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Farzam-Kia N, Moratalla AC, Lemaître F, Levert A, Da Cal S, Margarido C, Carpentier Solorio Y, Arbour N. GM-CSF distinctly impacts human monocytes and macrophages via ERK1/2-dependent pathways. Immunol Lett 2023; 261:47-55. [PMID: 37516253 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2023.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
Human monocytes and macrophages are two major myeloid cell subsets with similar and distinct functions in tissue homeostasis and immune responses. GM-CSF plays a fundamental role in myeloid cell differentiation and activation. Hence, we compared the effects of GM-CSF on the expression of several immune mediators by human monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages obtained from healthy donors. We report that GM-CSF similarly elevated the expression of CD80 and ICAM-1 and reduced HLA-DR levels on both myeloid cell subsets. However, GM-CSF increased the percentage of macrophages expressing surface IL-15 but reduced the proportion of monocytes carrying surface IL-15. Moreover, GM-CSF significantly increased the secretion of IL-4, IL-6, TNF, CXCL10, and IL-27 by macrophages while reducing the secretion of IL-4 and CXCL10 by monocytes. We show that GM-CSF triggered ERK1/2, STAT3, STAT5, and SAPK/JNK pathways in both myeloid subsets. Using a pharmacological inhibitor (U0126) preventing ERK phosphorylation, we demonstrated that this pathway was involved in both the GM-CSF-induced increase and decrease of the percentage of IL-15+ macrophages and monocytes, respectively. Moreover, ERK1/2 contributed to GM-CSF-triggered secretion of IL-4, IL-6, TNF, IL-27 and CXCL10 by macrophages. However, the ERK1/2 pathway exhibited different roles in monocytes and macrophages for the GM-CSF-mediated impact on surface makers (CD80, HLA-DR, and ICAM-1). Our data demonstrate that GM-CSF stimulation induces differential responses by human monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages and that some but not all of these effects are ERK-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Negar Farzam-Kia
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, QC, Canada; Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Ana Carmena Moratalla
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, QC, Canada; Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Florent Lemaître
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, QC, Canada; Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Annie Levert
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Sandra Da Cal
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Clara Margarido
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Yves Carpentier Solorio
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, QC, Canada; Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Nathalie Arbour
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, QC, Canada; Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada.
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2
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Farzam-Kia N, Lemaître F, Carmena Moratalla A, Carpentier Solorio Y, Da Cal S, Jamann H, Klement W, Antel J, Duquette P, Girard JM, Prat A, Larochelle C, Arbour N. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor-stimulated human macrophages demonstrate enhanced functions contributing to T-cell activation. Immunol Cell Biol 2023; 101:65-77. [PMID: 36260372 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) has been implicated in numerous chronic inflammatory diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS). GM-CSF impacts multiple properties and functions of myeloid cells via species-specific mechanisms. Therefore, we assessed the effect of GM-CSF on different human myeloid cell populations found in MS lesions: monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) and microglia. We previously reported a greater number of interleukin (IL)-15+ myeloid cells in the brain of patients with MS than in controls. Therefore, we investigated whether GM-CSF exerts its deleterious effects in MS by increasing IL-15 expression on myeloid cells. We found that GM-CSF increased the proportion of IL-15+ cells and/or IL-15 levels on nonpolarized, M1-polarized and M2-polarized MDMs from healthy donors and patients with MS. GM-CSF also increased IL-15 levels on human adult microglia. When cocultured with GM-CSF-stimulated MDMs, activated autologous CD8+ T lymphocytes secreted and expressed significantly higher levels of effector molecules (e.g. interferon-γ and GM-CSF) compared with cocultures with unstimulated MDMs. However, neutralizing IL-15 did not attenuate enhanced effector molecule expression on CD8+ T lymphocytes triggered by GM-CSF-stimulated MDMs. We showed that GM-CSF stimulation of MDMs increased their expression of CD80 and ICAM-1 and their secretion of IL-6, IL-27 and tumor necrosis factor. These molecules could participate in boosting the effector properties of CD8+ T lymphocytes independently of IL-15. By contrast, GM-CSF did not alter CD80, IL-27, tumor necrosis factor and chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 10 expression/secretion by human microglia. Therefore, our results underline the distinct impact of GM-CSF on human myeloid cells abundantly present in MS lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Negar Farzam-Kia
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, QC, Canada.,Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Florent Lemaître
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, QC, Canada.,Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Ana Carmena Moratalla
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, QC, Canada.,Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Yves Carpentier Solorio
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, QC, Canada.,Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Sandra Da Cal
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Hélène Jamann
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, QC, Canada.,Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Wendy Klement
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Jack Antel
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Pierre Duquette
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, QC, Canada.,Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada.,Multiple Sclerosis Clinic-CHUM, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Jean Marc Girard
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, QC, Canada.,Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada.,Multiple Sclerosis Clinic-CHUM, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Alexandre Prat
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, QC, Canada.,Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada.,Multiple Sclerosis Clinic-CHUM, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Catherine Larochelle
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, QC, Canada.,Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada.,Multiple Sclerosis Clinic-CHUM, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Nathalie Arbour
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, QC, Canada.,Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada
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3
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Angelini G, Bani A, Constantin G, Rossi B. The interplay between T helper cells and brain barriers in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1101379. [PMID: 36874213 PMCID: PMC9975172 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1101379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB) represent two complex structures protecting the central nervous system (CNS) against potentially harmful agents and circulating immune cells. The immunosurveillance of the CNS is governed by immune cells that constantly patrol the BCSFB, whereas during neuroinflammatory disorders, both BBB and BCSFB undergo morphological and functional alterations, promoting leukocyte intravascular adhesion and transmigration from the blood circulation into the CNS. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the prototype of neuroinflammatory disorders in which peripheral T helper (Th) lymphocytes, particularly Th1 and Th17 cells, infiltrate the CNS and contribute to demyelination and neurodegeneration. Th1 and Th17 cells are considered key players in the pathogenesis of MS and its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. They can actively interact with CNS borders by complex adhesion mechanisms and secretion of a variety of molecules contributing to barrier dysfunction. In this review, we describe the molecular basis involved in the interactions between Th cells and CNS barriers and discuss the emerging roles of dura mater and arachnoid layer as neuroimmune interfaces contributing to the development of CNS inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Angelini
