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Schmidt S, Wichers-Misterek JS, Behrens HM, Birnbaum J, Henshall IG, Dröge J, Jonscher E, Flemming S, Castro-Peña C, Mesén-Ramírez P, Spielmann T. The Kelch13 compartment contains highly divergent vesicle trafficking proteins in malaria parasites. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011814. [PMID: 38039338 PMCID: PMC10718435 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Single amino acid changes in the parasite protein Kelch13 (K13) result in reduced susceptibility of P. falciparum parasites to artemisinin and its derivatives (ART). Recent work indicated that K13 and other proteins co-localising with K13 (K13 compartment proteins) are involved in the endocytic uptake of host cell cytosol (HCCU) and that a reduction in HCCU results in reduced susceptibility to ART. HCCU is critical for parasite survival but is poorly understood, with the K13 compartment proteins among the few proteins so far functionally linked to this process. Here we further defined the composition of the K13 compartment by analysing more hits from a previous BioID, showing that MyoF and MCA2 as well as Kelch13 interaction candidate (KIC) 11 and 12 are found at this site. Functional analyses, tests for ART susceptibility as well as comparisons of structural similarities using AlphaFold2 predictions of these and previously identified proteins showed that vesicle trafficking and endocytosis domains were frequent in proteins involved in resistance or endocytosis (or both), comprising one group of K13 compartment proteins. While this strengthened the link of the K13 compartment to endocytosis, many proteins of this group showed unusual domain combinations and large parasite-specific regions, indicating a high level of taxon-specific adaptation of this process. Another group of K13 compartment proteins did not influence endocytosis or ART susceptibility and lacked detectable vesicle trafficking domains. We here identified the first protein of this group that is important for asexual blood stage development and showed that it likely is involved in invasion. Overall, this work identified novel proteins functioning in endocytosis and at the K13 compartment. Together with comparisons of structural predictions it provides a repertoire of functional domains at the K13 compartment that indicate a high level of adaption of endocytosis in malaria parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Schmidt
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Jakob Birnbaum
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Jana Dröge
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ernst Jonscher
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sven Flemming
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Tobias Spielmann
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
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Palmitoyl Transferase FonPAT2-Catalyzed Palmitoylation of the FonAP-2 Complex Is Essential for Growth, Development, Stress Response, and Virulence in Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0386122. [PMID: 36533963 PMCID: PMC9927311 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03861-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein palmitoylation, one of posttranslational modifications, is catalyzed by a group of palmitoyl transferases (PATs) and plays critical roles in the regulation of protein functions. However, little is known about the function and mechanism of PATs in plant pathogenic fungi. The present study reports the function and molecular mechanism of FonPATs in Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum (Fon), the causal agent of watermelon Fusarium wilt. The Fon genome contains six FonPAT genes with distinct functions in vegetative growth, conidiation and conidial morphology, and stress response. FonPAT1, FonPAT2, and FonPAT4 have PAT activity and are required for Fon virulence on watermelon mainly through regulating in planta fungal growth within host plants. Comparative proteomics analysis identified a set of proteins that were palmitoylated by FonPAT2, and some of them are previously reported pathogenicity-related proteins in fungi. The FonAP-2 complex core subunits FonAP-2α, FonAP-2β, and FonAP-2μ were palmitoylated by FonPAT2 in vivo. FonPAT2-catalyzed palmitoylation contributed to the stability and interaction ability of the core subunits to ensure the formation of the FonAP-2 complex, which is essential for vegetative growth, asexual reproduction, cell wall integrity, and virulence in Fon. These findings demonstrate that FonPAT1, FonPAT2, and FonPAT4 play important roles in Fon virulence and that FonPAT2-catalyzed palmitoylation of the FonAP-2 complex is critical to Fon virulence, providing novel insights into the importance of protein palmitoylation in the virulence of plant fungal pathogens. IMPORTANCE Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum (Fon), the causal agent of watermelon Fusarium wilt, is one of the most serious threats for the sustainable development of the watermelon industry worldwide. However, little is known about the underlying molecular mechanism of pathogenicity in Fon. Here, we found that the palmitoyl transferase (FonPAT) genes play distinct and diverse roles in basic biological processes and stress response and demonstrated that FonPAT1, FonPAT2, and FonPAT4 have PAT activity and are required for virulence in Fon. We also found that FonPAT2 palmitoylates the core subunits of the FonAP-2 complex to maintain the stability and the formation of the FonAP-2 complex, which is essential for basic biological processes, stress response, and virulence in Fon. Our study provides new insights into the understanding of the molecular mechanism involved in Fon virulence and will be helpful in the development of novel strategies for disease management.
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Wu C, Chen H, Yuan M, Zhang M, Abubakar YS, Chen X, Zhong H, Zheng W, Zheng H, Zhou J. FgAP1 σ Is Critical for Vegetative Growth, Conidiation, Virulence, and DON Biosynthesis in Fusarium graminearum. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9020145. [PMID: 36836259 PMCID: PMC9962196 DOI: 10.3390/jof9020145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The AP1 complex is a highly conserved clathrin adaptor that plays important roles in regulating cargo protein sorting and intracellular vesicle trafficking in eukaryotes. However, the functions of the AP1 complex in the plant pathogenic fungi including the devastating wheat pathogen Fusarium graminearum are still unclear. In this study, we investigated the biological functions of FgAP1σ, a subunit of the AP1 complex in F. graminearum. Disruption of FgAP1σ causes seriously impaired fungal vegetative growth, conidiogenesis, sexual development, pathogenesis, and deoxynivalenol (DON) production. The ΔFgap1σ mutants were found to be less sensitive to KCl- and sorbitol-induced osmotic stresses but more sensitive to SDS-induced stress than the wild-type PH-1. Although the growth inhibition rate of the ΔFgap1σ mutants was not significantly changed under calcofluor white (CFW) and Congo red (CR) stresses, the protoplasts released from ΔFgap1σ hyphae were decreased compared with the wild-type PH-1, suggesting that FgAP1σ is necessary for cell wall integrity and osmotic stresses in F. graminearum. Subcellular localization assays showed that FgAP1σ was predominantly localized to endosomes and the Golgi apparatus. In addition, FgAP1β-GFP, FgAP1γ-GFP, and FgAP1μ-GFP also localize to the Golgi apparatus. FgAP1β interacts with FgAP1σ, FgAP1γ, and FgAP1μ, while FgAP1σ regulates the expression of FgAP1β, FgAP1γ, and FgAP1μ in F. graminearum. Furthermore, the loss of FgAP1σ blocks the transportation of the v-SNARE protein FgSnc1 from the Golgi to the plasma membrane and delays the internalization of FM4-64 dye into the vacuole. Taken together, our results demonstrate that FgAP1σ plays vital roles in vegetative growth, conidiogenesis, sexual reproduction, DON production, pathogenicity, cell wall integrity, osmotic stress, exocytosis, and endocytosis in F. graminearum. These findings unveil the functions of the AP1 complex in filamentous fungi, most notably in F. graminearum, and lay solid foundations for effective prevention and control of Fusarium head blight (FHB).
