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Reidy MG, Hartwick ATE, Mutti DO. The association between pupillary responses and axial length in children differs as a function of season. Sci Rep 2024; 14:598. [PMID: 38182869 PMCID: PMC10770316 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-51199-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The association between pupillary responses to repeated stimuli and adult refractive error has been previously demonstrated. This study evaluated whether this association exists in children and if it varies by season. Fifty children aged 8-17 years (average: 11.55 ± 2.75 years, 31 females) with refractive error between + 1.51 and - 5.69 diopters (non-cycloplegic) participated (n = 27 in summer, and n = 23 in winter). The RAPDx pupilometer measured pupil sizes while stimuli oscillated between colored light and dark at 0.1 Hz in three sequences: (1) alternating red and blue, (2) red-only, and (3) blue-only. The primary outcome was the difference in pupillary responses between the blue-only and red-only sequences. Pupillary constriction was greater in response to blue light than to red for those with shorter eyes in summer (β = - 9.42, P = 0.034) but not in winter (β = 3.42, P = 0.54). Greater constriction comprised faster pupillary escape following red light onset and slower redilation following stimulus offset of both colors (P = 0.017, 0.036, 0.035 respectively). The association between axial length and children's pupillary responses in summer, but not winter may be explained by greater light-associated release of retinal dopamine in summer. Shorter eyes' more robust responses are consistent with greater light exposure inhibiting axial elongation and reducing myopia risk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Donald O Mutti
- The Ohio State University College of Optometry, Columbus, USA
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Sun R, Peng Q, Zhang F, Gao H, Li T, Wang L, Zhang L. Effect of vascular endothelial growth factor 165 on dopamine level in the retinas of guinea pigs with form-deprivation myopia. PeerJ 2023; 11:e16255. [PMID: 37849827 PMCID: PMC10578302 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Myopia is the most common refractive error because excessive increase in the axial length of a myopic eye leads to the thinning of the posterior scleral pole and can cause serious complications resulting in blindness. Thus, myopia has become a great concern worldwide. Dopamine (DA) plays a role in the development of myopia. Moreover, in Parkinson's disease, it has been proved that vascular endothelial growth factor 165 (VEGF165) can promote the survival and recovery of DA neurons, resulting in increased DA secretion in the striatum, thereby treating neuropathy. Therefore, we speculate that VEGF165 can also promote the release of DA in the retina to inhibit the occurrence and development of myopia. We aimed to investigate the effect of VEGF165 on DA levels in the retinas of guinea pigs with form-deprivation myopia (FDM) and the effects of DA on myopia prevention and control. Methods Healthy 3-week-old pigmented guinea pigs were randomly divided into blank, FDM, phosphate buffer saline (PBS), 1, 5, and 10 ng groups. The FDM model was established by covering the right eye continuously with a translucent latex balloon pullover for 14 days. The pigs in the PBS, 1, 5, and 10 ng groups were injected with PBS buffer and 1, 5, and 10 ng of VEGF165 recombinant human protein, respectively, in the vitreous of the right eye before masking. The refractive error and axial length were measured before and after modeling. All retinas were used for biomolecular analyses after 14 days. Results We found that the intravitreal injection of VEGF165 elevated DA levels in the retina and was effective in slowing the progression of myopia, and 1 ng of VEGF165 was the most effective. Moreover, the number of vascular endothelial cell nuclei in the 1 ng group was lower than that in the other VEGF165 groups. Conclusions Our data suggest that VEGF165 has a promoting effect on DA in the retinas of guinea pigs with FDM, potentially controlling the development of myopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiting Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong Province, China
| | - Qingsheng Peng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong Province, China
| | - Fengyi Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong Province, China
| | - Honglian Gao
- Medical Research Center, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong Province, China
| | - Tong Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong Province, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong Province, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong Province, China
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Poudel S, Rahimi-Nasrabadi H, Jin J, Najafian S, Alonso JM. Differences in visual stimulation between reading and walking and implications for myopia development. J Vis 2023; 23:3. [PMID: 37014657 PMCID: PMC10080958 DOI: 10.1167/jov.23.4.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Visual input plays an important role in the development of myopia (nearsightedness), a visual disorder that blurs vision at far distances. The risk of myopia progression increases with the time spent reading and decreases with outdoor activity for reasons that remain poorly understood. To investigate the stimulus parameters driving this disorder, we compared the visual input to the retina of humans performing two tasks associated with different risks of myopia progression, reading and walking. Human subjects performed the two tasks while wearing glasses with cameras and sensors that recorded visual scenes and visuomotor activity. When compared with walking, reading black text in white background reduced spatiotemporal contrast in central vision and increased it in peripheral vision, leading to a pronounced reduction in the ratio of central/peripheral strength of visual stimulation. It also made the luminance distribution heavily skewed toward negative dark contrast in central vision and positive light contrast in peripheral vision, decreasing the central/peripheral stimulation ratio of ON visual pathways. It also decreased fixation distance, blink rate, pupil size, and head-eye coordination reflexes dominated by ON pathways. Taken together with previous work, these results support the hypothesis that reading drives myopia progression by understimulating ON visual pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Poudel
- Department of Biological and Visual Sciences, SUNY College of Optometry, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hamed Rahimi-Nasrabadi
- Department of Biological and Visual Sciences, SUNY College of Optometry, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jianzhong Jin
- Department of Biological and Visual Sciences, SUNY College of Optometry, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sohrab Najafian
- Department of Biological and Visual Sciences, SUNY College of Optometry, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jose-Manuel Alonso
- Department of Biological and Visual Sciences, SUNY College of Optometry, New York, NY, USA
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Liu Y, Meng D, Wang Y, Wang X, Xue C, Hao R, Zhang W. Ocular biological parameters and prevalence of myopia in vocational high school and general high school in China. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1100437. [PMID: 37020816 PMCID: PMC10067628 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1100437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2023] Open
Abstract
SignificanceHigher prevalence of myopia is possibly associated with more extended schooling schedules. Therefore, adjustments to high school curricula may aid in reducing the prevalence of myopia among adolescents.PurposeTo investigate the prevalence of myopia among 15- to 18-year-old adolescents in Tianjin, China, and to evaluate the impact of different educational schedules on the prevalence of myopia among high school students.MethodsThis is a school-based epidemiological study with a cross-sectional design. Ocular biological parameters and noncycloplegic photorefraction were examined using optical biometry devices and photoscreener devices. Each student’s spherical equivalent (SE) and ocular biometry were recorded, and the prevalence of myopia was calculated.ResultsA total of 2,867 participants (1,519 males and 1,348 females) were tested for non-cycloplegic refraction, axial length (AL), central corneal thickness (CCT), anterior chamber depth (ACD) and lens thickness (LT). In this research, the overall prevalence of myopia was 81.6%, with high myopia accounting for 11.8%. Myopia prevalence was substantially higher in general high schools than in vocational high schools, with 86.1 and 70.1%, respectively. There were no significant differences in the prevalence of myopia (p = 0.744) or high myopia (p = 0.851) across the three vocational school years. In the general high school, however, there was an increase of 4.6% (p < 0.05) in myopia prevalence between year 10 and year12.ConclusionComparing vocational and standard high school students, there are considerable disparities in prevalence of myopia, spherical equivalent, and ocular biological parameters. The prevalence of myopia and high myopia increased among standard high school students, but remained relatively consistent among students in vocational schools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin Key Lab of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Nankai University Affiliated Eye Hospital, Clinical College of Ophthalmology Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Dexin Meng
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yun Wang
- Tianjin Occupational Diseases Precaution and Therapeutic Hospital (Tianjin Workers’ Hospital), Tianjin, China
| | - Xuechun Wang
- Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin Key Lab of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Nankai University Affiliated Eye Hospital, Clinical College of Ophthalmology Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Caihong Xue
- Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin Key Lab of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Nankai University Affiliated Eye Hospital, Clinical College of Ophthalmology Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Rui Hao
- Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin Key Lab of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Nankai University Affiliated Eye Hospital, Clinical College of Ophthalmology Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- *Correspondence: Rui Hao,
| | - Wei Zhang
- Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin Key Lab of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Nankai University Affiliated Eye Hospital, Clinical College of Ophthalmology Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Wei Zhang,
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Liu Z, Wang Q, Zhao Q, Gao F, Jin N, Wang D, Wang B, Du B, Wei R. Association between whole-grain intake and myopia in chinese children: a cross-sectional epidemiological study. BMC Ophthalmol 2023; 23:1. [PMID: 36593443 PMCID: PMC9809013 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-022-02764-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nutritional status influences the growth and development of the eyes. However, there are few studies on the association between diet, especially whole grains (WG) consumption, and myopia. The study aimed to evaluate the association between WG intake and myopia prevalence among primary school-age children in China. METHODS This cross-sectional epidemiological study conducted between November 2019 and December 2019 included 586 children, aged 6-12 years, attending primary school in Binhai district, Tianjin, China. Ophthalmologic examinations and optometric cycloplegic refraction measurements were conducted. Information was collected on known risks and protective factors for myopia and the consumption of WGs, vegetables, and fruits. This association between the probability of myopia and the proportion of WG consumption (WG proportion was calculated as the mean intake from WG sources divided by total grain intake), adjusted for protective and risk factors, was analysed using crude and multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS Among the study participants, 226/586 (38.57%) children had myopia in at least one eye. WG intake was inversely correlated with the prevalence of myopia. Furthermore, in the multivariate analysis, WG intake of > 50% was identified as a protective factor against myopia after subsequent adjustment for children's age, sex, parental myopia, near-work activity, screen time, reading and writing habits, visual fatigue, outdoor time, and classroom light environment (all P < 0.05). CONCLUSION WG intake (> 50%) was an independent protective factor against myopia. Modifying the form of grains consumed (whole versus refined) could be one of the targets of future public health measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuzhu Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute, School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Qingxin Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute, School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Qianyu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Fei Gao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute, School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Nan Jin
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute, School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Di Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute, School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Biying Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute, School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Bei Du
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute, School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China.
| | - Ruihua Wei
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute, School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China.
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Bhandari KR, Ostrin LA. Objective measures of viewing behaviour in children during near tasks. Clin Exp Optom 2022; 105:746-753. [PMID: 34538208 PMCID: PMC8933286 DOI: 10.1080/08164622.2021.1971049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
CLINICAL RELEVANCE Objective assessment of near viewing behaviours performed in a laboratory setting showed that children demonstrate differing viewing distances and angles based on the type of task. Findings will contribute to our understanding of how near work influences myopia. BACKGROUND Evidence suggests that near working distance and viewing breaks are associated with myopia. The purpose of this study was to use an objective, continuously measuring range finding device to examine these viewing behaviours in children. METHODS Viewing distance, number of breaks, and head and eye angles were assessed in 16 non-myopic and 19 myopic children (ages 13.38 ± 4.14 years) using the Clouclip, an objective rangefinder, during five 15-minute near tasks, including (a) passive reading and (b) active writing on printed material, (c) passive viewing and (d) active engagement on an iPad, and (e) active engagement on a cell phone. Height and Harmon distance were measured. Viewing behaviours were analysed by task, refractive error group, and gender. RESULTS Mean viewing distances significantly differed by task (P < 0.001) and were highly correlated with children's Harmon distance and height for all near tasks (P < 0.05), except for the active printed task (P > 0.05). Viewing distances did not differ by gender or refractive error group. During each task, mean number of viewing breaks was 2.6 ± 4.1 and did not vary between task (P = 0.92) or refractive error group (P = 0.65). Head declination and total viewing angle varied by type of near task (P < 0.001 for both). CONCLUSION Children demonstrated differing viewing distances and viewing angles based on the type of near task they were performing. Viewing behaviours did not vary between myopic and non-myopic children. Findings will contribute to a better understanding of how near viewing behaviours can be quantified objectively and relationships with myopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khob R Bhandari
- University of Houston College of Optometry, 4901 Calhoun Rd, Houston, TX, 77204 USA
| | - Lisa A Ostrin
- University of Houston College of Optometry, 4901 Calhoun Rd, Houston, TX, 77204 USA
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this article was to comprehensively review the relationship between light exposure and myopia with a focus on the effects of the light wavelength, illuminance, and contrast on the occurrence and progression of myopia. METHODS This review was performed by searching PubMed data sets including research articles and reviews utilizing the terms "light", "myopia", "refractive error", and "illuminance", and the review was concluded in November 2021. Myopia onset and progression were closely linked with emmetropization and hyperopia. To better elucidate the mechanism of myopia, some of the articles that focused on this topic were included. This article is based on previously conducted studies and does not contain any new studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors. RESULTS The pathogenesis and prevention of myopia are not completely clear. Studies have provided evidence supporting the idea that light could affect eye growth in three ways. Changing the corresponding conditions will cause changes in the growth rate and mode of the eyes, and preliminary results have shown that FR/NIR (far red/near-infrared) light is effective for myopia in juveniles. CONCLUSION This review discusses the results of studies on the effects of light exposure on myopia with the aims of providing clues and a theoretical basis for the use of light to control the development of myopia and offering new ideas for subsequent studies.