- Department of Medicine, Section of General Pathology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Alessandro Bani
- Department of Medicine, Section of General Pathology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Gabriela Constantin
- Department of Medicine, Section of General Pathology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.,The Center for Biomedical Computing (CBMC), University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Barbara Rossi
- Department of Medicine, Section of General Pathology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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4
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Thomas AM, Yang E, Smith MD, Chu C, Calabresi PA, Glunde K, van Zijl PCM, Bulte JWM. CEST MRI and MALDI imaging reveal metabolic alterations in the cervical lymph nodes of EAE mice. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:130. [PMID: 35659311 PMCID: PMC9164344 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02493-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neurodegenerative disease, wherein aberrant immune cells target myelin-ensheathed nerves. Conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can be performed to monitor damage to the central nervous system that results from previous inflammation; however, these imaging biomarkers are not necessarily indicative of active, progressive stages of the disease. The immune cells responsible for MS are first activated and sensitized to myelin in lymph nodes (LNs). Here, we present a new strategy for monitoring active disease activity in MS, chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) MRI of LNs. METHODS AND RESULTS We studied the potential utility of conventional (T2-weighted) and CEST MRI to monitor changes in these LNs during disease progression in an experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model. We found CEST signal changes corresponded temporally with disease activity. CEST signals at the 3.2 ppm frequency during the active stage of EAE correlated significantly with the cellular (flow cytometry) and metabolic (mass spectrometry imaging) composition of the LNs, as well as immune cell infiltration into brain and spinal cord tissue. Correlating primary metabolites as identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) imaging included alanine, lactate, leucine, malate, and phenylalanine. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, we demonstrate the utility of CEST MRI signal changes in superficial cervical LNs as a complementary imaging biomarker for monitoring disease activity in MS. CEST MRI biomarkers corresponded to disease activity, correlated with immune activation (surface markers, antigen-stimulated proliferation), and correlated with LN metabolite levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline M Thomas
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of MR Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, MD, 21205, Baltimore, USA
- Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ethan Yang
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of MR Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, MD, 21205, Baltimore, USA
| | - Matthew D Smith
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Solomon H Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Chengyan Chu
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of MR Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, MD, 21205, Baltimore, USA
- Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Peter A Calabresi
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Solomon H Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kristine Glunde
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of MR Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, MD, 21205, Baltimore, USA
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Peter C M van Zijl
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of MR Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, MD, 21205, Baltimore, USA
- F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jeff W M Bulte
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of MR Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, MD, 21205, Baltimore, USA.
- Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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5
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Sánchez-Fernández A, Zandee S, Mastrogiovanni M, Charabati M, Rubbo H, Prat A, López-Vales R. Administration of Maresin-1 ameliorates the physiopathology of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:27. [PMID: 35109863 PMCID: PMC8808957 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02386-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Resolution of inflammation is an active and regulated process that leads to the clearance of cell debris and immune cells from the challenged tissue, facilitating the recovery of homeostasis. This physiological response is coordinated by endogenous bioactive lipids known as specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs). When resolution fails, inflammation becomes uncontrolled leading chronic inflammation and tissue damage, as occurs in multiple sclerosis (MS). METHODS SPMs and the key biosynthetic enzymes involved in SPM production were analysed by metabololipidomics and qPCR in active brain lesions, serum and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of MS patients as well as in the spinal cord of mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). We also tested the therapeutic actions of the SPM coined Maresin-1 (MaR1) in EAE mice and studied its impact on inflammation by doing luminex and flow cytometry analysis. RESULTS We show that levels of MaR1 and other SPMs were below the limit of detection or not increased in the spinal cord of EAE mice, whereas the production of pro-inflammatory eicosanoids was induced during disease progression. Similarly, we reveal that SPMs were undetected in serum and active brain lesion samples of MS patients, which was linked to impaired expression of the enzymes involved in the biosynthetic pathways of SPMs. We demonstrate that exogenous administration of MaR1 in EAE mice suppressed the protein levels of various pro-inflammatory cytokines and reduced immune cells counts in the spinal cord and blood. MaR1 also decreased the numbers of Th1 cells but increased the accumulation of regulatory T cells and drove macrophage polarization towards an anti-inflammatory phenotype. Importantly, we provide clear evidence that administration of MaR1 in mice with clinical signs of EAE enhanced neurological outcomes and protected from demyelination. CONCLUSIONS This study reveals that there is an imbalance in the production of SPMs in MS patients and in EAE mice, and that increasing the bioavailability of SPMs, such as MaR1, minimizes inflammation and mediates therapeutic actions. Thus, these data suggest that immunoresolvent therapies, such as MaR1, could be a novel avenue for the treatment of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Sánchez-Fernández
- Institut de Neurociencies and Departament de Biologia Cel lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Stephanie Zandee
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal and Neuroimmunology Unit, Centre de Recherche du CHUM (CRCHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Mauricio Mastrogiovanni
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina and Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CEINBIO), Universidad de La República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Marc Charabati
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal and Neuroimmunology Unit, Centre de Recherche du CHUM (CRCHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Homero Rubbo
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina and Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CEINBIO), Universidad de La República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Alexandre Prat
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal and Neuroimmunology Unit, Centre de Recherche du CHUM (CRCHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Rubèn López-Vales
- Institut de Neurociencies and Departament de Biologia Cel lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain.
