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Siti-Zubaidah MZ, Harafinova HS, Liba AN, Nordin ML, Hambali KA, Siti HN. Exploring bradykinin: A common mediator in the pathophysiology of sepsis and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Vascul Pharmacol 2024; 156:107414. [PMID: 39089528 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2024.107414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2024] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Sepsis and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) are major health challenges involving complex processes like inflammation, renin-angiotensin system (RAS) dysregulation, and thrombosis. Despite distinct clinical symptoms, both conditions share mechanisms mediated by bradykinin. This review explores bradykinin's role in inflammation, RAS modulation, and thrombosis in sepsis and ASCVD. In sepsis, variable kininogen-bradykinin levels may correlate with disease severity and progression, though the effect of bradykinin receptor modulation on inflammation remains uncertain. RAS activation is present in both diseases, with sepsis showing variable or low levels of Ang II, ACE, and ACE2, while ASCVD consistently exhibits elevated levels. Bradykinin may act as a mediator for ACE2 and AT2 receptor effects in RAS regulation. It may influence clotting and fibrinolysis in sepsis-associated coagulopathy, but evidence for an antithrombotic effect in ASCVD is insufficient. Understanding bradykinin's role in these shared pathologies could guide therapeutic and monitoring strategies and inform future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Zahari Siti-Zubaidah
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, National Heart Institute, Jalan Tun Razak, 50400 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Harman-Shah Harafinova
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Jalan Sultan Mahmud, 20400 Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia.
| | - Abdullahi Nuradeen Liba
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Pengkalan Chepa, Kota Bharu, 16100, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Luqman Nordin
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Pengkalan Chepa, Kota Bharu, 16100, Kelantan, Malaysia; Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Kamarul Ariffin Hambali
- Faculty of Earth Science, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Jeli, 17600, Kelantan, Malaysia; Animal and Wildlife Research Group, Faculty of Earth Science, Jeli Campus, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, 17600, Kelantan, Malaysia.
| | - Hawa Nordin Siti
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Jalan Sultan Mahmud, 20400 Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia.
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Salvado R, Santos-Minguez S, Lugones-Sánchez C, Gonzalez-Sánchez S, Tamayo-Morales O, Quesada-Rico JA, Benito R, Rodríguez-Sánchez E, Gómez-Marcos MA, Casado-Vicente V, Guimarães-Cunha P, Hernandez-Rivas JM, Mira A, García-Ortiz L. Gut microbiota and its relationship with early vascular ageing in a Spanish population (MIVAS study). Eur J Clin Invest 2024; 54:e14228. [PMID: 38655910 DOI: 10.1111/eci.14228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gut microbiota and its by-products are increasingly recognized as having a decisive role in cardiovascular diseases. The aim is to study the relationship between gut microbiota and early vascular ageing (EVA). METHODS A cross-sectional study was developed in Salamanca (Spain) in which 180 subjects aged 45-74 years were recruited. EVA was defined by the presence of at least one of the following: carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cf-PWV), cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI) or brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (ba-PWV) above the 90th percentile of the reference population. All other cases were considered normal vascular ageing (NVA). MEASUREMENTS cf-PWV was measured by SphygmoCor® System; CAVI and ba-PWV were determined by Vasera 2000® device. Gut microbiome composition in faecal samples was determined by 16S rRNA Illumina sequencing. RESULTS Mean age was 64.4 ± 6.9 in EVA group and 60.4 ± 7.6 years in NVA (p < .01). Women in EVA group were 41% and 53% in NVA. There were no differences in the overall composition of gut microbiota between the two groups when evaluating Firmicutes/Bacteriodetes ratio, alfa diversity (Shannon Index) and beta diversity (Bray-Curtis). Bilophila, Faecalibacterium sp.UBA1819 and Phocea, are increased in EVA group. While Cedecea, Lactococcus, Pseudomonas, Succiniclasticum and Dielma exist in lower abundance. In logistic regression analysis, Bilophila (OR: 1.71, 95% CI: 1.12-2.6, p = .013) remained significant. CONCLUSIONS In the studied Spanish population, early vascular ageing is positively associated with gut microbiota abundance of the genus Bilophila. No relationship was found between phyla abundance and measures of diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Salvado
- Unidad de Investigación de Atención Primaria de Salamanca (APISAL), Gerencia de Atención Primaria de Salamanca, Gerencia Regional de Salud de Castilla y León (SACYL), Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Sandra Santos-Minguez
- Instituto de Investigación del Cáncer, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, Universidad de Salamanca-CSIC, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Cristina Lugones-Sánchez
- Unidad de Investigación de Atención Primaria de Salamanca (APISAL), Gerencia de Atención Primaria de Salamanca, Gerencia Regional de Salud de Castilla y León (SACYL), Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
- Red de Investigación en Cronicidad Atención Primaria y Prevención y Promoción de la Salud (RICAPPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Susana Gonzalez-Sánchez
- Unidad de Investigación de Atención Primaria de Salamanca (APISAL), Gerencia de Atención Primaria de Salamanca, Gerencia Regional de Salud de Castilla y León (SACYL), Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
- Red de Investigación en Cronicidad Atención Primaria y Prevención y Promoción de la Salud (RICAPPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Olaya Tamayo-Morales
- Unidad de Investigación de Atención Primaria de Salamanca (APISAL), Gerencia de Atención Primaria de Salamanca, Gerencia Regional de Salud de Castilla y León (SACYL), Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
- Red de Investigación en Cronicidad Atención Primaria y Prevención y Promoción de la Salud (RICAPPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - José A Quesada-Rico
- Red de Investigación en Cronicidad Atención Primaria y Prevención y Promoción de la Salud (RICAPPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Sant Joan, D'Alacant, Spain
| | - Rocío Benito
- Instituto de Investigación del Cáncer, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, Universidad de Salamanca-CSIC, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Emiliano Rodríguez-Sánchez
- Unidad de Investigación de Atención Primaria de Salamanca (APISAL), Gerencia de Atención Primaria de Salamanca, Gerencia Regional de Salud de Castilla y León (SACYL), Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
- Red de Investigación en Cronicidad Atención Primaria y Prevención y Promoción de la Salud (RICAPPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Departamento de Medicina, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Manuel A Gómez-Marcos
- Unidad de Investigación de Atención Primaria de Salamanca (APISAL), Gerencia de Atención Primaria de Salamanca, Gerencia Regional de Salud de Castilla y León (SACYL), Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
- Red de Investigación en Cronicidad Atención Primaria y Prevención y Promoción de la Salud (RICAPPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Departamento de Medicina, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Verónica Casado-Vicente
- Centro de Salud Parquesol. Gerencia de Salud Valladolid Oeste, Gerencia Regional de Salud de Castilla y Leon (SACyL), Valladolid, Spain
- Departamento de Medicina, Dermatología and Toxicología, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Pedro Guimarães-Cunha
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (IICVS) and School of Medicine, Universidade do Minho, Braga, Portugal
- Center for the Research and Treatment of arterial Hypertension and cardiovascular Risk, Hospital Senhora da Oliveira, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Jesús M Hernandez-Rivas
- Instituto de Investigación del Cáncer, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, Universidad de Salamanca-CSIC, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
- Departamento de Medicina, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Departamento de Hematología, Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Alex Mira
- Departamento de Salud y Genómica, Fundación FISABIO, Valencia, Spain
- CIBER Centro de Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis García-Ortiz
- Unidad de Investigación de Atención Primaria de Salamanca (APISAL), Gerencia de Atención Primaria de Salamanca, Gerencia Regional de Salud de Castilla y León (SACYL), Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
- Red de Investigación en Cronicidad Atención Primaria y Prevención y Promoción de la Salud (RICAPPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas y del Diagnóstico, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
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Chanchlani R, Shah BR, Bangdiwala SI, de Souza RJ, Luo J, Bolotin S, Bowdish DME, Desai D, Everett K, Lear SA, Loeb M, Punthakee Z, Sherifali D, Wahi G, Anand SS. COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness among South Asians in Canada. PLOS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH 2024; 4:e0003490. [PMID: 39088444 PMCID: PMC11293718 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0003490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/03/2024]
Abstract
We evaluated the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines among South Asians living in Ontario, Canada compared to non-South Asians and compared the odds of symptomatic COVID-19 infection and related hospitalizations and deaths among non-vaccinated South Asians and non-South Asians. This was a test negative design study conducted in Ontario, Canada between December 14, 2020 and November 15, 2021. All eligible individuals >18 years with symptoms of COVID-19 were subdivided by ethnicity (South Asian vs other) and vaccination status (vaccinated versus not). The primary outcome was vaccine effectiveness as defined by COVID-19 infections, hospitalizations, and deaths, and secondary outcome was the odds of COVID-19 infections, hospitalizations, and death comparing non-vaccinated South Asians to non-vaccinated non-South Asians. 883,155 individuals were included. Among South Asians, two doses of COVID-19 vaccine prevented 93.8% (95% CI 93.2, 94.4) of COVID-19 infections and 97.5% (95% CI 95.2, 98.6) of hospitalizations and deaths. Among non-South Asians, vaccines prevented 86.6% (CI 86.3, 86.9) of COVID-19 infections and 93.1% (CI 92.2, 93.8) of hospitalizations and deaths. Non-vaccinated South Asians had higher odds of symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection compared to non-vaccinated non-South Asians (OR 2.35, 95% CI 2.3, 2.4), regardless of their immigration status. COVID-19 vaccines are effective in preventing infections, hospitalizations and deaths among South Asians living in Canada. The observation that non-vaccinated South Asians have higher odds of symptomatic COVID-19 infection warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Chanchlani
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, McMaster Children’s Hospital, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- ICES, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Chanchlani Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Baiju R. Shah
- ICES, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shrikant I. Bangdiwala
- Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Russell J. de Souza
- Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jin Luo
- ICES, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shelly Bolotin
- Centre for Vaccine Preventable Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dawn M. E. Bowdish
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, St. Joseph’s Healthcare, St. Joseph’s Healthcare, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dipika Desai
- Chanchlani Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Scott A. Lear
- Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Mark Loeb
- Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zubin Punthakee
- Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Diana Sherifali
- Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gita Wahi
- Chanchlani Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sonia S. Anand
- Chanchlani Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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4
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Singh H, Almabhouh FA, Alshaikhli HSI, Hassan MJM, Daud S, Othman R, Md Salleh MFRR. Leptin in reproduction and hypertension in pregnancy. Reprod Fertil Dev 2024; 36:RD24060. [PMID: 39038160 DOI: 10.1071/rd24060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Leptin has important roles in numerous physiological functions, including those in the regulation of energy balance, and in immune and reproductive systems. However, in the recent years, evidence has implicated it in a number of obesity-related diseases, where its concentrations in serum are significantly elevated. Elevated serum leptin concentrations and increased placental leptin secretion have been reported in women with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Whether leptin is responsible for this disorder remains to be established. Leptin injections in healthy rats and mice during pregnancy result in endothelial activation, increased blood pressure and proteinuria. A potential role for leptin in the pathogenesis of pre-eclampsia is hypothesised, particularly in women who are overweight or obese where serum leptin concentrations are often elevated. This review summarises pertinent information in the literature on the role of leptin in puberty, pregnancy, and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. In particular, the possible mechanism that may be involved in leptin-induced increase in blood pressure and proteinuria during pregnancy and the potential role of marinobufagenin in this disease entity. We hypothesise a significant role for oxidative stress in this, and propose a conceptual framework on the events that lead to endothelial activation, raised blood pressure and proteinuria following leptin administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harbindarjeet Singh
- Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh Campus, Sg Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Fayez A Almabhouh
- Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh Campus, Sg Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia; and Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science Islamic University of Gaza, Gaza Strip, Palestine
| | | | | | - Suzanna Daud
- Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh Campus, Sg Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Rosfayati Othman
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, MAHSA University, Bandar Saujana Putra, Kuala Langat, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Muhd Fakh Rur Razi Md Salleh
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, MAHSA University, Bandar Saujana Putra, Kuala Langat, Selangor, Malaysia
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5
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Reitzner SM, Emanuelsson EB, Sundberg CJ. Levels of circulating angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 are affected by acute exercise and correlate with markers of physical fitness in male athletes. Physiol Rep 2024; 12:e16161. [PMID: 39020498 PMCID: PMC11254776 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.16161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024] Open
Abstract