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Affiliation(s)
- Congxian Wu
- Fujian Universities Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Public Technology Service Center, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Huilin Chen
- Fujian Universities Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Mingyue Yuan
- Fujian Universities Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Meiru Zhang
- Fujian Universities Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yakubu Saddeeq Abubakar
- Fujian Universities Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 810107, Nigeria
| | - Xin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Haoming Zhong
- Fujian Universities Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Wenhui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Huawei Zheng
- Fujian Universities Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Institute of Oceanography, College of Geography and Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou 350108, China
- Correspondence: (H.Z.); (J.Z.)
| | - Jie Zhou
- Fujian Universities Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Correspondence: (H.Z.); (J.Z.)
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Buser DP, Spang A. Protein sorting from endosomes to the TGN. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1140605. [PMID: 36895788 PMCID: PMC9988951 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1140605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Retrograde transport from endosomes to the trans-Golgi network is essential for recycling of protein and lipid cargoes to counterbalance anterograde membrane traffic. Protein cargo subjected to retrograde traffic include lysosomal acid-hydrolase receptors, SNARE proteins, processing enzymes, nutrient transporters, a variety of other transmembrane proteins, and some extracellular non-host proteins such as viral, plant, and bacterial toxins. Efficient delivery of these protein cargo molecules depends on sorting machineries selectively recognizing and concentrating them for their directed retrograde transport from endosomal compartments. In this review, we outline the different retrograde transport pathways governed by various sorting machineries involved in endosome-to-TGN transport. In addition, we discuss how this transport route can be analyzed experimentally.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anne Spang
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Qu M, Yu K, Rehman Aziz AU, Zhang H, Zhang Z, Li N, Liu B. The role of Actopaxin in tumor metastasis. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 175:90-102. [PMID: 36150525 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2022.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Actopaxin is a newly discovered focal adhesions (FAs) protein, actin-binding protein and pseudopodia-enriched molecule. It can not only bind to a variety of FAs proteins (such as Paxillin, ILK and PINCH) and non-FAs proteins (such as TESK1, CdGAP, β2-adaptin, G3BP2, ADAR1 and CD29), but also participates in multiple signaling pathways. Thus, it plays a crucial role in regulating important processes of tumor metastasis, including matrix degradation, migration, and invasion, etc. This review covers the latest progress in the structure and function of Actopaxin, its interaction with other proteins as well as its involvement in regulating tumor development and metastasis. Additionally, the current limitations for Actopaxin related studies and the possible research directions on it in the future are also discussed. It is hoped that this review can assist relevant researchers to obtain a deep understanding of the role that Actopaxin plays in tumor progression, and also enlighten further research and development of therapeutic approaches for the treatment of tumor metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manrong Qu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Key Laboratory for Integrated Circuit and Biomedical Electronic System of Liaoning Province, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Kehui Yu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Key Laboratory for Integrated Circuit and Biomedical Electronic System of Liaoning Province, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Aziz Ur Rehman Aziz
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Key Laboratory for Integrated Circuit and Biomedical Electronic System of Liaoning Province, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Hangyu Zhang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Key Laboratory for Integrated Circuit and Biomedical Electronic System of Liaoning Province, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Zhengyao Zhang
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, 124221, China
| | - Na Li
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Key Laboratory for Integrated Circuit and Biomedical Electronic System of Liaoning Province, Dalian, 116024, China.
| | - Bo Liu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Key Laboratory for Integrated Circuit and Biomedical Electronic System of Liaoning Province, Dalian, 116024, China.
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Comparative Transcriptome Profiling Reveals Potential Candidate Genes, Transcription Factors, and Biosynthetic Pathways for Phosphite Response in Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13081379. [PMID: 36011289 PMCID: PMC9407107 DOI: 10.3390/genes13081379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The study was conducted with C31 and C80 genotypes of the potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), which are tolerant and susceptible to phosphite (Phi, H2PO3), respectively. To decipher the molecular mechanisms underlying tolerance and susceptibility to Phi in the potato, RNA sequencing was used to study the global transcriptional patterns of the two genotypes. Media were prepared with 0.25 and 0.50 mM Phi, No-phosphorus (P), and 1.25 mM (phosphate, Pi as control). The values of fragments per kilobase of exon per million mapped fragments of the samples were also subjected to a principal component analysis, grouping the biological replicates of each sample. Using stringent criteria, a minimum of 819 differential (DEGs) were detected in both C80-Phi-0.25_vs_C80-Phi-0.50 (comprising 517 upregulated and 302 downregulated) and C80-Phi-0.50_vs_C80-Phi-0.25 (comprising 302 upregulated and 517 downregulated) and a maximum of 5214 DEGs in both C31-Con_vs_C31-Phi-0.25 (comprising 1947 upregulated and 3267 downregulated) and C31-Phi-0.25_vs_C31-Con (comprising 3267 upregulated and 1947 downregulated). DEGs related to the ribosome, plant hormone signal transduction, photosynthesis, and plant–pathogen interaction performed important functions under Phi stress, as shown by the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes annotation. The expressions of transcription factors increased significantly in C31 compared with C80. For example, the expressions of Soltu.DM.01G047240, Soltu.DM.08G015900, Soltu.DM.06G012130, and Soltu.DM.08G012710 increased under P deficiency conditions (Phi-0.25, Phi-0.50, and No-P) relative to the control (P sufficiency) in C31. This study adds to the growing body of transcriptome data on Phi stress and provides important clues to the Phi tolerance response of the C31 genotype.
