcription, and recruits the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling subunit, BRG1. These results indicate that eutherian BetaM regulates muscle gene expression by promoting changes in chromatin structure. These evolutionarily acquired new functions of BetaM might be very essential and provide evolutionary advantages to placental mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisar Ahmad
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Center for Diabetes and Endocrine Research, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Ivana L. de la Serna
- Department of Cell and Cancer Biology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Himangi G. Marathe
- Department of Cell and Cancer Biology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Xiaoming Fan
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Prabhatchandra Dube
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Shungang Zhang
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Steven T. Haller
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - David J. Kennedy
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Nikolay B. Pestov
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Center for Diabetes and Endocrine Research, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Nikolai N. Modyanov
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Center for Diabetes and Endocrine Research, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
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12
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The role of MEOX1 in non-neoplastic and neoplastic diseases. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 158:114068. [PMID: 36495659 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.114068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted gene therapy has shown durable efficacy in non-neoplastic and neoplastic patients. Therefore, finding a suitable target has become a key area of research. Mesenchyme homeobox 1 (MEOX1) is a transcriptional factor that plays a significant role in regulation of somite development. Evidence indicates that abnormalities in MEOX1 expression and function are associated with a variety of pathologies, including non-neoplastic and neoplastic diseases. MEOX1 expression is upregulated during progression of most diseases and plays a critical role in maintenance of the cellular phenotypes such as cell differentiation, cell cycle arrest and senescence, migration, and proliferation. Therefore, MEOX1 may become an important molecular target and therapeutic target. This review will discuss the current state of knowledge on the role of MEOX1 in different diseases.
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13
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Ziermann JM. Overview of Head Muscles with Special Emphasis on Extraocular Muscle Development. ADVANCES IN ANATOMY, EMBRYOLOGY, AND CELL BIOLOGY 2023; 236:57-80. [PMID: 37955771 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-38215-4_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
The head is often considered the most complex part of the vertebrate body as many different cell types contribute to a huge variation of structures in a very limited space. Most of these cell types also interact with each other to ensure the proper development of skull, brain, muscles, nerves, connective tissue, and blood vessels. While there are general mechanisms that are true for muscle development all over the body, the head and postcranial muscle development differ from each other. In the head, specific gene regulatory networks underlie the differentiation in subgroups, which include extraocular muscles, muscles of mastication, muscles of facial expression, laryngeal and pharyngeal muscles, as well as cranial nerve innervated neck muscles. Here, I provide an overview of the difference between head and trunk muscle development. This is followed by a short excursion to the cardiopharyngeal field which gives rise to heart and head musculature and a summary of pharyngeal arch muscle development, including interactions between neural crest cells, mesodermal cells, and endodermal signals. Lastly, a more detailed description of the eye development, tissue interactions, and involved genes is provided.
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14
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Choe YH, Sorensen J, Garry DJ, Garry MG. Blastocyst complementation and interspecies chimeras in gene edited pigs. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1065536. [PMID: 36568986 PMCID: PMC9773398 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1065536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The only curative therapy for many endstage diseases is allograft organ transplantation. Due to the limited supply of donor organs, relatively few patients are recipients of a transplanted organ. Therefore, new strategies are warranted to address this unmet need. Using gene editing technologies, somatic cell nuclear transfer and human induced pluripotent stem cell technologies, interspecies chimeric organs have been pursued with promising results. In this review, we highlight the overall technical strategy, the successful early results and the hurdles that need to be addressed in order for these approaches to produce a successful organ that could be transplanted in patients with endstage diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-ho Choe
- Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Jacob Sorensen
- Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Daniel J. Garry
- Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
- Paul and Sheila Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Mary G. Garry
- Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
- Paul and Sheila Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
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15
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Morita R, Fujiwara H. Tracing the developmental origin of tissue stem cells. Dev Growth Differ 2022; 64:566-576. [PMID: 36217609 PMCID: PMC10091985 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Tissue stem cells are vital for organ homeostasis and regeneration owing to their ability to self-renew and differentiate into the various cell types that constitute organ tissue. These stem cells are formed during complex and dynamic organ development, necessitating spatial-temporal coordination of morphogenetic events and cell fate specification during this process. In recent years, technological advances have enabled the tracing of the cellular dynamics, states, and lineages of individual cells over time in relation to tissue morphological changes. These dynamic data have not only revealed the origin of tissue stem cells in various organs but have also led to an understanding of the molecular, cellular, and biophysical bases of tissue stem cell formation. Herein, we summarize recent findings on the developmental origin of tissue stem cells in the hair follicles, intestines, brain, skeletal muscles, and hematopoietic system, and further discuss how stem cell fate specification is coordinated with tissue topology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritsuko Morita
- Laboratory for Tissue Microenvironment, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), Kobe, Japan
| | - Hironobu Fujiwara
- Laboratory for Tissue Microenvironment, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), Kobe, Japan
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16
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Huang C, Dai R, Meng G, Dingkao R, Wang X, Ren W, Ma X, Wu X, Chu M, La Y, Bao P, Guo X, Pei J, Yan P, Liang C. Transcriptome-Wide Study of mRNAs and lncRNAs Modified by m 6A RNA Methylation in the Longissimus Dorsi Muscle Development of Cattle-Yak. Cells 2022; 11:cells11223654. [PMID: 36429081 PMCID: PMC9688506 DOI: 10.3390/cells11223654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cattle-yak is a hybrid F1 generation of cattle and yak, which has a history of more than 3000 years and has shown better production performance and higher economic benefits than those of yaks. However, up to now, there has been no study on the transcriptome-wide m6A methylation profile of bovine skeletal muscle and its potential biological function during muscle development. Here, we observed significant changes in the expression levels of muscle-related marker genes and methylation-related enzymes during the development of cattle-yak, and the overall m6A content in the Longissimus dorsi muscle of 18-month-old cattle-yak decreased significantly. A total of 36,602 peaks, 11,223 genes and 8388 lncRNAs were identified in the two groups, including 2989 differential peaks (427 up-regulated peaks and 2562 down-regulated peaks), 1457 differentially expressed genes (833 up-regulated genes and 624 down-regulated genes) and 857 differentially expressed lncRNAs (293 up-regulated lncRNAs and 564 down-regulated lncRNAs). GO and KEGG analysis revealed that they were significantly enriched in some muscle-related pathways (Wnt signaling pathway and MAPK signaling pathway) and high-altitude adaptation-related pathway (HIF-1 signaling pathway). Moreover, m6A abundance was positively correlated with gene expression levels, while it was negatively correlated with lncRNA expression levels. This indicates that m6A modification played an important role in the Longissimus dorsi muscle development of cattle-yak; however, the regulation mechanism of m6A-modified mRNA and lncRNA may be different. This study was the first report of transcriptome-wide m6A-modified mRNAs and lncRNAs atlas in the Longissimus dorsi muscle development of cattle-yak, one which will provide new perspectives for genetic improvement in bovines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Huang
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Rongfeng Dai
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Guangyao Meng
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Renqing Dingkao
- Animal Husbandry Station of Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Gannan 747000, China
| | - Xingdong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Wenwen Ren
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Xiaoming Ma
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Xiaoyun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Min Chu
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Yongfu La
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Pengjia Bao
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Xian Guo
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Jie Pei
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Ping Yan
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou 730050, China
- Correspondence: (P.Y.); (C.L.)
| | - Chunnian Liang
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou 730050, China
- Correspondence: (P.Y.); (C.L.)