While under physiological conditions angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is an antagonist of vasoconstrictive agents in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), in the context of SARS coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) ACE2 serves as the gateway into cells. Furthermore, RAAS has previously been shown to be influenced by exercise training and is suggested to be involved in skeletal muscle mass maintenance. Given this connection, the investigation of circulating ACE2 plasma protein concentration before and following acute and chronic endurance and resistance exercise could increase the understanding of the implications of the exposure of athletes to SARS-CoV-2. Therefore, this study investigated levels of circulating ACE2 in lifelong high-level trained endurance and resistance athletes and control subjects in response to either acute endurance or resistance exercise. Results show no baseline differences in absolute ACE2 concentration between groups, but a strong negative correlation with levels of fitness and positive correlation with BMI in control subjects. Furthermore, acute endurance exercise significantly increased ACE2 levels across all groups, but only in the strength group in response to resistance exercise. This indicates that circulating ACE2 plasma levels are influenced by levels of fitness and health, and that acute endurance exercise has a stronger effect on plasma ACE2 levels than resistance exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan M. Reitzner
- Department of Physiology and PharmacologyKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
- Department of Women's and Children's HealthKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Eric B. Emanuelsson
- Department of Physiology and PharmacologyKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Carl Johan Sundberg
- Department of Physiology and PharmacologyKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
- Department of Learning, Informatics, Management and EthicsKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
- Department of Laboratory MedicineKarolinska InstitutetHuddingeSweden
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6
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Zhang Y, Xu F, Wang T, Han Z, Shang H, Han K, Zhu P, Gao S, Wang X, Xue Y, Huang C, Chen Y, Liu G. Shared genetics and causal association between plasma levels of SARS-CoV-2 entry receptor ACE2 and Alzheimer's disease. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e14873. [PMID: 39056224 PMCID: PMC11273102 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the highest risk of COVID-19 infection, hospitalization, and mortality. However, it remains largely unclear about the link between AD and COVID-19 outcomes. ACE2 is an entry receptor for SARS-CoV-2. Circulating ACE2 is a novel biomarker of death and associated with COVID-19 outcomes. METHODS Here, we explored the shared genetics and causal association between AD and plasma ACE2 levels using large-scale genome-wide association study, gene expression, expression quantitative trait loci, and high-throughput plasma proteomic profiling datasets. RESULTS We found a significant causal effect of genetically increased circulating ACE2 on increased risk of AD. Cross-trait association analysis identified 19 shared genetic variants, and three variants rs3104412, rs2395166, and rs3135344 at chromosome 6p21.32 were associated with COVID-19 infection, hospitalization, and severity. We mapped 19 variants to 117 genes, which were significantly upregulated in lung, spleen, and small intestine, downregulated in brain tissues, and involved in immune system, immune disease, and infectious disease pathways. The plasma proteins corresponding to LST1, AGER, TNXB, and APOC1 were predominantly associated with COVID-19 infection, ventilation, and death. CONCLUSION Together, our findings suggest the shared genetics and causal association between AD and plasma ACE2 levels, which may partially explain the link between AD and COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Department of PathologyThe Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical UniversityWeifangChina
| | - Fang Xu
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, National Center for Neurological DisordersCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Tao Wang
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary StudiesPeking UniversityBeijingChina
- Chinese Institute for Brain ResearchBeijingChina
| | - Zhifa Han
- Center of Respiratory Medicine, China–Japan Friendship Hospital, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Institute of Respiratory MedicineChinese Acadamy of Medical Sciences, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory DiseasesBeijingChina
| | - Hong Shang
- Department of NeurologyThe Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical UniversityHarbinChina
| | - Kevin Han
- Department of StatisticsStanford UniversityStanfordCaliforniaUSA
| | - Ping Zhu
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Ministry of Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain DisordersCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Shan Gao
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Ministry of Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain DisordersCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Xiaojie Wang
- Department of NeurologyShenzhen Qianhai Shekou Free Trade Zone HospitalShenzhenChina
| | - Yanli Xue
- School of Biomedical EngineeringCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Chen Huang
- Dr. Neher's Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese MedicineMacau University of Science and TechnologyMacao SARChina
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public HealthWannan Medical CollegeWuhuChina
- Institute of Chronic Disease Prevention and ControlWannan Medical CollegeWuhuChina
| | - Guiyou Liu
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Ministry of Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain DisordersCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public HealthWannan Medical CollegeWuhuChina
- Institute of Chronic Disease Prevention and ControlWannan Medical CollegeWuhuChina
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypoxia Translational Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory of Internet Medical Diagnosis and Treatment Technology, Xuanwu HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- Taishan Vocational College of NursingTaianChina
- Brain HospitalShengli Oilfield Central HospitalDongyingChina
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7
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Nilius H, Hamzeh-Cognasse H, Hastings J, Studt JD, Tsakiris DA, Greinacher A, Mendez A, Schmidt A, Wuillemin WA, Gerber B, Vishnu P, Graf L, Kremer Hovinga JA, Bakchoul T, Cognasse F, Nagler M. Proteomic profiling for biomarker discovery in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Blood Adv 2024; 8:2825-2834. [PMID: 38588487 PMCID: PMC11176969 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2024012782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT New analytical techniques can assess hundreds of proteins simultaneously with high sensitivity, facilitating the observation of their complex interplay and role in disease mechanisms. We hypothesized that proteomic profiling targeting proteins involved in thrombus formation, inflammation, and the immune response would identify potentially new biomarkers for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT). Four existing panels of the Olink proximity extension assay covering 356 proteins involved in thrombus formation, inflammation, and immune response were applied to randomly selected patients with suspected HIT (confirmed HIT, n = 32; HIT ruled out, n = 38; and positive heparin/platelet factor 4 [H/PF4] antibodies, n = 28). The relative difference in protein concentration was analyzed using a linear regression model adjusted for sex and age. To confirm the test results, soluble P-selectin was determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in above mentioned patients and an additional second data set (n = 49). HIT was defined as a positive heparin-induced platelet activation assay (washed platelet assay). Among 98 patients of the primary data set, the median 4Ts score was 5 in patients with HIT, 4 in patients with positive H/PF4 antibodies, and 3 in patients without HIT. The median optical density of a polyspecific H/PF4 ELISA were 3.0, 0.9, and 0.3. Soluble P-selectin remained statistically significant after multiple test adjustments. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.81 for Olink and 0.8 for ELISA. Future studies shall assess the diagnostic and prognostic value of soluble P-selectin in the management of HIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henning Nilius
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Inselspital University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Health Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Hind Hamzeh-Cognasse
- French Blood Establishment Auvergne-Rhone-Alpes, Saint-Etienne, France
- University Jean Monnet, Mines Saint-Etienne, INSERM, U 1059 SAINBIOSE, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Janna Hastings
- Institute for Implementation Science in Health Care, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- School of Medicine, University of St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Jan-Dirk Studt
- Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Andreas Greinacher
- Institut für Immunologie und Transfusionsmedizin, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Adriana Mendez
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kantonsspital Aarau, Aarau, Switzerland
| | - Adrian Schmidt
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine and Clinic of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Municipal Hospital Zurich Triemli, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Walter A. Wuillemin
- Division of Hematology and Central Hematology Laboratory, Cantonal Hospital of Lucerne and University of Bern, Lucerne, Switzerland
| | - Bernhard Gerber
- Clinic of Hematology, Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Prakash Vishnu
- Division of Hematology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Lukas Graf
- Cantonal Hospital of St. Gallen, Center for Laboratory Medicine, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Johanna A. Kremer Hovinga
- Department of Hematology and Central Hematology Laboratory, Inselspital Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Tamam Bakchoul
- Centre for Clinical Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Fabrice Cognasse
- French Blood Establishment Auvergne-Rhone-Alpes, Saint-Etienne, France
- University Jean Monnet, Mines Saint-Etienne, INSERM, U 1059 SAINBIOSE, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Michael Nagler
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Inselspital University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Ueno A, Onishi Y, Mise K, Yamaguchi S, Kanno A, Nojima I, Higuchi C, Uchida HA, Shikata K, Miyamoto S, Nakatsuka A, Eguchi J, Hida K, Katayama A, Watanabe M, Nakato T, Tone A, Teshigawara S, Matsuoka T, Kamei S, Murakami K, Shimizu I, Miyashita K, Ando S, Nunoue T, Wada J. Plasma angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is a marker for renal outcome of diabetic kidney disease (DKD) (U-CARE study 3). BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care 2024; 12:e004237. [PMID: 38816205 PMCID: PMC11141182 DOI: 10.1136/bmjdrc-2024-004237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION ACE cleaves angiotensin I (Ang I) to angiotensin II (Ang II) inducing vasoconstriction via Ang II type 1 (AT1) receptor, while ACE2 cleaves Ang II to Ang (1-7) causing vasodilatation by acting on the Mas receptor. In diabetic kidney disease (DKD), it is still unclear whether plasma or urine ACE2 levels predict renal outcomes or not. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Among 777 participants with diabetes enrolled in the Urinary biomarker for Continuous And Rapid progression of diabetic nEphropathy study, the 296 patients followed up for 9 years were investigated. Plasma and urinary ACE2 levels were measured by the ELISA. The primary end point was a composite of a decrease of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) by at least 30% from baseline or initiation of hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis. The secondary end points were a 30% increase or a 30% decrease in albumin-to-creatinine ratio from baseline to 1 year. RESULTS The cumulative incidence of the renal composite outcome was significantly higher in group 1 with lowest tertile of plasma ACE2 (p=0.040). Group 2 with middle and highest tertile was associated with better renal outcomes in the crude Cox regression model adjusted by age and sex (HR 0.56, 95% CI 0.31 to 0.99, p=0.047). Plasma ACE2 levels demonstrated a significant association with 30% decrease in ACR (OR 1.46, 95% CI 1.044 to 2.035, p=0.027) after adjusting for age, sex, systolic blood pressure, hemoglobin A1c, and eGFR. CONCLUSIONS Higher baseline plasma ACE2 levels in DKD were protective for development and progression of albuminuria and associated with fewer renal end points, suggesting plasma ACE2 may be used as a prognosis marker of DKD. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER UMIN000011525.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asami Ueno
- Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Onishi
- Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Koki Mise
- Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yamaguchi
- Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Ayaka Kanno
- Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Ichiro Nojima
- Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Chigusa Higuchi
- Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Haruhito A Uchida
- Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kenichi Shikata
- Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Satoshi Miyamoto
- Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Atsuko Nakatsuka
- Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Jun Eguchi
- Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Hida
- Department of Diabetology and Metabolism, National Hospital Organization Okayama Medical Center, Okayama, Japan
| | - Akihiro Katayama
- Department of Diabetology and Metabolism, National Hospital Organization Okayama Medical Center, Okayama, Japan
| | - Mayu Watanabe
- Department of Diabetology and Metabolism, National Hospital Organization Okayama Medical Center, Okayama, Japan
| | - Tatsuaki Nakato
- Department of Internal Medicine, Okayama Saiseikai General Hospital, Okayama, Japan
| | - Atsuhito Tone
- Department of Internal Medicine, Okayama Saiseikai General Hospital, Okayama, Japan
| | | | - Takashi Matsuoka
- Department of Diabetic Medicine, Kurashiki Central Hospital, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Shinji Kamei
- Department of Diabetic Medicine, Kurashiki Central Hospital, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Kazutoshi Murakami
- Department of Diabetic Medicine, Kurashiki Central Hospital, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Ikki Shimizu
- Sakakibara Heart Institute of Okayama, Okayama, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Jun Wada
- Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
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9
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Walker RM, Chong M, Perrot N, Pigeyre M, Gadd DA, Stolicyn A, Shi L, Campbell A, Shen X, Whalley HC, Nevado-Holgado A, McIntosh AM, Heitmeier S, Rangarajan S, O'Donnell M, Smith EE, Yusuf S, Whiteley WN, Paré G. The circulating proteome and brain health: Mendelian randomisation and cross-sectional analyses. Transl Psychiatry 2024; 14:204. [PMID: 38762535 PMCID: PMC11102511 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-024-02915-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Decline in cognitive function is the most feared aspect of ageing. Poorer midlife cognitive function is associated with increased dementia and stroke risk. The mechanisms underlying variation in cognitive function are uncertain. Here, we assessed associations between 1160 proteins' plasma levels and two measures of cognitive function, the digit symbol substitution test (DSST) and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment in 1198 PURE-MIND participants. We identified five DSST performance-associated proteins (NCAN, BCAN, CA14, MOG, CDCP1), with NCAN and CDCP1 showing replicated association in an independent cohort, GS (N = 1053). MRI-assessed structural brain phenotypes partially mediated (8-19%) associations between NCAN, BCAN, and MOG, and DSST performance. Mendelian randomisation analyses suggested higher CA14 levels might cause larger hippocampal volume and increased stroke risk, whilst higher CDCP1 levels might increase intracranial aneurysm risk. Our findings highlight candidates for further study and the potential for drug repurposing to reduce the risk of stroke and cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosie M Walker
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences and McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
- School of Psychology, University of Exeter, Perry Road, Exeter, UK.
