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Mansour C, Ben Taheur F, Safta Skhiri S, Jridi M, Saidane Mosbahi D, Zouari N. Probiotics from kefir: Evaluating their immunostimulant and antioxidant potential in the carpet shell clam (Ruditapesdecussatus). Microb Pathog 2024; 190:106641. [PMID: 38588925 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2024.106641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the impact of incorporating kefir into the diet on biometric parameters, as well as the immune and antioxidant responses of the carpet shell clam (Ruditapes decussatus) after an experimental infection by Vibrio alginolyticus. Clams were divided into a control group and a treated group. The control group was fed on spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) alone. While, the treated group was fed on spirulina supplemented with 10% dried kefir. After 21 days, clams were immersed in a suspension of V. alginolyticus 5 × 105 CFU mL -1 for 30 min. Seven days after experimental infection, survival was 100% in both groups. The obtained results showed a slight increase in weight and condition index in clams fed with kefir-supplemented diet for 21 days compared to control clams. Regarding antioxidant responses, the treated group showed higher superoxide dismutase activity compared to the control group. However, the malondialdehyde level was lower in the treated clams than in the control. In terms of immune parameters, the treated group showed slightly elevated activities of phenoloxidase, lysozyme and alkaline phosphatase, whereas a decreased lectin activity was observed compared to the control group. The obtained results suggest that kefir enhanced both the antioxidant and immune response of infected clams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chalbia Mansour
- University of Monastir, Laboratory of Analysis, Treatment and Valorization of Pollutants of the Environment and Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, Monastir, 5000, Tunisia; Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Beja (ISBB), University of Jandouba, Beja, 9000, Tunisia
| | - Fadia Ben Taheur
- University of Monastir, Laboratory of Analysis, Treatment and Valorization of Pollutants of the Environment and Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, Monastir, 5000, Tunisia; Higher Institute of Applied Biology of Medenine (ISBAM), University of Gabes, Medenine, 4119, Tunisia
| | - Sihem Safta Skhiri
- ABCDF Laboratory, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Monastir, Monastir, 5000, Tunisia
| | - Mourad Jridi
- Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Beja (ISBB), University of Jandouba, Beja, 9000, Tunisia
| | - Dalila Saidane Mosbahi
- University of Monastir, Laboratory of Analysis, Treatment and Valorization of Pollutants of the Environment and Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, Monastir, 5000, Tunisia
| | - Nacim Zouari
- Higher Institute of Applied Biology of Medenine (ISBAM), University of Gabes, Medenine, 4119, Tunisia.
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Johnpaul A, Arumugam M. Plasma β-1,3 Glucan Binding Protein Mediated Opsono-Phagocytosis by Hemocytes In Vitro of Marine Mussel Perna viridis. DNA Cell Biol 2023; 42:608-616. [PMID: 37695843 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2023.0221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
We have shown in the past decade, for the first time in a bivalve mollusc, detection, isolation, and purification of β-1,3 glucan binding protein (β-GBP) in the plasma of the marine mussel Perna viridis and demonstrated its role in a nonself-induced activation of plasma prophenoloxidase system. In this study, we present evidence for its ability to function as an opsonin during phagocytosis of trypsinized yeast cells by the hemocytes of P. viridis. The in vitro pretreatment of target cells (trypsinized yeast cells) with β-GBP enhanced the phagocytic response of hemocytes. Such β-GBP-mediated enhanced phagocytic response appeared to be dose dependent. This opsono-phagocytic response could be inhibited by the presence of laminarin (a polymer of β-1,3 glucans), glucose, as well as polyclonal antibodies raised against β-GBP. These observations clearly indicate that the plasma β-GBP can possibly recognize and bind to β-1,3 glucans on the surface of targets and facilitate hemocyte recognition processes possibly by forming a bridge between the hemocytes and the target, consequently leading to opsono-phagocytosis. These observations together with our earlier annotations indicate the multifunctional potential of plasma β-GBP in the marine mussel P. viridis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Johnpaul
- Department of Zoology, St. Joseph's University, Bangalore, India
| | - M Arumugam
- Laboratory of Pathobiology, Department of Zoology, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, India
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Mansour C, Esteban MÁ, Hacene OR, Mosbahi DS, Guardiola FA. Comparative study of immunological biomarkers in the carpet shell clams (Ruditapes decussatus) from metal-contaminated sites in the South Lagoon of Tunis (Tunisia). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:12059-12074. [PMID: 36103068 PMCID: PMC9898382 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-22902-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The South Lagoon of Tunis (Tunisia) is a Mediterranean lagoon adversely affected by industrial contaminants, harbour activity and untreated urban sewage. In this lagoon, the clam Ruditapes decussatus has been widely used as a biomonitor of seawater pollution through measurements of parameters related to oxidative stress and neurotoxicity. However, few studies have considered parameters of the immune system of this species in the South Lagoon of Tunis. Therefore, the aim of the present work was to evaluate several immune-related parameters in the cell-free haemolymph of carpet shell clams sampled during August and February from three polluted sites in the South Lagoon of Tunis (S1, S2 and S3) and one less polluted site as a reference site (RS) in order to identify suitable biomarkers for environmental quality assessments of this ecosystem. Concerning the immune-related parameters, seasonal factors modulated phenoloxidase, lysozyme, protease and esterase activity, with lower values measured for samples collected in August than for samples collected in February. In fact, bactericidal activity against two of the pathogenic bacteria tested and the activity of most immune-related enzymes were reduced in the cell-free haemolymph of clams collected from the most sampling sites in August compared to February one. In addition, values of abiotic parameters (temperature, salinity and pH) and metal (cadmium, copper, iron, lead and zinc) concentrations in the clams' soft tissues, previously obtained and published by the authors, as well as the values of immune-related parameters were integrated using principal component analyses. Results indicated that the values of all measured immune-related parameters were negatively correlated with the temperature values and the variations most of these parameters highlighted that the chemical industrial area (S3) was the most impacted location within the South Lagoon of Tunis. The present study illustrates that the immune-related parameters measured in carpet shell clam cell-free haemolymph represent suitable biomarkers for environmental quality assessments because they provide effective seasonal and spatial discrimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chalbia Mansour
- Laboratory of Analysis, Treatment and Valorization of Pollutants of the Environment and Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - María Ángeles Esteban
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Omar Rouane Hacene
- Laboratoire Réseau de Surveillance Environnementale (LRSE), Department of Biology, University of Oran, 1 Ahmed Ben Bella, BP 1524 El M'naouer, 31000, Oran, Algeria
| | - Dalila Saidane Mosbahi
- Laboratory of Analysis, Treatment and Valorization of Pollutants of the Environment and Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Francisco Antonio Guardiola
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain.
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Silva CJM, Beleza S, Campos D, Soares AMVM, Patrício Silva AL, Pestana JLT, Gravato C. Immune response triggered by the ingestion of polyethylene microplastics in the dipteran larvae Chironomus riparius. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 414:125401. [PMID: 33640731 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The activation of insects' immune system due to the ingestion of microplastics (MPs) has only been evidenced by the upregulation of specific genes. The activation of phenoloxidase (PO) system is one of the primary responses involved in insects' innate immunity when facing parasites and pathogens, and ingestion of MPs can trigger a similar process. This study aimed at addressing the activities of basal PO and total PO (PO+ prophenoloxidase - proPO), in Chironomus riparius larvae (a model species in ecotoxicology) exposed to sediments spiked with polyethylene microplastics (PE-MPs; size-range 32-63 µm; concentrations: 1.25; 5; to 20 g kg-1) for 48 h. The ingestion of PE-MPs by larvae triggered a significant increase of basal PO activity at 5 and 20 g PE-MPs kg-1, by 26% and 29%, respectively, whereas total PO increased significantly in the latter (+48%), suggesting de novo synthesis of proPO by organisms. Considering the particle size, the immune response's activation is probably linked to damage in the epithelial cells of the gut lumen. This research work provides the first evidence on the activation of the insect's innate immune system after ingestion of MPs and underlines the PO activity as a good indicator of the immune response induced by MPs' ingestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos J M Silva
- CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Sónia Beleza
- CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Diana Campos
- CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Amadeu M V M Soares
- CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ana L Patrício Silva
- CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - João L T Pestana
- CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Carlos Gravato
- Faculty of Sciences & CESAM, University of Lisbon, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
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Liu J, Sun X, Nie H, Kifat J, Li J, Huo Z, Bi J, Yan X. Genome-wide identification and expression profiling of TYR gene family in Ruditapes philippinarum under the challenge of Vibrio anguillarum. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2021; 37:100788. [PMID: 33516925 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2020.100788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Tyrosinase (EC1.14.18.1, TYR) is also called phenol oxidase, is not only involved in pigmentation but also plays an important role in modulating innate immunity in invertebrates. Tyrosinase is a copper containing metalloenzyme. The tyrosinase protein has two copper binding sites and three conserved histidines. In this study, 21 tyrosinase genes (RpTYR) were obtained from the whole genome of Ruditapes philippinarum. Their open reading frames were from 951 to 5424 aa, the range of predicted relative molecular weight from 36.72 to 203.81 kDa, and the range of isoelectric point from 4.72 to 9.88. Transcriptome analysis showed that RpTYR gene was expressed specifically in different developmental stages, adult tissues, four strains and two groups with different shell colors. Besides, the expression profiles of 21 RpTYRs were investigated against the immune response of R. philippinarum to a Vibrio challenge. The qPCR results showed that RpTYRs were involved in the immune response of R. philippinarum after Vibrio anguillarum challenge. This study provides preliminary evidence that the tyrosinases genes are involved in the immune defense and the potential immune function of R. philippinarum. Overall, these findings suggested that the expansion of TYR genes may play vital roles in larval development, the formation of shell color pattern, and immune response in R. philippinarum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, 116023 Dalian, China; Engineering Research Center of Shellfish Culture and Breeding in Liaoning Province, Dalian Ocean University, 116023 Dalian, China
| | - Xiaotong Sun
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, 116023 Dalian, China; Engineering Research Center of Shellfish Culture and Breeding in Liaoning Province, Dalian Ocean University, 116023 Dalian, China
| | - Hongtao Nie
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, 116023 Dalian, China; Engineering Research Center of Shellfish Culture and Breeding in Liaoning Province, Dalian Ocean University, 116023 Dalian, China.
| | - Jahan Kifat
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, 116023 Dalian, China; Engineering Research Center of Shellfish Culture and Breeding in Liaoning Province, Dalian Ocean University, 116023 Dalian, China
| | - Jinlong Li
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, 116023 Dalian, China; Engineering Research Center of Shellfish Culture and Breeding in Liaoning Province, Dalian Ocean University, 116023 Dalian, China
| | - Zhongming Huo
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, 116023 Dalian, China; Engineering Research Center of Shellfish Culture and Breeding in Liaoning Province, Dalian Ocean University, 116023 Dalian, China
| | - Jinhong Bi
- Rongcheng Marine Economic Development Center, 264300 Rongcheng, China
| | - Xiwu Yan
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, 116023 Dalian, China; Engineering Research Center of Shellfish Culture and Breeding in Liaoning Province, Dalian Ocean University, 116023 Dalian, China.