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6
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Lemaître F, Carmena Moratalla A, Farzam-Kia N, Carpentier Solorio Y, Tastet O, Cleret-Buhot A, Guimond JV, Haddad E, Arbour N. Capturing T Lymphocytes' Dynamic Interactions With Human Neural Cells Using Time-Lapse Microscopy. Front Immunol 2021; 12:668483. [PMID: 33968073 PMCID: PMC8100528 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.668483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
To fully perform their functions, T lymphocytes migrate within organs’ parenchyma and interact with local cells. Infiltration of T lymphocytes within the central nervous system (CNS) is associated with numerous neurodegenerative disorders. Nevertheless, how these immune cells communicate and respond to neural cells remains unresolved. To investigate the behavior of T lymphocytes that reach the CNS, we have established an in vitro co-culture model and analyzed the spatiotemporal interactions between human activated CD8+ T lymphocytes and primary human astrocytes and neurons using time-lapse microscopy. By combining multiple variables extracted from individual CD8+ T cell tracking, we show that CD8+ T lymphocytes adopt a more motile and exploratory behavior upon interacting with astrocytes than with neurons. Pretreatment of astrocytes or neurons with IL-1β to mimic in vivo inflammation significantly increases CD8+ T lymphocyte motility. Using visual interpretation and analysis of numerical variables extracted from CD8+ T cell tracking, we identified four distinct CD8+ T lymphocyte behaviors: scanning, dancing, poking and round. IL-1β-pretreatment significantly increases the proportion of scanning CD8+ T lymphocytes, which are characterized by active exploration, and reduces the proportion of round CD8+ T lymphocytes, which are less active. Blocking MHC class I on astrocytes significantly diminishes the proportion of poking CD8+ T lymphocytes, which exhibit synapse-like interactions. Lastly, our co-culture time-lapse model is easily adaptable and sufficiently sensitive and powerful to characterize and quantify spatiotemporal interactions between human T lymphocytes and primary human cells in different conditions while preserving viability of fragile cells such as neurons and astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florent Lemaître
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Ana Carmena Moratalla
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Negar Farzam-Kia
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Yves Carpentier Solorio
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Olivier Tastet
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Aurélie Cleret-Buhot
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jean Victor Guimond
- Centre Local de Services Communautaires des Faubourgs, Centre Intégré Universitaire en Santé et Services Sociaux du Centre-Sud-de-l'Ile-de-Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Elie Haddad
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine (CHU Sainte-Justine), Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases, and Immunology and Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Nathalie Arbour
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada
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7
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Clénet ML, Laurent C, Lemaitre F, Farzam-Kia N, Tastet O, Devergne O, Lahav B, Girard M, Duquette P, Prat A, Larochelle C, Arbour N. The IL-27/IL-27R axis is altered in CD4 + and CD8 + T lymphocytes from multiple sclerosis patients. Clin Transl Immunology 2021; 10:e1262. [PMID: 33728050 PMCID: PMC7934284 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory properties have been attributed to interleukin‐27 (IL‐27). Nevertheless, the impact of this cytokine on chronic inflammatory diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS) remains ill‐defined. We investigated the biology of IL‐27 and its specific receptor IL‐27Rα in MS patients. Methods Levels of IL‐27 and its natural antagonist (IL‐27‐Rα) were measured by ELISA in biological fluids. CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes were isolated from untreated relapsing–remitting MS patients and healthy donors. Transcriptome‐wide analysis compared T‐cell subsets stimulated or not with IL‐27. Expression of the IL‐27Rα, key immune factors, STAT phosphorylation and cytokine production was assessed by flow cytometry. Results We observed elevated levels of IL‐27 in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid of MS patients compared with controls. Moreover, we show that specific IL‐27‐mediated effects on T lymphocytes are reduced in MS patients including the induction of PD‐L1. IL‐27‐triggered STAT3 signalling pathway is enhanced in CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes from MS patients. Elevated IL‐27Rα levels in serum from MS patients are sufficient to impair the capacity of IL‐27 to act on immune cells. We demonstrate that shedding of IL‐27Rα by activated CD4+ T lymphocytes from MS patients contributes to the increased IL‐27Rα peripheral levels and consequently can dampen the IL‐27 responsiveness. Conclusion Our work identifies several mechanisms that are altered in the IL‐27/IL‐27R axis in MS patients, especially in T lymphocytes. Our results underline the importance of characterising the biology of cytokines in human patients prior to design new therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Laure Clénet
- Department of Neurosciences Université de Montréal and CRCHUM Montreal QC Canada
| | - Cyril Laurent
- Department of Neurosciences Université de Montréal and CRCHUM Montreal QC Canada
| | - Florent Lemaitre
- Department of Neurosciences Université de Montréal and CRCHUM Montreal QC Canada
| | - Negar Farzam-Kia
- Department of Neurosciences Université de Montréal and CRCHUM Montreal QC Canada
| | - Olivier Tastet
- Department of Neurosciences Université de Montréal and CRCHUM Montreal QC Canada
| | - Odile Devergne
- INSERM CNRS Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses Sorbonne Université Paris France
| | | | - Marc Girard
- Department of Neurosciences Université de Montréal and CRCHUM Montreal QC Canada.,MS-CHUM Clinic Montreal QC Canada
| | - Pierre Duquette
- Department of Neurosciences Université de Montréal and CRCHUM Montreal QC Canada.,MS-CHUM Clinic Montreal QC Canada
| | - Alexandre Prat
- Department of Neurosciences Université de Montréal and CRCHUM Montreal QC Canada.,MS-CHUM Clinic Montreal QC Canada
| | - Catherine Larochelle
- Department of Neurosciences Université de Montréal and CRCHUM Montreal QC Canada.,MS-CHUM Clinic Montreal QC Canada
| | - Nathalie Arbour
- Department of Neurosciences Université de Montréal and CRCHUM Montreal QC Canada
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8
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Sánchez-Fernández A, Zandee S, Amo-Aparicio J, Charabati M, Prat A, Garlanda C, Eisenmesser EZ, Dinarello CA, López-Vales R. IL-37 exerts therapeutic effects in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis through the receptor complex IL-1R5/IL-1R8. Theranostics 2021; 11:1-13. [PMID: 33391457 PMCID: PMC7681099 DOI: 10.7150/thno.47435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Interleukin 37 (IL-37), a member of IL-1 family, broadly suppresses inflammation in many pathological conditions by acting as a dual-function cytokine in that IL-37 signals via the extracellular receptor complex IL1-R5/IL-1R8, but it can also translocate to the nucleus. However, whether IL-37 exerts beneficial actions in neuroinflammatory diseases, such as multiple sclerosis, remains to be elucidated. Thus, the goals of the present study were to evaluate the therapeutic effects of IL-37 in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis, and if so, whether this is mediated via the extracellular receptor complex IL-1R5/IL-1R8. Methods: We used a murine model of MS, the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). We induced EAE in three different single and double transgenic mice (hIL-37tg, IL-1R8 KO, hIL-37tg-IL-1R8 KO) and wild type littermates. We also induced EAE in C57Bl/6 mice and treated them with various forms of recombinant human IL-37 protein. Functional and histological techniques were used to assess locomotor deficits and demyelination. Luminex and flow cytometry analysis were done to assess the protein levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and different immune cell populations, respectively. qPCRs were done to assess the expression of IL-37, IL-1R5 and IL-1R8 in the spinal cord of EAE, and in blood peripheral mononuclear cells and brain tissue samples of MS patients. Results: We demonstrate that IL-37 reduces inflammation and protects against neurological deficits and myelin loss in EAE mice by acting via IL1-R5/IL1-R8. We also reveal that administration of recombinant human IL-37 exerts therapeutic actions in EAE mice. We finally show that IL-37 transcripts are not up-regulated in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and in brain lesions of MS patients, despite the IL-1R5/IL-1R8 receptor complex is expressed. Conclusions: This study presents novel data indicating that IL-37 exerts therapeutic effects in EAE by acting through the extracellular receptor complex IL-1R5/IL-1R8, and that this protective physiological mechanism is defective in MS individuals. IL-37 may therefore represent a novel therapeutic avenue for the treatment of MS with great promising potential.