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Michael Chong
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences and McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Nicolas Perrot
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences and McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Marie Pigeyre
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences and McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Michael G DeGroote School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Danni A Gadd
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Aleks Stolicyn
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Liu Shi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Nxera Pharma UK Limited, Cambridge, UK
| | - Archie Campbell
- Generation Scotland, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Xueyi Shen
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Heather C Whalley
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Generation Scotland, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | | | - Andrew M McIntosh
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Sumathy Rangarajan
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences and McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Martin O'Donnell
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences and McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Health Research Board Clinical Research Facility, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Eric E Smith
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences and McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, AB, Canada
- University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Salim Yusuf
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences and McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Michael G DeGroote School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - William N Whiteley
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences and McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- MRC Centre for Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Guillaume Paré
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences and McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
- Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences and McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
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10
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Bader M, Steckelings UM, Alenina N, Santos RA, Ferrario CM. Alternative Renin-Angiotensin System. Hypertension 2024; 81:964-976. [PMID: 38362781 PMCID: PMC11023806 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.123.21364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system is the most important peptide hormone system in the regulation of cardiovascular homeostasis. Its classical arm consists of the enzymes, renin, and angiotensin-converting enzyme, generating angiotensin II from angiotensinogen, which activates its AT1 receptor, thereby increasing blood pressure, retaining salt and water, and inducing cardiovascular hypertrophy and fibrosis. However, angiotensin II can also activate a second receptor, the AT2 receptor. Moreover, the removal of the C-terminal phenylalanine from angiotensin II by ACE2 (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2) yields angiotensin-(1-7), and this peptide interacts with its receptor Mas. When the aminoterminal Asp of angiotensin-(1-7) is decarboxylated, alamandine is generated, which activates the Mas-related G-protein-coupled receptor D, MrgD (Mas-related G-protein-coupled receptor type D). Since Mas, MrgD, and the AT2 receptor have opposing effects to the classical AT1 receptor, they and the enzymes and peptides activating them are called the alternative or protective arm of the renin-angiotensin system. This review will cover the historical aspects and the current standing of this recent addition to the biology of the renin-angiotensin system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Bader
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Charité - University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
- Institute for Biology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - U. Muscha Steckelings
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Dept. of Cardiovascular & Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Natalia Alenina
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robson A.S. Santos
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Nanobiopharmaceutics (Nanobiofar) - Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences - Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Carlos M. Ferrario
- Laboratory of Translational Hypertension, Department of Surgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC 27157, USA
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11
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Kakavandi E, Sadeghi K, Shayestehpour M, Mirhendi H, Rahimi Foroushani A, Mokhtari-Azad T, Shafiei Jandaghi NZ, Yavarian J. Evaluation of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), angiotensin II (Ang II), miR-141-3p, and miR-421 levels in SARS-CoV-2 patients: a case-control study. BMC Infect Dis 2024; 24:429. [PMID: 38649818 PMCID: PMC11036566 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-024-09310-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a highly contagious virus that uses angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), a pivotal member of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), as its cell-entry receptor. Another member of the RAS, angiotensin II (Ang II), is the major biologically active component in this system. There is growing evidence suggesting that serum miRNAs could serve as prognostic biomarkers for SARS-CoV-2 infection and regulate ACE2 expression. Therefore, the aim of this study is to evaluate the changes in the serum levels of sACE2 and Ang II, as well as the expression level of miR-141-3p and miR-421 in SARS-CoV-2 positive and negative subjects. METHODS In the present study, the serum levels of sACE2 and Ang II were measured in 94 SARS-CoV-2 positive patients and 94 SARS-CoV-2 negative subjects with some symptoms similar to those of SARS-CoV-2 positive patients using the ELISA method. In addition, the expression level of miR-141-3p and miR-421 as ACE2 regulators and biomarkers was evaluated using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) method. RESULTS The mean serum sACE2 concentration in the SARS-CoV-2-positive group was 3.268 ± 0.410 ng/ml, whereas in the SARS-CoV-2 negative group, it was 3.564 ± 0.437 ng/ml. Additionally, the mean serum Ang II level in the SARS-CoV-2 positive and negative groups were 60.67 ± 6.192 ng/L and 67.97 ± 6.837 ng/L, respectively. However, there was no significant difference in the serum levels of sACE2 (P value: 0.516) and Ang II (P value: 0.134) between the SARS-CoV-2 positive and negative groups. Meanwhile, our findings indicated that the expression levels of miR-141-3p and miR-421 in SARS-CoV-2 positive group were significantly lower and higher than SARS-CoV-2 negative group, respectively (P value < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Taken together, the results of this study showed that the serum levels of sACE2 and Ang II in SARS-CoV-2 positive and negative subjects were not significantly different, but the expression levels of miR-141-3p and miR-421 were altered in SARS-CoV-2 positive patients which need more investigation to be used as biomarkers for COVID-19 diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Kakavandi
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kaveh Sadeghi
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Shayestehpour
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hossein Mirhendi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Abbas Rahimi Foroushani
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Talat Mokhtari-Azad
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Jila Yavarian
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Research Center for Antibiotic Stewardship and Antimicrobial Resistance, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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12
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Wang HH, Chong M, Perrot N, Feiner J, Hess S, Yusuf S, Gerstein H, Paré G, Pigeyre M. Vaspin: A Novel Biomarker Linking Gluteofemoral Body Fat and Type 2 Diabetes Risk. Diabetes Care 2024; 47:259-266. [PMID: 38055934 DOI: 10.2337/dc23-1488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether adiposity depots modulate vaspin levels and whether vaspin predicts type 2 diabetes (T2D) risk, through epidemiological and genetic analyses. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We assessed the relationship of plasma vaspin concentration with incident and prevalent T2D and adiposity-related variables in 1) the Prospective Urban and Rural Epidemiology (PURE) biomarker substudy (N = 10,052) and 2) the Outcome Reduction with Initial Glargine Intervention (ORIGIN) trial (N = 7,840), using regression models. We then assessed whether vaspin is causally associated with T2D and whether genetic variants associated with MRI-measured adiposity depots modulate vaspin levels, using two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR). RESULTS A 1-SD increase in circulating vaspin levels was associated with a 16% increase in incident T2D in the PURE cohort (hazard ratio 1.16; 95% CI 1.09-1.23; P = 4.26 × 10-7) and prevalent T2D in the ORIGIN cohort (odds ratio [OR] 1.16; 95% CI 1.07-1.25; P = 2.17 × 10-4). A 1-unit increase in BMI and triglyceride levels was associated with a 0.08-SD (95% CI 0.06-0.10; P = 2.04 × 10-15) and 0.06-SD (95% CI 0.04-0.08; P = 4.08 × 10-13) increase, respectively, in vaspin in the PURE group. Consistent associations were observed in the ORIGIN cohort. MR results reinforced the association between vaspin and BMI-adjusted T2D risk (OR 1.01 per 1-SD increase in vaspin level; 95% CI 1.00-1.02; P = 2.86 × 10-2) and showed that vaspin was increased by 0.10 SD per 1-SD decrease in genetically determined gluteofemoral adiposity (95% CI 0.02-0.18; P = 2.01 × 10-2). No relationships were found between subcutaneous or visceral adiposity and vaspin. CONCLUSIONS These findings support that higher vaspin levels are related to increased T2D risk and reduced gluteofemoral adiposity, positioning vaspin as a promising clinical predictor for T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry Hezhou Wang
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Population Health Research Institute, David Braley Cardiac, Vascular and Stroke Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael Chong
- Population Health Research Institute, David Braley Cardiac, Vascular and Stroke Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nicolas Perrot
- Population Health Research Institute, David Braley Cardiac, Vascular and Stroke Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - James Feiner
- Population Health Research Institute, David Braley Cardiac, Vascular and Stroke Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sibylle Hess
- Global Medical Diabetes, Sanofi, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Salim Yusuf
- Population Health Research Institute, David Braley Cardiac, Vascular and Stroke Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hertzel Gerstein
- Population Health Research Institute, David Braley Cardiac, Vascular and Stroke Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Guillaume Paré
- Population Health Research Institute, David Braley Cardiac, Vascular and Stroke Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marie Pigeyre
- Population Health Research Institute, David Braley Cardiac, Vascular and Stroke Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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13
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Li JX, Xiao X, Teng F, Li HH. Myeloid ACE2 protects against septic hypotension and vascular dysfunction through Ang-(1-7)-Mas-mediated macrophage polarization. Redox Biol 2024; 69:103004. [PMID: 38141575 PMCID: PMC10788636 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2023.103004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is a new identified member of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) that cleaves angiotensin II (Ang II) to Ang (1-7), which exerts anti-inflammatory and antioxidative activities via binding with Mas receptor (MasR). However, the functional role of ACE2 in sepsis-related hypotension remains unknown. Our results indicated that sepsis significantly reduced blood pressure and led to disruption between ACE-Ang II and ACE2-Ang (1-7) balance. ACE2 knock-in mice exhibited improved sepsis-induced mortality, hypotension and vascular dysfunction, while ACE2 knockout mice exhibited the opposite effects. Bone marrow transplantation and in vitro experiments confirmed that myeloid ACE2 exerted a protective role by suppressing oxidative stress, NO production and macrophage polarization via the Ang (1-7)-MasR-NF-κB and STAT1 pathways. Thus, ACE2 on myeloid cells could protect against sepsis-mediated hypotension and vascular dysfunction, and upregulating ACE2 may represent a promising therapeutic option for septic patients with hypotension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Xin Li
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiopulmonary Cerebral Resuscitation, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 8 Worker's Stadium South Road, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Xue Xiao
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiopulmonary Cerebral Resuscitation, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 8 Worker's Stadium South Road, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Fei Teng
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiopulmonary Cerebral Resuscitation, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 8 Worker's Stadium South Road, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Hui-Hua Li
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiopulmonary Cerebral Resuscitation, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 8 Worker's Stadium South Road, Beijing, 100020, China.
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14
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Zobel CM, Kuhn H, Schreiner M, Wenzel W, Wendtland J, Goekeri C, Scheit L, Oltmanns K, Rauschning D, Grossegesse M, Hofmann N, Wirtz H, Spethmann S. Impact of ACE I gene insertion/deletion, A-240T polymorphisms and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system on COVID-19 disease. Virol J 2024; 21:15. [PMID: 38200555 PMCID: PMC10782794 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02283-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is driven by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, which has led to an enormous burden on patient morbidity and mortality. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) plays a significant role in various pulmonary diseases. Since SARS-CoV-2 utilizes the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)2 receptor to exert its virulence and pathogenicity, the RAAS is of particular importance in COVID 19. METHODS Our preliminary study investigates retrospectively the influence of selected ACE-polymorphisms (I/D location at intron 16 in the B-coding sequence (rs4646994) and A-240T (rs 4291) at the A-promoter) as well as ACE1 and ACE2 serum levels on disease severity and the inflammatory response in inpatients and outpatients with COVID-19. RESULTS Our study included 96 outpatients and 88 inpatients (65.9% male, mean age 60 years) with COVID-19 from April to December 2020 in four locations in Germany. Of the hospitalized patients, 88.6% participants were moderately ill (n = 78, 64% male, median age 60 years), and 11.4% participants were severely ill or deceased (n = 10, 90% male, median age 71 years). We found no polymorphism-related difference in disease, in age distribution, time to hospitalization and time of hospitalization for the inpatient group. ACE1 serum levels were significantly increased in the DD compared to the II polymorphism and in the TT compared to the AA polymorphism. There was no significant difference in ACE 1 serum levels l between moderately ill and severely ill patients. However, participants requiring oxygen supplementation had significantly elevated ACE1 levels compared to participants not requiring oxygen, with no difference in ACE2 levels whereas females had significantly higher ACE2 levels. CONCLUSIONS Although there were no differences in the distribution of ACE polymorphisms in disease severity, we found increased proinflammatory regulation of the RAAS in patients with oxygen demand and increased serum ACE2 levels in women, indicating a possible enhanced anti-inflammatory immune response. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION PreBiSeCov: German Clinical Trials Register, DRKS-ID: DRKS00021591, Registered on 27th April 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian M Zobel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Bundeswehr Hospital Berlin, Scharnhorstrstr. 13, 10115, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Hartmut Kuhn
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Maximilian Schreiner
- Department of Internal Medicine, Bundeswehr Hospital Berlin, Scharnhorstrstr. 13, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - Werner Wenzel
- Department of Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Bundeswehr Hospital Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jasper Wendtland
- Department of Internal Medicine, Bundeswehr Hospital Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Cengiz Goekeri
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, Cyprus International University, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Lorenz Scheit
- Department of Internal Medicine, Bundeswehr Hospital Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Klaas Oltmanns
- Department of Internal Medicine, Bundeswehr Hospital Westerstede, Westerstede, Germany
| | - Dominic Rauschning
- Department of Internal Medicine, Bundeswehr Hospital Koblenz, Koblenz, Germany
| | - Marica Grossegesse
- Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, ZBS1, Robert Koch Institute, Highly Pathogenic Viruses, Berlin, Germany
| | - Natalie Hofmann
- Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, ZBS1, Robert Koch Institute, Highly Pathogenic Viruses, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hubert Wirtz
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sebastian Spethmann
- Deutsches Herzzentrum der Charité Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität Zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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15
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Ljunggren M, Zhou X, Theorell-Haglöw J, Janson C, Franklin KA, Emilsson Ö, Lindberg E. Sleep Apnea Indices Associated with Markers of Inflammation and Cardiovascular Disease: A Proteomic Study in the MUSTACHE Cohort. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2024; 21:165-169. [PMID: 37788298 PMCID: PMC10867909 DOI: 10.1513/annalsats.202305-472rl] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
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16
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Demeuse J, Huyghebaert L, Determe W, Schoumacher M, Grifnée E, Massonnet P, Dubrowski T, Rechchad M, Segura JF, Peeters S, Cavalier E, Le Goff C. Development and validation of an LC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous quantitation of angiotensin (1-7), (1-8), (1-9) and (1-10) in human plasma. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2024; 1232:123943. [PMID: 38039597 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2023.123943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases have cast a significant negative impact on the lives of millions worldwide. Over the years, extensive efforts have been dedicated to enhancing diagnostic and prognostic tools for these diseases. A growing body of evidence indicates that the angiotensin convertase enzyme (ACE) and the angiotensin convertase enzyme 2 (ACE2), and angiotensin peptide levels could hold a pivotal role in assisting clinicians with the management of cardiovascular conditions, notably hypertension and heart failure. However, despite the considerable body of knowledge in this domain, a void remains in the field of analytical methodologies for these molecules. In this study, we present a fully validated LC-MS/MS method for the precise quantitation of plasma angiotensin (1-7), (1-8), (1-9), and (1-10), following the guidelines set by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Our method not only enables the accurate quantification of angiotensin peptides but also provides a means to assess ACE and ACE2 activity. Remarkably, our method achieved a Lower Limit of Measurement Interval (LLMI) as low as 5 pg/mL. This has enabled the detection of angiotensin (1-7), (1-8), (1-9) and (1-10) and the accurate quantitation of angiotensin (1-7), (1-8) and (1-10) in all analyzed groups, including healthy controls, patients with high blood pressure, and patients with chronic kidney disease. To our knowledge, our method represents the most sensitive approach allowing for simultaneous quantitation of these four angiotensin peptides. A distinct advantage of our method, when compared to immunoassays, is its high sensitivity combined with comprehensive chromatographic separation of all currently known angiotensin peptides. This combination translates to an exceptional level of selectivity, underscoring the value and potential of our methodology in advancing cardiovascular disease research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine Demeuse
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, CIRM, University of Liège, Belgium
| | - Loreen Huyghebaert
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital of Liège, Belgium.