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17
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Guo R, You X, Meng K, Sha R, Wang Z, Yuan N, Peng Q, Li Z, Xie Z, Chen R, Feng Y. Single-Cell RNA Sequencing Reveals Heterogeneity of Myf5-Derived Cells and Altered Myogenic Fate in the Absence of SRSF2. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2105775. [PMID: 35460187 PMCID: PMC9218650 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202105775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Splicing factor SRSF2 acts as a critical regulator for cell survival, however, it remains unknown whether SRSF2 is involved in myoblast proliferation and myogenesis. Here, knockdown of SRSF2 in myoblasts causes high rates of apoptosis and defective differentiation. Combined conditional knockout and lineage tracing approaches show that Myf5-cre mice lacking SRSF2 die immediately at birth and exhibit a complete absence of mature myofibers. Mutant Myf5-derived cells (tdtomato-positive cells) are randomly scattered in the myogenic and non-myogenic regions, indicating loss of the community effect required for skeletal muscle differentiation. Single-cell RNA-sequencing reveals high heterogeneity of myf5-derived cells and non-myogenic cells are significantly increased at the expense of skeletal muscle cells in the absence of SRSF2, reflecting altered cell fate. SRSF2 is demonstrated to regulate the entry of Myf5 cells into the myogenic program and ensures their survival by preventing precocious differentiation and apoptosis. In summary, SRSF2 functions as an essential regulator for Myf5-derived cells to respond correctly to positional cues and to adopt their myogenic fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruochen Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of NutritionMetabolism and Food SafetyShanghai Institute of Nutrition and HealthUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai200031P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Birth Defect Research and Transformation of Shandong ProvinceJining Medical UniversityJining272067P. R. China
| | - Xue You
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Birth Defect Research and Transformation of Shandong ProvinceJining Medical UniversityJining272067P. R. China
| | - Kai Meng
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Birth Defect Research and Transformation of Shandong ProvinceJining Medical UniversityJining272067P. R. China
| | - Rula Sha
- CAS Key Laboratory of NutritionMetabolism and Food SafetyShanghai Institute of Nutrition and HealthUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai200031P. R. China
| | - Zhenzhen Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of NutritionMetabolism and Food SafetyShanghai Institute of Nutrition and HealthUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai200031P. R. China
| | - Ningyang Yuan
- CAS Key Laboratory of NutritionMetabolism and Food SafetyShanghai Institute of Nutrition and HealthUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai200031P. R. China
| | - Qian Peng
- CAS Key Laboratory of NutritionMetabolism and Food SafetyShanghai Institute of Nutrition and HealthUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai200031P. R. China
| | - Zhigang Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of NutritionMetabolism and Food SafetyShanghai Institute of Nutrition and HealthUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai200031P. R. China
| | - Zhiqin Xie
- CAS Key Laboratory of NutritionMetabolism and Food SafetyShanghai Institute of Nutrition and HealthUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai200031P. R. China
| | - Ruijiao Chen
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Birth Defect Research and Transformation of Shandong ProvinceJining Medical UniversityJining272067P. R. China
| | - Ying Feng
- CAS Key Laboratory of NutritionMetabolism and Food SafetyShanghai Institute of Nutrition and HealthUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai200031P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Birth Defect Research and Transformation of Shandong ProvinceJining Medical UniversityJining272067P. R. China
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18
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Fibrous Protein Composite Scaffolds (3D) for Tissue Regeneration: An in vitro Study on Skeletal Muscle Regeneration. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2022; 217:112656. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2022.112656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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19
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Della Gaspera B, Weill L, Chanoine C. Evolution of Somite Compartmentalization: A View From Xenopus. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:790847. [PMID: 35111756 PMCID: PMC8802780 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.790847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Somites are transitory metameric structures at the basis of the axial organization of vertebrate musculoskeletal system. During evolution, somites appear in the chordate phylum and compartmentalize mainly into the dermomyotome, the myotome, and the sclerotome in vertebrates. In this review, we summarized the existing literature about somite compartmentalization in Xenopus and compared it with other anamniote and amniote vertebrates. We also present and discuss a model that describes the evolutionary history of somite compartmentalization from ancestral chordates to amniote vertebrates. We propose that the ancestral organization of chordate somite, subdivided into a lateral compartment of multipotent somitic cells (MSCs) and a medial primitive myotome, evolves through two major transitions. From ancestral chordates to vertebrates, the cell potency of MSCs may have evolved and gave rise to all new vertebrate compartments, i.e., the dermomyome, its hypaxial region, and the sclerotome. From anamniote to amniote vertebrates, the lateral MSC territory may expand to the whole somite at the expense of primitive myotome and may probably facilitate sclerotome formation. We propose that successive modifications of the cell potency of some type of embryonic progenitors could be one of major processes of the vertebrate evolution.
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20
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Manneken JD, Dauer MVP, Currie PD. Dynamics of muscle growth and regeneration: Lessons from the teleost. Exp Cell Res 2021; 411:112991. [PMID: 34958765 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2021.112991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The processes of myogenesis during both development and regeneration share a number of similarities across both amniotes and teleosts. In amniotes, the process of muscle formation is considered largely biphasic, with developmental myogenesis occurring through hyperplastic fibre deposition and postnatal muscle growth driven through hypertrophy of existing fibres. In contrast, teleosts continue generating new muscle fibres during adult myogenesis through a process of eternal hyperplasia using a dedicated stem cell system termed the external cell layer. During developmental and regenerative myogenesis alike, muscle progenitors interact with their niche to receive cues guiding their transition into myoblasts and ultimately mature myofibres. During development, muscle precursors receive input from neighbouring embryological tissues; however, during repair, this role is fulfilled by other injury resident cell types, such as those of the innate immune response. Recent work has focused on the role of macrophages as a pro-regenerative cell type which provides input to muscle satellite cells during regenerative myogenesis. As zebrafish harbour a satellite cell system analogous to that of mammals, the processes of regeneration can be interrogated in vivo with the imaging intensive approaches afforded in the zebrafish system. This review discusses the strengths of zebrafish with a focus on both the similarities and differences to amniote myogenesis during both development and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica D Manneken
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Level 1, 15 Innovation Walk, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Mervyn V P Dauer
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Level 1, 15 Innovation Walk, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Peter D Currie
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Level 1, 15 Innovation Walk, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia; EMBL Australia, Level 1, 15 Innovation Walk, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia.
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21
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Rafiq A, Aashaq S, Jan I, Beigh MA. SIX1 transcription factor: A review of cellular functions and regulatory dynamics. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 193:1151-1164. [PMID: 34742853 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.10.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Sine Oculis Homeobox 1 (SIX1) is a member of homeobox transcription factor family having pivotal roles in organismal development and differentiation. This protein functionally acts to regulate the expression of different proteins that are involved in organ development during embryogenesis and in disorders like cancer. Aberrant expression of this homeoprotein has therefore been reported in multiple pathological complexities like hearing impairment and renal anomalies during development and tumorigenesis in adult life. Most of the cellular effects mediated by it are mostly due to its role as a transcription factor. This review presents a concise narrative of its structure, interaction partners and cellular functions vis a vis its role in cancer. We thoroughly discuss the reported molecular mechanisms that govern its function in cellular milieu. Its post-translational regulation by phosphorylation and ubiquitination are also discussed with an emphasis on yet to be explored mechanistic insights regulating its molecular dynamics to fully comprehend its role in development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Rafiq
- Department of Nanotechnology, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal Campus, Srinagar JK-190006, India
| | - Sabreena Aashaq
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Soura, Srinagar JK-190011, India
| | - Iqra Jan
- Department of Nanotechnology, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal Campus, Srinagar JK-190006, India
| | - Mushtaq A Beigh
- Department of Nanotechnology, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal Campus, Srinagar JK-190006, India.