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Wagner CA, Roqué PJ, Goverman JM. Pathogenic T cell cytokines in multiple sclerosis. J Exp Med 2020; 217:jem.20190460. [PMID: 31611252 PMCID: PMC7037255 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20190460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory, demyelinating disease of the central nervous system that is believed to have an autoimmune etiology. As MS is the most common nontraumatic disease that causes disability in young adults, extensive research has been devoted to identifying therapeutic targets. In this review, we discuss the current understanding derived from studies of patients with MS and animal models of how specific cytokines produced by autoreactive CD4 T cells contribute to the pathogenesis of MS. Defining the roles of these cytokines will lead to a better understanding of the potential of cytokine-based therapies for patients with MS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pamela J Roqué
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Joan M Goverman
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
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Legroux L, Moratalla AC, Laurent C, Deblois G, Verstraeten SL, Arbour N. NKG2D and Its Ligand MULT1 Contribute to Disease Progression in a Mouse Model of Multiple Sclerosis. Front Immunol 2019; 10:154. [PMID: 30787931 PMCID: PMC6372829 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
NKG2D is an activating receptor expressed on the surface of immune cells including subsets of T lymphocytes. NKG2D binds multiple ligands (NKG2DL) whose expression are differentially triggered in a cell type and stress specific manner. The NKG2D-NKG2DL interaction has been involved in autoimmune disorders but its role in animal models of multiple sclerosis (MS) remains incompletely resolved. Here we show that NKG2D and its ligand MULT1 contribute to the pathobiology of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). MULT1 protein levels are increased in the central nervous system (CNS) at EAE disease peak; soluble MULT1 is elevated in the cerebrospinal fluid of both active and passive EAE. We establish that such soluble MULT1 enhances effector functions (e.g., IFNγ production) of activated CD8 T lymphocytes from wild type but not from NKG2D-deficient (Klrk1−/−) mice in vitro. The adoptive transfer of activated T lymphocytes from wild type donors induced a significantly reduced EAE disease in Klrk1−/− compared to wild type (Klrk1+/+) recipients. Characterization of T lymphocytes infiltrating the CNS of recipient mice shows that donor (CD45.1) rather than endogenous (CD45.2) CD4 T cells are the main producers of key cytokines (IFNγ, GM-CSF). In contrast, infiltrating CD8 T lymphocytes include mainly endogenous (CD45.2) cells exhibiting effector properties (NKG2D, granzyme B and IFNγ). Our data support the notion that endogenous CD8 T cells contribute to passive EAE pathobiology in a NKG2D-dependent manner. Collectively, our results point to the deleterious role of NKG2D and its MULT1 in the pathobiology of a MS mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurine Legroux
- Department of Neurosciences Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Cyril Laurent
- Department of Neurosciences Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Gabrielle Deblois
- Department of Neurosciences Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Nathalie Arbour
- Department of Neurosciences Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
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11
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Clénet ML, Gagnon F, Moratalla AC, Viel EC, Arbour N. Peripheral human CD4 +CD8 + T lymphocytes exhibit a memory phenotype and enhanced responses to IL-2, IL-7 and IL-15. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11612. [PMID: 28912605 PMCID: PMC5599513 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11926-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4+CD8+ T lymphocytes account for 1–2% of circulating human T lymphocytes, but their frequency is augmented in several diseases. The phenotypic and functional properties of these T lymphocytes are still ill-defined. We performed an ex vivo characterization of CD4+CD8+ T lymphocytes from the blood of healthy individuals. We observed that CD4+CD8+ T lymphocytes exhibit several characteristics associated with memory T lymphocytes including the expression of chemokine receptors (e.g. CCR7, CXCR3, CCR6) and activation markers (e.g. CD57, CD95). Moreover, we showed that a greater proportion of CD4+CD8+ T lymphocytes have an enhanced capacity to produce cytokines (IFNγ, TNFα, IL-2, IL-4, IL-17A) and lytic enzymes (perforin, granzyme B) compared to CD4+ and/or CD8+ T lymphocytes. Finally, we assessed the impact of three key cytokines in T cell biology on these cells. We observed that IL-2, IL-7 and IL-15 triggered STAT5 phosphorylation in a greater proportion of CD4+CD8+ T lymphocytes compared to CD4 and CD8 counterparts. We demonstrate that CD4+CD8+ T lymphocytes from healthy donors exhibit a phenotypic profile associated with memory T lymphocytes, an increased capacity to produce cytokines and lytic enzymes, and a higher proportion of cells responding to key cytokines implicated in T cell survival, homeostasis and activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Laure Clénet
- Department of Neurosciences, Université de Montréal and CRCHUM, Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - François Gagnon
- Department of Neurosciences, Université de Montréal and CRCHUM, Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Ana Carmena Moratalla
- Department of Neurosciences, Université de Montréal and CRCHUM, Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Emilie C Viel
- Department of Neurosciences, Université de Montréal and CRCHUM, Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Nathalie Arbour
- Department of Neurosciences, Université de Montréal and CRCHUM, Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada.