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Myopia Genetics and Heredity. CHILDREN 2022; 9:children9030382. [PMID: 35327754 PMCID: PMC8947159 DOI: 10.3390/children9030382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Myopia is the most common eye condition leading to visual impairment and is greatly influenced by genetics. Over the last two decades, more than 400 associated gene loci have been mapped for myopia and refractive errors via family linkage analyses, candidate gene studies, genome-wide association studies (GWAS), and next-generation sequencing (NGS). Lifestyle factors, such as excessive near work and short outdoor time, are the primary external factors affecting myopia onset and progression. Notably, besides becoming a global health issue, myopia is more prevalent and severe among East Asians than among Caucasians, especially individuals of Chinese, Japanese, and Korean ancestry. Myopia, especially high myopia, can be serious in consequences. The etiology of high myopia is complex. Prediction for progression of myopia to high myopia can help with prevention and early interventions. Prediction models are thus warranted for risk stratification. There have been vigorous investigations on molecular genetics and lifestyle factors to establish polygenic risk estimations for myopia. However, genes causing myopia have to be identified in order to shed light on pathogenesis and pathway mechanisms. This report aims to examine current evidence regarding (1) the genetic architecture of myopia; (2) currently associated myopia loci identified from the OMIM database, genetic association studies, and NGS studies; (3) gene-environment interactions; and (4) the prediction of myopia via polygenic risk scores (PRSs). The report also discusses various perspectives on myopia genetics and heredity.
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Li Q, Zhu H, Fan M, Sun J, Reinach PS, Wang Y, Qu J, Zhou X, Zhao F. Form-deprivation myopia downregulates calcium levels in retinal horizontal cells in mice. Exp Eye Res 2022; 218:109018. [PMID: 35240197 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2022.109018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The process of eye axis lengthening in myopic eyes is regulated by multiple mechanisms in the retina, and horizontal cells (HCs) are an essential interneuron in the visual regulatory system. Wherein intracellular Ca2+ plays an important role in the events involved in the regulatory role of HCs in the retinal neural network. It is unknown if intracellular Ca2+ regulation in HCs mediates changes in the retinal neural network during myopia progression. We describe here a novel calcium fluorescence indicator system that monitors HCs' intracellular Ca2+ levels during form-deprivation myopia (FDM) in mice. AAV injection of GCaMP6s, as a protein calcium sensor, into a Gja10-Cre mouse monitored the changes in Ca2+signaling in HC that accompany FDM progression in mice. An alternative Gja10-Cre/Ai96-GCaMP6s mouse model was created by cross mating Gja10-Cre with Ai96 mice. Immunofluorescence imaging and live imaging of the retinal cells verified the identity of these animal models. Changes in retinal horizontal cellular Ca2+ levels were resolved during FDM development. The numbers of GCaMP6s and the proportion of HCs were tracked based on profiling changes in GCaMP6s+calbindin+/calbindin+ coimmunostaining patterns. They significantly decreased more after either two days (P < 0.01) or two weeks (P < 0.001) in form deprived eyes than in the untreated fellow eyes. These decreases in their proportion reached significance only in the retinal central region rather than also in the retinal periphery. A novel approach employing a GCaMP6s mouse model was developed that may ultimately clarify if HCs mediate Ca2+ signals that contribute to controlling FDM progression in mice. The results indicate so far that FDM progression is associated with declines in HC Ca2+ signaling activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qihang Li
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - He Zhu
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Miaomiao Fan
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jing Sun
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Peter S Reinach
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuhan Wang
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jia Qu
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; Research Unit of Myopia Basic Research and Clinical Prevention and Control, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU025), Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; Oujiang Laboratory, Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiangtian Zhou
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; Research Unit of Myopia Basic Research and Clinical Prevention and Control, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU025), Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; Oujiang Laboratory, Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Fuxin Zhao
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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Gan J, Wang N, Li S, Wang B, Kang M, Wei S, Guo J, Liu L, Li H. Effect of Age and Refractive Error on Local and Global Visual Perception in Chinese Children and Adolescents. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:740003. [PMID: 35153705 PMCID: PMC8831691 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.740003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study investigated the impact of age and myopia on visual form perception among Chinese school-age children. METHODS This cross-sectional study included 1,074 students with a mean age of 12.1 ± 4.7 (range = 7.3-18.9) years. The mean spherical equivalence refraction (SER) of the participants was -1.45 ± 2.07 D. All participants underwent distance visual acuity (VA), refraction measurement and local and global visual form perception test including orientation, parallelism, collinearity, holes and color discrimination tasks. RESULTS The reaction times of emmetropes were slower than those of myopic and high myopic groups on both local (orientation, parallelism, and collinearity) and global discrimination tasks (all p < 0.05). A reduction in reaction times was found with increasing age on both local and global discrimination tasks (all p < 0.05). Age was significantly associated with both local and global visual perception performance after adjusting for gender, visual acuity and SER (orientation, β = -0.54, p < 0.001; parallelism, β = -0.365, p < 0.001; collinearity, β = -0.28, p < 0.001; holes, β = -0.319, p < 0.001; color, β = -0.346, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS This study revealed that both local and global visual perception improve with age among Chinese children and that myopes seem to have better visual perception than emmetropes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahe Gan
- Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ningli Wang
- Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shiming Li
- Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mengtian Kang
- Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shifei Wei
- Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | | | | | - He Li
- Anyang Eye Hospital, Anyang, China
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Yang J, Ouyang X, Fu H, Hou X, Liu Y, Xie Y, Yu H, Wang G. Advances in biomedical study of the myopia-related signaling pathways and mechanisms. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 145:112472. [PMID: 34861634 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Myopia has become one of the most critical health problems in the world with the increasing time spent indoors and increasing close work. Pathological myopia may have multiple complications, such as myopic macular degeneration, retinal detachment, cataracts, open-angle glaucoma, and severe cases that can cause blindness. Mounting evidence suggests that the cause of myopia can be attributed to the complex interaction of environmental exposure and genetic susceptibility. An increasing number of researchers have focused on the genetic pathogenesis of myopia in recent years. Scleral remodeling and excessive axial elongating induced retina thinning and even retinal detachment are myopia's most important pathological manifestations. The related signaling pathways are indispensable in myopia occurrence and development, such as dopamine, nitric oxide, TGF-β, HIF-1α, etc. We review the current major and recent progress of biomedicine on myopia-related signaling pathways and mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Xinli Ouyang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Hong Fu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Xinyu Hou
- School of Life Science and Technology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261031, China
| | - Yongfang Xie
- School of Life Science and Technology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China.
| | - Haiqun Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261031, China.
| | - Guohui Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China.
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Barba-Gallardo LF, Salas-Hernández LH, Villafán-Bernal JR, Marín-Nájera PDS, García-López DM, López-Garcia ADC, Castro-Quezada I. Refractive status of patients attending eye clinics of the Public Health System from Aguascalientes, Mexico. JOURNAL OF OPTOMETRY 2021; 14:328-334. [PMID: 34167928 PMCID: PMC8569395 DOI: 10.1016/j.optom.2020.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This paper aims to evaluate the prevalence of REs in a clinic from Aguascalientes, Mexico by analysing clinical records from the local public health system. Refractive errors (REs) are quite common globally, but no data have been published regarding their frequency in clinics from Mexico. A priori, the frequency of ametropias should be high as admixture ancestry from this region is mainly European and Amerindian, the regions with high prevalence worldwide. METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted on 2195 subjects from records of public optometry services during the year 2018. Information obtained included age, gender, sphere, cylinder and axis. The prevalence of myopia, hyperopia and astigmatism was determined by gender and age groups in paediatric and adult patients. Chi-square testing was applied to determine significant differences in prevalence across age groups and gender. A p-value <0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS In subjects under 18 years of age, the prevalence of emmetropia, astigmatism, myopia and hyperopia was 20.1%, 51.1%, 7.0% and 11.8%, respectively. In adults, emmetropia was present at a frequency of 20.1%, while 57.1% presented astigmatism, 12.4% hyperopia and 8.6% presented myopia. A significant association was observed between the presence of REs and age and gender. CONCLUSIONS In this first report of prevalence of REs from western Mexico, astigmatism was the most prevalent RE in children, adolescents and adults while the least common was myopia. Important differences were found in prevalence in comparison to national and international reports.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Diana Miranda García-López
- Departamento de Medicina, Centro de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, México
| | | | - Itandehui Castro-Quezada
- Departamento de Nutrición, Centro de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, México
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13
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Shi H, Fu J, Liu X, Wang Y, Yong X, Jiang L, Ma S, Yin Z, Yao J, Yao X, Chen X, Wang T. Influence of the interaction between parental myopia and poor eye habits when reading and writing and poor reading posture on prevalence of myopia in school students in Urumqi, China. BMC Ophthalmol 2021; 21:299. [PMID: 34391397 PMCID: PMC8364037 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-021-02058-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To evaluate the prevalence of myopia in school students in Urumqi, China, and explore the influence of the interaction between parental myopia and poor reading and writing habits on myopia to identify the at-risk population and provide evidence to help school students avoid developing myopia. Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted with 6,883 school students aged 7–20 years in Urumqi in December 2019. The Standard Eye Chart and mydriatic optometry were used to determine whether students had myopia. Falconer’s method was used to calculate the heritability of parental myopia. Multivariate unconditional logistic regression models were used to analyze the risk factors for myopia and the additive and multiplicative interaction of parental myopia and poor reading and writing habits. Results After standardizing the age of the 6,883 students, the overall prevalence rate of myopia was 47.50 %. The heritability of parental myopia was 66.57 % for boys, 67.82 % for girls, 65.02 % for the Han group, and 52.71 % for other ethnicities. There were additive interactions between parental myopia and poor reading and writing habits; among them, parental myopia and poor eye habits when reading and writing (the distance between the eyes and book is less than 30 cm when reading and writing, fingers block the sight of one eye while holding the pen, and leaning one’s body when reading and writing; habit 1) increased the risk of myopia by 10.99 times (odds ratio [OR] = 10.99, 95 % confidence interval [CI] = 8.33–14.68), parental myopia and poor reading posture (reading while lying down, walking, or in the car; habit 2) increased the risk of myopia by 5.92 times (OR = 5.92, 95 % CI = 4.84–7.27). There was no multiplicative interaction between parental myopia and habit 1 or habit 2 (OR = 0.69, 95 % CI = 0.44–1.08; OR = 0.89, 95 % CI = 0.66–1.21, respectively). Conclusion The prevalence of myopia among students in Urumqi, Xinjiang is relatively high. The risk of developing myopia is affected by parental myopia and poor reading and writing habits. In addition, parental myopia amplifies the harm caused by poor reading and writing habits, thereby increasing the risk of myopia. Students with parents who have myopia should be targeted during myopia prevention efforts. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12886-021-02058-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haonan Shi
- School of Public Health, Xinjiang Medical University, 830011, Urumqi, China
| | - Jing Fu
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital, Xinjiang Medical University, 830000, Urumqi, China
| | - Xiaojing Liu
- Health Care Guidance Centre in Primary and Secondary Schools, 830002, Urumqi, China
| | - Yingxia Wang
- School of Nursing & Health Management, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, 201318, Shanghai, China
| | - Xianting Yong
- School of Public Health, Xinjiang Medical University, 830011, Urumqi, China
| | - Lan Jiang
- Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital of Uygur Autonomous Region, 830002, Urumqi, China
| | - Shaowei Ma
- School of Public Health, Xinjiang Medical University, 830011, Urumqi, China
| | - Zhe Yin
- School of Public Health, Xinjiang Medical University, 830011, Urumqi, China
| | - Jian Yao
- School of Public Health, Xinjiang Medical University, 830011, Urumqi, China
| | - Xuan Yao
- College of Medicine, Shanghai University, 200444, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xueyi Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital, Xinjiang Medical University, 830000, Urumqi, China. .,Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital, Xinjiang Medical University, 830001, Urumqi, China.
| | - Tingting Wang
- School of Nursing & Health Management, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, 201318, Shanghai, China.
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14
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Progression of myopia in a natural cohort of Chinese children during COVID-19 pandemic. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2021; 259:2813-2820. [PMID: 34287693 PMCID: PMC8294263 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-021-05305-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To determine myopia progression in children during the COVID-19 and the related factors associated with myopia. Methods All subjects underwent three-timepoint ocular examinations that were measured in July 2019, January, and August 2020. We compared the changes in uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA), mydriatic spherical equivalent (SE), and axial length (AL) between two periods (before and during COVID-19). A questionnaire was performed to investigate risk factors for myopia. Results Compared with before the COVID-19, the mean (S.D.) myopia progression during the COVID-19 was significantly higher in right eyes (− 0.93 (0.65) vs. − 0.33 (0.47) D; p < 0.001). However, the differences in UCVA changes and the axial elongation between two periods were clinically insignificant. Through logistic regressive analysis, we found the difference of the SE changes was associated with the baseline AL (P = 0.028; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.058, 2.632), online education (P = 0.02; 95% CI, 1.587, 8.665), and time of digital screen (p < 0.005; 95% CI, 1.587, 4.450). Conclusions Children were at higher risk of myopia progression during COVID-19, which was associated with the baseline AL, the longtime online learning, and digital screen reading.