| | - William Determe
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, CIRM, University of Liège, Belgium
| | | | - Elodie Grifnée
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital of Liège, Belgium
| | | | - Thomas Dubrowski
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital of Liège, Belgium
| | - Marwa Rechchad
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital of Liège, Belgium
| | | | - Stéphanie Peeters
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital of Liège, Belgium
| | - Etienne Cavalier
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, CIRM, University of Liège, Belgium; Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital of Liège, Belgium
| | - Caroline Le Goff
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, CIRM, University of Liège, Belgium; Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital of Liège, Belgium
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Omidkhah N, Hadizadeh F, Ghodsi R, Kesharwani P, Sahebkar A. In silico Evaluation of NO-Sartans against SARS-CoV-2. Curr Drug Discov Technol 2024; 21:e050324227669. [PMID: 38445698 DOI: 10.2174/0115701638279362240223070810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Numerous clinical trials are currently investigating the potential of nitric oxide (NO) as an antiviral agent against coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV-2. Additionally, some researchers have reported positive effects of certain Sartans against SARS-CoV-2. METHOD Considering the impact of NO-Sartans on the cardiovascular system, we have compiled information on the general structure, synthesis methods, and biological studies of synthesized NOSartans. In silico evaluation of all NO-Sartans and approved sartans against three key SARS-CoV- -2 targets, namely Mpro (PDB ID: 6LU7), NSP16 (PDB ID: 6WKQ), and ACE-2 (PDB ID: 1R4L), was performed using MOE. RESULTS Almost all NO-Sartans and approved sartans demonstrated promising results in inhibiting these SARS-CoV-2 targets. Compound 36 (CLC-1280) showed the best docking scores against the three evaluated targets and was further evaluated using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. CONCLUSION Based on our in silico studies, CLC-1280 (a Valsartan dinitrate) has the potential to be considered as an inhibitor of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. However, further in vitro and in vivo evaluations are necessary for the drug development process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Negar Omidkhah
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Farzin Hadizadeh
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Razieh Ghodsi
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Prashant Kesharwani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard University, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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18
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Siratavičiūtė V, Pangonytė D, Utkienė L, Jusienė L, Marcinkevičienė J, Stanionienė Z, Radikė R. Myocardial Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 Protein Expression in Ischemic Heart Failure. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17145. [PMID: 38138974 PMCID: PMC10743033 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2)-angiotensin-(1-7)-Mas receptor axis plays a significant role in regulating myocardial remodeling and the development of heart failure (HF), with ACE2 being the primary focus. However, contemporary understanding of the membrane-bound form of the human ACE2 protein remains insufficient. The purpose of this study was to determine the expression of ACE2 protein in different cells of the left ventricular myocardium in non-diseased hearts and at various stages of ischemic HF. A total of 103 myocardial tissue samples from the left ventricle underwent quantitative and semi-quantitative immunohistochemical analysis. Upon assessing ACE2 immunostaining in all myocardial cells through unselective digital image analysis, there was no change in the stage A HF group. Nevertheless, the expression of ACE2 membrane protein in cardiomyocytes showed a tendency to increase, while non-cardiomyocyte ACE2 expression decreased significantly (p < 0.001). In the stage B HF group, the intensity of ACE2 immunostaining continued to increase with rising cardiomyocyte ACE2 expression (p < 0.001). Non-cardiomyocyte expression, in contrast, remained similar to that observed in the stage A HF group. In the stages C/D HF group, ACE2 expression reached its highest level in cardiomyocytes (p < 0.001), while ACE2 expression in non-cardiomyocytes was the lowest (p < 0.001). These changes in ACE2 protein levels are associated with left ventricular remodeling in ischemic HF.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dalia Pangonytė
- Laboratory of Cardiac Pathology, Institute of Cardiology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, 50161 Kaunas, Lithuania; (V.S.); (L.U.); (L.J.); (J.M.); (Z.S.); (R.R.)
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19
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Lanktree MB, Perrot N, Smyth A, Chong M, Narula S, Shanmuganathan M, Kroezen Z, Britz-Mckibbin P, Berger M, Krepinsky JC, Pigeyre M, Yusuf S, Paré G. A novel multi-ancestry proteome-wide Mendelian randomization study implicates extracellular proteins, tubular cells, and fibroblasts in estimated glomerular filtration rate regulation. Kidney Int 2023; 104:1170-1184. [PMID: 37774922 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2023.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) impacts the concentration of plasma biomarkers confounding biomarker association studies of eGFR with reverse causation. To identify biomarkers causally associated with eGFR, we performed a proteome-wide Mendelian randomization study. Genetic variants nearby biomarker coding genes were tested for association with plasma concentration of 1,161 biomarkers in a multi-ancestry sample of 12,066 participants from the Prospective Urban and Rural Epidemiological (PURE) study. Using two-sample Mendelian randomization, individual variants' effects on biomarker concentration were correlated with their effects on eGFR and kidney traits from published genome-wide association studies (GWAS). Genetically altered concentrations of 22 biomarkers were associated with eGFR above a Bonferroni-corrected significance threshold. Five biomarkers were previously identified by GWAS (UMOD, FGF5, LGALS7, NINJ1, COL18A1). Nine biomarkers were within 1 Mb of the lead GWAS variant but the gene for the biomarker was unidentified as the candidate for the GWAS signal (INHBC, TNFRSF11A, TCN2, PXN1, PRTN3, PSMD9, TFPI, ITGB6, CA3). Single-cell transcriptomic data indicated the 22 biomarkers are expressed in kidney tubules, collecting duct, fibroblasts, and immune cells. Pathway analysis showed significant enrichment of identified biomarkers in the extracellular kidney parenchyma. Thus, using genetic regulators of biomarker concentration via proteome-wide Mendelian randomization, we identified 22 biomarkers that appear to causally impact eGFR in either a beneficial or adverse manner. The current study provides rationale for novel therapeutic targets for eGFR and emphasized a role for extracellular proteins produced by tubular cells and fibroblasts for impacting eGFR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B Lanktree
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Division of Nephrology, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Nicolas Perrot
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrew Smyth
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; HRB Clinical Research Facility Galway, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Michael Chong
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sukrit Narula
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Meera Shanmuganathan
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zachary Kroezen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Philip Britz-Mckibbin
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mario Berger
- Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals Research & Development, Pharma Research Center, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Joan C Krepinsky
- Division of Nephrology, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marie Pigeyre
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Salim Yusuf
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Guillaume Paré
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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20
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Xie J, Huang QF, Zhang Z, Dong Y, Xu H, Cao Y, Sheng CS, Li Y, Wang C, Wang X, Wang JG. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 in human plasma and lung tissue. Blood Press 2023; 32:6-15. [PMID: 36495008 DOI: 10.1080/08037051.2022.2154745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We investigated plasma angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) concentration in a population sample and the ACE2 expression quantitated with the diaminobenzidine mean intensity in the lung tissue in patients who underwent lung surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study participants were recruited from a residential area in the suburb of Shanghai for the plasma ACE2 concentration study (n = 503) and the lung tissue samples were randomly selected from the storage in Ruijin Hospital (80 men and 78 age-matched women). RESULTS In analyses adjusted for covariables, men had a significantly higher plasma ACE2 concentration (1.21 vs. 0.98 ng/mL, p = 0.027) and the mean intensity of ACE2 in the lung tissue (55.1 vs. 53.9 a.u., p = 0.037) than women. With age increasing, plasma ACE2 concentration decreased (p = 0.001), while the mean intensity of ACE2 in the lung tissue tended to increase (p = 0.087). Plasma ACE2 concentration was higher in hypertension than normotension, especially treated hypertension (1.23 vs. 0.98 ng/mL, p = 0.029 vs. normotension), with no significant difference between users of RAS inhibitors and other classes of antihypertensive drugs (p = 0.64). There was no significance of the mean intensity of ACE2 in the lung tissue between patients taking and those not taking RAS inhibitors (p = 0.14). Neither plasma ACE2 concentration nor the mean intensity of ACE2 in the lung tissue differed between normoglycemia and diabetes (p ≥ 0.20). CONCLUSION ACE2 in the plasma and lung tissue showed divergent changes according to several major characteristics of patients.Plain language summary What is the context? • The primary physiological function of ACE2 is the degradation of angiotensin I and II to angiotensin 1-9 and 1-7, respectively. • ACE2 was found to behave as a mediator of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS) infection. • There is little research on ACE2 in humans, especially in the lung tissue. • In the present report, we investigated plasma ACE2 concentration and the ACE2 expression quantitated with the diaminobenzidine mean intensity in the lung tissue respectively in two study populations. What is new? • Our study investigated both circulating and tissue ACE2 in human subjects. The main findings were: • In men as well as women, plasma ACE2 concentration was higher in younger than older participants, whereas the mean intensity of ACE2 in the lung tissue increase with age increasing. • Compared with normotension, hypertensive patients had higher plasma ACE2 concentration but similar mean intensity of ACE2 in the lung tissue. • Neither plasma ACE2 concentration nor lung tissue ACE2 expression significantly differed between users of RAS inhibitors and other classes of antihypertensive drugs. What is the impact? • ACE2 in the plasma and lung tissue showed divergent changes according to several major characteristics, such as sex, age, and treated and untreated hypertension. • A major implication is that plasma ACE2 concentration might not be an appropriate surrogate for the ACE2 expression in the lung tissue, and hence not a good predictor of SARS-COV-2 infection or fatality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xie
- Department of Pathology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi-Fang Huang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Center for Epidemiological Studies and Clinical Trials and Center for Vascular Evaluations, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhihan Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yihan Dong
- Department of Pathology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Haimin Xu
- Department of Pathology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanan Cao
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, National Clinical Research Centre for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumors, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,National Research Center for Translational Medicine, National Key Scientific Infrastructure for Translational Medicine (Shanghai), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chang-Sheng Sheng
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Center for Epidemiological Studies and Clinical Trials and Center for Vascular Evaluations, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Center for Epidemiological Studies and Clinical Trials and Center for Vascular Evaluations, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chaofu Wang
- Department of Pathology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ji-Guang Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Center for Epidemiological Studies and Clinical Trials and Center for Vascular Evaluations, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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21
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O’Keeffe M, Oterhals Å, Vikøren LAS, Drotningsvik A, Mellgren G, Halstensen A, Gudbrandsen OA. Dietary fish intake increased the concentration of soluble ACE2 in rats: can fish consumption reduce the risk of COVID-19 infection through interception of SARS-CoV-2 by soluble ACE2? Br J Nutr 2023; 130:1712-1719. [PMID: 36946006 PMCID: PMC10587383 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114523000776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) enters the cells after binding to the membrane-bound receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), but this may be prevented through interception by soluble ACE2 (sACE2) or by inhibition of the ACE2 receptor, thus obstructing cell entry and replication. The main objective of this study was to investigate if fish intake affected the concentration of sACE2 in rats. The secondary aim was to evaluate the in vitro ACE2-inhibiting activity of fish proteins. Rats were fed cod muscle as 25 % of dietary protein, and blood was collected after 4 weeks of intervention. Muscle, backbone, skin, head, stomach, stomach content, intestine and swim bladder from haddock, saithe, cod and redfish were hydrolysed with trypsin before ACE2-inhibiting activity was measured in vitro. In vivo data were compared using unpaired Student's t test, and in vitro data were compared using one-way ANOVA followed by the Tukey HSD post hoc test. The mean sACE2 concentration was 47 % higher in rats fed cod when compared with control rats (P 0·034), whereas serum concentrations of angiotensin II and TNF-α were similar between the two experimental groups. Muscle, backbone, skin and head from all four fish species inhibited ACE2 activity in vitro, whereas the remaining fractions had no effect. To conclude, our novel data demonstrate that fish intake increased the sACE2 concentration in rats and that the hydrolysed fish proteins inhibited ACE2 activity in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria O’Keeffe
- Dietary Protein Research Group, Centre for Nutrition, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen5021, Norway
| | | | - Linn Anja Slåke Vikøren
- Dietary Protein Research Group, Centre for Nutrition, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen5021, Norway
| | - Aslaug Drotningsvik
- Dietary Protein Research Group, Centre for Nutrition, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen5021, Norway
| | - Gunnar Mellgren
- Mohn Nutrition Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen5021, Norway
- Hormone Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen5021, Norway
| | - Alfred Halstensen
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway
- K. Halstensen AS, P.O. Box 103, Bekkjarvik5399, Norway
| | - Oddrun Anita Gudbrandsen
- Dietary Protein Research Group, Centre for Nutrition, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen5021, Norway
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22
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Franks PW, Cefalu WT, Dennis J, Florez JC, Mathieu C, Morton RW, Ridderstråle M, Sillesen HH, Stehouwer CDA. Precision medicine for cardiometabolic disease: a framework for clinical translation. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2023; 11:822-835. [PMID: 37804856 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-8587(23)00165-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
Cardiometabolic disease is a major threat to global health. Precision medicine has great potential to help to reduce the burden of this common and complex disease cluster, and to enhance contemporary evidence-based medicine. Its key pillars are diagnostics; prediction (of the primary disease); prevention (of the primary disease); prognosis (prediction of complications of the primary disease); treatment (of the primary disease or its complications); and monitoring (of risk exposure, treatment response, and disease progression or remission). To contextualise precision medicine in both research and clinical settings, and to encourage the successful translation of discovery science into clinical practice, in this Series paper we outline a model (the EPPOS model) that builds on contemporary evidence-based approaches; includes precision medicine that improves disease-related predictions by stratifying a cohort into subgroups of similar characteristics, or using participants' characteristics to model treatment outcomes directly; includes personalised medicine with the use of a person's data to objectively gauge the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of therapeutics; and subjectively tailors medical decisions to the individual's preferences, circumstances, and capabilities. Precision medicine requires a well functioning system comprised of multiple stakeholders, including health-care recipients, health-care providers, scientists, health economists, funders, innovators of medicines and technologies, regulators, and policy makers. Powerful computing infrastructures supporting appropriate analysis of large-scale, well curated, and accessible health databases that contain high-quality, multidimensional, time-series data will be required; so too will prospective cohort studies in diverse populations designed to generate novel hypotheses, and clinical trials designed to test them. Here, we carefully consider these topics and describe a framework for the integration of precision medicine in cardiometabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul W Franks
- Department of Translational Medicine, Medical Science, Novo Nordisk Foundation, Hellerup, Denmark; Lund University Diabetes Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden; Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - William T Cefalu
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - John Dennis
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Jose C Florez
- Diabetes Unit and Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Programs in Metabolism and Medical & Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Chantal Mathieu
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, UZ Gasthuisberg, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Robert W Morton
- Department of Translational Medicine, Medical Science, Novo Nordisk Foundation, Hellerup, Denmark
| | | | - Henrik H Sillesen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Medical Science, Novo Nordisk Foundation, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Coen D A Stehouwer
- CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Netherlands
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23