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22
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Lescroart F, Dumas CE, Adachi N, Kelly RG. Emergence of heart and branchiomeric muscles in cardiopharyngeal mesoderm. Exp Cell Res 2021; 410:112931. [PMID: 34798131 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2021.112931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Branchiomeric muscles of the head and neck originate in a population of cranial mesoderm termed cardiopharyngeal mesoderm that also contains progenitor cells contributing to growth of the embryonic heart. Retrospective lineage analysis has shown that branchiomeric muscles share a clonal origin with parts of the heart, indicating the presence of common heart and head muscle progenitor cells in the early embryo. Genetic lineage tracing and functional studies in the mouse, as well as in Ciona and zebrafish, together with recent experiments using single cell transcriptomics and multipotent stem cells, have provided further support for the existence of bipotent head and heart muscle progenitor cells. Current challenges concern defining where and when such common progenitor cells exist in mammalian embryos and how alternative myogenic derivatives emerge in cardiopharyngeal mesoderm. Addressing these questions will provide insights into mechanisms of cell fate acquisition and the evolution of vertebrate musculature, as well as clinical insights into the origins of muscle restricted myopathies and congenital defects affecting craniofacial and cardiac development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Camille E Dumas
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS UMR 7288, IBDM, 13009, Marseille, France
| | - Noritaka Adachi
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS UMR 7288, IBDM, 13009, Marseille, France
| | - Robert G Kelly
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS UMR 7288, IBDM, 13009, Marseille, France.
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23
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Rodriguez-Outeiriño L, Hernandez-Torres F, Ramírez-de Acuña F, Matías-Valiente L, Sanchez-Fernandez C, Franco D, Aranega AE. Muscle Satellite Cell Heterogeneity: Does Embryonic Origin Matter? Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:750534. [PMID: 34722534 PMCID: PMC8554119 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.750534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle regeneration is an important homeostatic process of adult skeletal muscle that recapitulates many aspects of embryonic myogenesis. Satellite cells (SCs) are the main muscle stem cells responsible for skeletal muscle regeneration. SCs reside between the myofiber basal lamina and the sarcolemma of the muscle fiber in a quiescent state. However, in response to physiological stimuli or muscle trauma, activated SCs transiently re-enter the cell cycle to proliferate and subsequently exit the cell cycle to differentiate or self-renew. Recent evidence has stated that SCs display functional heterogeneity linked to regenerative capability with an undifferentiated subgroup that is more prone to self-renewal, as well as committed progenitor cells ready for myogenic differentiation. Several lineage tracing studies suggest that such SC heterogeneity could be associated with different embryonic origins. Although it has been established that SCs are derived from the central dermomyotome, how a small subpopulation of the SCs progeny maintain their stem cell identity while most progress through the myogenic program to construct myofibers is not well understood. In this review, we synthesize the works supporting the different developmental origins of SCs as the genesis of their functional heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Rodriguez-Outeiriño
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain
- Medina Foundation, Technology Park of Health Sciences, Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco Hernandez-Torres
- Medina Foundation, Technology Park of Health Sciences, Granada, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology III and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - F. Ramírez-de Acuña
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain
- Medina Foundation, Technology Park of Health Sciences, Granada, Spain
| | - Lidia Matías-Valiente
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain
- Medina Foundation, Technology Park of Health Sciences, Granada, Spain
| | - Cristina Sanchez-Fernandez
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain
- Medina Foundation, Technology Park of Health Sciences, Granada, Spain
| | - Diego Franco
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain
- Medina Foundation, Technology Park of Health Sciences, Granada, Spain
| | - Amelia Eva Aranega
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain
- Medina Foundation, Technology Park of Health Sciences, Granada, Spain
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24
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Esteves de Lima J, Relaix F. Master regulators of skeletal muscle lineage development and pluripotent stem cells differentiation. CELL REGENERATION 2021; 10:31. [PMID: 34595600 PMCID: PMC8484369 DOI: 10.1186/s13619-021-00093-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In vertebrates, the skeletal muscles of the body and their associated stem cells originate from muscle progenitor cells, during development. The specification of the muscles of the trunk, head and limbs, relies on the activity of distinct genetic hierarchies. The major regulators of trunk and limb muscle specification are the paired-homeobox transcription factors PAX3 and PAX7. Distinct gene regulatory networks drive the formation of the different muscles of the head. Despite the redeployment of diverse upstream regulators of muscle progenitor differentiation, the commitment towards the myogenic fate requires the expression of the early myogenic regulatory factors MYF5, MRF4, MYOD and the late differentiation marker MYOG. The expression of these genes is activated by muscle progenitors throughout development, in several waves of myogenic differentiation, constituting the embryonic, fetal and postnatal phases of muscle growth. In order to achieve myogenic cell commitment while maintaining an undifferentiated pool of muscle progenitors, several signaling pathways regulate the switch between proliferation and differentiation of myoblasts. The identification of the gene regulatory networks operating during myogenesis is crucial for the development of in vitro protocols to differentiate pluripotent stem cells into myoblasts required for regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Frédéric Relaix
- Univ Paris Est Creteil, INSERM, EnvA, EFS, AP-HP, IMRB, 94010, Creteil, France.
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25
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Grimaldi A, Tajbakhsh S. Diversity in cranial muscles: Origins and developmental programs. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2021; 73:110-116. [PMID: 34500235 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2021.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Cranial muscles have been the focus of many studies over the years because of their unique developmental programs and relative resistance to illnesses. In addition, head muscles possess clonal relationships with heart muscles and have been highly remodeled during vertebrate evolution. Here, we provide an overview of recent findings that have helped to redefine the boundaries and lineages of cranial mesoderm. These studies have important implications regarding the emergence of muscle connective tissues, which can share a common origin with skeletal muscle. We also highlight new regulatory networks of various muscle subgroups, particularly those derived from the most caudal arches, which remain poorly defined. Finally, we suggest future research avenues to characterize the nature of their intrinsic specificities and their emergence during evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Grimaldi
- Stem Cells & Development Unit, 25 rue du Dr. Roux, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France; UMR CNRS 3738, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Shahragim Tajbakhsh
- Stem Cells & Development Unit, 25 rue du Dr. Roux, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France; UMR CNRS 3738, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
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26
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Florkowska A, Meszka I, Nowacka J, Granica M, Jablonska Z, Zawada M, Truszkowski L, Ciemerych MA, Grabowska I. PAX7 Balances the Cell Cycle Progression via Regulating Expression of Dnmt3b and Apobec2 in Differentiating PSCs. Cells 2021; 10:2205. [PMID: 34571854 PMCID: PMC8472244 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
PAX7 transcription factor plays a crucial role in embryonic myogenesis and in adult muscles in which it secures proper function of satellite cells, including regulation of their self renewal. PAX7 downregulation is necessary for the myogenic differentiation of satellite cells induced after muscle damage, what is prerequisite step for regeneration. Using differentiating pluripotent stem cells we documented that the absence of functional PAX7 facilitates proliferation. Such action is executed by the modulation of the expression of two proteins involved in the DNA methylation, i.e., Dnmt3b and Apobec2. Increase in Dnmt3b expression led to the downregulation of the CDK inhibitors and facilitated cell cycle progression. Changes in Apobec2 expression, on the other hand, differently impacted proliferation/differentiation balance, depending on the experimental model used.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Iwona Grabowska
- Department of Cytology, Institute of Developmental Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland; (A.F.); (I.M.); (J.N.); (M.G.); (Z.J.); (M.Z.); (L.T.); (M.A.C.)