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Identification of Cellular Genes Involved in Baculovirus GP64 Trafficking to the Plasma Membrane. J Virol 2022; 96:e0021522. [PMID: 35608346 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00215-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The baculovirus envelope protein GP64 is an essential component of the budded virus and is necessary for efficient virion assembly. Little is known regarding intracellular trafficking of GP64 to the plasma membrane, where it is incorporated into budding virions during egress. To identify host proteins and potential cellular trafficking pathways that are involved in delivery of GP64 to the plasma membrane, we developed and characterized a stable Drosophila cell line that inducibly expresses the AcMNPV GP64 protein and used that cell line in combination with a targeted RNA interference (RNAi) screen of vesicular protein trafficking pathway genes. Of the 37 initial hits from the screen, we validated and examined six host genes that were important for trafficking of GP64 to the cell surface. Validated hits included Rab GTPases Rab1 and Rab4, Clathrin heavy chain, clathrin adaptor protein genes AP-1-2β and AP-2μ, and Snap29. Two gene knockdowns (Rab5 and Exo84) caused substantial increases (up to 2.5-fold) of GP64 on the plasma membrane. We found that a small amount of GP64 is released from cells in exosomes and that some portion of cell surface GP64 is endocytosed, suggesting that recycling helps to maintain GP64 at the cell surface. IMPORTANCE While much is known regarding trafficking of viral envelope proteins in mammalian cells, little is known about this process in insect cells. To begin to understand which factors and pathways are needed for trafficking of insect virus envelope proteins, we engineered a Drosophila melanogaster cell line and implemented an RNAi screen to identify cellular proteins that aid transport of the model baculovirus envelope protein (GP64) to the cell surface. For this we developed an experimental system that leverages the large array of tools available for Drosophila and performed a targeted RNAi screen to identify cellular proteins involved in GP64 trafficking to the cell surface. Since viral envelope proteins are often critical for production of infectious progeny virions, these studies lay the foundation for understanding how either pathogenic insect viruses (baculoviruses) or insect-vectored viruses (e.g., flaviviruses, alphaviruses) egress from cells in tissues such as the midgut to enable systemic virus infection.
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Srinivasan S, Gal J, Bachstetter A, Nelson PT. Alpha adaptins show isoform-specific association with neurofibrillary tangles in Alzheimer's disease. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2022; 48:e12776. [PMID: 34820873 PMCID: PMC8810620 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The heterotetrameric assembly protein complex 2 (AP-2) is a central hub for clathrin-dependent endocytosis. The AP-2 α-adaptin subunit has two major isoforms, encoded by two separate genes: AP2A1 and AP2A2. Endocytosis has been implicated in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disease, and recent studies linked α-adaptins (gene variants, splicing defects and altered expression) with late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) risk. Here, we used multiple antibodies to investigate α-adaptin isoforms and their localization in human brains. METHODS The specificities of 10 different α-adaptin antibodies were evaluated using immunoblots after human AP2A1 and AP2A2 plasmid transfection in cultured cells. Additional immunoblot analyses were then performed on protein homogenates from control and LOAD subjects. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded brain sections from control and LOAD subjects were immunohistochemically stained, and immunofluorescence experiments were performed for quantitation of colocalisation with digital image analysis. RESULTS Eight of the 10 evaluated antibodies recognised transfected α-adaptin proteins on immunoblots. The α-adaptin subspecies were relatively uniformly expressed in five different human brain regions. The α-adaptins were present in the detergent-insoluble fraction from cognitively impaired, but less so in control, brains. Immunohistochemical analyses showed colocalisation of AP2A1 with tau pathology in LOAD brains. By contrast, AP2A2 colocalised with microglial cells. CONCLUSIONS These observations provide evidence of isoform-specific changes of α-adaptins in the brains of LOAD subjects. Antibodies that were verified to recognise AP2A1, but not AP2A2, labelled neurofibrillary tangles of LOAD patients. The findings extend our understanding of AP-2 proteins in the human brain in healthy and diseased states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukanya Srinivasan
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536,Corresponding Author: Sukanya Srinivasan, PhD, Rm 311, Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, 800 S. Limestone St., University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0230, Tel: 859.218.3893,
| | - Jozsef Gal
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center (SCoBIRC), University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536,Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536
| | - Adam Bachstetter
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536,Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center (SCoBIRC), University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536,Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536
| | - Peter T. Nelson
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536,Department of Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536
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Prichard KL, O'Brien NS, Murcia SR, Baker JR, McCluskey A. Role of Clathrin and Dynamin in Clathrin Mediated Endocytosis/Synaptic Vesicle Recycling and Implications in Neurological Diseases. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 15:754110. [PMID: 35115907 PMCID: PMC8805674 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.754110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocytosis is a process essential to the health and well-being of cell. It is required for the internalisation and sorting of “cargo”—the macromolecules, proteins, receptors and lipids of cell signalling. Clathrin mediated endocytosis (CME) is one of the key processes required for cellular well-being and signalling pathway activation. CME is key role to the recycling of synaptic vesicles [synaptic vesicle recycling (SVR)] in the brain, it is pivotal to signalling across synapses enabling intracellular communication in the sensory and nervous systems. In this review we provide an overview of the general process of CME with a particular focus on two key proteins: clathrin and dynamin that have a central role to play in ensuing successful completion of CME. We examine these two proteins as they are the two endocytotic proteins for which small molecule inhibitors, often of known mechanism of action, have been identified. Inhibition of CME offers the potential to develop therapeutic interventions into conditions involving defects in CME. This review will discuss the roles and the current scope of inhibitors of clathrin and dynamin, providing an insight into how further developments could affect neurological disease treatments.