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Jiang K, Jiang L, Nie H, Huo Z, Yan X. Molecular cloning and expression analysis of tyrosinases ( tyr) in four shell-color strains of Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8641. [PMID: 32110498 PMCID: PMC7032058 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The Manila clam (Ruditapes philippinarum) is an economically important molluscan bivalve with variation in pigmentation frequently observed in the shell. In nature, tyrosinase is widely distributed in invertebrates and vertebrates, and plays a crucial role in a variety of physiological activities. In this study, a tyrosinase gene (tyr 9) was cloned and the expression level of tyr genes (tyr 6, tyr 9, tyr 10, and tyr 11) were investigated in different shell colors. Quantitative real-time PCR showed that tyr genes were significantly expressed in the mantle, a shell formation and pigmentation-related tissue. Moreover, the expression pattern of the tyr genes in the mantle of different shell-color strains was different, suggesting that tyrosinases might be involved in different shell-color formation. In addition, the expression profile of tyr 6, tyr 9, tyr 10, and tyr 11 genes were detected at different early developmental stages and the expression level varied with embryonic and larval growth. RNA interference (RNAi) results showed that the expression level of tyr 9 in the RNAi group was significantly down-regulated compared to control and negative control groups, indicating that Rptyr 9 might participate in shell-color formation. Our results indicated that tyr genes were likely to play vital roles in the formation of shell and shell-color in R. philippinarum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunyin Jiang
- Engineering and Technology Research Center of Shellfish Breeding in Liaoning Province, School of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
| | - Liwen Jiang
- Engineering and Technology Research Center of Shellfish Breeding in Liaoning Province, School of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
| | - Hongtao Nie
- Engineering and Technology Research Center of Shellfish Breeding in Liaoning Province, School of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
| | - Zhongming Huo
- Engineering and Technology Research Center of Shellfish Breeding in Liaoning Province, School of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
| | - Xiwu Yan
- Engineering and Technology Research Center of Shellfish Breeding in Liaoning Province, School of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
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Van Hung N, De Schryver P, Dung NV, Nevejan N, Bossier P. Ralstonia eutropha, containing high poly-β-hydroxybutyrate levels, regulates the immune response in mussel larvae challenged with Vibrio coralliilyticus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 84:196-203. [PMID: 30266603 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.09.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Marine invertebrates rely mainly on innate immune mechanisms that include both humoral and cellular responses. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), lysozyme and phenoloxidase activity, are important components of the innate immune defense system in marine invertebrates. They provide an immediate and rapid response to invading microorganisms. The impact of amorphous poly-β-hydroxybutyrate (PHB-A) (1 mg PHB-A L-1) on gene expression of the AMPs mytimycin, mytilinB, defensin and the hydrolytic enzyme lysozyme in infected blue mussel larvae was investigated during "in vivo" challenge tests with Vibrio coralliilyticus (105 CFU mL-1). RNAs were isolated from mussel larvae tissue, and AMPs were quantified by q-PCR using the 18srRNA gene as a housekeeping gene. Our data demonstrated that AMPs genes had a tendency to be upregulated in challenged mussel larvae, and the strongest expression was observed from 24 h post-exposure onwards. The presence of both PHB-A and the pathogen stimulated the APMs gene expression, however no significant differences were noticed between treatments or between exposure time to the pathogen V. coralliilyticus. Looking at the phenoloxidase activity in the infected mussels, it was observed that the addition of PHB-A significantly increased the activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Van Hung
- Laboratory of Aquaculture & Artemia Reference Center, Ghent University, Campus Coupure, F, Coupure Links 653, B-9000, Gent, Belgium; Research Institute for Aquaculture No.3, 33 Dang Tat st, Nha Trang City, Viet Nam
| | - Peter De Schryver
- Laboratory of Aquaculture & Artemia Reference Center, Ghent University, Campus Coupure, F, Coupure Links 653, B-9000, Gent, Belgium
| | - Nguyen Viet Dung
- Laboratory of Aquaculture & Artemia Reference Center, Ghent University, Campus Coupure, F, Coupure Links 653, B-9000, Gent, Belgium
| | - Nancy Nevejan
- Laboratory of Aquaculture & Artemia Reference Center, Ghent University, Campus Coupure, F, Coupure Links 653, B-9000, Gent, Belgium
| | - Peter Bossier
- Laboratory of Aquaculture & Artemia Reference Center, Ghent University, Campus Coupure, F, Coupure Links 653, B-9000, Gent, Belgium.
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Anjugam M, Vaseeharan B, Iswarya A, Amala M, Govindarajan M, Alharbi NS, Kadaikunnan S, Khaled JM, Benelli G. A study on β-glucan binding protein (β-GBP) and its involvement in phenoloxidase cascade in Indian white shrimp Fenneropenaeus indicus. Mol Immunol 2017; 92:1-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2017.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Luna-Acosta A, Bustamante P, Thomas-Guyon H, Zaldibar B, Izagirre U, Marigómez I. Integrative biomarker assessment of the effects of chemically and mechanically dispersed crude oil in Pacific oysters, Crassostrea gigas. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 598:713-721. [PMID: 28456123 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The impact of dispersed crude oil and dispersant on adult Pacific oysters, Crassostrea gigas, was evaluated through an integrative biomarker approach including (1) biochemical (plasma catecholase- and laccase-type phenoloxidase and superoxide dismutase), (2) histological (digestive cell lysosomal responses, digestive gland histopathology) and (3) physiological (flesh condition index) endpoints in the haemolymph and digestive gland. Adult oysters were exposed to non-contaminated water (control), chemically-dispersed oil (Brut Arabian Light), mechanically-dispersed oil and dispersant (FINASOL®) alone for 2days, and further depurated in non-contaminated water for 4weeks. After exposure to chemically and mechanically dispersed oil oysters exhibited induction of plasma laccase-type phenoloxidase and superoxide dismutase activities, enlargement of digestive cell lysosomes, lipofuscin accumulation, reduced neutral lipid content and atrophy of digestive gland diverticula; more markedly on exposure to chemically dispersed oil. From the studied biomarkers, only lysosomal biomarkers were significantly affected after exposure to the dispersant alone. This included lysosomal enlargement, neutral lipid depletion and lipofuscin accumulation in the digestive gland epithelium. A recovery of plasma enzyme activities was observed after 4weeks of depuration. The integrative biological response index indicated that chemically dispersed oil caused significantly higher stress to C. gigas than the mechanically-dispersed one or the dispersant alone; nevertheless, the response seems to be reversible after depuration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Luna-Acosta
- Littoral Environnement et Sociétés (LIENSs), UMR 7266, CNRS-Université de La Rochelle, 2 rue Olympe de Gouges, F-17042 La Rochelle Cedex 01, France; CBET Res Grp, Res Ctr Experimental Marine Biology & Biotechnology (PiE-UPV/EHU) & Zoology & Animal Cell Biology Dept., Univ. Basque Country (UPV/EHU), PO Box 644, E-48080 Bilbao, Basque Country, Spain.
| | - Paco Bustamante
- Littoral Environnement et Sociétés (LIENSs), UMR 7266, CNRS-Université de La Rochelle, 2 rue Olympe de Gouges, F-17042 La Rochelle Cedex 01, France
| | - Hélène Thomas-Guyon
- Littoral Environnement et Sociétés (LIENSs), UMR 7266, CNRS-Université de La Rochelle, 2 rue Olympe de Gouges, F-17042 La Rochelle Cedex 01, France
| | - Beñat Zaldibar
- CBET Res Grp, Res Ctr Experimental Marine Biology & Biotechnology (PiE-UPV/EHU) & Zoology & Animal Cell Biology Dept., Univ. Basque Country (UPV/EHU), PO Box 644, E-48080 Bilbao, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Urtzi Izagirre
- CBET Res Grp, Res Ctr Experimental Marine Biology & Biotechnology (PiE-UPV/EHU) & Zoology & Animal Cell Biology Dept., Univ. Basque Country (UPV/EHU), PO Box 644, E-48080 Bilbao, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Ionan Marigómez
- CBET Res Grp, Res Ctr Experimental Marine Biology & Biotechnology (PiE-UPV/EHU) & Zoology & Animal Cell Biology Dept., Univ. Basque Country (UPV/EHU), PO Box 644, E-48080 Bilbao, Basque Country, Spain
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Luna-Acosta A, Breitwieser M, Renault T, Thomas-Guyon H. Recent findings on phenoloxidases in bivalves. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2017; 122:5-16. [PMID: 28673617 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The production of melanin is a complex process involving biochemical cascades, such as the pro-phenoloxidase (proPO) system, and enzymes, such as phenoloxidases (POs). Different studies have shown a strong correlation between the decrease in PO activities and the occurrence of diseases in bivalve invertebrates, leading to mortalities in the host. Results of these studies suggest that POs could play a fundamental role in defense mechanisms in bivalves. This article reviews the fundamental knowledge on the proPO system in bivalves and the methods used to assess PO activities. Finally, this is the first report on the major findings of laboratory and field studies that indicate that a type of PO in bivalves, the laccase enzyme, is inducible and involved in the 1) immune 2) antioxidant and 3) detoxification roles in bivalves, and might be an ecological potential biomarker of environmental stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Luna-Acosta
- Littoral Environnement et Sociétés (LIENSs), UMR 6250, CNRS-Université de La Rochelle, 2 rue Olympe de Gouges - F-17042, La Rochelle Cedex 01, France; Departamento de Ecología y Territorio, Facultad de Estudios Ambientales y Rurales (FEAR), Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Transv. 4 No. 42-00, Bogota, Colombia.
| | - Marine Breitwieser
- Littoral Environnement et Sociétés (LIENSs), UMR 6250, CNRS-Université de La Rochelle, 2 rue Olympe de Gouges - F-17042, La Rochelle Cedex 01, France.