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27
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Nord H, Kahsay A, Dennhag N, Pedrosa Domellöf F, von Hofsten J. Genetic compensation between Pax3 and Pax7 in zebrafish appendicular muscle formation. Dev Dyn 2021; 251:1423-1438. [PMID: 34435397 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Migrating muscle progenitors delaminate from the somite and subsequently form muscle tissue in distant anatomical regions such as the paired appendages, or limbs. In amniotes, this process requires a signaling cascade including the transcription factor paired box 3 (Pax3). RESULTS In this study, we found that, unlike in mammals, pax3a/3b double mutant zebrafish develop near to normal appendicular muscle. By analyzing numerous mutant combinations of pax3a, pax3b and pax7a, and pax7b, we determined that there is a feedback system and a compensatory mechanism between Pax3 and Pax7 in this developmental process, even though Pax7 alone is not required for appendicular myogenesis. pax3a/3b/7a/7b quadruple mutant developed muscle-less pectoral fins. CONCLUSIONS We found that Pax3 and Pax7 are redundantly required during appendicular myogenesis in zebrafish, where Pax7 is able to activate the same developmental programs as Pax3 in the premigratory progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Nord
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Abraha Kahsay
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Nils Dennhag
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Fatima Pedrosa Domellöf
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Science, Ophthalmology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jonas von Hofsten
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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28
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Natural Compounds Attenuate Denervation-Induced Skeletal Muscle Atrophy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22158310. [PMID: 34361076 PMCID: PMC8348757 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The weight of skeletal muscle accounts for approximately 40% of the whole weight in a healthy individual, and the normal metabolism and motor function of the muscle are indispensable for healthy life. In addition, the skeletal muscle of the maxillofacial region plays an important role not only in eating and swallowing, but also in communication, such as facial expressions and conversations. In recent years, skeletal muscle atrophy has received worldwide attention as a serious health problem. However, the mechanism of skeletal muscle atrophy that has been clarified at present is insufficient, and a therapeutic method against skeletal muscle atrophy has not been established. This review provides views on the importance of skeletal muscle in the maxillofacial region and explains the differences between skeletal muscles in the maxillofacial region and other regions. We summarize the findings to change in gene expression in muscle remodeling and emphasize the advantages and disadvantages of denervation-induced skeletal muscle atrophy model. Finally, we discuss the newly discovered beneficial effects of natural compounds on skeletal muscle atrophy.
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29
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Lee B, Lee S, Lee Y, Park Y, Shim J. Emerin Represses STAT3 Signaling through Nuclear Membrane-Based Spatial Control. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22136669. [PMID: 34206382 PMCID: PMC8269395 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerin is the inner nuclear membrane protein involved in maintaining the mechanical integrity of the nuclear membrane. Mutations in EMD encoding emerin cause Emery–Dreifuss muscular dystrophy (EDMD). Evidence is accumulating that emerin regulation of specific gene expression is associated with this disease, but the exact function of emerin has not been fully elucidated. Here, we show that emerin downregulates Signal transducer and activators of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling, activated exclusively by Janus kinase (JAK). Deletion mutation experiments show that the lamin-binding domain of emerin is essential for the inhibition of STAT3 signaling. Emerin interacts directly and co-localizes with STAT3 in the nuclear membrane. Emerin knockdown induces STAT3 target genes Bcl2 and Survivin to increase cell survival signals and suppress hydrogen peroxide-induced cell death in HeLa cells. Specifically, downregulation of BAF or lamin A/C increases STAT3 signaling, suggesting that correct-localized emerin, by assembling with BAF and lamin A/C, acts as an intrinsic inhibitor against STAT3 signaling. In C2C12 cells, emerin knockdown induces STAT3 target gene, Pax7, and activated abnormal myoblast proliferation associated with muscle wasting in skeletal muscle homeostasis. Our results indicate that emerin downregulates STAT3 signaling by inducing retention of STAT3 and delaying STAT3 signaling in the nuclear membrane. This mechanism provides clues to the etiology of emerin-related muscular dystrophy and may be a new therapeutic target for treatment.
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30
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Yoshioka K, Nagahisa H, Miura F, Araki H, Kamei Y, Kitajima Y, Seko D, Nogami J, Tsuchiya Y, Okazaki N, Yonekura A, Ohba S, Sumita Y, Chiba K, Ito K, Asahina I, Ogawa Y, Ito T, Ohkawa Y, Ono Y. Hoxa10 mediates positional memory to govern stem cell function in adult skeletal muscle. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/24/eabd7924. [PMID: 34108202 PMCID: PMC8189581 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abd7924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Muscle stem cells (satellite cells) are distributed throughout the body and have heterogeneous properties among muscles. However, functional topographical genes in satellite cells of adult muscle remain unidentified. Here, we show that expression of Homeobox-A (Hox-A) cluster genes accompanied with DNA hypermethylation of the Hox-A locus was robustly maintained in both somite-derived muscles and their associated satellite cells in adult mice, which recapitulates their embryonic origin. Somite-derived satellite cells were clearly separated from cells derived from cranial mesoderm in Hoxa10 expression. Hoxa10 inactivation led to genomic instability and mitotic catastrophe in somite-derived satellite cells in mice and human. Satellite cell-specific Hoxa10 ablation in mice resulted in a decline in the regenerative ability of somite-derived muscles, which were unobserved in cranial mesoderm-derived muscles. Thus, our results show that Hox gene expression profiles instill the embryonic history in satellite cells as positional memory, potentially modulating region-specific pathophysiology in adult muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoshi Yoshioka
- Department of Muscle Development and Regeneration, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
- Musculoskeletal Molecular Biology Research Group, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan
- Department of Molecular Bone Biology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nagahisa
- Department of Muscle Development and Regeneration, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Fumihito Miura
- Department of Biochemistry, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Araki
- Department of Biochemistry, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yasutomi Kamei
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto 606-8522, Japan
| | - Yasuo Kitajima
- Department of Muscle Development and Regeneration, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
- Musculoskeletal Molecular Biology Research Group, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan
| | - Daiki Seko
- Department of Muscle Development and Regeneration, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
- Musculoskeletal Molecular Biology Research Group, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan
- Department of Molecular Bone Biology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan
| | - Jumpei Nogami
- Division of Transcriptomics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Tsuchiya
- Department of Muscle Development and Regeneration, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
- Musculoskeletal Molecular Biology Research Group, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan
| | - Narihiro Okazaki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan
| | - Akihiko Yonekura
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan
| | - Seigo Ohba
- Department of Regenerative Oral Surgery, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Sumita
- Department of Regenerative Oral Surgery, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan
| | - Ko Chiba
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan
| | - Kosei Ito
- Department of Molecular Bone Biology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan
| | - Izumi Asahina
- Department of Regenerative Oral Surgery, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Ogawa
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Takashi Ito
- Department of Biochemistry, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Ohkawa
- Division of Transcriptomics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yusuke Ono
- Department of Muscle Development and Regeneration, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan.