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Usmani MA, Ahmed ZM, Magini P, Pienkowski VM, Rasmussen KJ, Hernan R, Rasheed F, Hussain M, Shahzad M, Lanpher BC, Niu Z, Lim FY, Pippucci T, Ploski R, Kraus V, Matuszewska K, Palombo F, Kianmahd J, Martinez-Agosto JA, Lee H, Colao E, Motazacker MM, Brigatti KW, Puffenberger EG, Riazuddin SA, Gonzaga-Jauregui C, Chung WK, Wagner M, Schultz MJ, Seri M, Kievit AJ, Perrotti N, Klein Wassink-Ruiter J, van Bokhoven H, Riazuddin S, Riazuddin S, Riazuddin S. De novo and bi-allelic variants in AP1G1 cause neurodevelopmental disorder with developmental delay, intellectual disability, and epilepsy. Am J Hum Genet 2021; 108:1330-1341. [PMID: 34102099 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2021.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptor protein (AP) complexes mediate selective intracellular vesicular trafficking and polarized localization of somatodendritic proteins in neurons. Disease-causing alleles of various subunits of AP complexes have been implicated in several heritable human disorders, including intellectual disabilities (IDs). Here, we report two bi-allelic (c.737C>A [p.Pro246His] and c.1105A>G [p.Met369Val]) and eight de novo heterozygous variants (c.44G>A [p.Arg15Gln], c.103C>T [p.Arg35Trp], c.104G>A [p.Arg35Gln], c.229delC [p.Gln77Lys∗11], c.399_400del [p.Glu133Aspfs∗37], c.747G>T [p.Gln249His], c.928-2A>C [p.?], and c.2459C>G [p.Pro820Arg]) in AP1G1, encoding gamma-1 subunit of adaptor-related protein complex 1 (AP1γ1), associated with a neurodevelopmental disorder (NDD) characterized by mild to severe ID, epilepsy, and developmental delay in eleven families from different ethnicities. The AP1γ1-mediated adaptor complex is essential for the formation of clathrin-coated intracellular vesicles. In silico analysis and 3D protein modeling simulation predicted alteration of AP1γ1 protein folding for missense variants, which was consistent with the observed altered AP1γ1 levels in heterologous cells. Functional studies of the recessively inherited missense variants revealed no apparent impact on the interaction of AP1γ1 with other subunits of the AP-1 complex but rather showed to affect the endosome recycling pathway. Knocking out ap1g1 in zebrafish leads to severe morphological defect and lethality, which was significantly rescued by injection of wild-type AP1G1 mRNA and not by transcripts encoding the missense variants. Furthermore, microinjection of mRNAs with de novo missense variants in wild-type zebrafish resulted in severe developmental abnormalities and increased lethality. We conclude that de novo and bi-allelic variants in AP1G1 are associated with neurodevelopmental disorder in diverse populations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Saima Riazuddin
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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Kell MJ, Ang SF, Pigati L, Halpern A, Fölsch H. Novel function for AP-1B during cell migration. Mol Biol Cell 2020; 31:2475-2493. [PMID: 32816642 PMCID: PMC7851849 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e20-04-0256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The epithelial cell-specific clathrin adaptor protein (AP)-1B has a well-established role in polarized sorting of cargos to the basolateral membrane. Here we show that β1 integrin was dependent on AP-1B and its coadaptor, autosomal recessive hypercholesterolemia protein (ARH), for sorting to the basolateral membrane. We further demonstrate an unprecedented role for AP-1B at the basal plasma membrane during collective cell migration of epithelial sheets. During wound healing, expression of AP-1B (and ARH in AP–1B-positive cells) slowed epithelial-cell migration. We show that AP-1B colocalized with β1 integrin in focal adhesions during cell migration using confocal microscopy and total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy on fixed specimens. Further, AP-1B labeling in cell protrusions was distinct from labeling for the endocytic adaptor complex AP-2. Using stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy we identified numerous AP–1B-coated structures at or close to the basal plasma membrane in cell protrusions. In addition, immunoelectron microscopy showed AP-1B in coated pits and vesicles at the plasma membrane during cell migration. Lastly, quantitative real-time reverse transcription PCR analysis of human epithelial-derived cell lines revealed a loss of AP-1B expression in highly migratory metastatic cancer cells suggesting that AP-1B’s novel role at the basal plasma membrane during cell migration might be an anticancer mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Johnson Kell
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Su Fen Ang
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Lucy Pigati
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Abby Halpern
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Heike Fölsch
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611
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12
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Nelson PT, Fardo DW, Katsumata Y. The MUC6/AP2A2 Locus and Its Relevance to Alzheimer's Disease: A Review. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2020; 79:568-584. [PMID: 32357373 PMCID: PMC7241941 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlaa024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently reported evidence of Alzheimer's disease (AD)-linked genetic variation within the mucin 6 (MUC6) gene on chromosome 11p, nearby the adaptor-related protein complex 2 subunit alpha 2 (AP2A2) gene. This locus has interesting features related to human genomics and clinical research. MUC6 gene variants have been reported to potentially influence viral-including herpesvirus-immunity and the gut microbiome. Within the MUC6 gene is a unique variable number of tandem repeat (VNTR) region. We discovered an association between MUC6 VNTR repeat expansion and AD pathologic severity, particularly tau proteinopathy. Here, we review the relevant literature. The AD-linked VNTR polymorphism may also influence AP2A2 gene expression. AP2A2 encodes a polypeptide component of the adaptor protein complex, AP-2, which is involved in clathrin-coated vesicle function and was previously implicated in AD pathogenesis. To provide background information, we describe some key knowledge gaps in AD genetics research. The "missing/hidden heritability problem" of AD is highlighted. Extensive portions of the human genome, including the MUC6 VNTR, have not been thoroughly evaluated due to limitations of existing high-throughput sequencing technology. We present and discuss additional data, along with cautionary considerations, relevant to the hypothesis that MUC6 repeat expansion influences AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter T Nelson
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
- Department of Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - David W Fardo
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Yuriko Katsumata
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
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13
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Ramirez PW, Sharma S, Singh R, Stoneham CA, Vollbrecht T, Guatelli J. Plasma Membrane-Associated Restriction Factors and Their Counteraction by HIV-1 Accessory Proteins. Cells 2019; 8:E1020. [PMID: 31480747 PMCID: PMC6770538 DOI: 10.3390/cells8091020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The plasma membrane is a site of conflict between host defenses and many viruses. One aspect of this conflict is the host's attempt to eliminate infected cells using innate and adaptive cell-mediated immune mechanisms that recognize features of the plasma membrane characteristic of viral infection. Another is the expression of plasma membrane-associated proteins, so-called restriction factors, which inhibit enveloped virions directly. HIV-1 encodes two countermeasures to these host defenses: The membrane-associated accessory proteins Vpu and Nef. In addition to inhibiting cell-mediated immune-surveillance, Vpu and Nef counteract membrane-associated restriction factors. These include BST-2, which traps newly formed virions at the plasma membrane unless counteracted by Vpu, and SERINC5, which decreases the infectivity of virions unless counteracted by Nef. Here we review key features of these two antiviral proteins, and we review Vpu and Nef, which deplete them from the plasma membrane by co-opting specific cellular proteins and pathways of membrane trafficking and protein-degradation. We also discuss other plasma membrane proteins modulated by HIV-1, particularly CD4, which, if not opposed in infected cells by Vpu and Nef, inhibits viral infectivity and increases the sensitivity of the viral envelope glycoprotein to host immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter W Ramirez
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
| | - Shilpi Sharma
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
| | - Rajendra Singh
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
| | - Charlotte A Stoneham
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
| | - Thomas Vollbrecht
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
| | - John Guatelli
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161, USA.