| | - T Renault
- Ifremer, Département Ressources biologiques et environnement (RBE), 44311 Nantes Cedex 03, France
| | - H Thomas-Guyon
- Littoral Environnement et Sociétés (LIENSs), UMR 6250, CNRS-Université de La Rochelle, 2 rue Olympe de Gouges - F-17042, La Rochelle Cedex 01, France
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Liu Z, Wang L, Zhou Z, Liu Y, Dong M, Wang W, Song X, Wang M, Gao Q, Song L. Transcriptomic analysis of oyster Crassostrea gigas larvae illustrates the response patterns regulated by catecholaminergic system upon acute heat and bacterial stress. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 73:52-60. [PMID: 28283443 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2017.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial infection and heat stress, as two major environmental threats of marine molluscs, could affect larval development and dramatically promote mortality of oysters. In the present study, next-generation sequencing, together with determinations of mRNA expression and measurements of enzyme activities, were employed to understand the response patterns of oyster larvae under acute heat and bacterial stress. After RNA-seq, a total of 9472 differentially expressed genes including 4895 significantly up-regulated ones and 4577 significantly down-regulated ones were obtained from 12 transcriptome libraries. GO overrepresentation analysis of the up-regulated genes revealed that the neuroendocrine immunomodulation pathway was activated after acute heat and bacterial stimulation, in which the catecholaminergic regulation played an important role. GO overrepresentation analysis of the down-regulated genes suggested that the immune capacity of Crassostrea gigas larvae was suppressed under stress, which was further validated since superoxide dismutase (SOD) and phenoloxidase (PO) activities in the total protein extract of larvae decreased dramatically after stress. Moreover, the shell formation of trochophore was inhibited and severe mortality was caused after acute heat and bacterial stress. These results collectively indicated that acute heat and bacterial stress could significantly inhibit larval development and suppress immune response of oyster C. gigas larvae. And the neuroendocrine immunomodulation, especially the catecholaminergic regulation, played an indispensable role in the stress response of molluscan larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoqun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Functional Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Process, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266200, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China.
| | - Zhi Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Miren Dong
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Weilin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Functional Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Process, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266200, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaorui Song
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Mengqiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Qiang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Linsheng Song
- Functional Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Process, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266200, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
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Mansour C, Guardiola FA, Esteban MÁ, Mosbahi DS. Combination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and temperature exposure: In vitro effects on immune response of European clam (Ruditapes decussatus). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 67:110-118. [PMID: 28602678 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Marine organisms are subjected to various biotic and abiotic factors such as changes of temperature and pollutants [e.g. polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and heavy metals, which may affect their defense mechanisms. In this context, the aim was to evaluate the combined effects of temperature (20 and 30 °C) and PAHs (fluorene, phenanthrene and pyrene) at two concentrations (10-5 and 10-3 mg mL-1) on the immune responses of the European clam Ruditapes decussatus were after 24 h of in vitro exposure. Total haemocyte count, cell viability, phenoloxidase, lysozyme, alkaline phosphatase, esterase, antibacterial and agglutinating activities were measured. Exposure to high temperatures resulted in lower phosphatase alkaline activity and higher haemocyte viability and antibacterial and haemagglutinating activities, compared with the values recorded for clams maintained at low temperature. Only pyrene induced a significant decrease in haemocyte lysozyme (at 20 and 30 °C) and esterase (at 30 °C) activities. The total haemocyte count was increased by phenanthrene and pyrene at 20 °C and at 30 °C, respectively. Alkaline phosphatase activity increased when haemocytes were exposed to pyrene at 30 °C but decreased in the presence of fluorene at 20 °C. Furthermore, haemocyte viability was low in the presence of pyrene and fluorene at 20 °C and 30 °C, respectively, but was unaffected by phenanthrene. Antibacterial activity was significantly increased and no-significantly affected by the presence of pyrene and fluorene at 20 °C and 30 °C, respectively. The present study demonstrates the strong effect of PAHs and high temperature on haemocyte viability and other important immune functions, including phosphatase alkaline and antibacterial activities. Furthermore, changes in the immune parameters of European clam resulting from high temperatures may modulate the effects of PAHs and vice versa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chalbia Mansour
- Laboratory of Analysis, Treatment and Valorization of Pollutants of the Environment and Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Francisco Antonio Guardiola
- Fish Nutrition & Immunobiology Group, Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208, Porto, Portugal; Fish Innate Immune System Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - María Ángeles Esteban
- Fish Innate Immune System Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
| | - Dalila Saidane Mosbahi
- Laboratory of Analysis, Treatment and Valorization of Pollutants of the Environment and Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Tunisia
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Wu YS, Lee MC, Huang CT, Kung TC, Huang CY, Nan FH. Effects of traditional medical herbs "minor bupleurum decoction" on the non-specific immune responses of white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 64:218-225. [PMID: 28288911 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study is investigating the effect of minor bupleurum decoction (Xiao-Chai-Hu decoction) on the non-specific immune response of white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). To determine prophenoloxidase activity (proPO), reactive oxygen species production (ROS), superoxide anion production (O2-), nitric oxide production (NO), phagocytic rate (PR), phagocytic index (PI), superoxide dismutase activity (SOD), total haemocyte count (THC) and differential haemocyte count (DHC). In this experiment, treating with different dosages (0, 0.25, 0.5 and, 1%) of minor bupleurum decoction to detect immune parameters on day 0, 1, 2, 4, 7, 14, 21 and 28. Result is shown that 0.25% treatment significantly enhanced the superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and, 0.25 and 1% treatment significantly increased the ROS production, nitric oxide (NO) production and phagocytic rate (PR) moreover, 0.5 and 1% treatment induced the proPO activity and superoxide anion (O2-) production. Evidence exactly indicated that minor bupleurum decoction is able to enhance the non-specific immunity responses of white shrimp via in vivo examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Sheng Wu
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20248, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Meng-Chou Lee
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20248, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Cheng-Ting Huang
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20248, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Tzu-Chi Kung
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20248, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chih-Yang Huang
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20248, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Fan-Hua Nan
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20248, Taiwan, ROC.
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14
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Parisi MG, Mauro M, Sarà G, Cammarata M. Temperature increases, hypoxia, and changes in food availability affect immunological biomarkers in the marine mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis. J Comp Physiol B 2017; 187:1117-1126. [PMID: 28389696 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-017-1089-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Temperature increases, hypoxia, and changes in food availability are predicted to occur in the future. There is growing concern for the health status of wild and farmed organisms, since environmental stressors alter organism functions, and elicit coordinated physiological responses for homeostasis. Mussels are good bioindicators of environmental conditions. Their ability to maintain unaltered immunosurveillance under adverse environmental conditions may enhance their survival capability. Few studies are currently concerned with the relationships and feedback among multiple stressors. Here, food concentration, temperature, and oxygenation treatments were evaluated for their effects on immune enzymatic parameters of Mytilus galloprovincialis detected in the digestive gland and the lysosomal viability by neutral red uptake. Mussels were exposed to three temperatures (12, 20, and 28 °C) under normoxic (8 mg O2l-1) and anoxic conditions and specimens were fed with six food concentrations, ranging 0.2-5 g chlorophyll l-1. Temperature increases affected esterase and alkaline phophatase enzyme functionality, and addition of food buffered detrimental effects generated by harsh conditions, such as those provided by low oxygen concentrations. Kinetics of the phenoloxidase was negatively correlated with increasing temperature. In this case, food had a buffering effect that counteracted the limiting temperature only under normoxic conditions. In addition, the stability of the lysosomal membrane was altered under conditions of thermal stress and food change, under normoxic and anoxic conditions. Overall, environmental stress factors affected immune biomarkers of Mediterranean mussels, and the level of food acted as a buffer, increasing the thermal resistance of the specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Parisi
- Marine Immunobiology laboratory, University of Palermo, CONISMA, Via Archirafi 18, 90128, Palermo, Italy.
| | - M Mauro
- Marine Immunobiology laboratory, University of Palermo, CONISMA, Via Archirafi 18, 90128, Palermo, Italy
| | - G Sarà
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e del Mare, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze Ed. 16, 90128, Palermo, Italy
| | - M Cammarata
- Marine Immunobiology laboratory, University of Palermo, CONISMA, Via Archirafi 18, 90128, Palermo, Italy
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15
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Sivakamavalli J, Selvaraj C, Singh SK, Vaseeharan B. Modeling of macromolecular proteins in prophenoloxidase cascade through experimental and computational approaches. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2016; 63:779-788. [DOI: 10.1002/bab.1450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeyachandran Sivakamavalli
- Crustacean Molecular Biology and Genomics Lab; Department of Animal Health and Management; Alagappa University; Karaikudi India
- Bioinformatics & Biosignal Transduction; College of Bioscience; National Cheng Kung University; Tainan Taiwan
| | - Chandrabose Selvaraj
- Computer Aided Drug Designing and Molecular Modeling Lab; Department of Bioinformatics; Alagappa University; Karaikudi India
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Konkuk University; Gwangjin-gu Seoul Korea
| | - Sanjeev Kumar Singh
- Computer Aided Drug Designing and Molecular Modeling Lab; Department of Bioinformatics; Alagappa University; Karaikudi India
| | - Baskaralingam Vaseeharan
- Crustacean Molecular Biology and Genomics Lab; Department of Animal Health and Management; Alagappa University; Karaikudi India
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16
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Wu YS, Tseng TY, Nan FH. Beta-1,3-1,6-glucan modulate the non-specific immune response to enhance the survival in the Vibrio alginolyticus infection of Taiwan abalone (Haliotis diversicolor supertexta). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 54:556-563. [PMID: 27150049 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.04.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This research aims to investigate the non-specific immune response of Taiwan abalone (Haliotis diversicolor supertexta) which was treated with the beta-1,3-1,6-glucan to be observed in the survival impact after the Vibrio alginolyticus infection. The non-specific immune and physiological response of superoxide anion radical (O2(-)), phenoloxidase (PO), phagocytic index (PI), phagocytic rate (PR) and lucigenin-chemiluminescence for reactive oxygen intermediates (ROIs) were enhanced via in-vitro experiment. In the in-vivo experiment, the observed data presented that the haemolymph lysate supernatant (HLS), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutamate oxalacetate transaminase (GOT) and glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT) were not significant enhanced, but the total haemocyte count (THC), O2(-), PO, phagocytic index (PI), phagocytic ratio (PR) and other parameters of immune were significantly promoted after treated with beta-1,3-1,6-glucan. In the challenge experiment, the survival rates of abalone in the 40 and 80 μl/ml groups of beta-1,3-1,6-glucan were observed from 6.67% up to 33.33% and 36.67% after injection with Vibrio alginolyticus, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Sheng Wu
- Institute of Fisheries Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Yu Tseng
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, 20248, Taiwan
| | - Fan-Hua Nan
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, 20248, Taiwan.