- Musculoskeletal Molecular Biology Research Group, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan
- Center for Metabolic Regulation of Healthy Aging, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
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31
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Ausems CRM, van Engelen BGM, van Bokhoven H, Wansink DG. Systemic cell therapy for muscular dystrophies : The ultimate transplantable muscle progenitor cell and current challenges for clinical efficacy. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2021; 17:878-899. [PMID: 33349909 PMCID: PMC8166694 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-020-10100-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The intrinsic regenerative capacity of skeletal muscle makes it an excellent target for cell therapy. However, the potential of muscle tissue to renew is typically exhausted and insufficient in muscular dystrophies (MDs), a large group of heterogeneous genetic disorders showing progressive loss of skeletal muscle fibers. Cell therapy for MDs has to rely on suppletion with donor cells with high myogenic regenerative capacity. Here, we provide an overview on stem cell lineages employed for strategies in MDs, with a focus on adult stem cells and progenitor cells resident in skeletal muscle. In the early days, the potential of myoblasts and satellite cells was explored, but after disappointing clinical results the field moved to other muscle progenitor cells, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. Most recently, mesoangioblasts and pericytes have been pursued for muscle cell therapy, leading to a handful of preclinical studies and a clinical trial. The current status of (pre)clinical work for the most common forms of MD illustrates the existing challenges and bottlenecks. Besides the intrinsic properties of transplantable cells, we discuss issues relating to cell expansion and cell viability after transplantation, optimal dosage, and route and timing of administration. Since MDs are genetic conditions, autologous cell therapy and gene therapy will need to go hand-in-hand, bringing in additional complications. Finally, we discuss determinants for optimization of future clinical trials for muscle cell therapy. Joined research efforts bring hope that effective therapies for MDs are on the horizon to fulfil the unmet clinical need in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Rosanne M Ausems
- Donders lnstitute for Brain Cognition and Behavior, Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders lnstitute for Brain Cognition and Behavior, Department of Neurology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Department of Cell Biology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Baziel G M van Engelen
- Donders lnstitute for Brain Cognition and Behavior, Department of Neurology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Hans van Bokhoven
- Donders lnstitute for Brain Cognition and Behavior, Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Derick G Wansink
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Department of Cell Biology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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32
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Li J, Pei Y, Zhou R, Tang Z, Yang Y. Regulation of RNA N 6-methyladenosine modification and its emerging roles in skeletal muscle development. Int J Biol Sci 2021; 17:1682-1692. [PMID: 33994853 PMCID: PMC8120468 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.56251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is one of the most widespread and highly conserved chemical modifications in cellular RNAs of eukaryotic genomes. Owing to the development of high-throughput m6A sequencing, the functions and mechanisms of m6A modification in development and diseases have been revealed. Recent studies have shown that RNA m6A methylation plays a critical role in skeletal muscle development, which regulates myoblast proliferation and differentiation, and muscle regeneration. Exploration of the functions of m6A modification and its regulators provides a deeper understanding of the regulatory mechanisms underlying skeletal muscle development. In the present review, we aim to summarize recent breakthroughs concerning the global landscape of m6A modification in mammals and examine the biological functions and mechanisms of enzymes regulating m6A RNA methylation. We describe the interplay between m6A and other epigenetic modifications and highlight the regulatory roles of m6A in development, especially that of skeletal muscle. m6A and its regulators are expected to be targets for the treatment of human muscle-related diseases and novel epigenetic markers for animal breeding in meat production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiju Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528231, Guangdong, China
| | - Yangli Pei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528231, Guangdong, China
| | - Rong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition; Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhonglin Tang
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, 518124, China
| | - Yalan Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528231, Guangdong, China.,Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, 518124, China
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33
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Pierantoni M, Le Cann S, Sotiriou V, Ahmed S, Bodey AJ, Jerjen I, Nowlan NC, Isaksson H. Muscular loading affects the 3D structure of both the mineralized rudiment and growth plate at early stages of bone formation. Bone 2021; 145:115849. [PMID: 33454374 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2021.115849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Fetal immobilization affects skeletal development and can lead to severe malformations. Still, how mechanical load affects embryonic bone formation is not fully elucidated. This study combines mechanobiology, image analysis and developmental biology, to investigate the structural effects of muscular loading on embryonic long bones. We present a novel approach involving a semi-automatic workflow, to study the spatial and temporal evolutions of both hard and soft tissues in 3D without any contrast agent at micrometrical resolution. Using high-resolution phase-contrast-enhanced X-ray synchrotron microtomography, we compare the humeri of Splotch-delayed embryonic mice lacking skeletal muscles with healthy littermates. The effects of skeletal muscles on bone formation was studied from the first stages of mineral deposition (Theiler Stages 23 and 24) to just before birth (Theiler Stage 27). The results show that muscle activity affects both growth plate and mineralized regions, especially during early embryonic development. When skeletal muscles were absent, there was reduced mineralization, altered tuberosity size and location, and, at early embryonic stages, decreased chondrocyte density, size and elongation compared to littermate controls. The proposed workflow enhances our understanding of mechanobiology of early bone formation and could be implemented for the study of other complex biological tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Pierantoni
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Sophie Le Cann
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Vivien Sotiriou
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Saima Ahmed
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | | | - Iwan Jerjen
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Niamh C Nowlan
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Hanna Isaksson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
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34
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Esteves de Lima J, Bou Akar R, Mansour M, Rocancourt D, Buckingham M, Relaix F. M-Cadherin Is a PAX3 Target During Myotome Patterning. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:652652. [PMID: 33869209 PMCID: PMC8047199 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.652652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PAX3 belongs to the paired-homeobox family of transcription factors and plays a key role as an upstream regulator of muscle progenitor cells during embryonic development. Pax3-mutant embryos display impaired somite development, yet the consequences for myotome formation have not been characterized. The early myotome is formed by PAX3-expressing myogenic cells that delaminate from the dermomyotomal lips and migrate between the dermomyotome and sclerotome where they terminally differentiate. Here we show that in Pax3-mutant embryos, myotome formation is impaired, displays a defective basal lamina and the regionalization of the structural protein Desmin is lost. In addition, this phenotype is more severe in embryos combining Pax3-null and Pax3 dominant-negative alleles. We identify the adhesion molecule M-Cadherin as a PAX3 target gene, the expression of which is modulated in the myotome according to Pax3 gain- and loss-of-function alleles analyzed. Taken together, we identify M-Cadherin as a PAX3-target linked to the formation of the myotome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Esteves de Lima
- Univ Paris Est Creteil, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), EnvA, Etablissement Français du Sang (EFS), Assistance Publique Hopitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomedicale (IMRB), Creteil, France
| | - Reem Bou Akar
- Univ Paris Est Creteil, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), EnvA, Etablissement Français du Sang (EFS), Assistance Publique Hopitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomedicale (IMRB), Creteil, France
| | - Myriam Mansour
- Univ Paris Est Creteil, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), EnvA, Etablissement Français du Sang (EFS), Assistance Publique Hopitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomedicale (IMRB), Creteil, France
| | - Didier Rocancourt
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Margaret Buckingham
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Relaix
- Univ Paris Est Creteil, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), EnvA, Etablissement Français du Sang (EFS), Assistance Publique Hopitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomedicale (IMRB), Creteil, France
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The lncRNA 44s2 Study Applicability to the Design of 45-55 Exon Skipping Therapeutic Strategy for DMD. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9020219. [PMID: 33672764 PMCID: PMC7924625 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9020219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In skeletal muscle, long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are involved in dystrophin protein stabilization but also in the regulation of myocytes proliferation and differentiation. Hence, they could represent promising therapeutic targets and/or biomarkers for Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy (DMD/BMD). DMD and BMD are X-linked myopathies characterized by a progressive muscular dystrophy with or without dilatative cardiomyopathy. Two-thirds of DMD gene mutations are represented by deletions, and 63% of patients carrying DMD deletions are eligible for 45 to 55 multi-exons skipping (MES), becoming BMD patients (BMDΔ45-55). We analyzed the genomic lncRNA presence in 38 BMDΔ45-55 patients and characterized the lncRNA localized in introns 44 and 55 of the DMD gene. We highlighted that all four lncRNA are differentially expressed during myogenesis in immortalized and primary human myoblasts. In addition, the lncRNA44s2 was pointed out as a possible accelerator of differentiation. Interestingly, lncRNA44s expression was associated with a favorable clinical phenotype. These findings suggest that lncRNA44s2 could be involved in muscle differentiation process and become a potential disease progression biomarker. Based on these results, we support MES45-55 therapy and propose that the design of the CRISPR/Cas9 MES45-55 assay consider the lncRNA sequences bordering the exonic 45 to 55 deletion.
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Viaut C, Weldon S, Münsterberg A. Fine-tuning of the PAX-SIX-EYA-DACH network by multiple microRNAs controls embryo myogenesis. Dev Biol 2021; 469:68-79. [PMID: 33080252 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2020.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs), short non-coding RNAs, which act post-transcriptionally to regulate gene expression, are of widespread significance during development and disease, including muscle disease. Advances in sequencing technology and bioinformatics led to the identification of a large number of miRNAs in vertebrates and other species, however, for many of these miRNAs specific roles have not yet been determined. LNA in situ hybridisation has revealed expression patterns of somite-enriched miRNAs, here we focus on characterising the functions of miR-128. We show that antagomiR-mediated knockdown (KD) of miR-128 in developing chick somites has a negative impact on skeletal myogenesis. Computational analysis identified the transcription factor EYA4 as a candidate target consistent with the observation that miR-128 and EYA4 display similar expression profiles. Luciferase assays confirmed that miR-128 interacts with the EYA4 3'UTR. In vivo experiments also suggest that EYA4 is regulated by miR-128. EYA4 is a member of the PAX-SIX-EYA-DACH (PSED) network of transcription factors. Therefore, we identified additional candidate miRNA binding sites in the 3'UTR of SIX1/4, EYA1/2/3 and DACH1. Using the miRanda algorithm, we found sites for miR-128, as well as for other myogenic miRNAs, miR-1a, miR-206 and miR-133a, some of these were experimentally confirmed as functional miRNA target sites. Our results reveal that miR-128 is involved in regulating skeletal myogenesis by directly targeting EYA4 with indirect effects on other PSED members, including SIX4 and PAX3. Hence, the inhibitory effect on myogenesis observed after miR-128 knockdown was rescued by concomitant knockdown of PAX3. Moreover, we show that the PSED network of transcription factors is co-regulated by multiple muscle-enriched microRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Viaut
- School of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Shannon Weldon
- School of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Andrea Münsterberg
- School of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK.