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Autoantibodies against myelin sheath and S100β are associated with cognitive dysfunction in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Rheumatol 2017; 36:1959-1968. [PMID: 28656478 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-017-3724-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has been associated with cognitive impairment and peripheral production of autoantibodies. Autoantibodies against central nervous system (CNS) proteins and S100 calcium-binding β (S100β) were found increased in diseases characterized by cognitive impairment like Alzheimer disease and Neuropsychiatric Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (NPSLE). The aim of this study was to investigate the plasma levels of autoantibodies against myelin basic protein (anti-MBP), myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (anti-MOG) and S100β, and their relationships with cognitive performance in RA patients. Twenty patients with active rheumatoid arthritis and 19 age-, sex-, and schooling-matched healthy controls were recruited. Multiple dimensions of cognitive function were evaluated by structured clinical questionnaires. Autoantibodies and S100β levels were assessed by ELISAs. Patients had significantly higher levels of anti-MBP IgG (17.51 ± 1.36 vs. 5.24 ± 0.53 ng/mL), anti-MOG IgG (5.68 ± 1.34 vs. 0.51 ± 0.49 ng/mL), and S100β protein (2.24 ± 0.50 vs. 0.47 ± 0.06) than controls (all p < 0.0001). After adjusting for potential confounders, RA group presented worse cognitive performance involving the working memory and executive functions such as inhibition, flexibility, and mental control in parallel to higher autoantibodies and S100β levels than healthy controls (all p < 0.001). Levels of anti-MBP were negatively associated with delayed verbal recall (DVR; r = -0.42, p = 0.005), Stroop Color-Word (r = -0.48, p = 0.004), and N-Back Total scores (r = -0.59, p < 0.0001) and positively with Trail Making Test B (TMB, r = 0.53, p = 0.001). Negative correlation was found between levels of anti-MOG and DVR (r = -0.64, p < 0.0001), N-Back Total scores (r = -0.35, p = 0.03), Stroop Color-Word (r = -0.51, p = 0.001), and positively with TMB (r = 0.50, p = 0.003). S100β levels were associated with DVR (r = -0.51, p = 0.002), TMB (r = 0.46, p = 0.008), Stroop Color-Word (r = -0.67, p < 0.0001), and N-Back Total (r = -0.52, p = 0.003). RA is associated with impaired cognitive performance associated with higher levels of CNS-related autoantibodies and S100β levels. Given the importance of myelin integrity to cognition, our data indicate that these autoantibodies may be harmful to proper cognitive function.
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13
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Segal BM. Stage-specific immune dysregulation in multiple sclerosis. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2015; 34:633-40. [PMID: 25084180 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2014.0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
A large body of data indicates that multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease which is initiated by CD4(+) T-helper 1 (Th1) and Th17 cells that are reactive against proteins in the myelin sheath. MS typically begins with a relapsing-remitting course, punctuated by clinical exacerbations associated with the development of focal inflammatory lesions in central nervous system white matter, followed by a secondary progressive (SP) phase, characterized by a gradual accumulation of neurological disability associated with widespread microglial activation and axonal loss. The molecular and cellular basis for this transition is unclear, and the role of inflammation during the SP stage is a subject of active debate. As of now, no immunological biomarkers have been identified in MS that are predictive of the clinical course or therapeutic responsiveness to disease-modifying agents, or that correlate with new lesion development, cumulative lesion load, or degree of disability. The discovery of such biomarkers would greatly facilitate clinical management and provide power for smaller and shorter clinical trials. In this article, we discuss the literature on immunological biomarkers in MS with a focus on stage-specific differences and similarities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M Segal
- Holtom-Garrett Program in Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan
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14
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Wuest SC, Mexhitaj I, Chai NR, Romm E, Scheffel J, Xu B, Lane K, Wu T, Bielekova B. A complex role of herpes viruses in the disease process of multiple sclerosis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105434. [PMID: 25148387 PMCID: PMC4141762 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the central nervous system (CNS). Neither the antigenic target(s) nor the cell population(s) responsible for CNS tissue destruction in MS have been fully defined. The objective of this study was to simultaneously determine the antigen (Ag)-specificity and phenotype of un-manipulated intrathecal CD4+ and CD8+ T cells of patients with relapsing-remitting and progressive MS compared to subjects with other inflammatory neurological diseases. We applied a novel Ag-recognition assay based on co-cultures of freshly obtained cerebrospinal fluid T cells and autologous dendritic cells pre-loaded with complex candidate Ag's. We observed comparably low T cell responses to complex auto-Ag's including human myelin, brain homogenate, and cell lysates of apoptotically modified oligodendroglial and neuronal cells in all cohorts and both compartments. Conversely, we detected a strong intrathecal enrichment of Epstein-Barr virus- and human herpes virus 6-specific (but not cytomegalovirus-specific) reactivities of the Th1-phenotype throughout all patients. Qualitatively, the intrathecal enrichment of herpes virus reactivities was more pronounced in MS patients. This enrichment was completely reversed by long-term treatment with the IL-2 modulating antibody daclizumab, which strongly inhibits MS disease activity. Finally, we observed a striking discrepancy between diminished intrathecal T cell proliferation and enhanced cytokine production of herpes virus-specific T cells among progressive MS patients, consistent with the phenotype of terminally differentiated cells. The data suggest that intrathecal administration of novel therapeutic agents targeting immune cells outside of the proliferation cycle may be necessary to effectively eliminate intrathecal inflammation in progressive MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone C. Wuest
- Neuroimmunological Diseases Unit, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ina Mexhitaj
- Neuroimmunological Diseases Unit, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Noo Ri Chai
- Neuroimmunological Diseases Unit, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Elena Romm
- Neuroimmunological Diseases Unit, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Joerg Scheffel
- Molecular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Molecular Immunogenetics, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Biying Xu
- Imaging Probe Development Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kelly Lane
- Imaging Probe Development Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Tianxia Wu
- Clinical Neurosciences Program, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Bibiana Bielekova
- Neuroimmunological Diseases Unit, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Jilek S, Schluep M, Pantaleo G, Du Pasquier RA. MOBP-specific cellular immune responses are weaker than MOG-specific cellular immune responses in patients with multiple sclerosis and healthy subjects. Neurol Sci 2012; 34:539-43. [DOI: 10.1007/s10072-012-1144-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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16