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Zi-Yang Y, Nanshan X, Dongling L, Tao H, Yigao H, Danqing Y, Caojin Z. ACE2 gene polymorphisms are associated with elevated pulmonary artery pressure in congenital heart diseases. Gene 2023; 882:147642. [PMID: 37454747 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.147642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) polymorphisms are related to the occurrence and prognosis of cardiovascular disease. However, whether ACE2 polymorphisms also affect pulmonary circulation in congenital heart disease (CHD) remains unclear. Thus, we investigated the relationship between ACE2 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) and pulmonary circulation in CHD patients of Chinese Han ethnicity. METHODS Enrolled CHD patients (n = 367) underwent gene sequencing of ACE2 SNPs rs2074192, rs2285666, and rs2106809. Patients with pulmonary hypertension were further examined for detailed hemodynamics. RESULTS Female heterozygous patients had worse pulmonary circulation hemodynamic parameters compared to those of homozygotes. Female CHD patients with the CCA (OR = 0.53, 95% CI: 0.32-0.88) or CCG (OR = 0.59, 95% CI: 0.35-0.99) haplotype had a lower risk of elevated pulmonary artery pressure. CONCLUSION In female CHD patients, ACE2 SNPs are related to pulmonary circulation hemodynamics. Female CHD patients with the CCA and CCG haplotype had a lower risk of pulmonary hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zi-Yang
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xie Nanshan
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of South China Structural Heart Disease, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Luo Dongling
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of South China Structural Heart Disease, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Huang Tao
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of South China Structural Heart Disease, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Huang Yigao
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of South China Structural Heart Disease, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yu Danqing
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Zhang Caojin
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of South China Structural Heart Disease, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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24
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Meyers WM, Hong RJ, Sin WC, Kim CS, Haas K. A cell-based assay for rapid assessment of ACE2 catalytic function. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14123. [PMID: 37644110 PMCID: PMC10465489 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41389-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme II (ACE2) is a monocarboxypeptidase expressed throughout multiple tissues and its catalysis of bioactive peptides regulates the renin-angiotensin system mediating blood pressure homeostasis. ACE2 is implicated in a variety of diseases, including obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases, and is the obligate entry receptor for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Disease-associated genetic variants of ACE2 are increasingly being identified but are poorly characterized. To aid this problem, we introduce a fluorometric cell-based assay for evaluating surface-expressed ACE2 catalytic activity that preserves the native glycosylation of the host environment and is amenable to high-throughput analysis of ACE2 variants in multi-well plates. We demonstrate sensitivity to detecting catalysis of the key ACE2 substrates, Angiotensin II, Apelin-13, and des-Arg9-bradykinin, and impact of a catalytically-deficient ACE2 variant. Normalizing catalytic measures to surface ACE2 expression accounts for variability in ACE2 variant transfection, surface delivery or stability. This assay provides a convenient and powerful approach for investigating the catalytic characteristics of ACE2 variants involved in cardiovascular peptide cascades and homeostasis of multiple organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warren M Meyers
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Cellular & Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ryan J Hong
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Cellular & Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Wun Chey Sin
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Cellular & Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Christine S Kim
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Cellular & Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Kurt Haas
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
- Department of Cellular & Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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25
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Benedetti S, Sisti D, Vandini D, Barocci S, Sudano M, Carlotti E, Teng JLL, Zamai L. Circulating ACE2 level and zinc/albumin ratio as potential biomarkers for a precision medicine approach to COVID-19. Adv Biol Regul 2023; 89:100973. [PMID: 37257289 PMCID: PMC10202900 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2023.100973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Highly mutable influenza is successfully countered based on individual susceptibility and similar precision-like medicine approach should be effective against SARS-COV-2. Among predictive markers to bring precision medicine to COVID-19, circulating ACE2 has potential features being upregulated in both severe COVID-19 and predisposing comorbidities. Spike SARS-CoVs were shown to induce ADAM17-mediated shedding of enzymatic active ACE2, thus accounting for its increased activity that has also been suggested to induce positive feedback loops leading to COVID-19-like manifestations. For this reason, pre-existing ACE2 activity and inhibition of ACE2/ADAM17 zinc-metalloproteases through zinc chelating agents have been proposed to predict COVID-19 outcome before infection and to protect from COVID-19, respectively. Since most diagnostic laboratories are not equipped for enzymatic activity determination, other potential predictive markers of disease progression exploitable by diagnostic laboratories were explored. Concentrations of circulating albumin, zinc, ACE2 protein and its activity were investigated in healthy, diabetic (COVID-19-susceptible) and SARS-CoV-2-negative COVID-19 individuals. ACE2 both protein levels and activity significantly increased in COVID-19 and diabetic patients. Abnormal high levels of ACE2 characterised a subgroup (16-19%) of diabetics, while COVID-19 patients were characterised by significantly higher zinc/albumin ratios, pointing to a relative increase of albumin-unbound zinc species, such as free zinc ones. Data on circulating ACE2 levels are in line with the hypothesis that they can drive susceptibility to COVID-19 and elevated zinc/albumin ratios support the therapeutic use of zinc chelating inhibitors of ACE2/ADAM17 zinc-metalloproteases in a targeted therapy for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Benedetti
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029, Urbino, Italy
| | - Davide Sisti
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029, Urbino, Italy
| | - Daniela Vandini
- Department of Clinical Pathology, ASUR Marche AV1, Urbino, PU, Italy
| | - Simone Barocci
- Department of Clinical Pathology, ASUR Marche AV1, Urbino, PU, Italy
| | - Maurizio Sudano
- Diabetology and Endocrinology Unit, ASUR Marche AV1, Urbino, PU, Italy
| | | | - Jade Lee Lee Teng
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Loris Zamai
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029, Urbino, Italy; INFN-Gran Sasso National Laboratory, Assergi, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy.
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26
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Kei CY, Singh K, Dautov RF, Nguyen TH, Chirkov YY, Horowitz JD. Coronary "Microvascular Dysfunction": Evolving Understanding of Pathophysiology, Clinical Implications, and Potential Therapeutics. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11287. [PMID: 37511046 PMCID: PMC10379859 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Until recently, it has been generally held that stable angina pectoris (SAP) primarily reflects the presence of epicardial coronary artery stenoses due to atheromatous plaque(s), while acute myocardial infarction (AMI) results from thrombus formation on ruptured plaques. This concept is now challenged, especially by results of the ORBITA and ISCHEMIA trials, which showed that angioplasty/stenting does not substantially relieve SAP symptoms or prevent AMI or death in such patients. These disappointing outcomes serve to redirect attention towards anomalies of small coronary physiology. Recent studies suggest that coronary microvasculature is often both structurally and physiologically abnormal irrespective of the presence or absence of large coronary artery stenoses. Structural remodelling of the coronary microvasculature appears to be induced primarily by inflammation initiated by mast cell, platelet, and neutrophil activation, leading to erosion of the endothelial glycocalyx. This leads to the disruption of laminar flow and the facilitation of endothelial platelet interaction. Glycocalyx shedding has been implicated in the pathophysiology of coronary artery spasm, cardiovascular ageing, AMI, and viral vasculitis. Physiological dysfunction is closely linked to structural remodelling and occurs in most patients with myocardial ischemia, irrespective of the presence or absence of large-vessel stenoses. Dysfunction includes the impairment of platelet and vascular responsiveness to autocidal coronary vasodilators, such as nitric oxide, prostacyclin, and hydrogen sulphide, and predisposes both to coronary vasoconstriction and to a propensity for microthrombus formation. These findings emphasise the need for new directions in medical therapeutics for patients with SAP, as well as a wide range of other cardiovascular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Yeung Kei
- Department of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5371, Australia
| | - Kuljit Singh
- Department of Medicine, Griffith University, Southport 4111, Australia
- Gold Coast University Hospital, Gold Coast 4215, Australia
| | - Rustem F Dautov
- Department of Medicine, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba 4102, Australia
- Prince Charles Hospital, Brisbane 4032, Australia
| | - Thanh H Nguyen
- Department of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5371, Australia
- Northern Adelaide Local Health Network, Adelaide 5000, Australia
| | - Yuliy Y Chirkov
- Department of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5371, Australia
- Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Research, Adelaide 5011, Australia
| | - John D Horowitz
- Department of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5371, Australia
- Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Research, Adelaide 5011, Australia
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Sood T, Perrot N, Chong M, Mohammadi-Shemirani P, Mushtaha M, Leong D, Rangarajan S, Hess S, Yusuf S, Gerstein HC, Paré G, Pigeyre M. Biomarkers Associated With Severe COVID-19 Among Populations With High Cardiometabolic Risk: A 2-Sample Mendelian Randomization Study. JAMA Netw Open 2023; 6:e2325914. [PMID: 37498601 PMCID: PMC10375306 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.25914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Importance Cardiometabolic parameters are established risk factors for COVID-19 severity. The identification of causal or protective biomarkers for COVID-19 severity may facilitate the development of novel therapies. Objective To identify protein biomarkers that promote or reduce COVID-19 severity and that mediate the association of cardiometabolic risk factors with COVID-19 severity. Design, Setting, and Participants This genetic association study using 2-sample mendelian randomization (MR) was conducted in 2022 to investigate associations among cardiometabolic risk factors, circulating biomarkers, and COVID-19 hospitalization. Inputs for MR included genetic and proteomic data from 4147 participants with dysglycemia and cardiovascular risk factors collected through the Outcome Reduction With Initial Glargine Intervention (ORIGIN) trial. Genome-wide association study summary statistics were obtained from (1) 3 additional independent plasma proteome studies, (2) genetic consortia for selected cardiometabolic risk factors (including body mass index [BMI], type 2 diabetes, type 1 diabetes, and systolic blood pressure; all n >10 000), and (3) the COVID-19 Host Genetics Initiative (n = 5773 hospitalized and 15 497 nonhospitalized case participants with COVID-19). Data analysis was performed in July 2022. Exposures Genetically determined concentrations of 235 circulating proteins assayed with a multiplex biomarker panel from the ORIGIN trial for the initial analysis. Main Outcomes and Measures Hospitalization status of individuals from the COVID-19 Host Genetics Initiative with a positive COVID-19 test result. Results Among 235 biomarkers tested in samples totaling 22 101 individuals, MR analysis showed that higher kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) levels reduced the likelihood of COVID-19 hospitalization (odds ratio [OR] per SD increase in KIM-1 levels, 0.86 [95% CI, 0.79-0.93]). A meta-analysis validated the protective association with no observed directional pleiotropy (OR per SD increase in KIM-1 levels, 0.91 [95% CI, 0.88-0.95]). Of the cardiometabolic risk factors studied, only BMI was associated with KIM-1 levels (0.17 SD increase in biomarker level per 1 kg/m2 [95% CI, 0.08-0.26]) and COVID-19 hospitalization (OR per 1-SD biomarker level, 1.33 [95% CI, 1.18-1.50]). Multivariable MR analysis also revealed that KIM-1 partially mitigated the association of BMI with COVID-19 hospitalization, reducing it by 10 percentage points (OR adjusted for KIM-1 level per 1 kg/m2, 1.23 [95% CI, 1.06-1.43]). Conclusions and Relevance In this genetic association study, KIM-1 was identified as a potential mitigator of COVID-19 severity, possibly attenuating the increased risk of COVID-19 hospitalization among individuals with high BMI. Further studies are required to better understand the underlying biological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tushar Sood
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nicolas Perrot
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael Chong
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Pedrum Mohammadi-Shemirani
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Deep Genomics Inc, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maha Mushtaha
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Darryl Leong
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Sibylle Hess
- Global Medical Diabetes, Sanofi, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Salim Yusuf
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hertzel C Gerstein
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Guillaume Paré
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marie Pigeyre
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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28
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Kraler S, Wenzl FA, Vykoukal J, Fahrmann JF, Shen MY, Chen DY, Chang KC, Chang CK, von Eckardstein A, Räber L, Mach F, Nanchen D, Matter CM, Liberale L, Camici GG, Akhmedov A, Chen CH, Lüscher TF. Low-density lipoprotein electronegativity and risk of death after acute coronary syndromes: A case-cohort analysis. Atherosclerosis 2023; 376:43-52. [PMID: 37285778 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2023.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol (LDL-C) promotes atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), with changes in LDL electronegativity modulating its pro-atherogenic/pro-thrombotic effects. Whether such alterations associate with adverse outcomes in patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS), a patient population at particularly high cardiovascular risk, remains unknown. METHODS This is a case-cohort study using data from a subset of 2619 ACS patients prospectively recruited at four university hospitals in Switzerland. Isolated LDL was chromatographically separated into LDL particles with increasing electronegativity (L1-L5), with the L1-L5 ratio serving as a proxy of overall LDL electronegativity. Untargeted lipidomics revealed lipid species enriched in L1 (least) vs. L5 (most electronegative subfraction). Patients were followed at 30 days and 1 year. The mortality endpoint was reviewed by an independent clinical endpoint adjudication committee. Multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (aHR) were calculated using weighted Cox regression models. RESULTS Changes in LDL electronegativity were associated with all-cause mortality at 30 days (aHR, 2.13, 95% CI, 1.07-4.23 per 1 SD increment in L1/L5; p=.03) and 1 year (1.84, 1.03-3.29; p=.04), with a notable association with cardiovascular mortality (2.29; 1.21-4.35; p=.01; and 1.88; 1.08-3.28; p=.03). LDL electronegativity superseded several risk factors for the prediction of 1-year death, including LDL-C, and conferred improved discrimination when added to the updated GRACE score (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve 0.74 vs. 0.79, p=.03). Top 10 lipid species enriched in L1 vs. L5 were: cholesterol ester (CE) (18:2), CE (20:4), free fatty acid (FA) (20:4), phosphatidyl-choline (PC) (36:3), PC (34:2), PC (38:5), PC (36:4), PC (34:1), triacylglycerol (TG) (54:3), and PC (38:6) (all p < .001), with CE (18:2), CE (20:4), PC (36:3), PC (34:2), PC (38:5), PC (36:4), TG (54:3), and PC (38:6) independently associating with fatal events during 1-year of follow-up (all p < .05). CONCLUSIONS Reductions in LDL electronegativity are linked to alterations of the LDL lipidome, associate with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality beyond established risk factors, and represent a novel risk factor for adverse outcomes in patients with ACS. These associations warrant further validation in independent cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Kraler
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zurich, 8952, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Florian A Wenzl
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zurich, 8952, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Jody Vykoukal
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Johannes F Fahrmann
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Ming-Yi Shen
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan
| | - Der-Yuan Chen
- Rheumatology and Immunology Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 404, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Cheng Chang
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Kun Chang
- Rheumatology and Immunology Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 404, Taiwan
| | | | - Lorenz Räber
- Department of Cardiology, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - François Mach
- Cardiology, University Hospital Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - David Nanchen
- Center for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christian M Matter
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Luca Liberale
- First Clinic of Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, 16132, Genoa, Italy; IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Giovanni G Camici
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zurich, 8952, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Akhmedov
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zurich, 8952, Schlieren, Switzerland.
| | - Chu-Huang Chen
- Vascular and Medicinal Research, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX, 77030, USA; New York Heart Research Foundation, Mineola, NY, 11501, USA.
| | - Thomas F Lüscher
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zurich, 8952, Schlieren, Switzerland; Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals and Imperial College, London, United Kingdom; School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, Kings College London, London, UK.