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Yoshioka K, Kitajima Y, Seko D, Tsuchiya Y, Ono Y. The body region specificity in murine models of muscle regeneration and atrophy. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2021; 231:e13553. [PMID: 32875719 PMCID: PMC7757168 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
AIM Skeletal muscles are distributed throughout the body, presenting a variety of sizes, shapes and functions. Here, we examined whether muscle regeneration and atrophy occurred homogeneously throughout the body in mouse models. METHODS Acute muscle regeneration was induced by a single intramuscular injection of cardiotoxin in adult mice. Chronic muscle regeneration was assessed in mdx mice. Muscle atrophy in different muscles was evaluated by cancer cachexia, ageing and castration mouse models. RESULTS We found that, in the cardiotoxin-injected acute muscle injury model, head muscles slowly regenerated, while limb muscles exhibited a rapid regeneration and even overgrowth. This overgrowth was also observed in limb muscles alone (but not in head muscles) in mdx mice as chronic injury models. We described the body region-specific decline in the muscle mass in muscle atrophy models: cancer cachexia-induced, aged and castrated mice. The positional identities, including gene expression profiles and hormone sensitivity, were robustly preserved in the ectopically engrafted satellite cell-derived muscles in the castrated model. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that positional identities in muscles should be considered for the development of efficient regenerative therapies for muscle weakness, such as muscular dystrophy and age-related sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoshi Yoshioka
- Department of Muscle Development and Regeneration Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics Kumamoto University Kumamoto Japan
| | - Yasuo Kitajima
- Department of Muscle Development and Regeneration Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics Kumamoto University Kumamoto Japan
| | - Daiki Seko
- Department of Muscle Development and Regeneration Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics Kumamoto University Kumamoto Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Tsuchiya
- Department of Muscle Development and Regeneration Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics Kumamoto University Kumamoto Japan
| | - Yusuke Ono
- Department of Muscle Development and Regeneration Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics Kumamoto University Kumamoto Japan
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38
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Weskamp K, Olwin BB, Parker R. Post-Transcriptional Regulation in Skeletal Muscle Development, Repair, and Disease. Trends Mol Med 2020; 27:469-481. [PMID: 33384234 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2020.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle formation is a complex process that requires tight spatiotemporal control of key myogenic factors. Emerging evidence suggests that RNA processing is crucial for the regulation of these factors, and that multiple post-transcriptional regulatory pathways work dependently and independently of one another to enable precise control of transcripts throughout muscle development and repair. Moreover, disruption of these pathways is implicated in neuromuscular disease, and the recent development of RNA-mediated therapies shows enormous promise in the treatment of these disorders. We discuss the overlapping post-transcriptional regulatory pathways that mediate muscle development, how these pathways are disrupted in neuromuscular disorders, and advances in RNA-mediated therapies that present a novel approach to the treatment of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlin Weskamp
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA.
| | - Bradley B Olwin
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Roy Parker
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA.
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39
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Yahya I, Morosan-Puopolo G, Brand-Saberi B. The CXCR4/SDF-1 Axis in the Development of Facial Expression and Non-somitic Neck Muscles. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:615264. [PMID: 33415110 PMCID: PMC7783292 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.615264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Trunk and head muscles originate from distinct embryonic regions: while the trunk muscles derive from the paraxial mesoderm that becomes segmented into somites, the majority of head muscles develops from the unsegmented cranial paraxial mesoderm. Differences in the molecular control of trunk versus head and neck muscles have been discovered about 25 years ago; interestingly, differences in satellite cell subpopulations were also described more recently. Specifically, the satellite cells of the facial expression muscles share properties with heart muscle. In adult vertebrates, neck muscles span the transition zone between head and trunk. Mastication and facial expression muscles derive from the mesodermal progenitor cells that are located in the first and second branchial arches, respectively. The cucullaris muscle (non-somitic neck muscle) originates from the posterior-most branchial arches. Like other subclasses within the chemokines and chemokine receptors, CXCR4 and SDF-1 play essential roles in the migration of cells within a number of various tissues during development. CXCR4 as receptor together with its ligand SDF-1 have mainly been described to regulate the migration of the trunk muscle progenitor cells. This review first underlines our recent understanding of the development of the facial expression (second arch-derived) muscles, focusing on new insights into the migration event and how this embryonic process is different from the development of mastication (first arch-derived) muscles. Other muscles associated with the head, such as non-somitic neck muscles derived from muscle progenitor cells located in the posterior branchial arches, are also in the focus of this review. Implications on human muscle dystrophies affecting the muscles of face and neck are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imadeldin Yahya
- Department of Anatomy and Molecular Embryology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.,Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | | | - Beate Brand-Saberi
- Department of Anatomy and Molecular Embryology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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40
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Wood WM, Otis C, Etemad S, Goldhamer DJ. Development and patterning of rib primordia are dependent on associated musculature. Dev Biol 2020; 468:133-145. [PMID: 32768399 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2020.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The importance of skeletal muscle for rib development and patterning in the mouse embryo has not been resolved, largely because different experimental approaches have yielded disparate results. In this study, we utilize both gene knockouts and muscle cell ablation approaches to re-visit the extent to which rib growth and patterning are dependent on developing musculature. Consistent with previous studies, we show that rib formation is highly dependent on the MYOD family of myogenic regulatory factors (MRFs), and demonstrate that the extent of rib formation is gene-, allele-, and dosage-dependent. In the absence of Myf5 and MyoD, one allele of Mrf4 is sufficient for extensive rib growth, although patterning is abnormal. Under conditions of limiting MRF dosage, MyoD is identified as a positive regulator of rib patterning, presumably due to improved intercostal muscle development. In contrast to previous muscle ablation studies, we show that diphtheria toxin subunit A (DTA)-mediated ablation of muscle progenitors or differentiated muscle, using MyoDiCre or HSA-Cre drivers, respectively, profoundly disrupts rib development. Further, a comparison of three independently derived Rosa26-based DTA knockin alleles demonstrates that the degree of rib perturbations in MyoDiCre/+/DTA embryos is markedly dependent on the DTA allele used, and may in part explain discrepancies with previous findings. The results support the conclusion that the extent and quality of rib formation is largely dependent on the dosage of Myf5 and Mrf4, and that both early myotome-sclerotome interactions, as well as later muscle-rib interactions, are important for proper rib growth and patterning.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M Wood
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Stem Cell Institute, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Chelsea Otis
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Stem Cell Institute, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Shervin Etemad
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Stem Cell Institute, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - David J Goldhamer
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Stem Cell Institute, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA.