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14
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Zhang J, Yun Y, Lou Y, Abubakar YS, Guo P, Wang S, Li C, Feng Y, Adnan M, Zhou J, Lu G, Zheng W. FgAP‐2 complex is essential for pathogenicity and polarised growth and regulates the apical localisation of membrane lipid flippases in
Fusarium graminearum. Cell Microbiol 2019; 21:e13041. [DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant ProtectionFujian Agriculture and Forestry University Fuzhou China
| | - Yingzi Yun
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant ProtectionFujian Agriculture and Forestry University Fuzhou China
| | - Yi Lou
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins, College of Life SciencesFujian Agriculture and Forestry University Fuzhou China
| | | | - Pusheng Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant ProtectionFujian Agriculture and Forestry University Fuzhou China
| | - Shumin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant ProtectionFujian Agriculture and Forestry University Fuzhou China
| | - Chunling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant ProtectionFujian Agriculture and Forestry University Fuzhou China
| | - Yuan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant ProtectionFujian Agriculture and Forestry University Fuzhou China
| | - Muhammad Adnan
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant ProtectionFujian Agriculture and Forestry University Fuzhou China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins, College of Life SciencesFujian Agriculture and Forestry University Fuzhou China
| | - Guo‐dong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant ProtectionFujian Agriculture and Forestry University Fuzhou China
| | - Wenhui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant ProtectionFujian Agriculture and Forestry University Fuzhou China
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15
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Wan LY, Yuan WF, Ai WB, Ai YW, Wang JJ, Chu LY, Zhang YQ, Wu JF. An exploration of aptamer internalization mechanisms and their applications in drug delivery. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2019; 16:207-218. [PMID: 30691313 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2019.1575808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION As 'chemical antibodies', aptamers have some advantages, such as lack of immunogenicity, rapid tissue penetration, cell internalization and so on. Consequently, more and more aptamers have been screened out by the systematic evolution of ligands through exponential enrichment for the desired cells or membrane receptors. On the basis of the result, researchers use aptamers to guide drug targeting to the desired cells and internalization in vivo. AREAS COVERED In this review, we explore the mechanisms of cargo- or aptamer-mediated internalization, and then briefly summarize five strategies for exploring the mechanism of aptamer internalization. Finally, we focus on four types of applications involving aptamer internalization: aptamers as drugs, aptamers as chemical drug-delivery systems, aptamer-based chimeras and aptamer-conjugated nanoparticles or block copolymer micelles. EXPERT OPINION Two aptamer-internalization mechanisms are known, namely receptor-mediated endocytosis and macropinocytosis. The latter mechanism, which is has only been verified in the internalization of nucleolin aptamer shuttles between the nucleus and cytoplasm, may be important for nuclear internalization and cargo molecule escape from the endosomal compartment. Thus, it is feasible to use some strategies to further explore the macropinocytosis internalization mechanism and then to screen for aptamers similar to the nucleolin aptamer for use with the desired cell types as a targeted delivery tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Yan Wan
- a The People's Hospital , China Three Gorges University , Yichang , China
- b Institute of Organ Fibrosis and Targeted Drug Delivery , China Three Gorges University , Yichang , China
| | - Wen-Fang Yuan
- b Institute of Organ Fibrosis and Targeted Drug Delivery , China Three Gorges University , Yichang , China
- c Medical College , China Three Gorges University , Yichang , China
| | - Wen-Bing Ai
- d The Yiling Hospital of Yichang , Yichang , Hubei , China
| | - Yao-Wei Ai
- a The People's Hospital , China Three Gorges University , Yichang , China
- b Institute of Organ Fibrosis and Targeted Drug Delivery , China Three Gorges University , Yichang , China
| | - Jiao-Jiao Wang
- c Medical College , China Three Gorges University , Yichang , China
| | - Liang-Yin Chu
- e School of Chemical Engineering , Sichuan University , Chengdu , China
| | - Yan-Qiong Zhang
- b Institute of Organ Fibrosis and Targeted Drug Delivery , China Three Gorges University , Yichang , China
- c Medical College , China Three Gorges University , Yichang , China
| | - Jiang-Feng Wu
- a The People's Hospital , China Three Gorges University , Yichang , China
- b Institute of Organ Fibrosis and Targeted Drug Delivery , China Three Gorges University , Yichang , China
- c Medical College , China Three Gorges University , Yichang , China
- d The Yiling Hospital of Yichang , Yichang , Hubei , China
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16
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Rojas L K, Trilla-Fuertes L, Gámez-Pozo A, Chiva C, Sepúlveda J, Manso L, Prado-Vázquez G, Zapater-Moros A, López-Vacas R, Ferrer-Gómez M, Mendiola C, Espinosa E, Sabidó E, Ciruelos E, Vara JÁF. Proteomics characterisation of central nervous system metastasis biomarkers in triple negative breast cancer. Ecancermedicalscience 2019; 13:891. [PMID: 30792808 PMCID: PMC6369972 DOI: 10.3332/ecancer.2019.891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Breast cancer (BC) is the most frequent tumour in women. Triple negative tumours (TNBC)-which are associated with minor survival rates-lack markers predictive of response to anticancer drugs. Triple negative tumours frequently metastasise to the central nervous system (CNS). Objective The main objective of this study was to study differences in tumour protein expression between patients with CNS metastases and those without this kind of spread, and propose new biomarkers. Methods A retrospective study was performed. Targeted proteomics and statistical analyses were used to identify possible biomarkers. Results Proteins were quantified by a targeted proteomics approach and protein expression data were successfully obtained from 51 triple negative formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded samples. ISG15, THBS1 and AP1M1 were identified as possible biomarkers related with CNS metastasis development. Conclusions Three possible biomarkers associated with CNS metastases in TNBC tumours were identified: ISG15, THBS1 and AP1M1. They may become markers predicting the appearance of CNS infiltration in triple negative BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerin Rojas L
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain.,Katerin L Rojas and Lucía Trilla-Fuertes contributed equally to this work
| | - Lucía Trilla-Fuertes
- Biomedica Molecular Medicine SL, 28049 Madrid, Spain.,Katerin L Rojas and Lucía Trilla-Fuertes contributed equally to this work
| | - Angelo Gámez-Pozo
- Biomedica Molecular Medicine SL, 28049 Madrid, Spain.,Molecular Oncology and Pathology Lab, Instituto de Genética Médica y Molecular-INGEMM, Hospital Universitario La Paz-IdiPAZ, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Chiva
- Proteomics Unit, Center of Genomics Regulation, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.,Proteomics Unit, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08002 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan Sepúlveda
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Manso
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Guillermo Prado-Vázquez
- Biomedica Molecular Medicine SL, 28049 Madrid, Spain.,Molecular Oncology and Pathology Lab, Instituto de Genética Médica y Molecular-INGEMM, Hospital Universitario La Paz-IdiPAZ, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrea Zapater-Moros
- Biomedica Molecular Medicine SL, 28049 Madrid, Spain.,Molecular Oncology and Pathology Lab, Instituto de Genética Médica y Molecular-INGEMM, Hospital Universitario La Paz-IdiPAZ, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rocío López-Vacas
- Molecular Oncology and Pathology Lab, Instituto de Genética Médica y Molecular-INGEMM, Hospital Universitario La Paz-IdiPAZ, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Ferrer-Gómez
- Molecular Oncology and Pathology Lab, Instituto de Genética Médica y Molecular-INGEMM, Hospital Universitario La Paz-IdiPAZ, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - César Mendiola
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Enrique Espinosa
- Medical Oncology Service, Hospital Universitario La Paz-IdiPAZ, 28029 Madrid, Spain.,CIBERONC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduard Sabidó