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29
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di Filippo L, Uygur M, Locatelli M, Nannipieri F, Frara S, Giustina A. Low vitamin D levels predict outcomes of COVID-19 in patients with both severe and non-severe disease at hospitalization. Endocrine 2023; 80:669-683. [PMID: 36854858 PMCID: PMC9974397 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-023-03331-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Low vitamin D in COVID-19 have been related to worse outcomes. However, most of the studies conducted so far were not-controlled and retrospective, including biases potentially influencing this association. We evaluated 25(OH)vitamin D levels of patients with both severe and non-severe disease at hospital-admission, and in a cohort of control subjects. Moreover, we evaluated sACE-2 levels to investigate the mechanisms underlying the association between vitamin D and COVID-19. METHODS COVID-19 patients were enrolled in a matched for age, sex and comorbidities 1:1-ratio based on the presence/or not of respiratory-distress/severe-disease at hospital-admission. Control matched subjects were enrolled from an outpatient-setting. RESULTS Seventy-three COVID-19 patients (36 severe and 37 non-severe) and 30 control subjects were included. We observed a higher vitamin D deficiency (<20 ng/mL) prevalence in COVID-19 patients than control subjects (75% vs 43%). No differences were found regarding 25(OH)vitamin D and sACE-2 levels between patients with and without severe-disease at study entry. During the disease-course, in the severe group a life-threatening disease occurred in 17 patients (47.2%), and, in the non-severe group, a worsening disease occurred in 10 (27%). 25(OH)vitamin D levels, at admission, were negatively correlated with sACE-2 levels, and were lower in patients whose disease worsened as compared to those in whom it did not, independently from the disease severity at admission. In multivariate-analysis, lower 25(OH)vitamin D resulted as an independent risk factor for disease worsening. CONCLUSIONS 25(OH)vitamin D levels at hospital-admission strongly predicted the occurrence of worsening outcomes in COVID-19 independently of the disease severity at presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi di Filippo
- Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Sciences, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Melin Uygur
- Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Sciences, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Locatelli
- Laboratory Medicine Service, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Stefano Frara
- Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Sciences, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Giustina
- Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Sciences, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.
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Abstract
The current epidemic of corona virus disease (COVID-19) has resulted in an immense health burden that became the third leading cause of death and potentially contributed to a decline in life expectancy in the United States. The severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus-2 binds to the surface-bound peptidase angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2, EC 3.4.17.23) leading to tissue infection and viral replication. ACE2 is an important enzymatic component of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) expressed in the lung and other organs. The peptidase regulates the levels of the peptide hormones Ang II and Ang-(1-7), which have distinct and opposing actions to one another, as well as other cardiovascular peptides. A potential consequence of severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus-2 infection is reduced ACE2 activity by internalization of the viral-ACE2 complex and subsequent activation of the RAS (higher ratio of Ang II:Ang-[1-7]) that may exacerbate the acute inflammatory events in COVID-19 patients and possibly contribute to the effects of long COVID-19. Moreover, COVID-19 patients present with an array of autoantibodies to various components of the RAS including the peptide Ang II, the enzyme ACE2, and the AT1 AT2 and Mas receptors. Greater disease severity is also evident in male COVID-19 patients, which may reflect underlying sex differences in the regulation of the 2 distinct functional arms of the RAS. The current review provides a critical evaluation of the evidence for an activated RAS in COVID-19 subjects and whether this system contributes to the greater severity of severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus-2 infection in males as compared with females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark C. Chappell
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
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31
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Chen Q, Li Y, Bie B, Zhao B, Zhang Y, Fang S, Li S, Zhang Y. P38 MAPK activated ADAM17 mediates ACE2 shedding and promotes cardiac remodeling and heart failure after myocardial infarction. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:73. [PMID: 37046278 PMCID: PMC10091339 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01087-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heart failure (HF) after myocardial infarction (MI) is a prevalent disease with a poor prognosis. Relieving pathological cardiac remodeling and preserving cardiac function is a critical link in the treatment of post-MI HF. Thus, more new therapeutic targets are urgently needed. The expression of ADAM17 is increased in patients with acute MI, but its functional role in post-MI HF remains unclear. METHODS To address this question, we examined the effects of ADAM17 on the severity and prognosis of HF within 1 year of MI in 152 MI patients with or without HF. In mechanistic studies, the effects of ADAM17 on ventricular remodeling and systolic function were extensively assessed at the tissue and cellular levels by establishing animal model of post-MI HF and in vitro hypoxic cell model. RESULTS High levels of ADAM17 predicted a higher incidence of post-MI HF, poorer cardiac function and higher mortality. Animal studies demonstrated that ADAM17 promoted the occurrence of post-MI HF, as indicated by increased infarct size, cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, myocardial interstitial collagen deposition and cardiac failure. ADAM17 knock down significantly improved pathological cardiac remodeling and cardiac function in mice with MI. Mechanistically, activated ADAM17 inhibited the cardioprotective effects of ACE2 by promoting hydrolytic shedding of the transmembrane protein ACE2 in cardiomyocytes, which subsequently mediated the occurrence of cardiac remodeling and the progression of heart failure. Moreover, the activation of ADAM17 in hypoxic cardiomyocytes was dependent on p38 MAPK phosphorylation at threonine 735. CONCLUSIONS These data highlight a novel and important mechanism for ADAM17 to cause post-MI HF, which will hopefully be a new potential target for early prediction or intervention of post-MI HF. Video abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Chen
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, No. 246 Xuefu Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang Province, China
- The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Harbin Medical University, Ministry of Education, No. 246 Xuefu Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang Province, China
- Harbin Medical University, No. 157 JianBao Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Yilan Li
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, No. 246 Xuefu Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Bike Bie
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, No. 246 Xuefu Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang Province, China
- Harbin Medical University, No. 157 JianBao Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, No. 246 Xuefu Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang Province, China
- Harbin Medical University, No. 157 JianBao Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Yanxiu Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, No. 246 Xuefu Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang Province, China
- The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Harbin Medical University, Ministry of Education, No. 246 Xuefu Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang Province, China
- Harbin Medical University, No. 157 JianBao Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Shaohong Fang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, No. 246 Xuefu Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang Province, China
- The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Harbin Medical University, Ministry of Education, No. 246 Xuefu Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Shuijie Li
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Yao Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, No. 246 Xuefu Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang Province, China.
- The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Harbin Medical University, Ministry of Education, No. 246 Xuefu Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang Province, China.
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García-Escobar A, Vera-Vera S, Tébar-Márquez D, Jurado-Román A, Jiménez-Valero S, Galeote G, Cabrera JÁ, Moreno R. The role of vitamin D/calmodulin/calcium signalling/ACE2 pathway in COVID-19. THE BRITISH JOURNAL OF CARDIOLOGY 2023; 30:11. [PMID: 38911688 PMCID: PMC11189159 DOI: 10.5837/bjc.2023.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
There has been suggestion that vitamin D may play a role in protection against severe infection with COVID-19, defined as the need of intensive care unit admission. In this article a potential mechanism involving angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - José Ángel Cabrera
- Cardiologist Cardiology Department, Quirónsalud University Hospital, Diego de Velázquez 1, 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | - Raul Moreno
- Cardiologist Cardiology Department, La Paz University Hospital, Paseo de la Castellana 261, 28046 Madrid, Spain
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Zhou G, Liu J. Prognostic value of elevated plasma angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 in cardiometabolic diseases: A review. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e33251. [PMID: 36897667 PMCID: PMC9997766 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000033251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, as an internal anti regulator of the renin-angiotensin hormone cascade reaction, plays a protective role in vasodilation, inhibition of fibrosis, and initiation of anti-inflammatory and antioxidative stress by degrading angiotensin II and generating angiotensin (1-7). Multiple studies have shown that plasma angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 activity is low in healthy populations without significant cardiometabolic disease, and elevated plasma angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 levels can be used as a novel biomarker of abnormal myocardial structure and/or adverse events in cardiometabolic diseases. This article aims to elaborate the determinants of plasma angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 concentration, the relevance between angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and cardiometabolic disease risk markers, and its relative importance compared with known cardiovascular disease risk factors. Confronted with the known cardiovascular risk factors, plasma angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) concentration uniformly emerged as a firm predictor of abnormal myocardial structure and/or adverse events in cardiometabolic diseases and may improve the risk prediction of cardiometabolic diseases when combined with other conventional risk factors. Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death worldwide, while the renin-angiotensin system is the main hormone cascade system involved in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease. A multi-ancestry global cohort study from the general population by Narula et al revealed that plasma ACE2 concentration was strongly associated with cardiometabolic disease and might be an easily measurable indicator of renin-angiotensin system disorder. The association between this atypical hormone disorder marker and cardiometabolic disease is isolated from conventional cardiac risk factors and brain natriuretic peptide, suggesting that a clearer comprehending of the changes in plasma ACE2 concentration and activity may help us to improve the risk prediction of cardiometabolic disease, guide early diagnosis and feasible therapies, and develop and test new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Zhou
- Department of First Clinical Medical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Jingchen Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
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Oudit GY, Wang K, Viveiros A, Kellner MJ, Penninger JM. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2-at the heart of the COVID-19 pandemic. Cell 2023; 186:906-922. [PMID: 36787743 PMCID: PMC9892333 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
ACE2 is the indispensable entry receptor for SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2. Because of the COVID-19 pandemic, it has become one of the most therapeutically targeted human molecules in biomedicine. ACE2 serves two fundamental physiological roles: as an enzyme, it alters peptide cascade balance; as a chaperone, it controls intestinal amino acid uptake. ACE2's tissue distribution, affected by co-morbidities and sex, explains the broad tropism of coronaviruses and the clinical manifestations of SARS and COVID-19. ACE2-based therapeutics provide a universal strategy to prevent and treat SARS-CoV-2 infections, applicable to all SARS-CoV-2 variants and other emerging zoonotic coronaviruses exploiting ACE2 as their cellular receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin Y Oudit
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
| | - Kaiming Wang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Anissa Viveiros
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Max J Kellner
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Science, Vienna, Austria
| | - Josef M Penninger
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Science, Vienna, Austria; Department of Medical Genetics, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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Human Coronavirus Cell Receptors Provide Challenging Therapeutic Targets. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11010174. [PMID: 36680018 PMCID: PMC9862439 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11010174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses interact with protein or carbohydrate receptors through their spike proteins to infect cells. Even if the known protein receptors for these viruses have no evolutionary relationships, they do share ontological commonalities that the virus might leverage to exacerbate the pathophysiology. ANPEP/CD13, DPP IV/CD26, and ACE2 are the three protein receptors that are known to be exploited by several human coronaviruses. These receptors are moonlighting enzymes involved in several physiological processes such as digestion, metabolism, and blood pressure regulation; moreover, the three proteins are expressed in kidney, intestine, endothelium, and other tissues/cell types. Here, we spot the commonalities between the three enzymes, the physiological functions of the enzymes are outlined, and how blocking either enzyme results in systemic deregulations and multi-organ failures via viral infection or therapeutic interventions is addressed. It can be difficult to pinpoint any coronavirus as the target when creating a medication to fight them, due to the multiple processes that receptors are linked to and their extensive expression.