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17
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González-Fernández C, Albentosa M, Campillo JA, Viñas L, Romero D, Franco A, Bellas J. Effect of nutritive status on Mytilus galloprovincialis pollution biomarkers: Implications for large-scale monitoring programs. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2015; 167:90-105. [PMID: 26277408 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2015.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Revised: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Biomarkers have been extensively used in monitoring programs with the aim of assessing the biological effects of pollutants on marine organisms and determining environmental status. Data obtained from these programs are sometimes difficult to interpret due to the large amount of natural variables affecting biological processes, which could act as confounding factors on biomarker responses. The main aim of this work was to identify the effect of one of these variables, the food availability, and consequently, the mussel nutritive status, on biomarker responses. For that purpose, mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) were conditioned to three different food rations for 2 months in order to create three mussel nutritive statuses and afterwards, each status was exposed to three nominal concentrations of fluoranthene (FLU) for 3 weeks. A battery of biomarkers was considered in this study to cover a wide range of organism responses, both physiological (scope for growth - SFG) and biochemical (superoxide dismutase - SOD, catalase - CAT, glutathione reductase - GR, glutathione peroxidase - GPx, glutathione-S-transferase - GST and phenoloxidase - PO activities, and lipid membrane peroxidation - LPO). The results obtained, evidenced that most of the studied biomarkers (SFG, SOD, CAT, GPx, and PO) were strongly affected by mussel nutritive status, showing higher values at lower status, whereas the effect of toxicant was not always evident, masked by the nutritive status effect. This paper demonstrates that toxicants are not the only source of variability modulating pollution biomarkers, and confirms nutritive status as a major factor altering biochemical and physiological biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen González-Fernández
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, IEO, Centro Oceanográfico de Murcia, Varadero 1, E-30740 San Pedro del Pinatar, Murcia, Spain
| | - Marina Albentosa
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, IEO, Centro Oceanográfico de Murcia, Varadero 1, E-30740 San Pedro del Pinatar, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Juan A Campillo
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, IEO, Centro Oceanográfico de Murcia, Varadero 1, E-30740 San Pedro del Pinatar, Murcia, Spain
| | - Lucía Viñas
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, IEO, Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Subida a Radio Faro 50, E-36390 Vigo, Spain
| | - Diego Romero
- Área de Toxicología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, E-30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Angeles Franco
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, IEO, Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Subida a Radio Faro 50, E-36390 Vigo, Spain
| | - Juan Bellas
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, IEO, Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Subida a Radio Faro 50, E-36390 Vigo, Spain
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Min EY, Cha YJ, Kang JC. Effects of waterborne nickel on the physiological and immunological parameters of the Pacific abalone Haliotis discus hannai during thermal stress. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:13546-55. [PMID: 25943513 PMCID: PMC4550641 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-4597-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the 96-h LC50 at 22 and 26 °C values was 28.591 and 11.761 mg/L, respectively, for NiCl2 exposure in the abalone. The alteration of physiological and immune-toxicological parameters such as the total hemocyte count (THC), lysozyme, phenoloxidase (PO), and phagocytosis activity was measured in the abalone exposed to nickel (200 and 400 μg/L) under thermal stress for 96 h. In this study, Mg and THC decreased, while Ca, lysozyme, PO, and phagocytosis activity increased in the hemolymph of Pacific abalone exposed to NiCl2 when compared to a control at both 22 and 26 °C. However, these parameters were not affected by a rise in temperature from 22 to 26 °C in non-exposed groups. Our results showed that NiCl2 below 400 μg/L was able to stimulate immune responses in abalone. However, complex stressors, thermal changes, or NiCl2 can modify the immunological response and lead to changes in the physiology of host-pollutant interactions in the abalone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Young Min
- />Institute of Fisheries Science, Pukyong National University, Busan, 619-911 Korea
| | - Yong-Joo Cha
- />Departments of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Busan, 608-737 Korea
| | - Ju-Chan Kang
- />Departments of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Busan, 608-737 Korea
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Liu Z, Zhou Z, Wang L, Song X, Chen H, Wang W, Liu R, Wang M, Wang H, Song L. The enkephalinergic nervous system and its immunomodulation on the developing immune system during the ontogenesis of oyster Crassostrea gigas. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 45:250-259. [PMID: 25907641 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Enkephalinergic neuroendocrine-immune regulatory system is one of the most important neuroendocrine-immune systems in both vertebrates and invertebrates for its significant role in the immune regulation. In the present study, the early onset of enkephalinergic nervous system and its immunomodulation on the developing immune system during the ontogenesis of oyster Crassostrea gigas were investigated to illustrate the function of neural regulation on the innate immune system in oyster larvae. [Met(5)]-enkephalin (Met-ENK) was firstly observed on the marginal of the dorsal half of D-hinged larvae. Six immune-related molecules, including four PRRs (CgCTL-1, CgCTL-2, CgCTL-4, CgNatterin-3) and two immune effectors (CgTNF-1 and CgEcSOD) were detected in the early developmental stages of trochophore, D-hinged and umbo larvae of oyster. After incubated with [Met(5)]-enkephalin, the mRNA expression level of all the PRRs changed significantly (p < 0.05). In trochophore larvae, the expression level of CgNatterin-3 decreased dramatically (p < 0.05) at 6 h, and the expression level of CgCTL-4 was significantly down-regulated at 3 h and 6 h (p < 0.05), respectively. In D-hinged and umbo larvae, only CgCTL-1 was significantly down-regulated and the differences were significant at 3 h and 6 h (p < 0.05), while the expression level of CgCTL-2 and CgCTL-4 increased significantly at 3 h after treatment (p < 0.05). Moreover, the expression levels of immune effectors were up-regulated significantly at 3 h and 6 h in trochophore larvae (p < 0.05). The expression level of CgTNF-1 in both blank and experiment groups was up-regulated but there was no significant difference in D-hinged larvae stage. On the contrary, the expression level of CgEcSOD in D-hinged larvae decreased dramatically at 3 h and 6 h after [Met(5)]-enkephalin incubation (p < 0.05). In umbo larvae, the expression level of CgTNF-1 and CgEcSOD in the experiment group increased significantly at 6 h after [Met(5)]-enkephalin treatment (p < 0.05), while no significant difference was found in the blank group. In addition, the anti-bacterial activities of the total protein extract from trochophore, D-hinged and umbo larvae increased significantly (p < 0.05) at both 3 h and 6 h after [Met(5)]-enkephalin incubation compared to that in the blank group, and PO activities of both D-hinged and umbo larvae total protein extract increased significantly (p < 0.05) while no significant difference was observed in trochophore larvae. The PO activities of the total protein extract in all the experiment groups decreased after the treatment with [Met(5)]-enkephalin for 6 h, but no significant difference was observed when compared to the blank group. Furthermore, after incubation for 6 h, the concentration of both CgTNF-1 and CgIL17-5 increased dramatically compared to that in the blank group (p < 0.05). These results together indicated that the enkephalinergic nervous system of oyster was firstly appeared in D-hinged larvae, while the primitive immune defense system existed in the region of prototroch in trochophore larvae and developed maturely after D-hinged larvae. The developing immune system could be regulated by the neurotransmitter [Met(5)]-enkephalin released by the neuroendocrine system in oyster C. gigas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoqun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhi Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Xiaorui Song
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Weilin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Rui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Mengqiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Linsheng Song
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China.
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Lemer S, Saulnier D, Gueguen Y, Planes S. Identification of genes associated with shell color in the black-lipped pearl oyster, Pinctada margaritifera. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:568. [PMID: 26231360 PMCID: PMC4521380 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1776-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Color polymorphism in the nacre of pteriomorphian bivalves is of great interest for the pearl culture industry. The nacreous layer of the Polynesian black-lipped pearl oyster Pinctada margaritifera exhibits a large array of color variation among individuals including reflections of blue, green, yellow and pink in all possible gradients. Although the heritability of nacre color variation patterns has been demonstrated by experimental crossing, little is known about the genes involved in these patterns. In this study, we identify a set of genes differentially expressed among extreme color phenotypes of P. margaritifera using a suppressive and subtractive hybridization (SSH) method comparing black phenotypes with full and half albino individuals. Results Out of the 358 and 346 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) obtained by conducting two SSH libraries respectively, the expression patterns of 37 genes were tested with a real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) approach by pooling five individuals of each phenotype. The expression of 11 genes was subsequently estimated for each individual in order to detect inter-individual variation. Our results suggest that the color of the nacre is partially under the influence of genes involved in the biomineralization of the calcitic layer. A few genes involved in the formation of the aragonite tablets of the nacre layer and in the biosynthesis chain of melanin also showed differential expression patterns. Finally, high variability in gene expression levels were observed within the black phenotypes. Conclusions Our results revealed that three main genetic processes were involved in color polymorphisms: the biomineralization of the nacreous and calcitic layers and the synthesis of pigments such as melanin, suggesting that color polymorphism takes place at different levels in the shell structure. The high variability of gene expression found within black phenotypes suggests that the present work should serve as a basis for future studies exploring more thoroughly the expression patterns of candidate genes within black phenotypes with different dominant iridescent colors. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-1776-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Lemer
- Laboratoire d'Excellence "CORAIL", USR 3278 CNRS-CRIOBE- EPHE, Perpignan, France, Papetoai, Moorea, French Polynesia. .,Present address: Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
| | - Denis Saulnier
- Ifremer, UMR 241 EIO, Laboratoire d'Excellence "CORAIL", BP 7004, 98719, Taravao, Tahiti, French Polynesia.
| | - Yannick Gueguen
- Ifremer, UMR 241 EIO, Laboratoire d'Excellence "CORAIL", BP 7004, 98719, Taravao, Tahiti, French Polynesia. .,Present address: Ifremer, UMR 5244 IHPE, UPVD, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, CC 80, F-34095, Montpellier, France.
| | - Serge Planes
- Laboratoire d'Excellence "CORAIL", USR 3278 CNRS-CRIOBE- EPHE, Perpignan, France, Papetoai, Moorea, French Polynesia.
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Molecular characterization of a peptidoglycan recognition protein from the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera and its role in the prophenoloxidase activation pathway. Mol Immunol 2015; 65:123-32. [PMID: 25659083 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2015.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2014] [Revised: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs), which are evolutionarily conserved from invertebrates to vertebrates, function as pattern-recognition and effector molecules in innate immunity. In this study, a PGRP (HaPGRP-A) from the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera was identified and characterized. Sequence analysis indicated that HaPGRP-A is not an amidase-type PGRP. Increased levels of HaPGRP-A mRNA were observed in the fat body and hemocytes of H. armigera larvae following the injection of microbes or Sephadex beads. Analysis using purified recombinant HaPGRP-A showed that it (i) could bind and agglutinate Gram-negative Escherichia coli and Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus, (ii) enhanced prophenoloxidase activation in the presence of microbes, (iii) promoted the formation of melanotic nodules in vivo, and (iv) enhanced the melanization of Sephadex beads in vivo. RNA interference assays were performed to further confirm the function of HaPGRP-A. When the expression of HaPGRP-A in H. armigera larvae was inhibited by dsHaPGRP-A injection, the phenoloxidase activity in larval hemolymph was significantly decreased and RNAi-treated insects infected with bacteria showed higher bacterial growth in hemolymph compared with infected control larvae. These results indicated that HaPGRP-A acts as a pattern recognition receptor and binds to the invading organism to trigger the prophenoloxidase activation pathway of H. armigera, and the activated phenoloxidase may participate in the melanization process of nodulation and encapsulation responses.