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Pittet CL, Newcombe J, Prat A, Arbour N. Human brain endothelial cells endeavor to immunoregulate CD8 T cells via PD-1 ligand expression in multiple sclerosis. J Neuroinflammation 2011; 8:155. [PMID: 22067141 PMCID: PMC3228791 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-8-155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2011] [Accepted: 11/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Multiple sclerosis (MS), an inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS), is characterized by blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption and massive infiltration of activated immune cells. Engagement of programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) expressed on activated T cells with its ligands (PD-L1 and PD-L2) suppresses T cell responses. We recently demonstrated in MS lesions elevated PD-L1 expression by glial cells and absence of PD-1 on many infiltrating CD8 T cells. We have now investigated whether human brain endothelial cells (HBECs), which maintain the BBB, can express PD-L1 or PD-L2 and thereby modulate T cells. Methods We used primary cultures of HBECs isolated from non-tumoral CNS tissue either under basal or inflamed conditions. We assessed the expression of PD-L1 and PD-L2 using qPCR and flow cytometry. Human CD8 T cells were isolated from peripheral blood of healthy donors and co-cultured with HBECs. Following co-culture with HBECs, proliferation and cytokine production by human CD8 T cells were measured by flow cytometry whereas transmigration was determined using a well established in vitro model of the BBB. The functional impact of PD-L1 and PD-L2 provided by HBECs was determined using blocking antibodies. We performed immunohistochemistry for the detection of PD-L1 or PD-L2 concurrently with caveolin-1 (a cell specific marker for endothelial cells) on post-mortem human brain tissues obtained from MS patients and normal controls. Results Under basal culture conditions, PD-L2 is expressed on HBECs, whilst PD-L1 is not detected. Both ligands are up-regulated under inflammatory conditions. Blocking PD-L1 and PD-L2 leads to increased transmigration and enhanced responses by human CD8 T cells in co-culture assays. Similarly, PD-L1 and PD-L2 blockade significantly increases CD4 T cell transmigration. Brain endothelium in normal tissues and MS lesions does not express detectable PD-L1; in contrast, all blood vessels in normal brain tissues are PD-L2-positive, while only about 50% express PD-L2 in MS lesions. Conclusions Our observations suggest that brain endothelial cells contribute to control T cell transmigration into the CNS and immune responses via PD-L2 expression. However, such impact is impaired in MS lesions due to downregulation of endothelium PD-L2 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille L Pittet
- Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, CRCHUM, Pavilion J,A, de Sève, 1560 Sherbrooke E, Montreal, QC, H2L 4M1, Canada
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Schneider R, Mohebiany AN, Ifergan I, Beauseigle D, Duquette P, Prat A, Arbour N. B cell-derived IL-15 enhances CD8 T cell cytotoxicity and is increased in multiple sclerosis patients. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:4119-28. [PMID: 21911607 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1100885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Multiple lines of evidence suggest that CD8 T cells contribute to the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS). However, the sources and involvement of cytokines such as IL-15 in activating these cells is still unresolved. To investigate the role of IL-15 in enhancing the activation of CD8 T cells in the context of MS, we determined cell types expressing the bioactive surface IL-15 in the peripheral blood of patients and evaluated the impact of this cytokine on CD8 T cell cytotoxicity and migration. Flow cytometric analysis showed a significantly greater proportion of B cells and monocytes from MS patients expressing IL-15 relative to controls. We established that CD40L activation of B cells from healthy donors increased their IL-15 levels, reaching those of MS patients. We also demonstrated an enhanced cytotoxic profile in CD8 T cells from MS patients upon stimulation with IL-15. Furthermore, we showed that IL-15 expressed by B cells and monocytes is sufficient and functional, enhancing granzyme B production by CD8 T cells upon coculture. Exposure of CD8 T cells to this cytokine enhanced their ability to kill glial cells as well as to migrate across an in vitro inflamed human blood-brain barrier. The elevated levels of IL-15 in patients relative to controls, the greater susceptibility of CD8 T cells from patients to IL-15, in addition to the enhanced cytotoxic responses by IL-15-exposed CD8 T cells, stresses the potential of therapeutic strategies to reduce peripheral sources of IL-15 in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Schneider
- Département de Médecine, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H2L 4M1, Canada
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Baughman EJ, Mendoza JP, Ortega SB, Ayers CL, Greenberg BM, Frohman EM, Karandikar NJ. Neuroantigen-specific CD8+ regulatory T-cell function is deficient during acute exacerbation of multiple sclerosis. J Autoimmun 2011; 36:115-24. [PMID: 21257291 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2010.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2010] [Revised: 11/23/2010] [Accepted: 12/06/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory, demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS). MS is thought to be T-cell-mediated, with prior research predominantly focusing on CD4+ T-cells. There is a high prevalence of CNS-specific CD8+ T-cell responses in MS patients and healthy subjects. However, the role of neuroantigen-specific CD8+ T-cells in MS is poorly understood, with the prevalent notion that these may represent pathogenic T-cells. We show here that healthy subjects and MS patients demonstrate similar magnitudes of CD8+ and CD4+ T-cell responses to various antigenic stimuli. Interestingly, CD8+ T-cells specific for CNS autoantigens, but not those specific for control foreign antigens, exhibit immune regulatory ability, suppressing proliferation of CD4+CD25- T-cells when stimulated by their cognate antigen. While CD8+ T-cell-mediated immune suppression is similar between healthy subjects and clinically quiescent treatment-naïve MS patients, it is significantly deficient during acute exacerbation of MS. Of note, the recovery of neuroantigen-specific CD8+ T-cell suppression correlates with disease recovery post-relapse. These studies reveal a novel immune suppressor function for neuroantigen-specific CD8+ T-cells that is clinically relevant in the maintenance of peripheral tolerance and the intrinsic regulation of MS immune pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan J Baughman