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Bru S, González-Marrón A, Lidón-Moyano C, Carballar R, Martínez-Láinez JM, Pérez-Martín H, Fu M, Pérez-Ortuño R, Ballbè M, Pascual JA, Fernández E, Clotet J, Martínez-Sánchez JM. Determination of soluble angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 in saliva samples and its association with nicotine. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 216:114443. [PMID: 36195157 PMCID: PMC9527194 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the main receptor of the SARS-CoV-2. There is contradictory evidence on how the exposure to nicotine may module the concentration of soluble ACE2 (sACE2). The aim of this study was to assess the association between nicotine and sACE2 concentrations in saliva samples. METHODS Pooled analysis performed with data retrieved from two studies (n = 634 and n = 302). Geometric mean (GM) concentrations of sACE2, both total and relative to the total amount of protein in the sample, were compared according to sociodemographic variables and variables associated to nicotine. Multivariable linear regression models were fitted to explore the associations of sACE2 with nicotine adjusting for sex, age and body mass index. Spearman's rank-correlation coefficients were estimated between the concentrations of nicotine and cotinine, and pack-years, the concentration of relative sACE2 and the isoforms of sACE2. RESULTS We observed a significant increase of 0.108‰ and 0.087 ng/μl in the relative and absolute salivary sACE2 GM concentrations, respectively, between the lowest and highest nicotine levels. Similar results were observed for cotinine. These associations did not change in the multivariable linear models. There was a low correlation of nicotine and cotinine concentration with the concentration of relative salivary sACE2 (rs = 0.153 and rs = 0.132, respectively), pack-years (rs = 0.222 and rs = 0.235, respectively) and with the concentration of isoform 40 KDa (rs = 0.193 and rs = 0.140, respectively). CONCLUSION Salivary nicotine concentration seems to be limitedly associated with the concentration of sACE2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Bru
- Department of Basic Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Sant Cugat Del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Adrián González-Marrón
- Group of Evaluation of Health Determinants and Health Policies, Department of Basic Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Sant Cugat Del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Lidón-Moyano
- Group of Evaluation of Health Determinants and Health Policies, Department of Basic Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Sant Cugat Del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Reyes Carballar
- Department of Basic Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Sant Cugat Del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Marc Martínez-Láinez
- Department of Basic Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Sant Cugat Del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Hipólito Pérez-Martín
- Group of Evaluation of Health Determinants and Health Policies, Department of Basic Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Sant Cugat Del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marcela Fu
- Tobacco Control Unit, Catalan Institute of Oncology - ICO, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tobacco Control, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Tobacco Control Research Group, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute - IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Raúl Pérez-Ortuño
- Group of Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience, Neurosciences Programme, IMIM (Hospital Del Mar Medical Research Institute), Parc de Recerca Biomèdica de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montse Ballbè
- Tobacco Control Unit, Catalan Institute of Oncology - ICO, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tobacco Control, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Tobacco Control Research Group, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute - IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain; Addictions Unit, Institute of Neurosciences, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jose A Pascual
- Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona Biomedical Research Park, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Esteve Fernández
- Tobacco Control Unit, Catalan Institute of Oncology - ICO, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tobacco Control, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Tobacco Control Research Group, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute - IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Josep Clotet
- Department of Basic Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Sant Cugat Del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Jose M Martínez-Sánchez
- Group of Evaluation of Health Determinants and Health Policies, Department of Basic Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Sant Cugat Del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain.
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Leowattana W, Leowattana T, Leowattana P. Circulating angiotensin converting enzyme 2 and COVID-19. World J Clin Cases 2022; 10:12470-12483. [PMID: 36579082 PMCID: PMC9791519 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v10.i34.12470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has triggered a widespread outbreak since December 2019. The SARS-CoV-2 infection-related illness has been dubbed the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) by the World Health Organization. Asymptomatic and subclinical infections, a severe hyper-inflammatory state, and mortality are all examples of clinical signs. After attaching to the angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor, the SARS-CoV-2 virus can enter cells through membrane fusion and endocytosis. In addition to enabling viruses to cling to target cells, the connection between the spike protein (S-protein) of SARS-CoV-2 and ACE2 may potentially impair the functionality of ACE2. Blood pressure is controlled by ACE2, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of the active vasoconstrictor octapeptide angiotensin (Ang) II to the heptapeptide Ang-(1-7) and free L-Phe. Additionally, Ang I can be broken down by ACE2 into Ang-(1-9) and metabolized into Ang-(1-7). Numerous studies have demonstrated that circulating ACE2 (cACE2) and Ang-(1-7) have the ability to restore myocardial damage in a variety of cardiovascular diseases and have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, and anti-cardiomyocyte fibrosis actions. There have been some suggestions for raising ACE2 expression in COVID-19 patients, which might be used as a target for the creation of novel treatment therapies. With regard to this, SARS-CoV-2 is neutralized by soluble recombinant human ACE2 (hrsACE2), which binds the viral S-protein and reduces damage to a variety of organs, including the heart, kidneys, and lungs, by lowering Ang II concentrations and enhancing conversion to Ang-(1-7). This review aims to investigate how the presence of SARS-CoV-2 and cACE2 are related. Additionally, there will be discussion of a number of potential therapeutic approaches to tip the ACE/ACE-2 balance in favor of the ACE-2/Ang-(1-7) axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wattana Leowattana
- Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tawithep Leowattana
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok 10110, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pathomthep Leowattana
- Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Bangkok, Thailand
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Wu VC, Peng KY, Hu YH, Chang CC, Chan CK, Lai TS, Lin YH, Wang SM, Lu CC, Liu YC, Tsai YC, Chueh JS. Circulating Plasma Concentrations of ACE2 in Primary Aldosteronism and Cardiovascular Outcomes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 107:3242-3251. [PMID: 36125178 PMCID: PMC9494503 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgac539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The plasma concentrations of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (pACE2) has been independently associated with cardiovascular diseases. OBJECTIVE Higher pACE2 concentrations may be found in patients with primary aldosteronism (PA) and might lead to increased cardiovascular events. METHODS Using an inception observational cohort, we examined pACE2 among 168 incident patients with PA. The expression of ACE2, serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2), and metalloprotease 17 (ADAM17) were assessed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. RESULTS Incident PA and essential hypertension (EH) patients had similarly elevated pACE2 (47.04 ± 22.06 vs 46.73 ± 21.06 ng/mL; P = .937). Age was negatively (β = -2.15; P = .033) and higher serum potassium level (β = 2.29; P = .024) was positively correlated with higher pACE2 in PA patients. Clinical complete hypertension remission after adrenalectomy (Primary Aldosteronism Surgery Outcome criteria) was achieved in 36 (50%) of 72 surgically treated unilateral PA (uPA) patients. At follow-up, pACE2 decreased in surgically treated patients who had (P < .001) or had no (P = .006) hypertension remission, but the pACE2 attenuation was not statistically significant in uPA (P = .085) and bilateral PA (P = .409) administered with mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist (MRA). Persistently elevated pACE2 (> 23 ng/mL) after targeted treatments was related to all-cause mortality and cardiovascular events among PA patients (hazard ratio = 8.8; P = .04); with a mean follow-up of 3.29 years. TMPRSS2 messenger RNA (mRNA) expression was higher in uPA (P = .018) and EH (P = .038) patients than in normotensive controls; it was also decreased after adrenalectomy (P < .001). CONCLUSION PA and EH patients had elevated pACE2 and higher expression of TMPRSS2 mRNA compared to those of normotensive population. Persistently elevated pACE2 (> 23 ng/mL) after targeted treatments was associated risk of mortality and incident cardiovascular events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vin Cent Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kang Yung Peng
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ya Hui Hu
- Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chin Chen Chang
- Department of Imaging Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chieh Kai Chan
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Hsin-Chu branch, Hsin-Chu County, Taiwan
| | - Tai Shuan Lai
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yen Hung Lin
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shuo-Meng Wang
- Department of Urology, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching Chu Lu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chun Liu
- Far Eastern Polyclinic of Far Eastern Medical FoundationTaipei CityTaiwan
| | - Yao-Chou Tsai
- Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jeff S Chueh
- Address for correspondence: Jeff S Chueh, MD, PhD. Phone: +886 2 23123456 ext. 63098, and fax: +886 2 23952333
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Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 gains cell entry via angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) 2, a membrane-bound enzyme of the "alternative" (alt) renin-angiotensin system (RAS). ACE2 counteracts angiotensin II by converting it to potentially protective angiotensin 1-7. Using mass spectrometry, we assessed key metabolites of the classical RAS (angiotensins I-II) and alt-RAS (angiotensins 1-7 and 1-5) pathways as well as ACE and ACE2 concentrations in 159 patients hospitalized with COVID-19, stratified by disease severity (severe, n = 76; non-severe: n = 83). Plasma renin activity (PRA-S) was calculated as the sum of RAS metabolites. We estimated ACE activity using the angiotensin II:I ratio (ACE-S) and estimated systemic alt-RAS activation using the ratio of alt-RAS axis metabolites to PRA-S (ALT-S). We applied mixed linear models to assess how PRA-S and ACE/ACE2 concentrations affected ALT-S, ACE-S, and angiotensins II and 1-7. Median angiotensin I and II levels were higher with severe versus non-severe COVID-19 (angiotensin I: 86 versus 30 pmol/L, p < 0.01; angiotensin II: 114 versus 58 pmol/L, p < 0.05), demonstrating activation of classical RAS. The difference disappeared with analysis limited to patients not taking a RAS inhibitor (angiotensin I: 40 versus 31 pmol/L, p = 0.251; angiotensin II: 76 versus 99 pmol/L, p = 0.833). ALT-S in severe COVID-19 increased with time (days 1-6: 0.12; days 11-16: 0.22) and correlated with ACE2 concentration (r = 0.831). ACE-S was lower in severe versus non-severe COVID-19 (1.6 versus 2.6; p < 0.001), but ACE concentrations were similar between groups and correlated weakly with ACE-S (r = 0.232). ACE2 and ACE-S trajectories in severe COVID-19, however, did not differ between survivors and non-survivors. Overall RAS alteration in severe COVID-19 resembled severity of disease-matched patients with influenza. In mixed linear models, renin activity most strongly predicted angiotensin II and 1-7 levels. ACE2 also predicted angiotensin 1-7 levels and ALT-S. No single factor or the combined model, however, could fully explain ACE-S. ACE2 and ACE-S trajectories in severe COVID-19 did not differ between survivors and non-survivors. In conclusion, angiotensin II was elevated in severe COVID-19 but was markedly influenced by RAS inhibitors and driven by overall RAS activation. ACE-S was significantly lower with severe COVID-19 and did not correlate with ACE concentrations. A shift to the alt-RAS axis because of increased ACE2 could partially explain the relative reduction in angiotensin II levels.
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Long Chain N3-PUFA Decreases ACE2 Protein Levels and Prevents SARS-CoV-2 Cell Entry. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232213825. [PMID: 36430303 PMCID: PMC9695276 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is a target of interest for both COVID-19 and cardiovascular disease management. Even though lower ACE2 levels may be beneficial in SARS-CoV-2 infectivity, maintaining the ACE1/ACE2 balance is also crucial for cardiovascular health. So far, reports describing conditions capable of altering ACE2 protein levels, especially via dietary components, are limited. In this study, the effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n3-PUFA) on the protein levels of ACE1 and ACE2 in rodent tissues, human endothelial and kidney cell lines, and human plasma were examined. The ability of n3-PUFA to affect the entry of the SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus into cells was also tested. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and in some cases eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), but not α-linoleic acid (ALA), reduced both ACE1 and ACE2 (non-glycosylated p100 and glycosylated p130 forms) in the heart, aorta, and kidneys of obese rats, as well as in human EA.hy926 endothelial and HEK293 kidney cells. Dietary supplementation with either DHA or ALA had no effect on plasma soluble ACE2 levels in humans. However, treatment of HEK293 cells with 80 and 125 µM DHA for 16 h inhibited the entry of the SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus. These results strongly suggest that DHA treatment may reduce the ability of SARS-CoV-2 to infect cells via a mechanism involving a decrease in the absolute level of ACE2 protein as well as its glycosylation. Our findings warrant further evaluation of long-chain n3-PUFA supplements as a novel option for restricting SARS-CoV-2 infectivity in the general population.