- Proteomics Unit, Center of Genomics Regulation, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.,Proteomics Unit, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08002 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eva Ciruelos
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Ángel Fresno Vara
- Biomedica Molecular Medicine SL, 28049 Madrid, Spain.,Molecular Oncology and Pathology Lab, Instituto de Genética Médica y Molecular-INGEMM, Hospital Universitario La Paz-IdiPAZ, 28029 Madrid, Spain.,CIBERONC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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17
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Massaeli H, Viswanathan D, Pillai DG, Mesaeli N. Endoplasmic reticulum stress enhances endocytosis in calreticulin deficient cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2018; 1866:727-736. [PMID: 30529231 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Revised: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Calreticulin an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) chaperone that is involved in the quality control process and plays an important role as a regulator of intracellular calcium homeostasis. Previously, we illustrated that loss of calreticulin (crt-/-) results in the activation of ubiquitin-proteasome pathway facilitating the increased resistance to apoptosis. Our preliminary data illustrated a significant increase in the endocytosis in the calreticulin knockout mouse embryonic fibroblast cells (crt-/-). Therefore, we hypothesized that the mechanism for this increased endocytosis in the crt-/- cells is due to onset of ER stress. To test this hypothesis, we measured endocytosis in the wild type (wt) and crt-/- cells using uptake of fluorescent dextran and showed a significant increase in the rate of its uptake in crt-/- cells as compared to wt cells. To determine the endocytic pathway involved we examined both clathrin and caveolin-1 dependent endocytosis. Our results illustrated no change in the expression of clathrin heavy chain while there was a significant increase in the expression of caveolin-1 in the crt-/- cells as compared to the wt cells. Furthermore, using shRNA we illustrated that knockdown of clathrin heavy chain had no effect on endocytosis in the crt-/- cells. While knock-down of caveolin-1 significantly reduced endocytosis in the crt-/- cells. Finally, we illustrated that a chemical chaperone, 4‑phenylbutyrate significantly reduced both the endoplasmic reticulum stress and endocytosis in the crt-/- cells. Our data shows for the first time, that ER stress led to enhanced caveolin-1 mediated endocytosis and reversal of ER stress reduces endocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Massaeli
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine in Qatar, Doha, Qatar
| | - Divya Viswanathan
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medicine in Qatar, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Nasrin Mesaeli
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medicine in Qatar, Doha, Qatar.
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18
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Adamopoulos PG, Kontos CK, Diamantopoulos MA, Scorilas A. Molecular cloning of novel transcripts of the adaptor-related protein complex 2 alpha 1 subunit (AP2A1) gene, using Next-Generation Sequencing. Gene 2018; 678:55-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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19
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Singh R, Stoneham C, Lim C, Jia X, Guenaga J, Wyatt R, Wertheim JO, Xiong Y, Guatelli J. Phosphoserine acidic cluster motifs bind distinct basic regions on the μ subunits of clathrin adaptor protein complexes. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:15678-15690. [PMID: 30135209 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.003080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein trafficking in the endosomal system involves the recognition of specific signals within the cytoplasmic domains (CDs) of transmembrane proteins by clathrin adaptors. One such signal is the phosphoserine acidic cluster (PSAC), the prototype of which is in the endoprotease furin. How PSACs are recognized by clathrin adaptors has been controversial. We reported previously that HIV-1 Vpu, which modulates cellular immunoreceptors, contains a PSAC that binds to the μ subunits of clathrin adaptor protein (AP) complexes. Here, we show that the CD of furin binds the μ subunits of AP-1 and AP-2 in a phosphorylation-dependent manner. Moreover, we identify a potential PSAC in a cytoplasmic loop of the cellular transmembrane Serinc3, an inhibitor of the infectivity of retroviruses. The two serines within the PSAC of Serinc3 are phosphorylated by casein kinase II and mediate interaction with the μ subunits in vitro The sites of these serines vary among mammals in a manner suggesting host-pathogen conflict, yet the Serinc3 PSAC seems dispensable for anti-HIV activity and for counteraction by HIV-1 Nef. The CDs of Vpu and furin and the PSAC-containing loop of Serinc3 each bind the μ subunit of AP-2 (μ2) with similar affinities, but they appear to utilize different basic regions on μ2. The Serinc3 loop requires a region previously reported to bind the acidic plasma membrane lipid phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate. These data suggest that the PSACs within different proteins recognize different basic regions on the μ surface, providing the potential to inhibit the activity of viral proteins without necessarily affecting cellular protein trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajendra Singh
- From the Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093,
| | - Charlotte Stoneham
- From the Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Christopher Lim
- the Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06510
| | - Xiaofei Jia
- the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Massachusetts, Dartmouth, Massachusetts 02747
| | - Javier Guenaga
- the Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, and
| | - Richard Wyatt
- the Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, and
| | - Joel O Wertheim
- From the Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Yong Xiong
- the Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06510
| | - John Guatelli
- From the Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, .,the Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California 92161
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20
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Managuli RS, Raut SY, Reddy MS, Mutalik S. Targeting the intestinal lymphatic system: a versatile path for enhanced oral bioavailability of drugs. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2018; 15:787-804. [PMID: 30025212 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2018.1503249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The major challenge of first pass metabolism in oral drug delivery can be surmounted by directing delivery toward intestinal lymphatic system (ILS). ILS circumvents the liver and transports drug directly into systemic circulation via thoracic duct. Lipid and polymeric nanoparticles are transported into ILS through lacteal and Peyer's patches. Moreover, surface modification of nanoparticles with ligand which is specific for Peyer's patches enhances the uptake of drugs into ILS. Bioavailability enhancement by lymphatic uptake is an advantageous approach adopted by scientists today. Therefore, it is important to understand clear insight of ILS in targeted drug delivery and challenges involved in it. AREAS COVERED Current review includes an overview of ILS, factors governing lymphatic transport of nanoparticles and absorption mechanism of lipid and polymeric nanoparticles into ILS. Various ligands used to target Peyer's patch and their conjugation strategies to nanoparticles are explained in detail. In vitro and in vivo models used to assess intestinal lymphatic transport of molecules are discussed further. EXPERT OPINION Although ILS offers a versatile pathway for nanotechnology based targeted drug delivery, extensive investigations on validation of the lymphatic transport models and on the strategies for gastric protection of targeted nanocarriers have to be perceived in for excellent performance of ILS in oral drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renuka Suresh Managuli
- a Department of Pharmaceutics , Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education , Manipal Karnataka State , India
| | - Sushil Yadaorao Raut
- a Department of Pharmaceutics , Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education , Manipal Karnataka State , India
| | - Meka Sreenivasa Reddy
- a Department of Pharmaceutics , Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education , Manipal Karnataka State , India
| | - Srinivas Mutalik
- a Department of Pharmaceutics , Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education , Manipal Karnataka State , India