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Lanca C, Foo LL, Ang M, Tan CS, Kathrani B, Htoon HM, Tan D, Hoang QV, Brennan N, Saw SM, Sabanayagam C. Rapid Myopic Progression in Childhood Is Associated With Teenage High Myopia. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 62:17. [PMID: 33851974 PMCID: PMC8054625 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.62.4.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association of childhood progression of spherical equivalent (SE) with high myopia (HM) in teenagers in the Singapore Cohort of Risk factors for Myopia (SCORM). Methods We included 928 SCORM children followed over a mean follow-up of 6.9 ± 1.0 years from baseline (6–11 years old) until their teenage years (12–19 years old). Cycloplegic autorefraction and axial length (AL) measurements were performed yearly. The outcomes in teenagers were HM (SE ≤ −5 diopter [D)], AL ≥ 25 mm, SE and AL. Three-year SE and AL progression in childhood and baseline SE and AL with outcomes were evaluated using multivariable logistic or linear regression models, with predictive performance of risk factors assessed using the area under the curve (AUC). Results At the last visit, 9.8% of teenagers developed HM and 22.7% developed AL ≥ 25 mm. In multivariate regression analyses, every −0.3 D/year increase in 3-year SE progression and every 0.2 mm/year increase in 3-year AL progression were associated with a −1.14 D greater teenage SE and 0.52 mm greater teenage AL (P values < 0.001). The AUC (95% confidence interval [CI]) of a combination of 3-year SE progression and baseline SE for teenage HM was 0.97 (95% CI = 0.95 – 0.98). The AUC of 3-year AL progression and baseline AL for teenage AL ≥ 25 mm was 0.91 (95% CI = 0.89 – 0.94). Conclusions Three-year myopia progression in childhood combined with baseline SE or AL were good predictors of teenage HM. Clinicians may use this combination of factors to guide timing of interventions, potentially reducing the risk of HM later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Li-Lian Foo
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore.,Ophthalmology and Visual Science Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore.,Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
| | - Marcus Ang
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore.,Ophthalmology and Visual Science Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore.,Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
| | - Chuen-Seng Tan
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Biten Kathrani
- Johnson & Johnson Vision, Johnson & Johnson Vision Care, Singapore
| | - Hla Myint Htoon
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore.,Ophthalmology and Visual Science Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Donald Tan
- Ophthalmology and Visual Science Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore.,Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
| | - Quan V Hoang
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore.,Ophthalmology and Visual Science Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore.,Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore.,Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Noel Brennan
- Johnson & Johnson Vision, Johnson & Johnson Vision Care, Jacksonville, FL, United States
| | - Seang-Mei Saw
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore.,Ophthalmology and Visual Science Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore.,Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Charumathi Sabanayagam
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore.,Ophthalmology and Visual Science Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore.,Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore
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16
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Morgan IG. The biological basis of myopic refractive error. Clin Exp Optom 2021; 86:276-88. [PMID: 14558849 DOI: 10.1111/j.1444-0938.2003.tb03123.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2003] [Revised: 08/04/2003] [Accepted: 09/02/2003] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Myopia is among the most common refractive errors and is associated with the greatest risk of pathological outcomes. Most animals, including humans, are born with hyperopic errors. During development, axial elongation of the eye occurs and is regulated through a vision-dependent process, known as emmetropisation The extremely rapid changes in the prevalence of myopia and the dependence of myopia on the level of education indicate that there are very strong environmental impacts on the development of myopia. This conflicts with the common occurrence of familial patterns of inheritance of myopia, which suggests a role for genetic determination. There are more than 150 defined genetic syndromes in which familial high myopia is one of the features, including some that are not associated with other syndromes. The evidence for the roles of both nature and nurture in the aetiology of myopia is discussed. This review also examines the experimentally induced refractive errors associated with form-deprivation, recovery from form deprivation and the effects of both negative and positive lenses. In addition, it looks at the local and optical control of eye growth. Finally, the various control pathways for growth are considered. These include dopamine, ZENK-glucagon, retinoic acid and retinoic acid receptors, crystallin, seratonin and melatonin, vasoactive intestinal peptide and enkephalins, nitric oxide and various growth factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian G Morgan
- Visual Sciences Group, Research School of Biological Science and Centre for VIsual Science, Australian National University, GPO Box 475, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
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17
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Karuppiah V, Wong L, Tay V, Ge X, Kang LL. School-based programme to address childhood myopia in Singapore. Singapore Med J 2021; 62:63-68. [PMID: 31680176 PMCID: PMC8027142 DOI: 10.11622/smedj.2019144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lilian Wong
- School Health Service, Health Promotion Board, Singapore
| | - Veronica Tay
- Student Health Centre, Health Promotion Board, Singapore
| | - Xiaojia Ge
- Policy Research and Surveillance, National Registry of Diseases Office, Singapor
| | - Lee Lin Kang
- Sectoral Workplace Outreach, Health Promotion Board, Singapore
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18
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Abstract
Myopia, also known as short-sightedness or near-sightedness, is a very common condition that typically starts in childhood. Severe forms of myopia (pathologic myopia) are associated with a risk of other associated ophthalmic problems. This disorder affects all populations and is reaching epidemic proportions in East Asia, although there are differences in prevalence between countries. Myopia is caused by both environmental and genetic risk factors. A range of myopia management and control strategies are available that can treat this condition, but it is clear that understanding the factors involved in delaying myopia onset and slowing its progression will be key to reducing the rapid rise in its global prevalence. To achieve this goal, improved data collection using wearable technology, in combination with collection and assessment of data on demographic, genetic and environmental risk factors and with artificial intelligence are needed. Improved public health strategies focusing on early detection or prevention combined with additional effective therapeutic interventions to limit myopia progression are also needed.
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19
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Matsumura S, Lanca C, Htoon HM, Brennan N, Tan CS, Kathrani B, Chia A, Tan D, Sabanayagam C, Saw SM. Annual Myopia Progression and Subsequent 2-Year Myopia Progression in Singaporean Children. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2020; 9:12. [PMID: 33344056 PMCID: PMC7726587 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.9.13.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate the association between 1-year myopia progression and subsequent 2-year myopia progression among myopic children in the Singapore Cohort Study of the Risk Factors for Myopia. Methods This retrospective analysis included 618 myopic children (329 male), 7 to 9 years of age (mean age, 8.0 ± 0.8) at baseline with at least two annual follow-up visits. Cycloplegic autorefraction was performed at every visit. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves from multiple logistic regressions were derived for future fast 2-year myopia progression. Results Children with slow progression during the first year (slower than -0.50 diopter [D]/y) had the slowest mean subsequent 2-year myopia progression (-0.41 ± 0.33 D/y), whereas children with fast progression (faster than -1.25 D/y) in year 1 had the fastest mean subsequent 2-year myopia progression (-0.82 ± 0.30 D/y) (P for trend < 0.001). Year 1 myopia progression had the highest area under the curve (AUC) for predicting fast subsequent 2-year myopia progression (AUC = 0.77; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.73-0.80) compared to baseline spherical equivalent (AUC = 0.70; 95% CI, 0.66-0.74) or age of myopia onset (AUC = 0.66; 95% CI, 0.61-0.70) after adjusting for confounders. Age at baseline alone had an AUC of 0.65 (95% CI, 0.61-0.69). Conclusions One-year myopia progression and age at baseline were associated with subsequent 2-year myopia progression in children 7 to 9 years of age. Translational Relevance Myopia progression and age at baseline may be considered by eye care practitioners as two of several factors that may be associated with future myopia progression in children.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hla Myint Htoon
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore.,Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | | | - Chuen-Seng Tan
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Audrey Chia
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore.,Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
| | - Donald Tan
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore.,Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
| | - Charumathi Sabanayagam
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore.,Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore.,Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, and National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Seang-Mei Saw
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore.,Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore.,Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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20
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Bhandari KR, Ostrin LA. Validation of the Clouclip and utility in measuring viewing distance in adults. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2020; 40:801-814. [PMID: 33002229 DOI: 10.1111/opo.12735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To validate the Clouclip, a continuously measuring objective rangefinder, and examine viewing behaviours during various near tasks in non-myopic and myopic adults. METHODS In experiment 1, five Clouclip devices were utilised. An infrared camera was used to visualise and measure infrared beam size and angle. Repeatability for distance tracking was assessed from 5 to 120 cm in 5 cm increments. Accuracy of distance tracking was investigated for paper and iPad targets, spatial integration was calculated, effects of target tilt were determined and light measurements were compared to a lux meter. In experiment 2, viewing behaviour was assessed in 41 subjects (21 non-myopic, 20 myopic) during four 15-min near tasks; (1) passive reading of printed material, (2) active writing on printed material, (3) passive viewing on an electronic device and (4) active engagement on an electronic device. Working distance was compared between tasks and refractive error groups. RESULTS Clouclip distance tracking showed good repeatability, with a mean difference of 0.34 cm and limits of agreement of ±2.0 cm. Clouclip-measured and actual distances were highly correlated for paper and electronic targets from 5 to 120 cm, with mean differences and limits of agreement of 3.96 ± 13.78 cm and 4.48 ± 8.92 cm, respectively; variability increased for distances >100 cm. Tracking ability increased with larger target sizes; tracking was accurate when the target occupied 1.5%-20.3% of tracking beam area, depending on distance and with target tilt up to ±60 degrees. Clouclip- and lux meter-measured ambient illumination were highly correlated for a wide range of intensities (r = 0.96, p < 0.001), but with greater variability for intensities >20 000 lux. The Clouclip infrared beam was measured to have a diameter of 25.6 ± 2.2° and a downward angle of 10.3 ± 0.5°. For subject testing, viewing distance was significantly closer for active and passive printed tasks (29.5 ± 6.7 cm and 33.2 ± 8.8 cm, respectively) than for active and passive electronic tasks (35.4 ± 8.0 cm and 40.8 ± 10.4 cm, respectively), with no differences between refractive error groups (p = 0.88). CONCLUSIONS The Clouclip performed well in measuring near and intermediate distances and could distinguish between indoor (<1000 lux) and outdoor (>1000 lux) illumination. A closer working distance was observed for printed tasks compared to those on an iPad, with no difference in viewing distance between non-myopic and myopic adults.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lisa A Ostrin
- University of Houston College of Optometry, Houston, USA
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21
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Du B, Jin N, Zhu X, Lu D, Jin C, Li Z, Han C, Zhang Y, Lai D, Liu K, Wei R. A prospective study of serum metabolomic and lipidomic changes in myopic children and adolescents. Exp Eye Res 2020; 199:108182. [PMID: 32781198 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2020.108182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myopia is a prevalent eye disorder, especially among children and adolescents in eastern Asian countries. Multiple measures have already been taken to prevent and treat myopia, including atropine and dopamine. However, the serum metabolic picture of myopia has not yet been studied as a whole and remains largely unclear. In this paper, a prospective and panoramic study was carried out to find out the whole serum metabolomic and lipidomic picture of myopia. METHODS With untargeted mass spectrometry (MS), myopia among 211 children and adolescents was studied. The MS features were first grouped across the samples. Then, compound annotation was carried out based on these features. Finally, the metabolite features were mapped to pathways, whose biological functions in myopia were studied and discussed. RESULTS A total of 275 metabolite features were derived from 92 aligned MS peak groups with significant fold changes, and then mapped to 33 pathways. By a comprehensive consideration of significance, fold change, importance score and appearance in different omics, 9 pathways were selected, and their biological functions were further analyzed. Among these selected pathways, 5 pathways were related with oxidative stress, a validated phenomenon during myopia development, while 5 pathways were related with dopamine receptor D2, whose molecular function in myopia treatment is not fully understood. A total of 177 metabolite features from 45 peak groups were related with the studied pathways. CONCLUSION This prospective study shed light on the whole picture of metabolomic mechanism underlying myopia and provided guidance to further elucidation of compounds and pathways in this whole picture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei Du
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Nan Jin
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiurui Zhu
- Tianjin Yunjian Medical Technology Co., Ltd., Tianjin, China; Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, School of Medicine, Stanford University, CA, USA
| | - Daqian Lu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Chengcheng Jin
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhen Li
- Tianjin Yunjian Medical Technology Co., Ltd., Tianjin, China; School of Electrical Engineering, Southeast University, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Chunle Han
- Tianjin Yunjian Medical Technology Co., Ltd., Tianjin, China
| | - Yani Zhang
- Tianjin Yunjian Medical Technology Co., Ltd., Tianjin, China
| | - Donghai Lai
- Tianjin Yunjian Medical Technology Co., Ltd., Tianjin, China
| | - Kang Liu
- Tianjin Yunjian Medical Technology Co., Ltd., Tianjin, China.
| | - Ruihua Wei
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China.
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22
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High Myopes in Singapore: 19-Year Progression from Childhood to Adulthood. Ophthalmology 2020; 127:1768-1770. [PMID: 32445655 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2020.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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23
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Megreli J, Barak A, Bez M, Bez D, Levine H. Association of Myopia with cognitive function among one million adolescents. BMC Public Health 2020; 20:647. [PMID: 32384882 PMCID: PMC7206693 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-08765-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myopia is a leading cause of visual impairment worldwide, and its increasing incidence is of public health concern. Cognitive function was associated with myopia among children, but evidence for adolescents is scarce. The purpose of this study was to determine whether myopia is associated with cognitive function, and which cognitive ability, verbal or non-verbal, is involved. METHODS We conducted a population-based cross-sectional study of 1,022,425 Israeli candidates for military service aged 16.5-18 years. Participants underwent a comprehensive battery of tests assessing verbal and non-verbal intelligence, which yields a summarized cognitive function score (CFS). In addition, subjective visual acuity examination followed by objective non-cycloplegic refraction was carried out for each participant. Association between myopia and cognitive function was evaluated by multivariable logistic regression models adjusted for gender, age, country of origin, socioeconomic status, years of education, body mass index, height and year of examination. RESULTS Compared to the intermediate CFS of the entire cohort, participants who had the highest CFS had 1.85-fold (95% CI, 1.81 to 1.89; P < .001) higher odds of having myopia and 2.73-fold (95% CI, 2.58 to 2.88; P < .001) higher odds of high myopia, while participants with the lowest CFS had 0.59-fold (95% CI, 0.57 to 0.61, P < .001) lower odds of having myopia. The verbal components of the cognitive function assessment had stronger associations with myopia than the non-verbal components (P < .001, for all). CONCLUSIONS Cognitive function, especially verbal intelligence, is strongly and consistently associated with myopia among adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Megreli
- Medical Corps, Israel Defense Forces, Ramat-Gan, Israel.,Hebrew University-Hadassah Faculty of Medicine, Braun School of Public Health and Community Medicine, P.O Box 12272, 9112002, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Adiel Barak
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Maxim Bez
- Medical Corps, Israel Defense Forces, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Dana Bez
- Medical Corps, Israel Defense Forces, Ramat-Gan, Israel.,Hebrew University-Hadassah Faculty of Medicine, Braun School of Public Health and Community Medicine, P.O Box 12272, 9112002, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Hagai Levine
- Hebrew University-Hadassah Faculty of Medicine, Braun School of Public Health and Community Medicine, P.O Box 12272, 9112002, Jerusalem, Israel.