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41
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Choi S, Ferrari G, Tedesco FS. Cellular dynamics of myogenic cell migration: molecular mechanisms and implications for skeletal muscle cell therapies. EMBO Mol Med 2020; 12:e12357. [PMID: 33210465 PMCID: PMC7721365 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202012357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Directional cell migration is a critical process underlying morphogenesis and post-natal tissue regeneration. During embryonic myogenesis, migration of skeletal myogenic progenitors is essential to generate the anlagen of limbs, diaphragm and tongue, whereas in post-natal skeletal muscles, migration of muscle satellite (stem) cells towards regions of injury is necessary for repair and regeneration of muscle fibres. Additionally, safe and efficient migration of transplanted cells is critical in cell therapies, both allogeneic and autologous. Although various myogenic cell types have been administered intramuscularly or intravascularly, functional restoration has not been achieved yet in patients with degenerative diseases affecting multiple large muscles. One of the key reasons for this negative outcome is the limited migration of donor cells, which hinders the overall cell engraftment potential. Here, we review mechanisms of myogenic stem/progenitor cell migration during skeletal muscle development and post-natal regeneration. Furthermore, strategies utilised to improve migratory capacity of myogenic cells are examined in order to identify potential treatments that may be applied to future transplantation protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- SungWoo Choi
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, UK.,The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Giulia Ferrari
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Francesco Saverio Tedesco
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, UK.,The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK.,Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
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42
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Evano B, Gill D, Hernando-Herraez I, Comai G, Stubbs TM, Commere PH, Reik W, Tajbakhsh S. Transcriptome and epigenome diversity and plasticity of muscle stem cells following transplantation. PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1009022. [PMID: 33125370 PMCID: PMC7657492 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult skeletal muscles are maintained during homeostasis and regenerated upon injury by muscle stem cells (MuSCs). A heterogeneity in self-renewal, differentiation and regeneration properties has been reported for MuSCs based on their anatomical location. Although MuSCs derived from extraocular muscles (EOM) have a higher regenerative capacity than those derived from limb muscles, the molecular determinants that govern these differences remain undefined. Here we show that EOM and limb MuSCs have distinct DNA methylation signatures associated with enhancers of location-specific genes, and that the EOM transcriptome is reprogrammed following transplantation into a limb muscle environment. Notably, EOM MuSCs expressed host-site specific positional Hox codes after engraftment and self-renewal within the host muscle. However, about 10% of EOM-specific genes showed engraftment-resistant expression, pointing to cell-intrinsic molecular determinants of the higher engraftment potential of EOM MuSCs. Our results underscore the molecular diversity of distinct MuSC populations and molecularly define their plasticity in response to microenvironmental cues. These findings provide insights into strategies designed to improve the functional capacity of MuSCs in the context of regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan Evano
- Stem Cells & Development, Department of Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Dr. Roux, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR 3738, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Diljeet Gill
- Epigenetics Programme, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Glenda Comai
- Stem Cells & Development, Department of Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Dr. Roux, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR 3738, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Thomas M. Stubbs
- Epigenetics Programme, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Pierre-Henri Commere
- Cytometry and Biomarkers, Center for Technological Resources and Research, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Dr. Roux, Paris, France
| | - Wolf Reik
- Epigenetics Programme, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Shahragim Tajbakhsh
- Stem Cells & Development, Department of Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Dr. Roux, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR 3738, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Fetuses of diabetic mothers are at increased risk for congenital malformations. Research in recent decades using animal and embryonic stem cell models has revealed many embryonic developmental processes that are disturbed by maternal diabetes. The aim of this review is to give clinicians a better understanding of the reasons for rigorous glycemic control in early pregnancy, and to provide background to guide future research. RECENT FINDINGS Mouse models of diabetic pregnancy have revealed mechanisms for altered expression of tissue-specific genes that lead to malformations that are more common in diabetic pregnancies, such as neural tube defects (NTDs) and congenital heart defects (CHDs), and how altered gene expression causes apoptosis that leads to malformations. Embryos express the glucose transporter, GLUT2, which confers susceptibility to malformation, due to high rates of glucose uptake during maternal hyperglycemia and subsequent oxidative stress; however, the teleological function of GLUT2 for mammalian embryos may be to transport the amino sugar glucosamine (GlcN) from maternal circulation to be used as substrate for glycosylation reactions and to promote embryo cell growth. Malformations in diabetic pregnancy may be not only due to excess glucose uptake but also due to insufficient GlcN uptake. Avoiding maternal hyperglycemia during early pregnancy should prevent excess glucose uptake via GLUT2 into embryo cells, and also permit sufficient GLUT2-mediated GlcN uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary R Loeken
- Section on Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Department of Medicine, Joslin Diabetes Center and Harvard Medical School, One Joslin Place, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
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Ge L, Yang J, Gong X, Kang J, Zhang Y, Liu X, Quan F. Bovine CAPN3 core promoter initiates expression of foreign genes in skeletal muscle cells by MyoD transcriptional regulation. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2020; 127:105837. [PMID: 32827763 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2020.105837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Activating foreign genes in bovine skeletal muscle is necessary in the study of the role of related genes in skeletal muscle development and the effects on skeletal muscle formation, especially in the study of transgenic cattle. At this time, a skeletal muscle-specific promoter should be selected to initiate a functional foreign gene. Here, calpain3 (CAPN3) was found to be highly expressed in skeletal muscle and skeletal muscle cells by real-time PCR. Next, 5' deletion analysis of the bovine CAPN3 promoter was performed and showed that Q5(-495/+40) region was the core promoter of the bovine CAPN3. A key regulatory site (-465/-453) in CAPN3 core promoter was associated with the transcription factor, MyoD, which is a skeletal muscle-specific transcription factor. Furthermore, the mRNA and protein expression levels of MyoD and CAPN3 were positively correlated during skeletal muscle cell differentiation. The overexpression of MyoD enhanced the activity of the bovine CAPN3 core promoter. The core promoter Q5(-495/+40) could drive the exogenous gene EGFP and the fat-specific expression gene PPARγ in skeletal muscle cells. In summary, our study obtained a bovine skeletal muscle-specific promoter and provided a basis for studying the role of functional genes in the growth and development of skeletal muscle. It also provides a basis for studying the transcriptional regulation mechanism of CAPN3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luxing Ge
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Jiashu Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Xutong Gong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Jian Kang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Xu Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
| | - Fusheng Quan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
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45
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Understanding paraxial mesoderm development and sclerotome specification for skeletal repair. Exp Mol Med 2020; 52:1166-1177. [PMID: 32788657 PMCID: PMC8080658 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-020-0482-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) are attractive regenerative therapy tools for skeletal tissues. However, a deep understanding of skeletal development is required in order to model this development with PSCs, and for the application of PSCs in clinical settings. Skeletal tissues originate from three types of cell populations: the paraxial mesoderm, lateral plate mesoderm, and neural crest. The paraxial mesoderm gives rise to the sclerotome mainly through somitogenesis. In this process, key developmental processes, including initiation of the segmentation clock, formation of the determination front, and the mesenchymal–epithelial transition, are sequentially coordinated. The sclerotome further forms vertebral columns and contributes to various other tissues, such as tendons, vessels (including the dorsal aorta), and even meninges. To understand the molecular mechanisms underlying these developmental processes, extensive studies have been conducted. These studies have demonstrated that a gradient of activities involving multiple signaling pathways specify the embryonic axis and induce cell-type-specific master transcription factors in a spatiotemporal manner. Moreover, applying the knowledge of mesoderm development, researchers have attempted to recapitulate the in vivo development processes in in vitro settings, using mouse and human PSCs. In this review, we summarize the state-of-the-art understanding of mesoderm development and in vitro modeling of mesoderm development using PSCs. We also discuss future perspectives on the use of PSCs to generate skeletal tissues for basic research and clinical applications. A deeper understanding of skeletal tissue development and improvements in tissue engineering will help pluripotent stem cell (PSC) therapies to reach their full potential for skeletal repair. The paraxial mesoderm, an embryonic germ layer, is crucial to the formation of healthy axial skeleton. Shoichiro Tani at the University of Tokyo, Japan, and co-workers reviewed current understanding of paraxial mesoderm development and studies involving in vitro PSC skeletal modeling. The formation of the paraxial mesoderm and associated connective tissues comprises multiple stages, and studies in vertebrate embryos have uncovered critical signaling pathways and cellular components important to PSC modeling. Although many individual cellular components can now be modeled, it remains challenging to recreate three-dimensional skeletal tissues. Such an achievement would facilitate a functioning model of bone metabolism, the next step in achieving skeletal regeneration.