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Sun Z, Wang L, Zhang T, Zhou Z, Jiang Q, Yi Q, Yang C, Qiu L, Song L. The immunomodulation of inducible hydrogen sulfide in Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 46:530-536. [PMID: 24699445 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2014.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Revised: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is an important gasotransmitter, which plays indispensable roles in cardiovascular, nervous and immune systems of vertebrates. However, the information about the immunomodulation of H2S in invertebrates is still very limited. In the present study, the temporal expression profile of cystathionine γ lyase in oyster Crassostrea gigas (CgCSE) was investigated after the oysters were stimulated by lipopolysaccharide. The expression levels of CgCSE mRNA transcripts in hemocytes increased significantly at 12h (1.31-fold of the PBS group, P<0.05) after LPS stimulation. The immunomodulation of inducible H2S in oyster was examined by monitoring the alterations of both cellular and humoral immune parameters in response to the stimulations of LPS, LPS+Na2S and LPS+propargylglycine (PAG). The total hemocyte counts (THC) and hemolymph PO activity increased significantly after LPS stimulation, and the increase could be further enhanced by adding PAG, while inhibited by appending Na2S. The phagocytosis activity of hemocytes was also increased firstly after LPS treatment, and the increase was enhanced by adding Na2S but inhibited after appending PAG. The anti-bacterial activity in hemolymph increased at 3h post LPS treatment, and then decreased after adding PAG. The total SOD activity of hemolymph was also elevated at 6h post LPS treatment, and the elevated activity was depressed by adding Na2S. These results collectively indicated that H2S might play crucial roles in the immune response of oyster via modulating the turnover and phagocytosis of hemocytes, and regulating the anti-bacterial activity and proPO activation in the hemolymph.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhibin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhi Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Qiufen Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qilin Yi
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chuanyan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Limei Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Linsheng Song
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
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Sun Y, Zhou Z, Wang L, Yang C, Jianga S, Song L. The immunomodulation of a novel tumor necrosis factor (CgTNF-1) in oyster Crassostrea gigas. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 45:291-299. [PMID: 24685510 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2014.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is one of the most important cytokines involved in many processes in both vertebrate and invertebrate. In the present study, a new tumor necrosis factor with a typical TNF domain was identified in oyster Crassostrea gigas (designated CgTNF-1). CgTNF-1 shared low sequence identity and similarity with the TNF superfamily members from other vertebrate and invertebrate. After LPS stimulation, the mRNA expression of CgTNF-1 in haemocytes increased significantly and peaked at 12h (1.39±0.12, P<0.05) post treatment, and the expression of CgTNF-1 protein in haemolymph also increased obviously during 6-12h. When the oyster haemocytes were incubated with rCgTNF-1, its apoptosis and phagocytosis rate were both effectively induced and peaked at 12h post the treatment of rCgTNF-1 with the concentration of 100ngmL(-1) (23.3±3%, P<0.01), 50ngmL(-1) (5.3±0.6%, P<0.05) and 10ngmL(-1) (6.7±1.2%, P<0.05), respectively. After the co-stimulation of LPS and rCgTNF-1, the apoptosis and phagocytosis rate of oyster haemocytes, and the activities of PO and lysozyme in the haemolymph all increased significantly, and reached the peak at 12h (apoptosis rate 26.7±1.5%, P<0.01), 12h (phagocytosis rate 8.3±0.6%, P<0.01), 6h (PO 1.11±0.01Umg prot(-1), P<0.01) and 12h (lysozyme 168.9±8.3Umg prot(-1), P<0.05), respectively, which were significantly higher than that in the LPS group. Furthermore, the anti-bacteria activity in the LPS+TNF group was significantly higher than that in the LPS group during 6-12h. All the results collectively indicated that CgTNF-1 was involved in the oyster immunity and played a crucial role in the modulation of immune response including apoptosis and phagocytosis of haemocytes, and regulation of anti-bacterial activity as well as the activation of immune relevant enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Sun
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhi Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Chuanyan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Shuai Jianga
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Linsheng Song
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
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Qiao C, Li J, Wei XH, Wang JL, Wang YF, Liu XS. SRP gene is required for Helicoverpa armigera prophenoloxidase activation and nodulation response. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 44:94-99. [PMID: 24333441 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2013.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Revised: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
SRP gene was first identified from the fall webworm, Hyphantria cunea as one of genes up-regulated after bacteria injection. A rent study in Spodoptera litura showed that stress-induced elevation of SRP expression highly correlates with reduced feeding activities and growth retardation of larvae. In this study, we identified a SRP gene from the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera, namely Ha-SRP, and studied its precise roles in insect immunity. Expressions of Ha-SRP were upregulated in H. armigera larval hemocytes after injection of Escherichia coli. When the expression of Ha-SRP in H. armigera larval hemocytes was inhibited by dsHa-SRP injection, the transcription of prophenoloxidase genes in hemocytes was repressed, phenoloxidase activity in bacteria-challenged larval hemolymph was significantly decreased, and nodule formation in bacteria-injected larvae was reduced. More importantly, RNAi-treated insects infected with E. coli showed higher bacterial growth in hemolymph compared with infected controls. These results suggest that Ha-SRP gene plays importance roles in H. armigera innate immunity, possibly by mediating prophenoloxidase activation and nodulation response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Qiao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, College of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Jie Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, College of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Xiu-Hong Wei
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, College of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Jia-Lin Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, College of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Yu-Feng Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, College of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Xu-Sheng Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, College of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China.
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Raftos DA, Kuchel R, Aladaileh S, Butt D. Infectious microbial diseases and host defense responses in Sydney rock oysters. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:135. [PMID: 24795701 PMCID: PMC4005933 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Aquaculture has long been seen as a sustainable solution to some of the world's growing food shortages. However, experience over the past 50 years indicates that infectious diseases caused by viruses, bacteria, and eukaryotes limit the productivity of aquaculture. In extreme cases, these types of infectious agents threaten the viability of entire aquaculture industries. This article describes the threats from infectious diseases in aquaculture and then focuses on one example (QX disease in Sydney rock oysters) as a case study. QX appears to be typical of many emerging diseases in aquaculture, particularly because environmental factors seem to play a crucial role in disease outbreaks. Evidence is presented that modulation of a generic subcellular stress response pathway in oysters is responsible for both resistance and susceptibility to infectious microbes. Understanding and being able to manipulate this pathway may be the key to sustainable aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Raftos
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University North Ryde, NSW, Australia ; Sydney Institute of Marine Science Mosman, NSW, Australia
| | - Rhiannon Kuchel
- Electron Microscope Unit, University of New South Wales Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Saleem Aladaileh
- Department of Biology, Al - Hussein Bin Talal University Amman, Jordan
| | - Daniel Butt
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University North Ryde, NSW, Australia
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26
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Dubey S, Roulin A. Evolutionary and biomedical consequences of internal melanins. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2014; 27:327-38. [DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Dubey
- Department of Ecology and Evolution; University of Lausanne; Biophore Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Alexandre Roulin
- Department of Ecology and Evolution; University of Lausanne; Biophore Lausanne Switzerland
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Jiang J, Zhou Z, Dong Y, Guan X, Wang B, Jiang B, Yang A, Chen Z, Gao S, Sun H. Characterization of phenoloxidase from the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus. Immunobiology 2014; 219:450-6. [PMID: 24631331 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2014.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2013] [Revised: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Phenoloxidase (PO) is a crucial immune-related enzyme in invertebrates. In this study, three POs of the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus were detected in coelomic fluid using linear-gradient native-PAGE combined with catechol staining and then partially purified by gel excising. The results showed that the three POs had a color of mahogany (AjPO1), yellow (AjPO2) and purple (AjPO3) respectively with molecular weights smaller than 21kDa in native-PAGE after staining with catechol. Enzymatic activities analysis revealed that AjPO1, AjPO2 and AjPO3 had optimal temperature of 45, 95 and 85°C and pH of 5.0, 8.0 and 8.0, respectively. Kinetic analysis showed that the Km values of AjPO1 for catechol, l-DOPA, dopamine and hydroquinone were 3.23, 0.86, 3.98 and 1.20mmol/l, respectively, those of AjPO2 were 0.31, 0.38, 2.05 and 1.30mmol/l, respectively, and those of AjPO3 were 5.95, 1.28, 5.81 and 0.62mmol/l, respectively. These results suggest that the three POs are laccase-type phenoloxidase. The activities of all three A. japonicus POs were significantly promoted by Ca(2+), Mg(2+) and Mn(2+), and strongly inhibited by ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid disodium (EDTA), sodium diethyldithiocarbamate (DETC) and some common antioxidants. The inhibitions by EDTA and DETC suggest that the three A. japonicus POs are copper-containing metalloenzymes. Immune-responsive analysis showed that the total PO activities in coelomocytes (TPAC) increased greatly after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge and declined significantly after polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (PolyI:C) challenge, implying that A. japonicus PO immune system, which is composed of several isoenzymes with different characteristics, is closely involved in the defense against the infection of Gram-negative bacteria and double-stranded RNA viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwei Jiang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Molecular Biology, Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, PR China
| | - Zunchun Zhou
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Molecular Biology, Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, PR China.
| | - Ying Dong
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Molecular Biology, Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, PR China
| | - Xiaoyan Guan
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Molecular Biology, Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, PR China
| | - Bai Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Molecular Biology, Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, PR China
| | - Bei Jiang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Molecular Biology, Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, PR China
| | - Aifu Yang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Molecular Biology, Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, PR China
| | - Zhong Chen
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Molecular Biology, Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, PR China
| | - Shan Gao
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Molecular Biology, Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, PR China
| | - Hongjuan Sun
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Molecular Biology, Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, PR China
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28
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Le Bris C, Paillard C, Stiger-Pouvreau V, Guérard F. Laccase-like activity in the hemolymph of Venerupis philippinarum: characterization and kinetic properties. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 35:1804-12. [PMID: 24075997 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2013.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2013] [Revised: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The phenoloxidases (POs) include tyrosinases (EC 1.14.18.1), catecholases (EC 1.10.3.1) and laccases (EC 1.10.3.2) and are known to play a role in the immune defences of many invertebrates. For the Manila clam, Venerupis philippinarum, the exact role is not known, especially with regard to defences against Brown Ring Disease (BRD), which leads to high mortalities along European coasts. In order to understand the role and functioning of PO in V. philippinarum, the first step, and aim of this study, was to biochemically characterize the PO activity in the circulating hemolymph. Various substrates were tested and the common PO substrates L-DOPA, Catechol and dopamine exhibited good affinity with the enzyme and consequent low K(m) values (3.75, 1.97, 4.91 mM, respectively). A single tyrosinase-specific substrate, PHPPA, was oxidized, but the affinity for it was low (K(m) = 47.33 mM). Three tested laccase-specific substrates were oxidized by V. philippinarum PO (PPD, OPD and hydroquinone) and affinity was higher than for PHPPA. The results obtained with the substrate were confirmed by the use of different inhibitors: CTAB, a laccase-specific inhibitor inhibited PO activity greatly but not completely, whereas 4-Hr, specific to catecholases and tyrosinases, inhibited PO activity to a lesser extent. The results lead us to conclude that V. philippinarum PO activity in the circulating hemolymph, is mainly a laccase-like activity but there is also a smaller-scale tyrosinase-like activity. The inhibition mechanisms were also determined using dose-response substrate concentration for an inhibitor concentration equal or close to the IC50. Optimal conditions for the enzyme activity were also determined using L-DOPA as substrate, showing that its optimal temperature and pH are around 40 °C and 8.4 respectively. The enzyme is denatured for temperatures above 50 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Le Bris
- UMR 6539 CNRS UBO IRD IFREMER, LEMAR-IUEM-UBO, Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Technopôle Brest Iroise - rue Dumont d'Urville, 29280 Plouzané, France.