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Pugazhendhi S, Ambati B, Hunter AA. Pathogenesis and Prevention of Worsening Axial Elongation in Pathological Myopia. Clin Ophthalmol 2020; 14:853-873. [PMID: 32256044 PMCID: PMC7092688 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s241435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This review discusses the etiology and pathogenesis of myopia, prevention of disease progression and worsening axial elongation, and emerging myopia treatment modalities. INTRODUCTION Pediatric myopia is a public health concern that impacts young children worldwide and is associated with numerous future ocular diseases such as cataract, glaucoma, retinal detachment and other chorioretinal abnormalities. While the exact mechanism of myopia of the human eye remains obscure, several studies have reported on the role of environmental and genetic factors in the disease development. METHODS A review of literature was conducted. PubMed and Medline were searched for combinations and derivatives of the keywords including, but not limited to, "pediatric myopia", "axial elongation", "scleral remodeling" or "atropine." The PubMed and Medline database search were performed for randomized control trials, systematic reviews and meta-analyses using the same keyword combinations. RESULTS Studies have reported that detection of genetic correlations and modification of environmental influences may have a significant impact in myopia progression, axial elongation and future myopic ocular complications. The conventional pharmacotherapy of pediatric myopia addresses the improvement in visual acuity and prevention of amblyopia but does not affect axial elongation or myopia progression. Several studies have published varying treatments, including optical, pharmacological and surgical management, which show great promise for a more precise control of myopia and preservation of ocular health. DISCUSSION Understanding the role of factors influencing the onset and progression of pediatric myopia will facilitate the development of successful treatments, reduction of disease burden, arrest of progression and improvement in future of the management of myopia.
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Abstract
Myopia is one of the most prevalent eye diseases, and its advanced form, high myopia, is a leading cause of subsequent pathologic myopia, which in turn results in an increased risk of retinal diseases. The prevalence of myopia and high myopia is 28.3% and 4.0% of the global population, respectively, and these numbers are estimated to increase to 49.8% for myopia 9.8% for high myopia by 2050, thus making myopia a severe global socioeconomic problem. The eye shape has been receiving increasing attention as a possible biomarker for myopia. Among several modalities, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is currently considered to be the best to measure the 3-dimensional eye shape, and one study using MRI revealed that myopic eyes became much larger in all 3 dimensions, but more so in length (0.35 mm/D) than in height (0.19 mm/D) or in width (0.10 mm/D), which fitted in global and axial elongation models. Another recent study reported that emmetropic retinas were oblate but oblateness decreased with myopia progression. According to a study to evaluate eye shapes in high myopia, although all emmetropic eyes had a blunt shape, almost half of the high myopic eyes had a pointed shape. Multiple lines of evidence suggest that abnormal eye shape changes can cause not only simple myopia but also various ocular complications through biomechanical stretching. In this review, we highlight recent findings on eye shape changes in myopic eyes and abnormal eye shapes in pathologic myopia.
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Williams C, Suderman M, Guggenheim JA, Ellis G, Gregory S, Iles-Caven Y, Northstone K, Golding J, Pembrey M. Grandmothers' smoking in pregnancy is associated with a reduced prevalence of early-onset myopia. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15413. [PMID: 31659193 PMCID: PMC6817861 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51678-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Myopia (near sightedness) is the most common vision disorder resulting in visual impairment worldwide. We tested the hypothesis that intergenerational, non-genetic heritable effects influence refractive development, using grandparental prenatal smoking as a candidate exposure. Using data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC), we found that the prevalence of myopia at age 7 was lower if the paternal grandmother had smoked in pregnancy, an association primarily found among grandsons compared to granddaughters. There was a weaker, non-sex-specific, reduction in the prevalence of myopia at age 7 if the maternal grandmother had smoked in pregnancy. For children who became myopic later (between 7 and 15 years of age) there were no associations with either grandmother smoking. Differences between early and late-onset myopia were confirmed with DNA methylation patterns: there were very distinct and strong associations with methylation for early-onset but not later-onset myopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathy Williams
- Centre for Academic Child Health, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK.
| | - Matthew Suderman
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Bristol Medical School, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Jeremy A Guggenheim
- School of Optometry & Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Genette Ellis
- Centre for Academic Child Health, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Steve Gregory
- Centre for Academic Child Health, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Yasmin Iles-Caven
- Centre for Academic Child Health, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Kate Northstone
- ALSPAC, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Jean Golding
- Centre for Academic Child Health, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK.
| | - Marcus Pembrey
- Centre for Academic Child Health, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
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Devarajan K, Sim R, Chua J, Wong CW, Matsumura S, Htoon HM, Schmetterer L, Saw SM, Ang M. Optical coherence tomography angiography for the assessment of choroidal vasculature in high myopia. Br J Ophthalmol 2019; 104:917-923. [PMID: 31585963 DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2019-314769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To assess specific layers of the choroid in highly myopic young adults and to examine their associations with levels of myopia. METHODS We recruited 51 young myopes (n=91 eyes) from the Singapore Cohort of Risk Factors for Myopia cohort. We performed standardised optical coherence tomography (OCT) and OCT angiography imaging and developed a novel segmentation technique assessing choroidal layers' thickness (overall choroidal thickness (CT), medium-vessel choroidal layer (MVCL) thickness, large-vessel choroidal layer (LVCL)) and vasculature (choroidal vessel density (%), choroidal branch area (CBA, %) and mean choroidal vessel width (MCVW, mm)). RESULTS We found that eyes with extreme myopia (EM) had thinner vascular layers compared with high myopia (HM), that is, LVCL (36.0±1.5 vs 39.2±1.2 µm, p=0.002) and MVCL (185.5±5.7 vs 198.2±4.6 µm, p=0.014). Overall CT was thinnest in the nasal and inferior quadrants in EM (nasal: 157.1±9.6 vs 187.2±8.3 µm, p<0.001; superior: 236.6±11.1 vs 257.0±9.5 µm, p=0.02; temporal: 228.0±10.6 vs 254.3±8.8 µm, p=0.012; and inferior quadrant: 198.7±10.0 vs 239.8±8.3 µm, p=<0.001) when compared with HM. We also observed significantly more vessel branching in eyes with EM as compared with eyes with HM (CBA, 10.2%±0.7% vs 9.95%±0.8%, p=0.018). CONCLUSIONS The novel segmentation technique and introduced choroidal parameters may serve as new biomarkers to study disease conditions in myopia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ralene Sim
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jacqueline Chua
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore.,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Duke-National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chee Wai Wong
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore.,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Duke-National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Hla M Htoon
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore.,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Duke-National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Leopold Schmetterer
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore.,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Duke-National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.,Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, NUS, Singapore
| | - Seang Mei Saw
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore.,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Duke-National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, NUS, Singapore
| | - Marcus Ang
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore .,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Duke-National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Saw SM, Matsumura S, Hoang QV. Prevention and Management of Myopia and Myopic Pathology. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 60:488-499. [PMID: 30707221 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-25221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Myopia is fast becoming a global public health burden with its increasing prevalence, particularly in developed countries. Globally, the prevalence of myopia and high myopia (HM) is 28.3% and 4.0%, respectively, and these numbers are estimated to increase to 49.8% for myopia and 9.8% for HM by 2050 (myopia defined as -0.50 diopter [D] or less, and HM defined as -5.00 D or less). The burden of myopia is tremendous, as adults with HM are more likely to develop pathologic myopia (PM) changes that can lead to blindness. Accordingly, preventive measures are necessary for each step of myopia progression toward vision loss. Approaches to prevent myopia-related blindness should therefore attempt to prevent or delay the onset of myopia among children by increased outdoor time; retard progression from low/mild myopia to HM, through optical (e.g., defocus incorporated soft contact lens, orthokeratology, and progressive-additional lenses) and pharmacological (e.g., low dose of atropine) interventions; and/or retard progression from HM to PM through medical/surgical treatments (e.g., anti-VEGF therapies, macula buckling, and scleral crosslinking). Recent clinical trials aiming for retarding myopia progression have shown encouraging results. In this article, we highlight recent findings on preventive and early interventional measures to retard myopia, and current and novel treatments for PM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seang-Mei Saw
- Singapore Eye Research Insitute, Singapore.,Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | | | - Quan V Hoang
- Singapore Eye Research Insitute, Singapore.,Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore.,Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore.,Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States
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Pozarickij A, Williams C, Hysi PG, Guggenheim JA. Quantile regression analysis reveals widespread evidence for gene-environment or gene-gene interactions in myopia development. Commun Biol 2019; 2:167. [PMID: 31069276 PMCID: PMC6502837 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-019-0387-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A genetic contribution to refractive error has been confirmed by the discovery of more than 150 associated variants in genome-wide association studies (GWAS). Environmental factors such as education and time outdoors also demonstrate strong associations. Currently however, the extent of gene-environment or gene-gene interactions in myopia is unknown. We tested the hypothesis that refractive error-associated variants exhibit effect size heterogeneity, a hallmark feature of genetic interactions. Of 146 variants tested, evidence of non-uniform, non-linear effects were observed for 66 (45%) at Bonferroni-corrected significance (P < 1.1 × 10-4) and 128 (88%) at nominal significance (P < 0.05). LAMA2 variant rs12193446, for example, had an effect size varying from -0.20 diopters (95% CI -0.18 to -0.23) to -0.89 diopters (95% CI -0.71 to -1.07) in different individuals. SNP effects were strongest at the phenotype extremes and weaker in emmetropes. A parsimonious explanation for these findings is that gene-environment or gene-gene interactions in myopia are pervasive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfred Pozarickij
- School of Optometry & Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ UK
| | - Cathy Williams
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN UK
| | - Pirro G. Hysi
- Department of Ophthalmology, King’s College London, St. Thomas’ Hospital, London, SE1 7EH UK
- Department of Twin & Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, St. Thomas’ Hospital, London, SE1 7EH UK
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Wang J, He XG, Xu X. The measurement of time spent outdoors in child myopia research: a systematic review. Int J Ophthalmol 2018; 11:1045-1052. [PMID: 29977821 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2018.06.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this article is to summarize the methods most commonly used to measure time spent outdoors and provide a comprehensive review of time and activity recording methods with the aim of encouraging the development of new methods. PubMed, Embase and the Cochrane Library were searched from Jan. 1st, 1990 to Aug. 31th, 2017. Studies including the following specific terms: "outdoor", "outside", "outdoor activity", "outside activity", "outdoor time", "outside time", and "outdoor AND measurement of time spent outdoors" were considered for this review. In total, three kinds of outdoor time measurements were discussed. Questionnaires have the longest history and are the most thoroughly revised instruments for assessing time spent outdoors, but recall bias is their most substantial drawback. Global positioning system (GPS) tracking can distinguish between indoor and outdoor locations, but its utility is limited due to several factors such as subject compatibility. Light exposure measurement devices are newly emerging, but all of these devices require good subject cooperation. Further efforts and exploration are needed to develop better methods and new tools to record exposure to the outdoors in real time. Moreover, inventing a new device by combining two or more types of devices mentioned above and using the latest technology of en ergy supplementation and autoswitching may make the best use of the advantages and bypass the disadvantages of each tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200080, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200080, China.,Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai 200080, China.,Department of Eye Disease Prevention and Treatment, Shanghai Eye Disease Prevention and Treatment Center, Shanghai Eye Hospital, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Xian-Gui He
- Department of Eye Disease Prevention and Treatment, Shanghai Eye Disease Prevention and Treatment Center, Shanghai Eye Hospital, Shanghai 200040, China.,Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xun Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200080, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200080, China.,Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai 200080, China.,Department of Eye Disease Prevention and Treatment, Shanghai Eye Disease Prevention and Treatment Center, Shanghai Eye Hospital, Shanghai 200040, China
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Sensaki S, Sabanayagam C, Chua S, Htoon HM, Broekman BFP, Thiam DGY, Ngo C, Saw SM. Sleep Duration in Infants Was Not Associated With Myopia at 3 Years. Asia Pac J Ophthalmol (Phila) 2018; 7:102-108. [PMID: 29480655 DOI: 10.22608/apo.2017390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the association of sleep duration and quality at 12 months and myopia at 3 years. DESIGN Cohort study. METHODS The Growing Up in Singapore Towards Healthy Outcomes (GUSTO) birth cohort recruited pregnant women at 2 major public maternity hospitals (n = 1236). We included 376 children of Chinese, Malay, and Indian ethnicity who had completed caregiver questionnaires on the child's sleep at 12 months of age [Brief Infant Sleep Questionnaire (BISQ)] and also completed cycloplegic autorefraction and eye axial length (AL) measurement at 3 years of age. Data on total sleep duration and number of night wakings were collected by BISQ. Univariable and multivariable regression models adjusting for potential confounders (age, sex, ethnicity, parental myopia, maternal education level, outdoor time, near work, and height) were used. RESULTS Thirteen (3.5%) participants were myopic and mean spherical equivalent (SE) was 0.89 diopters (D) (SD 0.88) at 3 years. Total sleep duration and number of night wakings at 12 months were not associated with SE at 3 years (P > 0.05). The total sleep duration (P = 0.07) and number of night wakings (P = 0.49) were not associated with AL in the multivariate model. Total sleep duration in tertile 2 was not associated with AL (P = 0.11) compared with tertile 1. Only total sleep duration in tertile 3 was associated with longer AL (P = 0.006), but there was no association with SE. CONCLUSIONS Sleep duration and quality at 12 months of age were not associated with refractive error at 3 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonoko Sensaki
- Singapore Eye Research Institute and Singapore National Eye Center, Singapore
| | - Charumati Sabanayagam
- Singapore Eye Research Institute and Singapore National Eye Center, Singapore
- Centre for Quantitative Medicine, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Sharon Chua
- School of Health Science, Ngee Ann Polytechnic, Singapore
| | - Hla Myint Htoon
- Singapore Eye Research Institute and Singapore National Eye Center, Singapore
| | - Brit F P Broekman
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Singapore
| | - Daniel Goh Yam Thiam
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Cheryl Ngo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Seang Mei Saw
- Singapore Eye Research Institute and Singapore National Eye Center, Singapore
- Centre for Quantitative Medicine, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Lee DC, Lee SY, Kim YC. An epidemiological study of the risk factors associated with myopia in young adult men in Korea. Sci Rep 2018; 8:511. [PMID: 29323203 PMCID: PMC5764954 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18926-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of myopia has been increasing worldwide. Its causes are not completely clear, although genetic and environmental factors are thought to play a role. Data were collected by the Korean Military Manpower Administration. Frequency analysis was used for comparisons of general characteristics. Pearson’s chi-square tests and logistic regression analysis were used to verify the correlations between possible risk factors and the prevalence of myopia or high myopia. The prevalence of myopia (50.6–53.0%) and high myopia (11.3–12.9%) increased each year. These tended to be the highest in patients born in spring, and decreased in the following order according to education level: 4- or 6-year university education or more, high school education or less, and 2- to 3-year college education. Moreover, the prevalence of myopia and high myopia was significantly higher in patients ≤ 60 kg and with a body mass index ≤ 18.5 kg/m2. The prevalence of high myopia was significantly higher in taller patients (≥175 cm). The prevalence of myopia and high myopia increased each year in Korean young adult men and was associated with birth season, education level, height, weight, and body mass index. Tall, lean men were more likely to have high myopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Cheol Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dongsan Medical Center, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, 41931, Korea
| | - Se Youp Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dongsan Medical Center, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, 41931, Korea
| | - Yu Cheol Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dongsan Medical Center, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, 41931, Korea.