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46
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Florkowska A, Meszka I, Zawada M, Legutko D, Proszynski TJ, Janczyk-Ilach K, Streminska W, Ciemerych MA, Grabowska I. Pax7 as molecular switch regulating early and advanced stages of myogenic mouse ESC differentiation in teratomas. Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 11:238. [PMID: 32552916 PMCID: PMC7301568 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-020-01742-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pluripotent stem cells present the ability to self-renew and undergo differentiation into any cell type building an organism. Importantly, a lot of evidence on embryonic stem cell (ESC) differentiation comes from in vitro studies. However, ESCs cultured in vitro do not necessarily behave as cells differentiating in vivo. For this reason, we used teratomas to study early and advanced stages of in vivo ESC myogenic differentiation and the role of Pax7 in this process. Pax7 transcription factor plays a crucial role in the formation and differentiation of skeletal muscle precursor cells during embryonic development. It controls the expression of other myogenic regulators and also acts as an anti-apoptotic factor. It is also involved in the formation and maintenance of satellite cell population. Methods In vivo approach we used involved generation and analysis of pluripotent stem cell-derived teratomas. Such model allows to analyze early and also terminal stages of tissue differentiation, for example, terminal stages of myogenesis, including the formation of innervated and vascularized mature myofibers. Results We determined how the lack of Pax7 function affects the generation of different myofiber types. In Pax7−/− teratomas, the skeletal muscle tissue occupied significantly smaller area, as compared to Pax7+/+ ones. The proportion of myofibers expressing Myh3 and Myh2b did not differ between Pax7+/+ and Pax7−/− teratomas. However, the area of Myh7 and Myh2a myofibers was significantly lower in Pax7−/− ones. Molecular characteristic of skeletal muscles revealed that the levels of mRNAs coding Myh isoforms were significantly lower in Pax7−/− teratomas. The level of mRNAs encoding Pax3 was significantly higher, while the expression of Nfix, Eno3, Mck, Mef2a, and Itga7 was significantly lower in Pax7−/− teratomas, as compared to Pax7+/+ ones. We proved that the number of satellite cells in Pax7−/− teratomas was significantly reduced. Finally, analysis of neuromuscular junction localization in samples prepared with the iDISCO method confirmed that the organization of neuromuscular junctions in Pax7−/− teratomas was impaired. Conclusions Pax7−/− ESCs differentiate in vivo to embryonic myoblasts more readily than Pax7+/+ cells. In the absence of functional Pax7, initiation of myogenic differentiation is facilitated, and as a result, the expression of mesoderm embryonic myoblast markers is upregulated. However, in the absence of functional Pax7 neuromuscular junctions, formation is abnormal, what results in lower differentiation potential of Pax7−/− ESCs during advanced stages of myogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Florkowska
- Department of Cytology, Institute of Developmental Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Igor Meszka
- Department of Cytology, Institute of Developmental Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Zawada
- Department of Cytology, Institute of Developmental Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Diana Legutko
- Department of Cytology, Institute of Developmental Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.,Laboratory of Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz J Proszynski
- Laboratory of Synaptogenesis, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.,Present Address: Lukasiewicz Research Network - PORT Polish Center for Technology Development, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Janczyk-Ilach
- Department of Cytology, Institute of Developmental Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wladyslawa Streminska
- Department of Cytology, Institute of Developmental Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maria A Ciemerych
- Department of Cytology, Institute of Developmental Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Iwona Grabowska
- Department of Cytology, Institute of Developmental Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
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47
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Vyas B, Nandkishore N, Sambasivan R. Vertebrate cranial mesoderm: developmental trajectory and evolutionary origin. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:1933-1945. [PMID: 31722070 PMCID: PMC11105048 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03373-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Vertebrate cranial mesoderm is a discrete developmental unit compared to the mesoderm below the developing neck. An extraordinary feature of the cranial mesoderm is that it includes a common progenitor pool contributing to the chambered heart and the craniofacial skeletal muscles. This striking developmental potential and the excitement it generated led to advances in our understanding of cranial mesoderm developmental mechanism. Remarkably, recent findings have begun to unravel the origin of its distinct developmental characteristics. Here, we take a detailed view of the ontogenetic trajectory of cranial mesoderm and its regulatory network. Based on the emerging evidence, we propose that cranial and posterior mesoderm diverge at the earliest step of the process that patterns the mesoderm germ layer along the anterior-posterior body axis. Further, we discuss the latest evidence and their impact on our current understanding of the evolutionary origin of cranial mesoderm. Overall, the review highlights the findings from contemporary research, which lays the foundation to probe the molecular basis of unique developmental potential and evolutionary origin of cranial mesoderm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhakti Vyas
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bengaluru, 560065, India
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, India
| | - Nitya Nandkishore
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bengaluru, 560065, India
- SASTRA University, Thirumalaisamudram, Thanjavur, 613401, India
| | - Ramkumar Sambasivan
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Tirupati, Transit Campus, Karakambadi Road, Rami Reddy Nagar, Mangalam, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, 517507, India.
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48
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Maire P, Dos Santos M, Madani R, Sakakibara I, Viaut C, Wurmser M. Myogenesis control by SIX transcriptional complexes. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 104:51-64. [PMID: 32247726 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
SIX homeoproteins were first described in Drosophila, where they participate in the Pax-Six-Eya-Dach (PSED) network with eyeless, eyes absent and dachsund to drive synergistically eye development through genetic and biochemical interactions. The role of the PSED network and SIX proteins in muscle formation in vertebrates was subsequently identified. Evolutionary conserved interactions with EYA and DACH proteins underlie the activity of SIX transcriptional complexes (STC) both during embryogenesis and in adult myofibers. Six genes are expressed throughout muscle development, in embryonic and adult proliferating myogenic stem cells and in fetal and adult post-mitotic myofibers, where SIX proteins regulate the expression of various categories of genes. In vivo, SIX proteins control many steps of muscle development, acting through feedforward mechanisms: in the embryo for myogenic fate acquisition through the direct control of Myogenic Regulatory Factors; in adult myofibers for their contraction/relaxation and fatigability properties through the control of genes involved in metabolism, sarcomeric organization and calcium homeostasis. Furthermore, during development and in the adult, SIX homeoproteins participate in the genesis and the maintenance of myofibers diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Maire
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, 75014, Paris, France.
| | | | - Rouba Madani
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Iori Sakakibara
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Camille Viaut
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Maud Wurmser
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology (IMB), Umeå universitet, Sweden
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49
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Mechanism of muscle–tendon–bone complex development in the head. Anat Sci Int 2020; 95:165-173. [DOI: 10.1007/s12565-019-00523-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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50
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Exploring the Interface between Inflammatory and Therapeutic Glucocorticoid Induced Bone and Muscle Loss. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20225768. [PMID: 31744114 PMCID: PMC6888251 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20225768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to their potent immunomodulatory anti-inflammatory properties, synthetic glucocorticoids (GCs) are widely utilized in the treatment of chronic inflammatory disease. In this review, we examine our current understanding of how chronic inflammation and commonly used therapeutic GCs interact to regulate bone and muscle metabolism. Whilst both inflammation and therapeutic GCs directly promote systemic osteoporosis and muscle wasting, the mechanisms whereby they achieve this are distinct. Importantly, their interactions in vivo are greatly complicated secondary to the directly opposing actions of GCs on a wide array of pro-inflammatory signalling pathways that underpin catabolic and anti-anabolic metabolism. Several clinical studies have attempted to address the net effects of therapeutic glucocorticoids on inflammatory bone loss and muscle wasting using a range of approaches. These have yielded a wide array of results further complicated by the nature of inflammatory disease, underlying the disease management and regimen of GC therapy. Here, we report the latest findings related to these pathway interactions and explore the latest insights from murine models of disease aimed at modelling these processes and delineating the contribution of pre-receptor steroid metabolism. Understanding these processes remains paramount in the effective management of patients with chronic inflammatory disease.
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