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Chakraborty S, Ray M, Ray S. Cell to organ: physiological, immunotoxic and oxidative stress responses of Lamellidens marginalis to inorganic arsenite. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2013; 94:153-163. [PMID: 23711797 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Revised: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The emerging pollutants in diverse habitats have created a need for basic research towards profiling the structural and functional parameters ranging from cell to organs in a diversity of species, thus enabling realistic analyses of the risks imposed by the environmental stressors. In the present study, the circulating haemocytes and digestive gland of an edible bivalve mollusc from eastern India, Lamellidens marginalis, were investigated for morphological and functional attributes under the challenge of inorganic arsenite-an up-coming threat to the natural freshwater reserves of the Indo-Gangetic flood plains. The molluscs were exposed to three sublethal concentrations of sodium arsenite under controlled laboratory conditions for a maximum time span of thirty days. The toxic exposure caused significant alteration in the haemocytometric profile. It inhibited the activities of phosphatases, transaminases and acetylcholinesterase which are iconic for assessment of the physiological homoeostasis in the haemocytes and digestive tissue. At both cellular and tissue level, immune surveillance was compromised through inhibited generation of nitric oxide, phenoloxidase and superoxide anions. Moreover, exposure to sodium arsenite promoted xenometabolic and oxidative stress in both haemocytes and digestive gland by reducing the activity of glutathione S-transferase and catalase. It inflicted inflammatory damage and promoted neplasia in the digestive tissue as evident from the histopathological observations. The findings would be crucial to gauge the impending threats from inorganic arsenite exposure to the freshwater invertebrates. Further, it creates an avenue to speculate a new model for arsenic biomonitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudipta Chakraborty
- Department of Zoology, Parasitology and Immunology Laboratory, Maulana Azad College, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.
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30
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Cheng W, Yu JS. Effects of the dietary administration of sodium alginate on the immune responses and disease resistance of Taiwan abalone, Haliotis diversicolor supertexta. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 34:902-8. [PMID: 23296117 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2012.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Revised: 12/27/2012] [Accepted: 12/28/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Sodium alginate extracted from brown algae was reported to enhance the immune response and resistance of fish and shrimp. In this study, survival rates of the abalone, Haliotis diversicolor supertexta, against Vibrio parahaemolyticus, and its non-specific immune parameters such as the total haemocyte count (THC), phenoloxidase (PO) activity, respiratory bursts, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, phagocytic activity, and clearance efficiency to V. parahaemolyticus by H. diversicolor supertexta were determined when abalone (4.5 ± 0.4 g) were fed diets containing sodium alginate at 0, 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0 g kg⁻¹. Abalone fed a diet containing sodium alginate at 2.0 and 3.0 g kg⁻¹ for 14 days and at 1.0 g kg⁻¹ for 21 days had significantly higher survival rates than those fed the control diet after challenge with V. parahaemolyticus. The relative survival percentages of abalone fed the 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0 g kg⁻¹ sodium alginate-containing diets for 14 and 21 days were 16.1%, 40.0%, and 48.0%, and 63.6%, 27.3% and 22.6%, respectively. The PO activity, respiratory bursts, SOD activity, and phagocytic activity and clearance efficiency of V. parahaemolyticus of abalone fed the sodium alginate-containing diets at 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0 g kg⁻¹ were significantly higher than those of abalone fed the control diet for 14 days. After 21 days, the PO activity, respiratory bursts, SOD activity, and phagocytic activity and clearance efficiency of V. parahaemolyticus by abalone fed the sodium alginate-containing diet at 1.0 g kg⁻¹ were significantly higher than those of abalone fed the other diets. It was concluded that sodium alginate can be used as an immunostimulant for abalone through dietary administration to enhance immune responses of abalone and resistance against V. parahaemolyticus, which were related to the dose and timing of administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winton Cheng
- Department of Aquaculture, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan, ROC.
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Gauthier-Clerc S, Boily I, Fournier M, Lemarchand K. In vivo exposure of Mytilus edulis to living enteric bacteria: a threat for immune competency? ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 20:612-620. [PMID: 23014953 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-012-1200-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2012] [Accepted: 09/15/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Mussels are widespread in coastal environments and experience various physical, chemical, and bacteriological conditions. Owing to the increase of coastal urbanization, mussels are now commonly exposed not only to indigenous bacteria, but also to enteric bacteria originating from pulsed and chronic sewage discharges into coastal environments. Due to its broad resilience to environmental variations, the blue mussel Mytilus edulis is commonly used as an indicator of environmental quality in bio-monitoring programs. However, since mussel immune system capabilities may be affected by the presence of exogenous fecal bacteria in coastal seawater subjected to sewage discharges, we aimed to determine the effect of in vivo bacterial challenges on mussels' immune competency by using two exogenous enteric bacterial strains, Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis, and an indigenous bacterial strain Vibrio splendidus (as control). Bacterial strains were tested individually, by injection into the posterior adductor muscle at three different cell densities (10(2), 10(3), and 10(4) cells). Unlike classic in vitro experiments using higher bacterial concentrations, neither the enteric bacteria nor the indigenous strain induced significant increase or decrease of either cell-mediated (phagocytosis, reactive oxygen species, and NO(x) production) or humoral components (prophenoloxidase-like, acid phosphatase, and L-leucine-aminopeptidase production) of the immune system. This study demonstrates that, at low concentrations, E. coli and E. faecalis do not represent an additional threat that could impair M. edulis immune competency and, as a consequence, its potential of survival in coastal areas subjected to sewage discharges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Gauthier-Clerc
- Institut des sciences de la mer de Rimouski, UQAR, 310 Allée des Ursulines, Rimouski, QC G5L 3A1, Canada
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32
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Singaram G, Harikrishnan T, Chen FY, Bo J, Giesy JP. Modulation of immune-associated parameters and antioxidant responses in the crab (Scylla serrata) exposed to mercury. CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 90:917-928. [PMID: 22840538 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2011] [Revised: 05/24/2012] [Accepted: 06/22/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Organic and inorganic contaminants can suppress immune function in molluscs and crustaceans. It was postulated that metals could modulate immune function in marine crabs. To test this hypothesis, sublethal effects of mercury (Hg) on cellular immune and biochemical responses of crabs were determined. When crabs were exposed for 14 d to environmentally-relevant concentrations of Hg, changes in immune-associated parameters including, total haemocyte count, lysosomal membrane stability, phenoloxidase, super oxide generation and phagocytosis were observed. Oxidative stress, as measured by lipid peroxidation, antioxidant responses, including superoxide dismutase and catalase activities and glutathione-mediated antioxidant enzymes in serum, haemocyte lysate, gills, hepatopancreas and muscle were assessed in crabs exposed to Hg. Exposure to Hg resulted in significantly lesser immune-associated parameters in haemolymph and antioxidants in all tissues studied. Conversely, GST and phenoloxidase activity, were greater in crabs exposed to Hg. Responses of antioxidant parameters (SOD, CAT and GP(x)) were positively correlated with immune responses, including THC, superoxide and phagocytosis. These results were postulated to be due to an immediate response of antioxidant defense to oxygen radicals generated. Overall, the results suggest that 14 d exposure to environmentally realistic concentrations of Hg causes immunomodulation and potentially harmful lessened antioxidant defenses of crabs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopalakrishnan Singaram
- Department of Zoology, The Presidency College, University of Madras, Chennai 600 005, India.