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Prevalence and Related Factors for Myopia in School-Aged Children in Qingdao. J Ophthalmol 2018; 2018:9781987. [PMID: 29507811 PMCID: PMC5817287 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9781987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate the prevalence and related factors for myopia in school-aged children in the Economic and Technological Development Zone of Qingdao, Eastern China. Methods A total of 4890 (aged 10 to 15 years) students were initially enrolled in this study. 3753 (76.75%) students with completed refractive error and questionnaire data were analyzed. The children underwent a comprehensive eye examination. Multiple logistic regression models were applied to assess possible factors associated with myopia. Results The prevalence of myopia increased as the children's grade increased (χ2 = 560.584, P < 0.001). Low myopia was the main form of myopia in adolescent students (30.22%). With the growth of age, students spent significantly more time on near work (P = 0.03) and less time on outdoor activity (P < 0.001). In multivariate models, only the following variables were significantly associated with myopia: age, two myopic parents, outdoor activity time, and continuous near work without 5 min rest. Conclusions The prevalence of myopia increased as the grade increased. Age, two myopic parents, and continuous near work time without 5 min rest were risk factors for myopia. Outdoor activities had protective effect for myopia.
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Abstract
The epidemic of myopia in urban Asian cities has increased over recent generations and has become a significant public health concern. Considering the potential role of time outdoors in myopia prevention, and the differences in behavioral attitudes of individuals living in Urban East Asian (more indoor-centric) and Western countries, public policies should be developed in different countries accordingly to encourage children to go outdoors to counteract myopia. This is a short manuscript (presented at the International Myopia Conference-2015 by Prof. Seang Mei Saw) about public policies that should be developed to cope with the "myopia epidemic."
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Chua SYL, Sabanayagam C, Cheung YB, Chia A, Valenzuela RK, Tan D, Wong TY, Cheng CY, Saw SM. Age of onset of myopia predicts risk of high myopia in later childhood in myopic Singapore children. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2017; 36:388-94. [PMID: 27350183 DOI: 10.1111/opo.12305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the effect of age of myopia onset on the severity of myopia later in life among myopic children. METHODS In this prospective study, school children aged 7-9 years from the Singapore Cohort Of the Risk factors for Myopia (SCORM) were followed up till 11 years (n = 928). Age of myopia onset was defined either through questionnaire at baseline (age 7-9 years) or subsequent annual follow-up visits. Age of onset of myopia was a surrogate indicator of duration of myopia progression till age 11 years. Cycloplegic refraction and axial length were measured at every annual eye examination. High myopia was defined as spherical equivalent of ≤-5.0 D. A questionnaire determined the other risk factors. RESULTS In multivariable regression models, younger age of myopia onset (per year decrease) or longer duration of myopia progression was associated with high myopia (odds ratio (OR) = 2.86; 95% CI: 2.39 to 3.43), more myopic spherical equivalent (regression coefficient (β) = -0.86 D; 95% CI: -0.93 to -0.80) and longer axial length (β = 0.28 mm; 95% CI: 0.24 to 0.32) at aged 11 years, after adjusting for gender, race, school, books per week and parental myopia. In Receiver Operating Curve (ROC) analyses, age of myopia onset alone predicted high myopia by 85% (area under the curve = 0.85), while the addition of other factors including gender, race, school, books per week and parental myopia only marginally improved this prediction (area under the curve = 0.87). CONCLUSIONS Age of myopia onset or duration of myopia progression was the most important predictor of high myopia in later childhood in myopic children. Future trials to retard the progression of myopia to high myopia could focus on children with younger age of myopia onset or with longer duration of myopia progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Y L Chua
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Charumathi Sabanayagam
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore.,Centre for Quantitative Medicine, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yin-Bun Cheung
- Centre for Quantitative Medicine, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Audrey Chia
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Donald Tan
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tien-Yin Wong
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore.,Centre for Quantitative Medicine, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ching-Yu Cheng
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore.,Centre for Quantitative Medicine, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Seang-Mei Saw
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore.,Centre for Quantitative Medicine, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
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Fan Q, Verhoeven VJM, Wojciechowski R, Barathi VA, Hysi PG, Guggenheim JA, Höhn R, Vitart V, Khawaja AP, Yamashiro K, Hosseini SM, Lehtimäki T, Lu Y, Haller T, Xie J, Delcourt C, Pirastu M, Wedenoja J, Gharahkhani P, Venturini C, Miyake M, Hewitt AW, Guo X, Mazur J, Huffman JE, Williams KM, Polasek O, Campbell H, Rudan I, Vatavuk Z, Wilson JF, Joshi PK, McMahon G, St Pourcain B, Evans DM, Simpson CL, Schwantes-An TH, Igo RP, Mirshahi A, Cougnard-Gregoire A, Bellenguez C, Blettner M, Raitakari O, Kähönen M, Seppala I, Zeller T, Meitinger T, Ried JS, Gieger C, Portas L, van Leeuwen EM, Amin N, Uitterlinden AG, Rivadeneira F, Hofman A, Vingerling JR, Wang YX, Wang X, Tai-Hui Boh E, Ikram MK, Sabanayagam C, Gupta P, Tan V, Zhou L, Ho CEH, Lim W, Beuerman RW, Siantar R, Tai ES, Vithana E, Mihailov E, Khor CC, Hayward C, Luben RN, Foster PJ, Klein BEK, Klein R, Wong HS, Mitchell P, Metspalu A, Aung T, Young TL, He M, Pärssinen O, van Duijn CM, Jin Wang J, Williams C, Jonas JB, Teo YY, Mackey DA, Oexle K, Yoshimura N, Paterson AD, Pfeiffer N, Wong TY, Baird PN, Stambolian D, Wilson JEB, Cheng CY, Hammond CJ, Klaver CCW, Saw SM, Rahi JS, Korobelnik JF, Kemp JP, Timpson NJ, Smith GD, Craig JE, Burdon KP, Fogarty RD, Iyengar SK, Chew E, Janmahasatian S, Martin NG, MacGregor S, Xu L, Schache M, Nangia V, Panda-Jonas S, Wright AF, Fondran JR, Lass JH, Feng S, Zhao JH, Khaw KT, Wareham NJ, Rantanen T, Kaprio J, Pang CP, Chen LJ, Tam PO, Jhanji V, Young AL, Döring A, Raffel LJ, Cotch MF, Li X, Yip SP, Yap MK, Biino G, Vaccargiu S, Fossarello M, Fleck B, Yazar S, Tideman JWL, Tedja M, Deangelis MM, Morrison M, Farrer L, Zhou X, Chen W, Mizuki N, Meguro A, Mäkelä KM. Meta-analysis of gene-environment-wide association scans accounting for education level identifies additional loci for refractive error. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11008. [PMID: 27020472 PMCID: PMC4820539 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Myopia is the most common human eye disorder and it results from complex genetic and environmental causes. The rapidly increasing prevalence of myopia poses a major public health challenge. Here, the CREAM consortium performs a joint meta-analysis to test single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) main effects and SNP × education interaction effects on refractive error in 40,036 adults from 25 studies of European ancestry and 10,315 adults from 9 studies of Asian ancestry. In European ancestry individuals, we identify six novel loci (FAM150B-ACP1, LINC00340, FBN1, DIS3L-MAP2K1, ARID2-SNAT1 and SLC14A2) associated with refractive error. In Asian populations, three genome-wide significant loci AREG, GABRR1 and PDE10A also exhibit strong interactions with education (P<8.5 × 10(-5)), whereas the interactions are less evident in Europeans. The discovery of these loci represents an important advance in understanding how gene and environment interactions contribute to the heterogeneity of myopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Fan
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore 169856, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Virginie J. M. Verhoeven
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Wojciechowski
- Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 20205, USA
| | - Veluchamy A. Barathi
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore 169856, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
- Department of Ophthalmology, National University Health Systems, National University of Singapore Singapore 119228, Singapore
| | - Pirro G. Hysi
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London School of Medicine, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Jeremy A. Guggenheim
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - René Höhn
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
- Department of Ophthalmology, Inselspital, University Hospital Bern, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Veronique Vitart
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, Scotland
| | - Anthony P. Khawaja
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0SR, UK
| | - Kenji Yamashiro
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 6068507, Japan
| | - S Mohsen Hosseini
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children and Institute for Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto Ontario, Canada M5G 1X8
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere 33520, Finland
| | - Yi Lu
- Statistical Genetics Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland 4029, Australia
| | - Toomas Haller
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Jing Xie
- Centre for Eye Research Australia (CERA), Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia
| | - Cécile Delcourt
- Université de Bordeaux, ISPED (Institut de Santé Publique d'Épidémiologie et de Développement), Bordeaux 33000, France
- INSERM, U1219-Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, Bordeaux 33000, France
| | - Mario Pirastu
- Institute of Population Genetics, National Research Council, Sassari 07100, Italy
| | - Juho Wedenoja
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Puya Gharahkhani
- Statistical Genetics Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland 4029, Australia
| | - Cristina Venturini
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London School of Medicine, London SE1 7EH, UK
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Masahiro Miyake
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 6068507, Japan
| | - Alex W. Hewitt
- Centre for Eye Research Australia (CERA), Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia
- Menzies Research Institute Tasmania, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7000, Australia
| | - Xiaobo Guo
- Department of Statistical Science, School of Mathematics and Computational Science, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Johanna Mazur
- Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Jenifer E. Huffman
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, Scotland
| | - Katie M. Williams
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London School of Medicine, London SE1 7EH, UK
- Department of Ophthalmology, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Ozren Polasek
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Split, Split 21000, Croatia
| | - Harry Campbell
- Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, Scotland
| | - Igor Rudan
- Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, Scotland
| | - Zoran Vatavuk
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sisters of Mercy University Hospital, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - James F. Wilson
- Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, Scotland
| | - Peter K. Joshi
- Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, Scotland
| | - George McMahon
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Beate St Pourcain
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
- Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Wundtlaan 1, 6525 XD Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - David M. Evans
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Claire L. Simpson
- Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, USA
| | - Tae-Hwi Schwantes-An
- Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA
| | - Robert P. Igo
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
| | - Alireza Mirshahi
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
- Dardenne Eye Hospital, Bonn-Bad Godesberg, 53177 Bonn, Germany
| | - Audrey Cougnard-Gregoire
- Université de Bordeaux, ISPED (Institut de Santé Publique d'Épidémiologie et de Développement), Bordeaux 33000, France
- INSERM, U1219-Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, Bordeaux 33000, France
| | - Céline Bellenguez
- Inserm, U1167, Lille 59000, France
- Univ. Lille, U1167, Lille 59000, France
- Université Lille 2, Lille 59000, France
| | - Maria Blettner
- Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Olli Raitakari
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Medicine, University of Turku, Turku 20520, Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku 20520, Finland
| | - Mika Kähönen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University Hospital and School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere 33520, Finland
| | - Ilkka Seppala
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere 33520, Finland
| | - Tanja Zeller
- Clinic for General and Interventional Cardiology, University Heart Center Hamburg, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Meitinger
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | | | - Janina S. Ried
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München—German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Christian Gieger
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München—German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Laura Portas
- Institute of Population Genetics, National Research Council, Sassari 07100, Italy
| | | | - Najaf Amin
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - André G. Uitterlinden
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Ageing, Netherlands Genomics Initiative, 2518 AD Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Ageing, Netherlands Genomics Initiative, 2518 AD Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Ageing, Netherlands Genomics Initiative, 2518 AD Hague, The Netherlands
| | | | - Ya Xing Wang
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Xu Wang
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health Systems, Singapore 117549, Singapore
| | - Eileen Tai-Hui Boh
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health Systems, Singapore 117549, Singapore
| | - M. Kamran Ikram
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore 169856, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Charumathi Sabanayagam
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore 169856, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Preeti Gupta
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore 169856, Singapore
| | - Vincent Tan
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore 169856, Singapore
| | - Lei Zhou
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore 169856, Singapore
| | - Candice E. H. Ho
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore 169856, Singapore
| | - Wan'e Lim
- Department of Ophthalmology, National University Health Systems, National University of Singapore Singapore 119228, Singapore
| | - Roger W. Beuerman
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore 169856, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
- Department of Ophthalmology, National University Health Systems, National University of Singapore Singapore 119228, Singapore
| | - Rosalynn Siantar
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore 169856, Singapore
- National Healthcare Group Eye Institute, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore 308433, Singapore
| | - E-Shyong Tai
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health Systems, Singapore 117549, Singapore
- Department of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore
| | - Eranga Vithana
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore 169856, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
- Department of Ophthalmology, National University Health Systems, National University of Singapore Singapore 119228, Singapore
| | - Evelin Mihailov
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Chiea-Chuen Khor
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore 169856, Singapore
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health Systems, Singapore 117549, Singapore
- Division of Human Genetics, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore 138672, Singapore
| | - Caroline Hayward
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, Scotland
| | - Robert N. Luben
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0SR, UK
| | - Paul J. Foster
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London EC1V 9EL, UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London EC1V 2PD, UK
| | - Barbara E. K. Klein
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin 53726, USA
| | - Ronald Klein
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin 53726, USA
| | - Hoi-Suen Wong
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children and Institute for Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto Ontario, Canada M5G 1X8
| | - Paul Mitchell
- Department of Ophthalmology, Centre for Vision Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2145, Australia
| | - Andres Metspalu
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Tin Aung
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore 169856, Singapore
- Department of Ophthalmology, National University Health Systems, National University of Singapore Singapore 119228, Singapore
| | - Terri L. Young
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, USA
| | - Mingguang He
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Olavi Pärssinen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Central Hospital of Central Finland, Jyväskylä 40620, Finland
- Gerontology Research Center and Department of Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä 40014, Finland
| | - Cornelia M. van Duijn
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jie Jin Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Centre for Vision Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2145, Australia
| | - Cathy Williams
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Jost B. Jonas
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100044, China
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, Department of Ophthalmology, Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, 69115 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Yik-Ying Teo