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21
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Smith RW, Moccia RD, Seymour CB, Mothersill CE. Irradiation of rainbow trout at early life stages results in a proteomic legacy in adult gills. Part A; proteomic responses in the irradiated fish and in non-irradiated bystander fish. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2018; 163:297-306. [PMID: 29463416 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to a single 0.5 Gy X-ray dose of eggs at 48 h after fertilisation (48 h egg), eyed eggs, yolk sac larvae (YSL) and first feeders induces a legacy effect in adult rainbow trout. This includes the transmission of a bystander effect to non-irradiated adult trout which had swam with the irradiated fish. The aim of this study was to investigate this legacy by analysing the gill proteome of these irradiated and bystander fish. Irradiation at all of the early life stages resulted in changes to proteins which play a key role in development but are also known to be anti-tumorigenic and anti-oxidant: upregulation of haemoglobin subunit beta (48 h egg), haemoglobin, serum albumin 1 precursor (eyed eggs), clathrin heavy chain 1 isoform X10 (eyed eggs and first feeders), and actin-related protein 2/3 complex subunit 4 (first feeders), downregulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase, histone 1 (48 h egg), triosephosphate isomerase (TPI), collagen alpha-1(1) chain like proteins (YSL), pyruvate kinase PKM-like protein (YSL and first feeders), ubiquitin-40S ribosomal proteins S27 and eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4 A isoform 1B (first feeders). However irradiation of YSL and first feeders (post hatching early life stages) also induced proteomic changes which have a complex relationship with tumorigenesis or cancer progression; downregulation of alpha-1-antiprotease-like protein precursor, vigilin isoform X2 and nucleoside diphosphate kinase (YSL) and upregulation of hyperosmotic glycine rich protein (first feeders). In bystander fish some proteomic changes were similar to those induced by irradiation: upregulation of haemoglobin subunit beta (48 h egg), haemoglobin (eyed eggs), actin-related protein 2/3 complex subunit 4, hyperosmotic glycine rich protein (first feeders), and downregulation of alpha-1-antiprotease-like protein, vigilin isoform X2, nucleoside diphosphate kinase (YSL), pyruvate kinase PKM-like protein and ubiquitin-40S ribosomal protein S27a-like (first feeders). Other proteomic changes were unique to bystander fish; downregulation of TPI, ubiquitin-40S ribosomal protein S2 (eyed egg), cofilin-2, cold-inducible RNA-binding protein B-like isoform X3 (YSL) and superoxide dismutase (first feeder), and upregulation of haemoglobin subunit alpha, collagen 1a1 precursor, apolipoprotein A-1-1 and A-1-2 precursor (first feeders). These bystander effect proteomic changes have been shown to be overwhelmingly anti-tumorigenic or protective of the fish gill.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard W Smith
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph Ontario Canada; Department of Medical Physics and Applied Radiation Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton Ontario Canada.
| | - Richard D Moccia
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph Ontario Canada
| | - Colin B Seymour
- Department of Medical Physics and Applied Radiation Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton Ontario Canada
| | - Carmel E Mothersill
- Department of Medical Physics and Applied Radiation Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton Ontario Canada
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22
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Zhao J, Stenzel MH. Entry of nanoparticles into cells: the importance of nanoparticle properties. Polym Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py01603d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge of the interactions between nanoparticles (NPs) and cell membranes is of great importance for the design of safe and efficient nanomedicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiacheng Zhao
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design
- The University of New South Wales
- Sydney
- Australia
- School of Chemical Engineering
| | - Martina H. Stenzel
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design
- The University of New South Wales
- Sydney
- Australia
- School of Chemistry
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23
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Kong Y, Hanna MES, Zhuo D, Chang KG, Bozorg-Grayeli T, Melosh NA. Self-Assembly of Mesoscale Artificial Clathrin Mimics. ACS NANO 2017; 11:9889-9897. [PMID: 28921943 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b03739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Fluidic control and sampling in complex environments is an important process in biotechnology, materials synthesis, and microfluidics. An elegant solution to this problem has evolved in nature through cellular endocytosis, where the dynamic recruitment, self-assembly, and spherical budding of clathrin proteins allows cells to sample their external environment. Yet despite the importance and utility of endocytosis, artificial systems which can replicate this dynamic behavior have not been developed. Guided by clathrin's unusual structure, we created simplified metallic microparticles that capture the three-legged shape, particle curvature, and interfacial attachment characteristics of clathrin. These artificial clathrin mimics successfully recreate biomimetic analogues of clathrin's recruitment, assembly, and budding, ultimately forming extended networks at fluid interfaces and invaginating immiscible phases into spheres under external fields. Particle curvature was discovered to be a critical structural motif, greatly limiting irreversible aggregation and inducing the legs' selective tip-to-tip attraction. This architecture provides a template for a class of active self-assembly units to drive structural and dimensional transformations of liquid-liquid interfaces and microscale fluidic sampling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Kong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University , 476 Lomita Mall, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Mina-Elraheb S Hanna
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University , 476 Lomita Mall, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Denys Zhuo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University , 476 Lomita Mall, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Katherine G Chang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University , 476 Lomita Mall, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Tara Bozorg-Grayeli
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University , 476 Lomita Mall, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Nicholas A Melosh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University , 476 Lomita Mall, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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Herman E, Siegesmund MA, Bottery MJ, van Aerle R, Shather MM, Caler E, Dacks JB, van der Giezen M. Membrane Trafficking Modulation during Entamoeba Encystation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12854. [PMID: 28993644 PMCID: PMC5634486 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12875-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Entamoeba histolytica is an intestinal parasite that infects 50-100 million people and causes up to 55,000 deaths annually. The transmissive form of E. histolytica is the cyst, with a single infected individual passing up to 45 million cysts per day, making cyst production an attractive target for infection control. Lectins and chitin are secreted to form the cyst wall, although little is known about the underlying membrane trafficking processes supporting encystation. As E. histolytica does not readily form cysts in vitro, we assessed membrane trafficking gene expression during encystation in the closely related model Entamoeba invadens. Genes involved in secretion are up-regulated during cyst formation, as are some trans-Golgi network-to-endosome trafficking genes. Furthermore, endocytic and general trafficking genes are up-regulated in the mature cyst, potentially preserved as mRNA in preparation for excystation. Two divergent dynamin-related proteins found in Entamoeba are predominantly expressed during cyst formation. Phylogenetic analyses indicate that they are paralogous to, but quite distinct from, classical dynamins found in human, suggesting that they may be potential drug targets to block encystation. The membrane-trafficking machinery is clearly regulated during encystation, providing an additional facet to understanding this crucial parasitic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Herman