- Department of Pathology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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Schneider R, Yaneva T, Beauseigle D, El-Khoury L, Arbour N. IL-27 increases the proliferation and effector functions of human naïve CD8+ T lymphocytes and promotes their development into Tc1 cells. Eur J Immunol 2010; 41:47-59. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201040804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2010] [Revised: 09/20/2010] [Accepted: 10/26/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Hedegaard CJ, Krakauer M, Bendtzen K, Sørensen PS, Sellebjerg F, Nielsen CH. The effect of beta-interferon therapy on myelin basic protein-elicited CD4+ T cell proliferation and cytokine production in multiple sclerosis. Clin Immunol 2008; 129:80-9. [PMID: 18653385 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2008.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2008] [Revised: 05/19/2008] [Accepted: 06/10/2008] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Interferon (IFN)-beta therapy has well-established clinical benefits in multiple sclerosis (MS), but the underlying modulation of cytokine responses to myelin self-antigens remains poorly understood. We analysed the CD4+ T cell proliferation and cytokine responses elicited by myelin basic protein (MBP) and a foreign recall antigen, tetanus toxoid (TT), in mononuclear cell cultures from fourteen MS patients undergoing IFN-beta therapy. The MBP-elicited IFN-gamma-, TNF-alpha- and IL-10 production decreased during therapy (p<0.007-0.03), while the IL-6 production increased (p<0.03). No significant change was observed in the MBP-induced CD4+ T cell proliferation, or in the production of IL-4, IL-5 and brain-derived neurotrophic factor. In comparison, IFN-beta therapy reduced IFN-gamma and IL-4 responses to TT (p<0.003 and p<0.04). Thus, IFN-beta inhibits IFN-gamma production in general, presumably alleviating the detrimental influence of IFN-gamma in MS. However, the increase in proinflammatory IL-6 and the decrease in anti-inflammatory IL-10 responses suggest that IFN-beta has more diverse effects than previously assumed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris J Hedegaard
- Institute for Inflammation Research, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Hedegaard CJ, Krakauer M, Bendtzen K, Lund H, Sellebjerg F, Nielsen CH. T helper cell type 1 (Th1), Th2 and Th17 responses to myelin basic protein and disease activity in multiple sclerosis. Immunology 2008; 125:161-9. [PMID: 18397264 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2008.02837.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoreactive T cells are thought to play an essential role in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS). We examined the stimulatory effect of human myelin basic protein (MBP) on mononuclear cell (MNC) cultures from 22 patients with MS and 22 sex-matched and age-matched healthy individuals, and related the patient responses to disease activity, as indicated by magnetic resonance imaging. The MBP induced a dose-dependent release of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) by patient-derived MNCs. The patients' cells produced higher amounts of IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha, and lower amounts of IL-10, than cells from healthy controls (P<0.03 to P<0.04). Five patients with MS and no controls, displayed MBP-induced CD4+ T-cell proliferation. These high-responders exhibited enhanced production of IL-17, IFN-gamma, IL-5 and IL-4 upon challenge with MBP, as compared with the remaining patients and the healthy controls (P<0.002 to P<0.01). A strong correlation was found between the MBP-induced CD4+ T-cell proliferation and production of IL-17, IFN-gamma, IL-5 and IL-4 (P<0.0001 to P<0.01) within the patient group, and the production of IL-17 and IL-5 correlated with the number of active plaques on magnetic resonance images (P=0.04 and P=0.007). These data suggest that autoantigen-driven CD4+ T-cell proliferation and release of IL-17 and IL-5 may be associated with disease activity. Larger studies are needed to confirm this.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris J Hedegaard
- Institute for Inflammation Research, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Zafranskaya M, Oschmann P, Engel R, Weishaupt A, van Noort JM, Jomaa H, Eberl M. Interferon-beta therapy reduces CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell reactivity in multiple sclerosis. Immunology 2006; 121:29-39. [PMID: 17239199 PMCID: PMC2265917 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2006.02518.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapy with interferon-beta (IFN-beta) has well-established clinical effects in multiple sclerosis (MS), albeit the immunomodulatory mechanisms are not fully understood. We assessed the prevalence and functional capacity of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in healthy donors, and in untreated and IFN-beta-treated MS patients, in response to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG). The proportion of CD45RO+ memory T cells was higher in MS patients than in healthy donors, but returned to normal values upon therapy with IFN-beta. While CD45RO+ CD4+ T cells from all three groups responded to MOG in vitro, untreated patients showed augmented proliferative responses compared to healthy individuals and IFN-beta treatment reduced this elevated reactivity back to the values observed in healthy donors. Similarly, the response of CD45RO+ CD8+ T cells to MOG was strongest in untreated patients and decreased to normal values upon immunotherapy. Overall, the frequency of peripheral CD45RO+ memory T cells ex vivo correlated with the strength of the cellular in vitro response to MOG in untreated patients but not in healthy donors or IFN-beta-treated patients. Compared with healthy individuals, responding CD4+ and CD8+ cells were skewed towards a type 1 cytokine phenotype in untreated patients, but towards a type 2 phenotype under IFN-beta therapy. Our data suggest that the beneficial effect of IFN-beta in MS might be the result of the suppression or depletion of autoreactive, pro-inflammatory memory T cells in the periphery. Assessment of T-cell subsets and their reactivity to MOG may represent an important diagnostic tool for monitoring successful immunotherapy in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Zafranskaya
- Biochemisches Institut, Infektiologie, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Germany
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23
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Montague P, McCallion AS, Davies RW, Griffiths IR. Myelin-associated oligodendrocytic basic protein: a family of abundant CNS myelin proteins in search of a function. Dev Neurosci 2006; 28:479-87. [PMID: 17028425 DOI: 10.1159/000095110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2005] [Accepted: 08/27/2005] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The myelin-associated oligodendrocytic basic protein (MOBP) family constitutes the third most abundant protein in CNS myelin. The mouse Mobp gene comprises eight exons. Mobp pre-mRNA processing gives rise to at least seven Mobp splice variants which are expressed solely in the oligodendrocyte. The predicted proteins all, with one exception, share a 68 residue amino terminus, encoded by exon 3. The carboxyl termini differ in length, giving rise to the diverse array of the protein isoforms. Like myelin basic protein, MOBP is present in the major dense line of CNS myelin suggesting a role in the compaction or stabilization of myelin. However, Mobp homozygous null mice display no overt clinical phenotype and no defect in the process of myelination. MOBP can induce experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in mice and has been proposed to have a role in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. Despite 10 years of rigorous study, the normal physiological function of MOBP remains unknown.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Central Nervous System/metabolism
- Central Nervous System/ultrastructure
- Disease Models, Animal
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/genetics
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/metabolism
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/physiopathology
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout/genetics
- Mice, Knockout/metabolism
- Multiple Sclerosis/genetics
- Multiple Sclerosis/metabolism
- Multiple Sclerosis/physiopathology
- Myelin Proteins
- Myelin Sheath/metabolism
- Myelin Sheath/ultrastructure
- Myelin-Associated Glycoprotein/chemistry
- Myelin-Associated Glycoprotein/genetics
- Myelin-Associated Glycoprotein/metabolism
- Myelin-Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein
- Protein Isoforms/chemistry
- Protein Isoforms/genetics
- Protein Isoforms/metabolism
- Protein Structure, Tertiary/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Montague
- Applied Neurobiology Group, Institute of Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow Veterinary School, Glasgow, UK.