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health Systems, Singapore 117549, Singapore
- Division of Human Genetics, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore 138672, Singapore
- Department of Statistics and Applied Probability, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117546, Singapore
| | - David A. Mackey
- Menzies Research Institute Tasmania, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7000, Australia
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Lions Eye Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Konrad Oexle
- Institute of Human Genetics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Nagahisa Yoshimura
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 6068507, Japan
| | - Andrew D. Paterson
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children and Institute for Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto Ontario, Canada M5G 1X8
| | - Norbert Pfeiffer
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Tien-Yin Wong
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore 169856, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
- Department of Ophthalmology, National University Health Systems, National University of Singapore Singapore 119228, Singapore
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health Systems, Singapore 117549, Singapore
| | - Paul N. Baird
- Centre for Eye Research Australia (CERA), Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia
| | - Dwight Stambolian
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Joan E. Bailey Wilson
- Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA
| | - Ching-Yu Cheng
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore 169856, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
- Department of Ophthalmology, National University Health Systems, National University of Singapore Singapore 119228, Singapore
| | - Christopher J. Hammond
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London School of Medicine, London SE1 7EH, UK
- Department of Ophthalmology, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Caroline C. W. Klaver
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Seang-Mei Saw
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore 169856, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
- Department of Ophthalmology, National University Health Systems, National University of Singapore Singapore 119228, Singapore
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health Systems, Singapore 117549, Singapore
| | - Jugnoo S. Rahi
- Medical Research Council Centre of Epidemiology for Child Health, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
- Institute of Ophthalmology, Moorfields Eye Hospital, London EC1V 2PD, UK
- Ulverscroft Vision Research Group, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Jean-François Korobelnik
- Université de Bordeaux, 33400 Talence, France
- INSERM (Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale), ISPED (Institut de Santé Publique d'épidémiologie et de Développement), Centre INSERM U897-Epidemiologie-Biostatistique, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - John P. Kemp
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), The University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Nicholas J. Timpson
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), The University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - George Davey Smith
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), The University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Jamie E. Craig
- Department of Ophthalmology, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - Kathryn P. Burdon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - Rhys D. Fogarty
- Department of Ophthalmology, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - Sudha K. Iyengar
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, CaseWestern Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals Eye Institute, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
- Department of Genetics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
| | - Emily Chew
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Sarayut Janmahasatian
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, CaseWestern Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
| | - Nicholas G. Martin
- Genetic Epidemiology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland 4029, Australia
| | - Stuart MacGregor
- Statistical Genetics Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland 4029, Australia
| | - Liang Xu
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Maria Schache
- Centre for Eye Research Australia (CERA), Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia
| | - Vinay Nangia
- Suraj Eye Institute, Nagpur, Maharashtra 440001, India
| | | | - Alan F. Wright
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, Scotland
| | - Jeremy R. Fondran
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, CaseWestern Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
| | - Jonathan H. Lass
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, CaseWestern Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals Eye Institute, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
| | - Sheng Feng
- Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Duke Eye Center For Human Genetics, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Jing Hua Zhao
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, UK
| | - Kay-Tee Khaw
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0SR, UK
| | - Nick J. Wareham
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Taina Rantanen
- Gerontology Research Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä Finland
| | - Jaakko Kaprio
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
- Department of Mental Health and Alcohol Abuse Services, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki 00271, Finland
| | - Chi Pui Pang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Hong Kong Eye Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Li Jia Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Pancy O. Tam
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Hong Kong Eye Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Vishal Jhanji
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Hong Kong Eye Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Alvin L. Young
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Hong Kong Eye Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Angela Döring
- Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Leslie J. Raffel
- Medical Genetics Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA
| | - Mary-Frances Cotch
- Division of Epidemiology and Clinical Applications, National Eye Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Xiaohui Li
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90502, USA
| | - Shea Ping Yip
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Maurice K.H. Yap
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Ginevra Biino
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Council, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Simona Vaccargiu
- Institute of Population Genetics, National Research Council, Sassari 07100, Italy
| | - Maurizio Fossarello
- Institute of Population Genetics, National Research Council, Sassari 07100, Italy
| | - Brian Fleck
- Princess Alexandra Eye Pavilion, Edinburgh EH3 9HA, UK
| | - Seyhan Yazar
- Centre for Eye Research Australia (CERA), Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Lions Eye Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Jan Willem L. Tideman
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Milly Tedja
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Margaret M. Deangelis
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132, USA
| | - Margaux Morrison
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, John Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132, USA
| | - Lindsay Farrer
- Departments of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Ophthalmology, Neurology, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Boston University Schools of Medicine and Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
| | - Xiangtian Zhou
- School of ophthalmology and optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Wei Chen
- School of ophthalmology and optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Nobuhisa Mizuki
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0027, Japan
| | - Akira Meguro
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0027, Japan
| | - Kari Matti Mäkelä
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere 33014, Finland
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Li SM, Li SY, Kang MT, Zhou Y, Liu LR, Li H, Wang YP, Zhan SY, Gopinath B, Mitchell P, Wang N. Near Work Related Parameters and Myopia in Chinese Children: the Anyang Childhood Eye Study. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134514. [PMID: 26244865 PMCID: PMC4526691 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To examine the associations of near work related parameters with spherical equivalent refraction and axial length in Chinese children. Methods A total of 1770 grade 7 students with mean age of 12.7 years were examined with cycloplegic autorefraction and axial length. Questions were asked regarding time spent in near work and outdoors per day, and near work related parameters. Results Multivariate models revealed the following associations with greater odds of myopia: continuous reading (> 45min), odds ratio [OR], 1.4; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1-1.8; close television viewing distance (≤ 3m), OR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.2-2.3; head tilt when writing, OR, 1.3; 95% CI, 1.1-1.7, and desk lighting using fluorescent vs. incandescent lamp, OR, 1.5; 95% CI, 1.2-2.0. These factors, together with close reading distance and close nib-to-fingertip distance were significantly associated with greater myopia (P<0.01). Among near work activities, only reading more books for pleasure was significantly associated with greater myopia (P=0.03). Television viewing distance (≤ 3 m), fluorescent desk light, close reading distance (≤20 cm) and close nib-to-fingertip distance (≤ 2 cm) were significantly associated with longer axial length (P<0.01). Reading distance, desk light, and reading books for pleasure had significant interaction effects with parental myopia. Conclusions Continuous reading, close distances of reading, television viewing and nib-to-fingertip, head tilt when writing, reading more books for pleasure and use of fluorescent desk light were significantly associated with myopia in 12-year-old Chinese children, which indicates that visual behaviors and environments may be important factors mediating the effects of near work on myopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Ming Li
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing Ophthalmology Visual Science Key Lab, Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Si-Yuan Li
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing Ophthalmology Visual Science Key Lab, Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Meng-Tian Kang
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing Ophthalmology Visual Science Key Lab, Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuehua Zhou
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing Ophthalmology Visual Science Key Lab, Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Luo-Ru Liu
- Anyang Eye Hospital, Anyang, Henan Province, China
| | - He Li
- Anyang Eye Hospital, Anyang, Henan Province, China
| | - Yi-Peng Wang
- Anyang Eye Hospital, Anyang, Henan Province, China
| | - Si-Yan Zhan
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing, China
| | - Bamini Gopinath
- Centre for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology and Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Paul Mitchell
- Centre for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology and Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ningli Wang
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing Ophthalmology Visual Science Key Lab, Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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Lim LS, Chua S, Tan PT, Cai S, Chong YS, Kwek K, Gluckman PD, Fortier MV, Ngo C, Qiu A, Saw SM. Eye size and shape in newborn children and their relation to axial length and refraction at 3 years. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2015; 35:414-23. [PMID: 25958972 DOI: 10.1111/opo.12212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine if eye size and shape at birth are associated with eye size and refractive error 3 years later. METHODS A subset of 173 full-term newborn infants from the Growing Up in Singapore Towards healthy Outcomes (GUSTO) birth cohort underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to measure the dimensions of the internal eye. Eye shape was assessed by an oblateness index, calculated as 1 - (axial length/width) or 1 - (axial length/height). Cycloplegic autorefraction (Canon Autorefractor RK-F1) and optical biometry (IOLMaster) were performed 3 years later. RESULTS Both eyes of 173 children were analysed. Eyes with longer axial length at birth had smaller increases in axial length at 3 years (p < 0.001). Eyes with larger baseline volumes and surface areas had smaller increases in axial length at 3 years (p < 0.001 for both). Eyes which were more oblate at birth had greater increases in axial length at 3 years (p < 0.001). Using width to calculate oblateness, prolate eyes had smaller increases in axial length at 3 years compared to oblate eyes (p < 0.001), and, using height, prolate and spherical eyes had smaller increases in axial length at 3 years compared to oblate eyes (p < 0.001 for both). There were no associations between eye size and shape at birth and refraction, corneal curvature or myopia at 3 years. CONCLUSIONS Eyes that are larger and have prolate or spherical shapes at birth exhibit smaller increases in axial length over the first 3 years of life. Eye size and shape at birth influence subsequent eye growth but not refractive error development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sharon Chua
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Pei Ting Tan
- Biostatistics Unit, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Shirong Cai
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Yap-Seng Chong
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore City, Singapore.,Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, The Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Kenneth Kwek
- Department of Maternal Fetal Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Peter D Gluckman
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, The Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore City, Singapore.,Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Cheryl Ngo
- Department of Ophthalmology, National University Hospital, Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Anqi Qiu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore.,Clinical Imaging Research Center, National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Seang-Mei Saw
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore City, Singapore.,Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore
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Fernández-Montero A, Olmo-Jimenez JM, Olmo N, Bes-Rastrollo M, Moreno-Galarraga L, Moreno-Montañés J, Martínez-González MA. The impact of computer use in myopia progression: a cohort study in Spain. Prev Med 2015; 71:67-71. [PMID: 25524611 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2014.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Revised: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Many subjects, especially highly educated subjects, are increasingly exposed to computer use. This exposure might represent an explanation for the growing rates of myopia. METHODS We assessed 17,217 Spanish university graduates from the SUN project, an open-recruitment cohort. Their mean age was 38.5 years (SD 12.1), and their mean time of exposure to computers was 14.3h/week (SD 14.6). We estimated multivariable-adjusted odds ratios (OR) for the risk of myopia development and/or progression (≥0.5 diopters) according to baseline exposure to computer and to changes in exposure. RESULTS The age and sex-adjusted OR comparing >40 h/week of exposure versus<10h/week was 1.34 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.12-1.60). This association remained essentially unchanged after additional adjustments. Comparing participants who increased their exposure to computers, versus those with no change, the age and sex-adjusted OR was 1.49 (1.34-1.66). This result was unchanged after additional adjustments. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge this is the first large longitudinal assessment in young adults, showing that exposure to computer use is associated with myopia development or progression in a cohort of Spanish university graduates. Further studies are needed to confirm these epidemiological findings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Natalia Olmo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Complejo Hospitalario de Jaén, Jaén, Spain
| | - Maira Bes-Rastrollo
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Moreno-Galarraga
- Pediatrics Service, Hospital Virgen del Camino, Servicio Navarro de Salud-Osasunbidea, Pamplona, Spain
| | | | - Miguel A Martínez-González
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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40
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Genetic association study between INSULIN pathway related genes and high myopia in a Han Chinese population. Mol Biol Rep 2014; 42:303-10. [PMID: 25266237 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-014-3773-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the association between insulin (INS) pathway related genes, including INS, insulin receptor (INSR), insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1), insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2), IGF2 receptor (IGF2R) and IGF binding protein 1 (IGFBP1), and high myopia (HM) in a Han Chinese population, we have genotyped 24 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of these genes in this cohort by Sequenom MassARRAY method. The genotyping data was analyzed by χ(2) test and the linkage disequilibrium block structure was examined by Haploview software. SNPs in the INS-IGF2 region (rs2070762 and rs1003483), and the INSR gene (rs3745551 and rs2229429) showed significant association with HM (allelic P = 0.0085, 0.0494, 0.0171 and 0.0238, respectively). Under the model of risk genotype combination of INSR and IRS1, carrying the variant allele (A) of the IRS1 Gly972Arg SNP (rs1801278) further increased the risk among the rs2229429T allele carriers (odds ratio 6.865, 95 % confidence interval 1.533-30.745). None of the SNPs in the IGF2R and IGFBP1 genes were found to be significantly associated with HM. Genetic variants in the insulin signaling pathway genes may increase the susceptibility of high myopia in Han Chinese.