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Jiang Q, Zhou Z, Wang L, Shi X, Wang J, Yue F, Yi Q, Yang C, Song L. The immunomodulation of inducible nitric oxide in scallop Chlamys farreri. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 34:100-108. [PMID: 23073205 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2012.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Revised: 09/15/2012] [Accepted: 10/07/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is an important signalling molecule which plays an indispensable role in immunity of all vertebrates and invertebrates. In the present study, the immunomodulation of inducible NO in scallop Chlamys farreri was examined by monitoring the alterations of haemocyte behaviours and related immune molecules in response to the stimulations of LPS and/or with S-Methylisothiourea Sulphate (SMT), an inhibitor of inducible NO synthase (NOS). The total activity of NOS and NO concentration in the haemolymph of scallop C. farreri increased significantly at 3, 6 and 12 h after LPS stimulation respectively, whereas their increases were fully repressed when scallops were treated in the collaborating of LPS and SMT. Meanwhile, some cellular and humoral immune parameters were determined after the stimulation of LPS and SMT to investigate the role of inducible NO in innate immunity of scallop. After LPS stimulation, the highest levels of haemocytes apoptosis and phagocytosis were observed at 24 h (38.5 ± 2.5%, P < 0.01) and 12 h (38.6 ± 0.2%, P < 0.01), respectively, and the reactive oxygen species (ROS) level (5.88 ± 0.90%, P < 0.01) of haemocytes and anti-bacterial activity of haemolymph (10.0 ± 2.2%, P < 0.01) all elevated dramatically at 12 h. Although the activity of lysozyme and phenoloxidase (PO) in haemolymph both declined at 48 h (93.0 ± 6.3 U mgprot(-1), 0.40 ± 0.06 U mgprot(-1), P < 0.01), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and GSH concentration both increased to the highest level at 24 h post treatment (99.2 ± 8.1 U mgprot(-1), 93.0 ± 6.3 nmol mgprot(-1), P < 0.01). After the collaborating treatment of LPS and SMT, the apoptosis index increased much higher from 48 h, while the increase of haemocytes phagocytosis, ROS level and haemolymph anti-bacteria activities were suppressed completely at 12 h. The declines of lysozyme and PO activity in haemolymph were reversed at 48 h, and the rise of SOD activity and GSH concentration started earlier from 3 h. These results indicated clearly that NO could participate in the scallop immunity and play a crucial role in the modulation of immune response including haemocytes apoptosis and phagocytosis, anti-bacterial activity and redox homeostasis in the haemolymph of scallop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiufen Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
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Pang Q, Liu X, Zhao B, Sun H. Induction of phenoloxidase and other immunological activities in the humoral fluids of amphioxus Branchiostoma belcheri challenged with Lipopolysaccharide (LPS). FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2012; 38:1835-1842. [PMID: 22733094 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-012-9680-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Accepted: 06/11/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The knowledge concerning the humoral immunity is scarce in amphioxus Branchiostoma belcheri. This study measured the humoral parameters including phenoloxidase (PO) activity, lysozyme activity, antimicrobial activity, microbial agglutinin, and hemagglutinin in amphioxus humoral fluids before and after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge. Humoral fluids from unchallenged Branchiostoma belcheri (B. belcheri) had PO activity, lysozyme, antimicrobial, microbial agglutinating, and hemagglutinating activities, which may represent part of the baseline level of innate immunity in this organism. After challenge with LPS, many humoral parameters were all increased significantly including the PO activity, lysozyme activity, growth-inhibiting activities against Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Vibrio alginolyticus (V. alginolyticus), growth-inhibiting activities against Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis), microbial agglutinating activities against Micrococcus lysodeikticus (M. lysodeikticus), B. subtilis, and S. aureus, and hemagglutinating activities against rabbit and human A and O erythrocytes. In contrast, the agglutinating activities against V. harveyi and E. coli and the hemagglutinating activity against human B erythrocytes in the humoral fluids were reduced in response to LPS challenge. It appears that the humoral fluids of B. belcheri contain components that are able to differentiate different microbes and different human blood cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuxiang Pang
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255049, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuemei Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, People's Republic of China
| | - Bosheng Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255049, People's Republic of China.
| | - Huanhuan Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255049, People's Republic of China
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Manikandan B, Ramar M. Detection of natural and induced phenoloxidase activities in human serum. Hum Immunol 2012; 73:1005-10. [PMID: 22863449 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2012.07.331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2012] [Revised: 06/15/2012] [Accepted: 07/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Natural and induced phenoloxidase activities were detected in human serum using nine different phenolic substrates, namely, tyrosine, tyramine, L-DOPA, DL-DOPA, dopamine, catechol, hydroquinone, protocatechuic acid and pyrogallol. Phenoloxidase activity was induced anew in serum using exogenous elicitors, such as proteases or detergents. Among the proteases and detergents tested, pronase, SDS and Tween 20 were the best elicitors of phenoloxidase activities in serum, wherein, hydroquinone was the best phenolic substrate for both untreated as well as pronase treated serum and SDS or Tween 20 treated serum resulted in highest oxidation of dopamine or tyrosine, respectively. In the present study, all these oxidative reactions were inhibited by phenoloxidase inhibitors, namely, PTU and tropolone, thereby, confirming the role of phenoloxidase in human serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beulaja Manikandan
- Department of Zoology, University of Madras, Guindy campus, Chennai 600 025, India.
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Palmer CV, McGinty ES, Cummings DJ, Smith SM, Bartels E, Mydlarz LD. Patterns of coral ecological immunology: variation in the responses of Caribbean corals to elevated temperature and a pathogen elicitor. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 214:4240-9. [PMID: 22116768 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.061267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Disease epizootics are increasing with climatic shifts, yet within each system only a subset of species are identified as the most vulnerable. Understanding ecological immunology patterns as well as environmental influences on immune defenses will provide insight into the persistence of a functional system through adverse conditions. Amongst the most threatened ecosystems are coral reefs, with coral disease epizootics and thermal stress jeopardizing their survival. Immune defenses were investigated within three Caribbean corals, Montastraea faveolata, Stephanocoenia intersepta and Porites astreoides, which represent a range of disease and bleaching susceptibilities. Levels of several immune parameters were measured in response to elevated water temperature and the presence of a commercial pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) - lipopolysaccharide (LPS) - as an elicitor of the innate immune response. Immune parameters included prophenoloxidase (PPO) activity, melanin concentration, bactericidal activity, the antioxidants peroxidase and catalase, and fluorescent protein (FP) concentration. LPS induced an immune response in all three corals, although each species responded differently to the experimental treatments. For example, M. faveolata, a disease-susceptible species, experienced significant decreases in bactericidal activity and melanin concentration after exposure to LPS and elevated temperature alone. Porites astreoides, a disease-resistant species, showed increased levels of enzymatic antioxidants upon exposure to LPS independently and increased PPO activity in response to the combination of LPS and elevated water temperature. This study demonstrates the ability of reef-building corals to induce immune responses in the presence of PAMPs, indicating activation of PAMP receptors and the transduction of appropriate signals leading to immune effector responses. Furthermore, these data address the emerging field of ecological immunology by highlighting interspecific differences in immunity and immunocompetences among Caribbean corals, which are reflected in their life-history characteristics, disease susceptibilities and bleaching-induced mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline V Palmer
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies and School of Marine and Tropical Biology, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
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Latire T, Le Pabic C, Mottin E, Mottier A, Costil K, Koueta N, Lebel JM, Serpentini A. Responses of primary cultured haemocytes from the marine gastropod Haliotis tuberculata under 10-day exposure to cadmium chloride. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2012; 109:213-221. [PMID: 22018399 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2011.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2011] [Revised: 09/21/2011] [Accepted: 09/27/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Among metals, cadmium, a non-essential element, is an important pollutant that is released into aquatic environments. Due to its persistence and bioaccumulation, this metal has been shown to exert immunological effects on organisms. The objective of the present study was to investigate the in vitro effects of cadmium chloride using a haemocyte primary culture from the European abalone, Haliotis tuberculata. Most studies have maintained viable haemocytes in vitro for periods ranging from several hours to several days during acute exposures. Few investigations have reported the effects of metals using longer in vitro exposures, which are more realistic with regard to mimicking environmental conditions. In this study, we exposed abalone haemocytes to concentrations from 0.5 to 50,000 μgL(-1) of CdCl2 for 10 days. The effects of cadmium chloride were reflected in a significant decrease in the number of viable cells and morphological modifications in a concentration-dependent manner beginning at a concentration of 500 μgL(-1) as well as in some physiological processes, such as phagocytotic activity and the number of lysosome-positive cells. In contrast, phenoloxidase (PO) activity and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production were increased beginning at a concentration of 5 μgL(-1), which is consistent with environmental concentrations in polluted sites. For PO activity and ROS production, maximally 9-fold and 130% inductions, respectively, were recorded under the highest dose. These results thus indicate that cadmium chloride alters immune parameters of abalone haemocytes and that the long-term (10 days) primary culture system used here represents a suitable, sensitive in vitro model for assessing cytotoxic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Latire
- UMR 100 IFREMER Physiologie et Ecophysiologie des Mollusques Marins--IFR 146 ICORE--IBFA--Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, Campus 1, Science C, Esplanade de la Paix, 14032 Caen cedex, France
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Xing J, Jiang J, Zhan W. Phenoloxidase in the scallop Chlamys farreri: purification and antibacterial activity of its reaction products generated in vitro. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 32:89-93. [PMID: 22119576 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2011.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2011] [Revised: 10/18/2011] [Accepted: 10/23/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Phenoloxidase (PO) was purified from hemocytes of the scallop Chlamys farreri using native-PAGE and gel permeation column chromatography, and then substrate specificity and antibacterial activity generated from reaction products of purified PO were analyzed. The results showed purified PO had a molecular mass of 576 kDa in native-PAGE and 53 kDa in denatured PAGE, and could catalyze the substrates L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA), dopamine, catechol and hydroquinone suggesting it is a type of p-diphenoloxidase. Using dopamine as a substrate, PO reaction products significantly inhibited the growth of Vibrio alginolyticus, Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Aeromonas salmonicida. No significant inhibition was found in Streptococcus dysgalactiae, Streptococcus iniae, Micrococcus lysodeikticus and Edwardsiella tarda. When L-DOPA was used as a substrate, significant inhibition occurred in A. salmonicida only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xing
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
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Bayer M, Hellio C, Maréchal JP, Frank W, Lin W, Weber H, Proksch P. Antifouling bastadin congeners target mussel phenoloxidase and complex copper(II) ions. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2011; 13:1148-58. [PMID: 21547349 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-011-9378-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2010] [Accepted: 04/07/2011] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Synthetically prepared congeners of sponge-derived bastadin derivatives such as 5,5'-dibromohemibastadin-1 (DBHB) that suppress the settling of barnacle larvae were identified in this study as strong inhibitors of blue mussel phenoloxidase that is involved in the firm attachment of mussels to a given substrate. The IC₅₀ value of DBHB as the most active enzyme inhibitor encountered in this study amounts to 0.84 μM. Inhibition of phenoloxidase by DBHB is likely due to complexation of copper(II) ions from the catalytic centre of the enzyme by the α-oxo-oxime moiety of the compound as shown here for the first time by structure activity studies and by X-ray structure determination of a copper(II) complex of DBHB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirko Bayer
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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Modulation and Interaction of Immune-Associated Parameters with Antioxidant in the Immunocytes of Crab Scylla paramamosain Challenged with Lipopolysaccharides. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2011; 2011:824962. [PMID: 21716691 PMCID: PMC3118543 DOI: 10.1155/2011/824962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2011] [Accepted: 04/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Invertebrates are dependent on cellular and humoral immune defences against microbial infection. Scylla paramamosain is an important commercial species, but the fundamental knowledge on its immune defense related to the antioxidant and immune-associated reactions is still lacking. The study was to differentiate the responses of immune-associated parameters of haemolymph components in S. paramamosain when challenged with bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPSs). The immunostimulating effects of LPS in crab by triggering various immune parameters (phagocytosis, lysozyme, antibacterial activity, phenoloxidase, and the generation of superoxide and nitric oxide) were investigated. Results showed that the generation of free radicals, phenoloxidase, lysozyme and antibacterial activities was significantly increased through the exposure periods. Conversely, total hemocyte count and lysosomal membrane stability decreased significantly as the exposure period extended to 96 h. The relationship between the antioxidant enzymes and immune reactions due to LPS was highly significant. In addition, ROS production was positively correlated with antioxidant showing immediate response of antioxidant defense to the oxyradicals generated. Overall, the study indicated that nonspecific immune components in hemocytes of crab showed active response to the LPS stimulation, and their responses suggested that many immune-associated parameters could be modulated and interrelated with the influence of antioxidants in crustaceans.