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24
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Moldovan IR, Rudick RA, Cotleur AC, Born SE, Lee JC, Karafa MT, Pelfrey CM. Longitudinal single-cell cytokine responses reveal recurrent autoimmune myelin reactivity in relapsing--remitting multiple sclerosis patients. Mult Scler 2005; 11:251-60. [PMID: 15957503 DOI: 10.1191/1352458505ms1165oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between multiple sclerosis (MS) disease activity and myelin protein-induced cytokine responses over time is not elucidated. We addressed this relationship by examining longitudinal cytokine responses to myelin proteins every three months for one year, in the context of gadolinium (gad)-enhancing brain lesions and of clinical relapses. The ELISPOT assay was used to determine the ex vivo cytokine production in response to nine amino acid long peptides spanning the entire proteolipid protein (PLP) and myelin basic protein (MBP) molecules in relapsing-remitting (RR) MS patients and matched healthy controls. We identified three longitudinal levels of myelin-induced cytokine secretion by adding up the positive responses for all PLP or MBP peptides obtained for five timepoints, at three-month intervals: low reactivity (< 200 cumulative cytokine-secreting cells), isolated peptide reactivity (201-450 cumulative cytokine-secreting cells) and recurrent protein-wide bursts of cytokine reactivity (> 451 cumulative cytokine-secreting cells). The majority of MS patients showed recurrent bursts to PLP and MBP. In contrast, controls showed a more even distribution between all levels of cytokine reactivity. The majority of patients with gad-enhancing lesions showed PLP/IFN gamma and MBP/IFN gamma recurrent burst responses. This is the first longitudinal study on MS patients in which nine amino acid long myelin peptides are used to reveal the broad range of PLP- and MBP-peptide cytokine reactivity across the whole molecule of these two major myelin proteins. This study also reveals the extremely dynamic nature of the immune reactivity to numerous regions of myelin, which can fluctuate dramatically over time. Such fluctuation could hamper the efficacy of antigen-based therapies for MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- I R Moldovan
- Department of Neurosciences, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195-0001, USA
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25
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Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) develops in young adults with a complex predisposing genetic trait and probably requires an inciting environmental insult such as a viral infection to trigger the disease. The activation of CD4+ autoreactive T cells and their differentiation into a Th1 phenotype are a crucial events in the initial steps, and these cells are probably also important players in the long-term evolution of the disease. Damage of the target tissue, the central nervous system, is, however, most likely mediated by other components of the immune system, such as antibodies, complement, CD8+ T cells, and factors produced by innate immune cells. Perturbations in immunomodulatory networks that include Th2 cells, regulatory CD4+ T cells, NK cells, and others may in part be responsible for the relapsing-remitting or chronic progressive nature of the disease. However, an important paradigmatic shift in the study of MS has occurred in the past decade. It is now clear that MS is not just a disease of the immune system, but that factors contributed by the central nervous system are equally important and must be considered in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireia Sospedra
- Cellular Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1400, USA.
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26
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Crawford MP, Yan SX, Ortega SB, Mehta RS, Hewitt RE, Price DA, Stastny P, Douek DC, Koup RA, Racke MK, Karandikar NJ. High prevalence of autoreactive, neuroantigen-specific CD8+ T cells in multiple sclerosis revealed by novel flow cytometric assay. Blood 2004; 103:4222-31. [PMID: 14976054 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2003-11-4025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory, demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) with features suggestive of T-cell-mediated pathology. Most prior reports have focused on CD4(+) T cells with the underlying assumption that MS is predominantly a CD4(+) T helper 1 (Th1)-mediated disease. In this report, we used a novel flow cytometric approach to evaluate autoreactive T-cell responses against a large variety of neuroantigenic targets. We found that both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells targeted against several CNS autoantigens were widely prevalent in patients with MS and healthy individuals. Whereas the distribution of CD4(+) responses was similar in different groups, patients with relapsing-remitting MS showed a higher proportion of CNS-specific CD8(+) responses. Autoreactive CD4(+) T cells from patients with MS exhibited a more differentiated Th1 phenotype compared with healthy subjects. Similarly, CNS-specific CD8(+) T-cell responses from patients with MS were functionally distinct from those in healthy individuals. Collectively, these studies reveal the high prevalence of class I-restricted autoreactive CD8(+) T-cell responses in MS that has been underappreciated thus far. The results emphasize the need to evaluate both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell responses in MS and to make both subsets a consideration in the development of novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Crawford
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390-9072, USA
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