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The relationship of season of birth with refractive error in very young children in eastern China. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100472. [PMID: 24945317 PMCID: PMC4063959 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the association of season of birth and refractive error in very young Chinese children in China. METHODS We conducted a population-based study of Chinese children aged 0 to 3 years residing in eastern China. Refraction was determined by non-cyclopegic autorefraction using a hand-held autorefractor. Date of birth was retrieved from birth certificate of the individual subjects. A generalized linear regression model was fitted to estimate the regression coefficient and 95% confidence interval (CI) of refractive error for season of birth, adjusting for confounders. RESULTS Of the 1385 children eligible to participate, 1222 (88.2%) were examined. Refractive error data were available for 1219 children. The mean spherical equivalent were 1.21 diopters (D) in children born Spring, 1.24 D in those born in Summer, 1.23 D in those born in Autumn, 1.15 D in Winter. After adjusting for age, sex, father's educational level, birth weight and the number of summers between birth and examination date the children have been exposed to, children born in winter had a 0.12 D more myopic refraction compared with those born in summer (regression coefficient: -0.12; 95% CI, -0.27,-0.06; P = 0.006). The association between season of birth and cylinder power was not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS In China, children born in winter had a more myopic refraction compared with those born in other seasons. The observed association between season of birth and refractive error was independent of parental educational level and birth weight, suggesting that light level may have a small impact on refractive development in early life.
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42
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Gao TY, Zhang P, Li L, Lin Z, Jhanji V, Peng Y, Li ZW, Sun LP, Han W, Wang NL, Liang YB. Rationale, design, and demographic characteristics of the Handan Offspring Myopia Study. Ophthalmic Epidemiol 2014; 21:124-32. [PMID: 24568612 DOI: 10.3109/09286586.2014.887734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The Handan Offspring Myopia Study (HOMS) aims to investigate the familial associations of myopia between parents and their offspring. METHODS Children aged 6-18 years, residing in 6 villages where all people aged ≥30 years had participated in The Handan Eye Study in 2006-2007, were selected for the current eye study between March and June 2010. A mobile clinic was set up in the 6 villages for comprehensive eye examinations, including visual acuity, ocular biometry, cycloplegic autorefraction and retinal photography. RESULTS Of 1238 eligible individuals, 878 children (70.2%; 52.6% male) from 541 families were recruited. Mean age of the children was 10.5 ± 2.5 years. The prevalence of myopia (spherical equivalent refraction <-0.5 diopter) was 23.5% (males 16.8%, females 30.8%). The prevalence of low vision (presenting visual acuity ≥20/400 but <20/60) in the better eye was 7.1%. A higher number of females had low vision at the time of presentation (9.2%) compared to males (5.2%, p = 0.02). The prevalence of low vision in the worse eye was 10.6% (males 6.7%, females 14.9%, p < 0.001). The majority of visual impairment in the better-seeing (56/62, 90.3%) as well as the worse-seeing (84/93, 90.3%) eye was correctable. CONCLUSIONS The HOMS examined about 70% of eligible Han Chinese offspring of Handan Eye Study participants in a rural region of northern China. Results from the HOMS will provide key information about the prevalence of refractive errors and eye diseases in rural Chinese children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tie Ying Gao
- Handan Eye Hospital , Handan, Hebei Province , China
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Fan Q, Wojciechowski R, Kamran Ikram M, Cheng CY, Chen P, Zhou X, Pan CW, Khor CC, Tai ES, Aung T, Wong TY, Teo YY, Saw SM. Education influences the association between genetic variants and refractive error: a meta-analysis of five Singapore studies. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 23:546-54. [PMID: 24014484 PMCID: PMC3869359 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddt431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Revised: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Refractive error is a complex ocular trait governed by both genetic and environmental factors and possibly their interplay. Thus far, data on the interaction between genetic variants and environmental risk factors for refractive errors are largely lacking. By using findings from recent genome-wide association studies, we investigated whether the main environmental factor, education, modifies the effect of 40 single nucleotide polymorphisms on refractive error among 8461 adults from five studies including ethnic Chinese, Malay and Indian residents of Singapore. Three genetic loci SHISA6-DNAH9, GJD2 and ZMAT4-SFRP1 exhibited a strong association with myopic refractive error in individuals with higher secondary or university education (SHISA6-DNAH9: rs2969180 A allele, β = -0.33 D, P = 3.6 × 10(-6); GJD2: rs524952 A allele, β = -0.31 D, P = 1.68 × 10(-5); ZMAT4-SFRP1: rs2137277 A allele, β = -0.47 D, P = 1.68 × 10(-4)), whereas the association at these loci was non-significant or of borderline significance in those with lower secondary education or below (P for interaction: 3.82 × 10(-3)-4.78 × 10(-4)). The evidence for interaction was strengthened when combining the genetic effects of these three loci (P for interaction = 4.40 × 10(-8)), and significant interactions with education were also observed for axial length and myopia. Our study shows that low level of education may attenuate the effect of risk alleles on myopia. These findings further underline the role of gene-environment interactions in the pathophysiology of myopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Fan
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health
| | - Robert Wojciechowski
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - M. Kamran Ikram
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health
- Department of Ophthalmology
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- Memory Aging and Cognition Centre, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ching-Yu Cheng
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health
- Department of Ophthalmology
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Peng Chen
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health
| | - Xin Zhou
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health
| | - Chen-Wei Pan
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chiea-Chuen Khor
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Tin Aung
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health
- Department of Ophthalmology
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tien-Yin Wong
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health
- Department of Ophthalmology
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yik-Ying Teo
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health
- Department of Statistics and Applied Probability, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Seang-Mei Saw
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health
- Department of Ophthalmology
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
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Foster PJ, Jiang Y. Epidemiology of myopia. Eye (Lond) 2014; 28:202-8. [PMID: 24406412 DOI: 10.1038/eye.2013.280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Myopia is one of the most prevalent disorders of the eye. Higher myopia is associated with comorbidities that increase risks of severe and irreversible loss of vision, such as retinal detachment, subretinal neovascularization, dense cataract, and glaucoma. In recent years, reports from population-based prevalence studies carried out in various geographical areas now give a clear picture of the current distribution of refractive error. The scarcity of data from well-designed longitudinal cohort studies is still yet to be addressed. These studies have confirmed the previous data indicating that prevalence of refractive error varies according to ethnicity and geographic regions, and also point to an increase in myopia prevalence over the past half-century. The problem is particularly pronounced in affluent, industrialised areas of East Asia. Environmental risk factors for myopia related to socioeconomic status and lifestyle have been identified. The past decade has seen a greater understanding of the molecular biological mechanisms that determine refractive error, giving further support to the belief that myopia is the result of a complex interaction between genetic predisposition and environmental exposures. This review summarizes data on the prevalence, incidence, progression, associations, risk factors, and impact from recent epidemiological studies on myopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Foster
- 1] Division of Genetics & Epidemiology, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK [2] NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK
| | - Y Jiang
- Division of Genetics & Epidemiology, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
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45
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Gong Y, Zhang X, Tian D, Wang D, Xiao G. Parental myopia, near work, hours of sleep and myopia in Chinese children. Health (London) 2014. [DOI: 10.4236/health.2014.61010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Guggenheim JA, McMahon G, Northstone K, Mandel Y, Kaiserman I, Stone RA, Lin X, Saw SM, Forward H, Mackey DA, Yazar S, Young TL, Williams C. Birth order and myopia. Ophthalmic Epidemiol 2013; 20:375-84. [PMID: 24168726 PMCID: PMC3833053 DOI: 10.3109/09286586.2013.848457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE An association between birth order and reduced unaided vision (a surrogate for myopia) has been observed previously. We examined the association between birth order and myopia directly in four subject groups. METHODS Subject groups were participants in (1) the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC; UK; age 15 years; N = 4401), (2) the Singapore Cohort Study of Risk Factors for Myopia (SCORM; Singapore; age 13 years; N = 1959), (3) the Raine Eye Health Study (REHS; Australia; age 20 years; N = 1344), and (4) Israeli Defense Force Pre-recruitment Candidates (IDFC; Israel; age 16-22 years; N = 888,277). The main outcome was odds ratios (OR) for myopia in first-born versus non-first-born individuals after adjusting for potential risk factors. RESULTS The prevalence of myopia was numerically higher in first-born versus non-first-born individuals in all study groups, but the strength of evidence varied widely. Adjusted ORs (95% confidence intervals, CIs) were: ALSPAC, 1.31 (1.05-1.64); SCORM, 1.25 (0.89-1.77); REHS, 1.18 (0.90-1.55); and IDFC, 1.04 (1.03-1.06). In the large IDFC sample, the effect size was greater (a) for the first-born versus fourth- or higher-born comparison than for the first-born versus second/third-born comparison (p < 0.001) and (b) with increasing myopia severity (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Across all studies, the increased risk of myopia in first-born individuals was low (OR < 1.3). Indeed, only the studies with >4000 participants provided strong statistical support for the association. The available evidence suggested the relationship was independent of established risk factors such as time outdoors/reading, and thus may arise through a different causal mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - George McMahon
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Kate Northstone
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Yossi Mandel
- IDF Medical Corps HQ, Israel, and The Mina & Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar Ilan University, Israel
| | - Igor Kaiserman
- IDF Medical Corps HQ, Israel, and The Mina & Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar Ilan University, Israel
- Barzilai Medical Center, Ashkelon, Israel
| | - Richard A. Stone
- Department of Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Xiaoyu Lin
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore
| | - Seang Mei Saw
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore
| | - Hannah Forward
- Department of Genetics and Epidemiology, Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Western Australia, Lions Eye Institute, Perth, Australia
| | - David A. Mackey
- Department of Genetics and Epidemiology, Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Western Australia, Lions Eye Institute, Perth, Australia
| | - Seyhan Yazar
- Department of Genetics and Epidemiology, Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Western Australia, Lions Eye Institute, Perth, Australia
| | - Terri L. Young
- Center for Human Genetics, Duke University Medical Center. Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Eye Center. Durham, NC, USA
| | - Cathy Williams
- Centre for Child and Adolescent Health, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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Myopia onset and progression: can it be prevented? Int Ophthalmol 2013; 34:693-705. [PMID: 24043334 DOI: 10.1007/s10792-013-9844-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Myopia is the commonest ocular abnormality and the high and growing prevalence of myopia, especially but not only in Asian populations, as well as its progressive nature in children, has contributed to a recent surge in interest. Such worldwide growing prevalence seems to be associated with increasing educational pressures, combined with life-style changes, which have reduced the time that children spend outdoors. Highly nearsighted people are at greater risk for several vision-threatening problems such as retinal detachments, choroidal neovascularization, cataracts and glaucoma, thus the potential benefits of interventions that can limit or prevent myopia progression would be of remarkable social impact. Our understanding of the regulatory processes that lead an eye to refractive errors is undoubtedly incomplete but has grown enormously in the last decades thanks to the animal studies, observational clinical studies, and randomized clinical trials recently published. In this review we assess the effects of several types of life-style and interventions, including outdoor activities, eye drops, undercorrection of myopia, multifocal spectacles, contact lenses, and refractive surgery on the onset and progression of nearsightedness.