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Peng I, Jokhio S, Alkhaldi S, Peng CA. Inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Pseudotyped Virus Infection Using ACE2-Tethered Gold Nanorods under Near-Infrared Laser Irradiation. ACS APPLIED NANO MATERIALS 2022; 5:15942-15953. [PMID: 37552748 PMCID: PMC9578643 DOI: 10.1021/acsanm.2c04275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Since the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) protein is abundant on the surface of respiratory cells in the lungs, it has been confirmed to be the entry-point receptor for the spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2. As such, gold nanorods (AuNRs) functionalized with ACE2 ectodomain (ACE2ED) act not only as decoys for these viruses to keep them from binding with the ACE2-expressing cells but also as agents to ablate infectious virions through heat generated from AuNRs under near-infrared (NIR) laser irradiation. Using plasmid containing the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein gene (with a D614G mutation), spike protein pseudotyped viral particles with a lentiviral core and green fluorescent protein reporter were constructed and used for transfecting ACE2-expressing HEK293T cells. Since these viral particles behave like their coronavirus counterparts, they are the ideal surrogates of native virions for studying viral entry into host cells. Our results showed that, once the surrogate pseudoviruses with spike protein encounter ACE2ED-tethered AuNRs, these virions are entrapped, resulting in decreased viral infection to ACE2-expressing HEK293T cells. Moreover, the effect of photothermolysis created by ACE2ED-tagged AuNRs under 808-nm NIR laser irradiation for 5 min led to viral breakdown. In summary, ACE2ED-tethered AuNRs with dual functions (virus decoy and destruction) could have an intriguing advantage in the treatment of diseases involving rapidly mutating viral species such as SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Peng
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering,
University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho83844, United
States
| | - Sharjeel Jokhio
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering,
University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho83844, United
States
| | - Soha Alkhaldi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering,
University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho83844, United
States
| | - Ching-An Peng
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering,
University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho83844, United
States
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Reis WP, Moses O, Oh J, Wilson A, Gaio J, Dos Santos H. The Association between Lifestyle Risk Factors and COVID-19 Hospitalization in a Healthcare Institution. Am J Lifestyle Med 2022:15598276221135541. [PMCID: PMC9596386 DOI: 10.1177/15598276221135541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 is an acute infectious respiratory disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, a subtype of the coronavirus. In addition to normal levels of biometric measures, a healthy lifestyle has been considered an indispensable element in preventing complications of coronavirus infection. Demographic characteristics are also critical in determining risk levels. Aim: Investigate potential significant associations between health behaviors, biometric screenings, demographics, and COVID-19 hospitalization in Loma Linda University Health employees. Methods: Participants are employees covered under the employer-sponsored health plan at Loma Linda University Health, Loma Linda, CA, who tested positive for COVID-19. Logistic regression models were applied to analyze demographics, biometric screenings, and lifestyle factors associated with COVID-19 hospitalization. In our study, 7% of participants required hospitalization. Variables independently associated with COVID-19 hospitalization included higher age (OR = 1.05 [1.01–1.08], P = .005), non-White race compared to the White race (OR = 3.2 [1.22–8.38], P = .018), higher HbA1C levels showing a marginal association (OR = 1.31 [.99–1.72], P = .057), and lower vegetable consumption (OR = 4.39 [2.06–9.40], P < .001). Lower protein consumption decreased the Odds of hospitalization (OR = .40 [.19–.87], P = .021). Our results suggest that a diet that includes more vegetables and lower protein may confer some protection against COVID-19 hospitalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenes Pereira Reis
- Hildemar Dos Santos, Public Health, Loma Linda University, 24951 Circle Dr, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA; e-mail:
| | | | | | | | | | - Hildemar Dos Santos
- Hildemar Dos Santos, Public Health, Loma Linda University, 24951 Circle Dr, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA; e-mail:
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Lennol MP, García-Ayllón MS, Esteban M, García-Arriaza J, Sáez-Valero J. Serum angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 as a potential biomarker for SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccine efficacy. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1001951. [PMID: 36311758 PMCID: PMC9597869 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1001951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Various species of the SARS-CoV-2 host cell receptor, the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), are present in serum, which may result from virus entry and subsequent proteolytic processing of the membrane receptor. We have recently demonstrated changes of particular ACE2 species in virus infected humans, either cleaved fragments or circulating full-length species. Here, we further explore the potential of serum ACE2 as a biomarker to test SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccine efficacy in virus susceptible transgenic K18-hACE2 mice expressing human ACE2. First, in serum samples derived from K18-hACE2 mice challenged with a lethal dose of SARS-CoV-2, we observed an increase in the levels of cleaved ACE2 fragment at day 2 post-challenge, which may represent the subsequent proteolytic processing through virus entry. These elevated levels were maintained until the death of the animals at day 6 post-challenge. The circulating full-length ACE2 form displayed a sizable peak at day 4, which declined at day 6 post-challenge. Noticeably, immunization with two doses of the MVA-CoV2-S vaccine candidate prevented ACE2 cleaved changes in serum of animals challenged with a lethal dose of SARS-CoV-2. The efficacy of the MVA-CoV2-S was extended to vaccinated mice after virus re-challenge. These findings highlight that ACE2 could be a potential serum biomarker for disease progression and vaccination against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew P. Lennol
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad Miguel Hernández, San Juan de Alicante, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), San Juan de Alicante, Spain
| | - María-Salud García-Ayllón
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad Miguel Hernández, San Juan de Alicante, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), San Juan de Alicante, Spain
- Unidad de Investigación, Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunitat Valenciana (FISABIO), Hospital General Universitario de Elche, Elche, Spain
| | - Mariano Esteban
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan García-Arriaza
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Juan García-Arriaza, ; Javier Sáez-Valero,
| | - Javier Sáez-Valero
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad Miguel Hernández, San Juan de Alicante, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), San Juan de Alicante, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de Alicante (ISABIAL), Alicante, Spain
- *Correspondence: Juan García-Arriaza, ; Javier Sáez-Valero,
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Asadipooya K. Letter to the Editor From Asadipooya: "Obesity and COVID-19: Mechanistic Insights From Adipose Tissue". J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 107:e4269. [PMID: 35907180 PMCID: PMC9384586 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgac450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kamyar Asadipooya
- Correspondence: Kamyar Asadipooya, MD, Barnstable Brown Diabetes Center, 2195 Harrodsburg Rd, Ste 125, Lexington, KY 40504, USA.
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45
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Identification of the effects of COVID-19 on patients with pulmonary fibrosis and lung cancer: a bioinformatics analysis and literature review. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16040. [PMID: 36163484 PMCID: PMC9512912 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20040-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) poses a serious threat to human health and life. The effective prevention and treatment of COVID-19 complications have become crucial to saving patients’ lives. During the phase of mass spread of the epidemic, a large number of patients with pulmonary fibrosis and lung cancers were inevitably infected with the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Lung cancers have the highest tumor morbidity and mortality rates worldwide, and pulmonary fibrosis itself is one of the complications of COVID-19. Idiopathic lung fibrosis (IPF) and various lung cancers (primary and metastatic) become risk factors for complications of COVID-19 and significantly increase mortality in patients. Therefore, we applied bioinformatics and systems biology approaches to identify molecular biomarkers and common pathways in COVID-19, IPF, colorectal cancer (CRC) lung metastasis, SCLC and NSCLC. We identified 79 DEGs between COVID-19, IPF, CRC lung metastasis, SCLC and NSCLC. Meanwhile, based on the transcriptome features of DSigDB and common DEGs, we identified 10 drug candidates. In this study, 79 DEGs are the common core genes of the 5 diseases. The 10 drugs were found to have positive effects in treating COVID-19 and lung cancer, potentially reducing the risk of pulmonary fibrosis.
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46
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Plasma Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) Activity in Healthy Controls and Patients with Cardiovascular Risk Factors and/or Disease. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12091495. [PMID: 36143280 PMCID: PMC9501250 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12091495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is an endogenous negative regulator of the renin-angiotensin system, a key factor in the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD). ACE2 is also used by SARS-CoV-2 for host cell entry. Given that COVID-19 is associated with hypercoagulability, it is timely to explore the potential relationship between plasma ACE2 activity and the coagulation profile. In this cross-sectional study, ACE2 activity and global coagulation assays (GCA) including thromboelastography, thrombin, and fibrin generation were measured in adult healthy controls (n = 123; mean age 41 ± 17 years; 35% male) and in patients with cardiovascular risk factors and/or disease (n = 258; mean age 65 ± 14 years; 55% male). ACE2 activity was significantly lower in controls compared to patients with cardiovascular risk factors and/or disease (median 0.10 (0.02, 3.33) vs. 5.99 (1.95, 10.37) pmol/mL/min, p < 0.001). Of the healthy controls, 48% had undetectable ACE2 activity. Controls with detectable ACE2 had lower maximum amplitude (p < 0.001). In patients with cardiovascular risk factors and/or disease, those in the 3rd tertile were older and male (p = 0.002), with a higher Framingham grade and increased number of cardiovascular risk factors (p < 0.001). In conclusion, plasma ACE2 activity is undetectable to very low in young healthy controls with minimal clinically relevant associations to GCA. Patients with cardiovascular risk factors and/or disease have increased plasma ACE2 activity, suggesting that it may be an important biomarker of endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis.
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47
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Zhang FS, He QZ, Qin CH, Little PJ, Weng JP, Xu SW. Therapeutic potential of colchicine in cardiovascular medicine: a pharmacological review. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2022; 43:2173-2190. [PMID: 35046517 PMCID: PMC8767044 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-021-00835-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Colchicine is an ancient herbal drug derived from Colchicum autumnale. It was first used to treat familial Mediterranean fever and gout. Based on its unique efficacy as an anti-inflammatory agent, colchicine has been used in the therapy of cardiovascular diseases including coronary artery disease, atherosclerosis, recurrent pericarditis, vascular restenosis, heart failure, and myocardial infarction. More recently, colchicine has also shown therapeutic efficacy in alleviating cardiovascular complications of COVID-19. COLCOT and LoDoCo2 are two milestone clinical trials that confirm the curative effect of long-term administration of colchicine in reducing the incidence of cardiovascular events in patients with coronary artery disease. There is growing interest in studying the anti-inflammatory mechanisms of colchicine. The anti-inflammatory action of colchicine is mediated mainly through inhibiting the assembly of microtubules. At the cellular level, colchicine inhibits the following: (1) endothelial cell dysfunction and inflammation; (2) smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration; (3) macrophage chemotaxis, migration, and adhesion; (4) platelet activation. At the molecular level, colchicine reduces proinflammatory cytokine release and inhibits NF-κB signaling and NLRP3 inflammasome activation. In this review, we summarize the current clinical trials with proven curative effect of colchicine in treating cardiovascular diseases. We also systematically discuss the mechanisms of colchicine action in cardiovascular therapeutics. Altogether, colchicine, a bioactive constituent from an ancient medicinal herb, exerts unique anti-inflammatory effects and prominent cardiovascular actions, and will charter a new page in cardiovascular medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan-Shun Zhang
- Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Science and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001, China
| | - Qing-Ze He
- Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Science and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001, China
| | - Chengxue Helena Qin
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, 3052, VIC, Australia
| | - Peter J Little
- Sunshine Coast Health Institute, University of the Sunshine Coast, Birtinya, 4575, QLD, Australia
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, 4102, QLD, Australia
| | - Jian-Ping Weng
- Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Science and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001, China
- Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China
| | - Suo-Wen Xu
- Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Science and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001, China.
- Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China.
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48
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Zhang Y, Pang Y, Xu B, Chen X, Liang S, Hu J, Luo X. Folic acid restricts SARS-CoV-2 invasion by methylating ACE2. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:980903. [PMID: 36060767 PMCID: PMC9432853 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.980903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The current COVID-19 pandemic is motivating us to elucidate the molecular mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 invasion and find methods for decreasing its transmissibility. We found that SARS-CoV-2 could increase the protein level of ACE2 in mice. Folic acid and 5-10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) could promote the methylation of the ACE2 promoter and inhibit ACE2 expression. Folic acid treatment decreased the binding ability of Spike protein, pseudovirus and inactivated authentic SARS-CoV-2 to host cells. Thus, folic acid treatment could decrease SARS-CoV-2 invasion and SARS-CoV-2-neutralizing antibody production in mice. These data suggest that increased intake of folic acid may inhibit ACE2 expression and reduce the transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2. Folic acid could play an important role in SARS-CoV-2 infection prevention and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanzhou Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yechun Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Baiyin Xu
- Shanghai Pudong New Area People’s Hosptial, Shanghai, China
| | - Xingshi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shunshun Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingying Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoying Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaoying Luo,
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49
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Arefin S, Hernandez L, Ward LJ, Schwarz A, Barany P, Stenvinkel P, Kublickiene K. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and transmembrane protease serine 2 in female and male patients with end-stage kidney disease. Eur J Clin Invest 2022; 52:e13786. [PMID: 35366343 PMCID: PMC9541326 DOI: 10.1111/eci.13786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals with chronic kidney disease are affected by acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) due to multiple comorbidities and altered immune system. The first step of the infection process is the binding of SARS-CoV-2 with angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor, followed by its priming by transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2). We hypothesized that circulating soluble ACE2 levels, as well as the expressions of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 in the microvasculature, are increased in patients with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD). METHODS A total of 210 participants were enrolled, representing 80 ESKD patients and 73 non-CKD controls for soluble ACE2, and 31 ESKD and 26 non-CKD controls for vasculature and fat tissue bioassays. We have assessed ACE2 expression in blood using ELISA and in tissue using immunofluorescence. RESULTS Soluble ACE2 levels were higher in ESKD patients compared to controls; however, there is no sex difference observed. In ESKD and controls, soluble ACE2 positively correlated with Interleukin 6 (IL-6) and C-reactive protein (CRP), respectively. Similarly, ACE2 tissue expression in the vasculature was higher in ESKD patients; moreover, this higher ACE2 expression was observed only in male ESKD patients. In addition, TMPRSS2 expression was observed in vessels from males and females but showed no sex difference. The expression of ACE2 receptor was higher in ESKD patients on ACE-inhibitor/angiotensin blocker treatment. CONCLUSION ESKD is associated with increased ACE2 levels in the circulation and pronounced in male vasculature; however, further studies are warranted to assess possible sex differences on specific treatment regime(s) for different comorbidities present in ESKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samsul Arefin
- Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention & Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Leah Hernandez
- Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention & Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Liam J Ward
- Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention & Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Forensic Genetics and Forensic Toxicology, National Board of Forensic Medicine, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Angelina Schwarz
- Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention & Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Peter Barany
- Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention & Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Stenvinkel
- Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention & Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karolina Kublickiene
- Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention & Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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50
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Chuang HC, Hsueh CH, Hsu PM, Huang RH, Tsai CY, Chung NH, Chow YH, Tan TH. SARS-CoV-2 spike protein enhances MAP4K3/GLK-induced ACE2 stability in COVID-19. EMBO Mol Med 2022; 14:e15904. [PMID: 35894122 PMCID: PMC9353388 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202215904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
ACE2 on epithelial cells is the SARS-CoV-2 entry receptor. Single-cell RNA-sequencing data derived from two COVID-19 cohorts revealed that MAP4K3/GLK-positive epithelial cells were increased in patients. SARS-CoV-2-induced GLK overexpression in epithelial cells was correlated with COVID-19 severity and vesicle secretion. GLK overexpression induced the epithelial cell-derived exosomes containing ACE2; the GLK-induced exosomes transported ACE2 proteins to recipient cells, facilitating pseudovirus infection. Consistently, ACE2 proteins were increased in the serum exosomes from another COVID-19 cohort. Remarkably, SARS-CoV-2 spike protein-stimulated GLK, and GLK stabilized ACE2 in epithelial cells. Mechanistically, GLK phosphorylated ACE2 at two serine residues (Ser776, Ser783), leading to the dissociation of ACE2 from its E3 ligase UBR4. Reduction in UBR4-induced Lys48-linked ubiquitination at three lysine residues (Lys26, Lys112, Lys114) of ACE2 prevented its degradation. Furthermore, SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus or live virus infection in humanized ACE2 mice induced GLK and ACE2 protein levels, and ACE2-containing exosomes. Collectively, ACE2 stabilization by SARS-CoV-2-induced MAP4K3/GLK may contribute to the pathogenesis of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huai-Chia Chuang
- Immunology Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hsin Hsueh
- Immunology Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Pu-Ming Hsu
- Immunology Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Rou-Huei Huang
- Immunology Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Yi Tsai
- Immunology Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Nai-Hsiang Chung
- National Institute of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan.,Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Hung Chow
- National Institute of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tse-Hua Tan
- Immunology Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan.,Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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