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Kim SG, Jung BW, Kim H. Hemocyanin-derived phenoloxidase activity with broad temperature stability extending into the cold environment in hemocytes of the hair crab Erimacrus isenbeckii. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2011; 159:103-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2011.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2010] [Revised: 02/24/2011] [Accepted: 02/24/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Vaseeharan B, Shanthi S, Prabhu NM. A novel clip domain serine proteinase (SPs) gene from the haemocytes of Indian white shrimp Fenneropenaeus indicus: molecular cloning, characterization and expression analysis. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 30:980-985. [PMID: 21300157 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2011.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2010] [Revised: 01/28/2011] [Accepted: 01/30/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Baskaralingam Vaseeharan
- Department of Animal Health and Management, Alagappa University, Karaikudi 630 003, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Zhou J, Cai ZH, Zhu XS, Li L, Gao YF. Innate immune parameters and haemolymph protein expression profile to evaluate the immunotoxicity of tributyltin on abalone (Haliotis diversicolor supertexta). DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 34:1059-1067. [PMID: 20488199 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2010.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2010] [Revised: 05/11/2010] [Accepted: 05/11/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The immunotoxicity of tributyltin (TBT) on marine gastropods has been comparatively little studied although risks to wildlife associated with this compound are well known. In this study, a 30-day trial was conducted to evaluate the immunotoxic effects on abalone (Haliotis diversicolor supertexta) by exposing a range of doses of TBT (0, 2, 10, and 50 ng/L). Innate immune parameters, including phagocytic ability (PA), lysozyme activity, phenoloxidase (PO) level and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were monitored at intervals of 5, 15 and 30 days. Haemolymph protein expression profile was also examined at the end of the experiment. The results showed that PA value, lysozyme activity and PO level significantly decreased compared with the controls (P < 0.05), which indicated that TBT exposure markedly suppressed non-specific immune competence. Exposure to TBT also caused variation in protein expression patterns of haemolymph. Among the protein spots of differential expressions, seven proteins from the haemolymph of TBT-treated abalone were successfully identified by MALDI-TOF-MS analysis. Three protein spots increased and were identified as carrier-like peptide, peroxidase 21 precursor and creatine phosphokinase. These proteins are believed to up-regulate in expression as a response to detoxification and antioxidative stress mechanisms. The other four protein spots that down-regulated in TBT-treated groups were identified as aromatase-like protein, protein kinase C, ceruloplasmin and microtubule-actin crosslinking factor 1, and these proteins play an important role in endocrine regulation and immune defense. Taken together, the results demonstrate that TBT impair abalone immunological ability and is a potential immune disruptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhou
- Life Sciences Division, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, PR China
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Pang Q, Liu X, Zhao B, Jiang Y, Su F, Zhang X, Nie M, Zhang M, Sun H. Detection and characterization of phenoloxidase in the freshwater planarian Dugesia japonica. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2010; 157:54-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2010.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2010] [Revised: 05/03/2010] [Accepted: 05/03/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Chakraborty S, Ray M, Ray S. Toxicity of sodium arsenite in the gill of an economically important mollusc of India. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 29:136-148. [PMID: 20211736 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2010.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2010] [Revised: 02/27/2010] [Accepted: 02/28/2010] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Toxicity of arsenic was investigated in the gill of Lamellidens marginalis by exposing the animals to sublethal concentrations of sodium arsenite for a maximum period of 30 days in controlled laboratory conditions. Arsenite exposure inhibited the activities of acid phosphatase (ACP), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT), glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in a dose and time dependent manner. Depletion in cytotoxic molecule like nitric oxide (NO) and suppression of phenoloxidase (PO) activity suggests an immune compromise in the animal. Inhibition in the activities of glutathione-s-transferase (GST) and catalase (CAT) in the species indicate impairment of its vital detoxification process and elevated oxidative stress respectively. Histopathology of the gill indicates arsenite induced damage of the organ leading to its possible dysfunction. The toxic exposure ravaged the structure and impaired the functions of the gill of the animal which might restrict its proper gaseous exchange, filter feeding and elicitation of immune responses against pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudipta Chakraborty
- Post Graduate Department of Zoology, Parasitology and Medical Entomology Laboratory, Darjeeling Government College, Darjeeling-734101, West Bengal, India
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Kuchel RP, Aladaileh S, Birch D, Vella N, Raftos DA. Phagocytosis of the protozoan parasite, Marteilia sydneyi, by Sydney rock oyster (Saccostrea glomerata) hemocytes. J Invertebr Pathol 2010; 104:97-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2010.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2009] [Revised: 01/29/2010] [Accepted: 02/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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47
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Luna-Acosta A, Rosenfeld E, Amari M, Fruitier-Arnaudin I, Bustamante P, Thomas-Guyon H. First evidence of laccase activity in the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 28:719-726. [PMID: 20109560 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2010.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2009] [Revised: 01/13/2010] [Accepted: 01/20/2010] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Phenoloxidases (POs) are a family of enzymes including tyrosinases, catecholases and laccases, which play an important role in immune defence mechanisms in various invertebrates. The aim of this study was to thoroughly identify the PO-like activity present in the hemolymph of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas, by using different substrates (i.e. dopamine and p-phenylenediamine, PPD) and different PO inhibitors. In order to go deeper in this analysis, we considered separately plasma and hemocyte lysate supernatant (HLS). In crude plasma, oxygraphic assays confirmed the presence of true oxidase activities. Moreover, the involvement of peroxidase(s) was excluded. In contrast to other molluscs, no tyrosinase-like activity was detected. With dopamine as substrate, PO-like activity was inhibited by the PO inhibitors tropolone, phenylthiourea (PTU), salicylhydroxamic acid and diethyldithio-carbamic acid, by a specific inhibitor of tyrosinases and catecholases, i.e. 4-hexylresorcinol (4-HR), and by a specific inhibitor of laccases, i.e. cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). With PPD as substrate, PO-like activity was inhibited by PTU and CTAB. In precipitated protein fractions from plasma, and with dopamine and PPD as substrates, PTU and 4-HR, and PTU and CTAB inhibited PO-like activity, respectively. In precipitated protein fractions from hemocyte lysate supernatant, PTU and CTAB inhibited PO-like activity, independently of the substrate. Taken together, these results suggest the presence of both catecholase- and laccase-like activities in plasma, and the presence of a laccase-like activity in HLS. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that a laccase-like activity is identified in a mollusc by using specific substrates and inhibitors for laccase, opening new perspectives for studying the implication of this enzyme in immune defence mechanisms of molluscs of high economic value such as C. gigas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Luna-Acosta
- Littoral Environnement et Sociétés, UMR 6250, CNRS-Université de La Rochelle, 2 rue Olympe de Gouges, F-17042 La Rochelle Cedex 01, France.
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Palmer CV, Bythell JC, Willis BL. Levels of immunity parameters underpin bleaching and disease susceptibility of reef corals. FASEB J 2010; 24:1935-46. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.09-152447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline V. Palmer
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies and School of Marine and Tropical Biology James Cook University Townsville Queensland Australia
| | - John C. Bythell
- School of Biology Newcastle University Newcastle upon Tyne UK
| | - Bette L. Willis
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies and School of Marine and Tropical Biology James Cook University Townsville Queensland Australia
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Le Foll F, Rioult D, Boussa S, Pasquier J, Dagher Z, Leboulenger F. Characterisation of Mytilus edulis hemocyte subpopulations by single cell time-lapse motility imaging. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 28:372-386. [PMID: 19944763 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2009.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2009] [Revised: 10/28/2009] [Accepted: 11/14/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In bivalve molluscs, defence against pathogens mainly relies on fast tissue infiltration by immunocompetent hemocytes that migrate from circulating hemolymph to sites of infection, in order to deliver, in situ, an effective immune response. In the present work, we have investigated dynamics of hemocyte subpopulations motility by combining flow cytometry coupled to Coulter-type cell volume determination, Hoffman modulation contrast microscopy, time-lapse imaging and off-line analysis of cell shape changes. Our results revealed fast modifications of hemocyte aspect in vitro, with bidirectional transitions from spread outlines to condensed cell body morphologies, in the minute range. Amoeboid or non-amoeboid types of locomotion were observed, depending on the cell shapes and on the cell subtypes, with velocities reaching up to 30 mum min(-1). Correlations between motion profiles, Hemacolor staining and flow cytometry analysis on living cells help to propose a functional mussel hemocyte classification including the motile properties of these cells. In particular, basophils were shown to be involved in dynamic hemocyte-hemocyte interactions and in the constitution of aggregation cores. Physiological implications, in terms of immune response in organisms devoid of endothelium-closed vascular system, and potential applications of hemocyte motility studies for the development and the interpretation of experiments involving hemocytes in the field of marine ecotoxicology are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Le Foll
- Laboratory of Ecotoxicology, University of Le Havre, EA 3222, IFRMP 23, BP 540, 76058 Le Havre cedex, France.
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Lacoue-Labarthe T, Bustamante P, Hörlin E, Luna-Acosta A, Bado-Nilles A, Thomas-Guyon H. Phenoloxidase activation in the embryo of the common cuttlefish Sepia officinalis and responses to the Ag and Cu exposure. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 27:516-521. [PMID: 19616632 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2009.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2009] [Revised: 07/09/2009] [Accepted: 07/12/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The prophenoloxidase (proPO) system catalyzing the melanin production is considered as implicated in the innate immune system in invertebrates. The phenoloxidase (PO)-like activity was detected in the cuttlefish embryo sampled at the end of the organogenesis and few hours before hatching. Various modulators of the PO activity were used to assess the triggering of the proPO activating system. The results demonstrated the evidence of a true PO activity in the cuttlefish embryo. However, SDS and LPS granted contrasting effects on the PO-like activity between the developmental stages suggesting a progressive maturation of the proPO system from the embryonic to the juvenile stages. In eggs exposed to dissolved trace metals all along the embryonic development, Ag (1.2 microg L(-1)) inhibited the PO-like activity in the cuttlefish embryo except at hatching time, suggesting the synthesis of a new "juvenile" form of the PO enzyme. In similar conditions as for Ag, Cu (230 microg L(-1)) stimulated and then inhibited the PO-like activity according to a progressive metal accumulation within the egg and suggesting the occurrence of a threshold, above which the toxicity of the essential metal reduced the PO activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Lacoue-Labarthe
- Littoral, Environnement et Sociétés (LIENSs), UMR 6250, CNRS-Université de La Rochelle, 2 rue Olympe de Gouges, F-17042 La Rochelle Cedex 01, France
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