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Stambolian D, Wojciechowski R, Oexle K, Pirastu M, Li X, Raffel LJ, Cotch MF, Chew EY, Klein B, Klein R, Wong TY, Simpson CL, Klaver CC, van Duijn CM, Verhoeven VJ, Baird PN, Vitart V, Paterson AD, Mitchell P, Saw SM, Fossarello M, Kazmierkiewicz K, Murgia F, Portas L, Schache M, Richardson A, Xie J, Wang JJ, Rochtchina E, Viswanathan AC, Hayward C, Wright AF, Polašek O, Campbell H, Rudan I, Oostra BA, Uitterlinden AG, Hofman A, Rivadeneira F, Amin N, Karssen LC, Vingerling JR, Hosseini S, Döring A, Bettecken T, Vatavuk Z, Gieger C, Wichmann HE, Wilson JF, Fleck B, Foster PJ, Topouzis F, McGuffin P, Sim X, Inouye M, Holliday EG, Attia J, Scott RJ, Rotter JI, Meitinger T, Bailey-Wilson JE. Meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies in five cohorts reveals common variants in RBFOX1, a regulator of tissue-specific splicing, associated with refractive error. Hum Mol Genet 2013; 22:2754-64. [PMID: 23474815 PMCID: PMC3674806 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddt116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Revised: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Visual refractive errors (REs) are complex genetic traits with a largely unknown etiology. To date, genome-wide association studies (GWASs) of moderate size have identified several novel risk markers for RE, measured here as mean spherical equivalent (MSE). We performed a GWAS using a total of 7280 samples from five cohorts: the Age-Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS); the KORA study ('Cooperative Health Research in the Region of Augsburg'); the Framingham Eye Study (FES); the Ogliastra Genetic Park-Talana (OGP-Talana) Study and the Multiethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Genotyping was performed on Illumina and Affymetrix platforms with additional markers imputed to the HapMap II reference panel. We identified a new genome-wide significant locus on chromosome 16 (rs10500355, P = 3.9 × 10(-9)) in a combined discovery and replication set (26 953 samples). This single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) is located within the RBFOX1 gene which is a neuron-specific splicing factor regulating a wide range of alternative splicing events implicated in neuronal development and maturation, including transcription factors, other splicing factors and synaptic proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dwight Stambolian
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Robert Wojciechowski
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
- National Human Genome Research Institute
| | - Konrad Oexle
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Mario Pirastu
- Institute of Population Genetics, National Research Council of Italy, Sassari, Italy
| | - Xiaohui Li
- Medical Genetics Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Leslie J. Raffel
- Medical Genetics Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mary Frances Cotch
- Division of Epidemiology and Clinical Applications, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Emily Y. Chew
- Division of Epidemiology and Clinical Applications, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Barbara Klein
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Ronald Klein
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Tien Y. Wong
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | - Paul N. Baird
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Andrew D. Paterson
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Paul Mitchell
- Centre for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology and Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Seang Mei Saw
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine and
| | - Maurizio Fossarello
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chirurgiche, Clinica Oculistica Universita` degli studi di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | | | - Federico Murgia
- Institute of Population Genetics, National Research Council of Italy, Sassari, Italy
| | - Laura Portas
- Institute of Population Genetics, National Research Council of Italy, Sassari, Italy
| | - Maria Schache
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Andrea Richardson
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jing Xie
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jie Jin Wang
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
- Centre for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology and Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Elena Rochtchina
- Centre for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology and Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Ananth C. Viswanathan
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London EC1V 2PD, UK
| | | | | | - Ozren Polašek
- Croatian Centre for Global Health, University of Split Medical School, Split, Croatia
| | - Harry Campbell
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Igor Rudan
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - André G. Uitterlinden
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Najaf Amin
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lennart C. Karssen
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - S.M. Hosseini
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Thomas Bettecken
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Zoran Vatavuk
- Dept of Ophthalmology, Hospital ‘Sestre Milosrdnice’, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | | | - James F. Wilson
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Brian Fleck
- Princess Alexandra Eye Pavilion, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Paul J. Foster
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London EC1V 2PD, UK
| | - Fotis Topouzis
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Peter McGuffin
- MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Research Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College, London, UK
| | - Xueling Sim
- Centre for Molecular Epidemiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Michael Inouye
- Medical Systems Biology, Department of Pathology and Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Elizabeth G. Holliday
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia
| | - John Attia
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Rodney J. Scott
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia
- The Centre for Information Based Medicine and the School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
- The Division of Genetics, Hunter Area Pathology Service, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Jerome I. Rotter
- Medical Genetics Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Thomas Meitinger
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
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49
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Jones-Jordan LA, Sinnott LT, Cotter SA, Kleinstein RN, Manny RE, Mutti DO, Twelker JD, Zadnik K. Time outdoors, visual activity, and myopia progression in juvenile-onset myopes. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2012; 53:7169-75. [PMID: 22977132 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.11-8336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the association between myopia progression and time spent outdoors and in various visual activities. METHODS Subjects were 835 myopes (both principal meridians -0.75 diopters [D] or more myopia by cycloplegic autorefraction) in the Collaborative Longitudinal Evaluation of Ethnicity and Refractive Error (CLEERE) Study with both progression data and at least one measure of activity associated with a progression interval. Activity data were collected by parental survey. Average activity level (mean of the activity at the beginning and the end of a 1-year progression interval) was the primary predictor in a repeated-measures mixed model. The model controlled for age, sex, ethnicity, refractive error at the beginning of the progression interval, clinic site, and type of autorefractor used. Effects were scaled based on performing an additional 10 hours per week of an activity. RESULTS In the multivariate model, the number of hours of reading for pleasure per week was not significantly associated with annual myopia progression at an a priori level of P ≤ 0.01, nor were the other near activities, the near-work composite variable diopter-hours, or outdoor/sports activity. The magnitude of effects was clinically small. For example, the largest multivariate effect was that each additional 10 hours of reading for pleasure per week at the end of a progression interval was associated with an increase in average annual progression by -0.08 D. CONCLUSIONS Despite protective associations previously reported for time outdoors reducing the risk of myopia onset, outdoor/sports activity was not associated with less myopia progression following onset. Near work also had little meaningful effect on the rate of myopia progression.
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50
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Verhoeven VJM, Hysi PG, Saw SM, Vitart V, Mirshahi A, Guggenheim JA, Cotch MF, Yamashiro K, Baird PN, Mackey DA, Wojciechowski R, Ikram MK, Hewitt AW, Duggal P, Janmahasatian S, Khor CC, Fan Q, Zhou X, Young TL, Tai ES, Goh LK, Li YJ, Aung T, Vithana E, Teo YY, Tay W, Sim X, Rudan I, Hayward C, Wright AF, Polasek O, Campbell H, Wilson JF, Fleck BW, Nakata I, Yoshimura N, Yamada R, Matsuda F, Ohno-Matsui K, Nag A, McMahon G, Pourcain BS, Lu Y, Rahi JS, Cumberland PM, Bhattacharya S, Simpson CL, Atwood LD, Li X, Raffel LJ, Murgia F, Portas L, Despriet DDG, van Koolwijk LME, Wolfram C, Lackner KJ, Tönjes A, Mägi R, Lehtimäki T, Kähönen M, Esko T, Metspalu A, Rantanen T, Pärssinen O, Klein BE, Meitinger T, Spector TD, Oostra BA, Smith AV, de Jong PTVM, Hofman A, Amin N, Karssen LC, Rivadeneira F, Vingerling JR, Eiríksdóttir G, Gudnason V, Döring A, Bettecken T, Uitterlinden AG, Williams C, Zeller T, Castagné R, Oexle K, van Duijn CM, Iyengar SK, Mitchell P, Wang JJ, Höhn R, Pfeiffer N, Bailey-Wilson JE, Stambolian D, Wong TY, Hammond CJ, Klaver CCW. Large scale international replication and meta-analysis study confirms association of the 15q14 locus with myopia. The CREAM consortium. Hum Genet 2012; 131:1467-80. [PMID: 22665138 PMCID: PMC3418496 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-012-1176-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Myopia is a complex genetic disorder and a common cause of visual impairment among working age adults. Genome-wide association studies have identified susceptibility loci on chromosomes 15q14 and 15q25 in Caucasian populations of European ancestry. Here, we present a confirmation and meta-analysis study in which we assessed whether these two loci are also associated with myopia in other populations. The study population comprised 31 cohorts from the Consortium of Refractive Error and Myopia (CREAM) representing 4 different continents with 55,177 individuals; 42,845 Caucasians and 12,332 Asians. We performed a meta-analysis of 14 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on 15q14 and 5 SNPs on 15q25 using linear regression analysis with spherical equivalent as a quantitative outcome, adjusted for age and sex. We calculated the odds ratio (OR) of myopia versus hyperopia for carriers of the top-SNP alleles using a fixed effects meta-analysis. At locus 15q14, all SNPs were significantly replicated, with the lowest P value 3.87 × 10(-12) for SNP rs634990 in Caucasians, and 9.65 × 10(-4) for rs8032019 in Asians. The overall meta-analysis provided P value 9.20 × 10(-23) for the top SNP rs634990. The risk of myopia versus hyperopia was OR 1.88 (95 % CI 1.64, 2.16, P < 0.001) for homozygous carriers of the risk allele at the top SNP rs634990, and OR 1.33 (95 % CI 1.19, 1.49, P < 0.001) for heterozygous carriers. SNPs at locus 15q25 did not replicate significantly (P value 5.81 × 10(-2) for top SNP rs939661). We conclude that common variants at chromosome 15q14 influence susceptibility for myopia in Caucasian and Asian populations world-wide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie J. M. Verhoeven
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pirro G. Hysi
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, St. Thomas’ Hospital, London, UK
| | - Seang-Mei Saw
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Veronique Vitart
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Alireza Mirshahi
- Department of Ophthalmology, J. Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Mary Frances Cotch
- Division of Epidemiology and Clinical Applications, National Eye Institute, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
| | - Kenji Yamashiro
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Paul N. Baird
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David A. Mackey
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Lions Eye Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Robert Wojciechowski
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA
- Inherited Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, USA
| | - M. Kamran Ikram
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Ophthalmology, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Alex W. Hewitt
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Priya Duggal
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA
| | - Sarayut Janmahasatian
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA
| | - Chiea-Chuen Khor
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Qiao Fan
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xin Zhou
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Terri L. Young
- Center for Human Genetics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, USA
| | - E-Shyong Tai
- Department of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Liang-Kee Goh
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yi-Ju Li
- Center for Human Genetics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, USA
| | - Tin Aung
- Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Ophthalmology, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Eranga Vithana
- Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Ophthalmology, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yik-Ying Teo
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Statistics and Applied Probability, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Centre for Molecular Epidemiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wanting Tay
- Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xueling Sim
- Centre for Molecular Epidemiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Igor Rudan
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Caroline Hayward
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Alan F. Wright
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ozren Polasek
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Harry Campbell
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - James F. Wilson
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Isao Nakata
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Nagahisa Yoshimura
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ryo Yamada
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Fumihiko Matsuda
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kyoko Ohno-Matsui
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Abhishek Nag
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, St. Thomas’ Hospital, London, UK
| | - George McMahon
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Beate St. Pourcain
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Yi Lu
- Department of Genetics and Population Health, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jugnoo S. Rahi
- Medical Research Council Centre of Epidemiology for Child Health, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Phillippa M. Cumberland
- Medical Research Council Centre of Epidemiology for Child Health, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
- Ulverscroft Vision Research Group, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Claire L. Simpson
- Inherited Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, USA
| | - Larry D. Atwood
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, USA
| | - Xiaohui Li
- Medical Genetics Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Leslie J. Raffel
- Medical Genetics Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Federico Murgia
- Institute of Population Genetics, National Research Council, Sassari, Italy
| | - Laura Portas
- Institute of Population Genetics, National Research Council, Sassari, Italy
| | - Dominiek D. G. Despriet
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Leonieke M. E. van Koolwijk
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Glaucoma Service, The Rotterdam Eye Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Christian Wolfram
- Department of Ophthalmology, J. Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Karl J. Lackner
- Department of Ophthalmology, J. Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, J. Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Anke Tönjes
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center (IFB) AdiposityDiseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Reedik Mägi
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
- University of Tampere School of Medicine, Tampere, Finland
| | - Mika Kähönen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology, University of Tampere School of Medicine, Tampere, Finland
| | - Tõnu Esko
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | | | - Taina Rantanen
- Department of Health Sciences, Gerontology Research Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Olavi Pärssinen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Central Hospital of Central Finland, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Barbara E. Klein
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, USA
| | - Thomas Meitinger
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Epidemiology I, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Timothy D. Spector
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, St. Thomas’ Hospital, London, UK
| | - Ben A. Oostra
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Albert V. Smith
- Department of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland
| | - Paulus T. V. M. de Jong
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Ophthalmogenetics, Netherlands Institute of Neurosciences (NIN), An Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Ophthalmology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Najaf Amin
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lennart C. Karssen
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes R. Vingerling
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Vilmundur Gudnason
- Department of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland
| | - Angela Döring
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Epidemiology II, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Bettecken
- Center for Applied Genotyping, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, German Research Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - André G. Uitterlinden
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cathy Williams
- Centre for Child and Adolescent Health, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Tanja Zeller
- Clinic for General and Interventional Cardiology, University Heart Center Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Raphaële Castagné
- INSERM UMRS 937, Pierre and Marie Curie University (UPMC, Paris 6) and Medical School, Paris, France
| | - Konrad Oexle
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Cornelia M. van Duijn
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sudha K. Iyengar
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA
| | - Paul Mitchell
- Department of Ophthalmology, Centre for Vision Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jie Jin Wang
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Centre for Vision Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - René Höhn
- Department of Ophthalmology, J. Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Norbert Pfeiffer
- Department of Ophthalmology, J. Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Joan E. Bailey-Wilson
- Inherited Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, USA
| | - Dwight Stambolian
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Tien-Yin Wong
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Ophthalmology, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Christopher J. Hammond
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, St. Thomas’ Hospital, London, UK
| | - Caroline C. W. Klaver
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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