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, T6G 2H7, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Michael J Bottery
- Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Ronny van Aerle
- Biosciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries, and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Barrack Road, The Nothe, Weymouth, Dorset, DT4 8UB, UK
| | | | - Elisabet Caler
- J. Craig Venter Institute, 9714 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 6701, Rockledge Drive, Room 9144, Bethesda, MD, 20892-7950, USA
| | - Joel B Dacks
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, T6G 2H7, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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Behzadi S, Serpooshan V, Tao W, Hamaly MA, Alkawareek MY, Dreaden EC, Brown D, Alkilany AM, Farokhzad OC, Mahmoudi M. Cellular uptake of nanoparticles: journey inside the cell. Chem Soc Rev 2017; 46:4218-4244. [PMID: 28585944 PMCID: PMC5593313 DOI: 10.1039/c6cs00636a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1349] [Impact Index Per Article: 192.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Nanoscale materials are increasingly found in consumer goods, electronics, and pharmaceuticals. While these particles interact with the body in myriad ways, their beneficial and/or deleterious effects ultimately arise from interactions at the cellular and subcellular level. Nanoparticles (NPs) can modulate cell fate, induce or prevent mutations, initiate cell-cell communication, and modulate cell structure in a manner dictated largely by phenomena at the nano-bio interface. Recent advances in chemical synthesis have yielded new nanoscale materials with precisely defined biochemical features, and emerging analytical techniques have shed light on nuanced and context-dependent nano-bio interactions within cells. In this review, we provide an objective and comprehensive account of our current understanding of the cellular uptake of NPs and the underlying parameters controlling the nano-cellular interactions, along with the available analytical techniques to follow and track these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahed Behzadi
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Endocytosis of Wingless via a dynamin-independent pathway is necessary for signaling in Drosophila wing discs. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E6993-E7002. [PMID: 27791132 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1610565113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocytosis of ligand-receptor complexes regulates signal transduction during development. In particular, clathrin and dynamin-dependent endocytosis has been well studied in the context of patterning of the Drosophila wing disc, wherein apically secreted Wingless (Wg) encounters its receptor, DFrizzled2 (DFz2), resulting in a distinctive dorso-ventral pattern of signaling outputs. Here, we directly track the endocytosis of Wg and DFz2 in the wing disc and demonstrate that Wg is endocytosed from the apical surface devoid of DFz2 via a dynamin-independent CLIC/GEEC pathway, regulated by Arf1, Garz, and class I PI3K. Subsequently, Wg containing CLIC/GEEC endosomes fuse with DFz2-containing vesicles derived from the clathrin and dynamin-dependent endocytic pathway, which results in a low pH-dependent transfer of Wg to DFz2 within the merged and acidified endosome to initiate Wg signaling. The employment of two distinct endocytic pathways exemplifies a mechanism wherein cells in tissues leverage multiple endocytic pathways to spatially regulate signaling.
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de León N, Valdivieso MH. The long life of an endocytic patch that misses AP-2. Curr Genet 2016; 62:765-770. [PMID: 27126383 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-016-0605-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Endocytosis is the process by which cells regulate extracellular fluid uptake and internalize molecules bound to their plasma membrane. This process requires the generation of protein-coated vesicles. In clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) the assembly polypeptide 2 (AP-2) adaptor facilitates rapid endocytosis of some plasma membrane receptors by mediating clathrin recruitment to the endocytic site and by connecting cargoes to the clathrin coat. While this adaptor is essential for early embryonic development in mammals, initial results suggested that it is dispensable for endocytosis in unicellular eukaryotes. The drastic effect of depleting AP-2 in metazoa and the mild effect of deleting AP-2 subunits in Saccharomyces cerevisiae have prevented a detailed analysis of the dynamics of endocytic patches in the absence of this adaptor. Using live-cell imaging of Schizosaccharomyces pombe endocytic sites we have shown that eliminating AP-2 perturbs the dynamics of endocytic patches beyond the moment of coat assembly. These perturbations affect the cell growth pattern and cell wall synthesis. Our results highlight the importance of using different model organisms to address the study of conserved aspects of CME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagore de León
- Departamento de Microbiología y Genética/Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica (IBFG), University of Salamanca/CSIC, Calle Zacarías González 2, 37007, Salamanca, Spain.,Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PS, UK
| | - M-Henar Valdivieso
- Departamento de Microbiología y Genética/Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica (IBFG), University of Salamanca/CSIC, Calle Zacarías González 2, 37007, Salamanca, Spain.
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28
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Aires A, Ocampo SM, Simões BM, Josefa Rodríguez M, Cadenas JF, Couleaud P, Spence K, Latorre A, Miranda R, Somoza Á, Clarke RB, Carrascosa JL, Cortajarena AL. Multifunctionalized iron oxide nanoparticles for selective drug delivery to CD44-positive cancer cells. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 27:065103. [PMID: 26754042 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/27/6/065103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Nanomedicine nowadays offers novel solutions in cancer therapy and diagnosis by introducing multimodal treatments and imaging tools in one single formulation. Nanoparticles acting as nanocarriers change the solubility, biodistribution and efficiency of therapeutic molecules, reducing their side effects. In order to successfully apply these novel therapeutic approaches, efforts are focused on the biological functionalization of the nanoparticles to improve the selectivity towards cancer cells. In this work, we present the synthesis and characterization of novel multifunctionalized iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) with antiCD44 antibody and gemcitabine derivatives, and their application for the selective treatment of CD44-positive cancer cells. The lymphocyte homing receptor CD44 is overexpressed in a large variety of cancer cells, but also in cancer stem cells (CSCs) and circulating tumor cells (CTCs). Therefore, targeting CD44-overexpressing cells is a challenging and promising anticancer strategy. Firstly, we demonstrate the targeting of antiCD44 functionalized MNPs to different CD44-positive cancer cell lines using a CD44-negative non-tumorigenic cell line as a control, and verify the specificity by ultrastructural characterization and downregulation of CD44 expression. Finally, we show the selective drug delivery potential of the MNPs by the killing of CD44-positive cancer cells using a CD44-negative non-tumorigenic cell line as a control. In conclusion, the proposed multifunctionalized MNPs represent an excellent biocompatible nanoplatform for selective CD44-positive cancer therapy in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Aires
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia (IMDEA Nanociencia), Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain. CNB-CSIC-IMDEA Nanociencia Associated Unit, Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
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Cellular mechanism of oral absorption of solidified polymer micelles. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2015; 11:1993-2002. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2015.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Revised: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Fölsch H. Role of the epithelial cell-specific clathrin adaptor complex AP-1B in cell polarity. CELLULAR LOGISTICS 2015; 5:e1074331. [PMID: 27057418 DOI: 10.1080/21592799.2015.1074331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial cells are important for organ development and function. To this end, they polarize their plasma membrane into biochemically and physically distinct membrane domains. The apical membrane faces the luminal site of an organ and the basolateral domain is in contact with the basement membrane and neighboring cells. To establish and maintain this polarity it is important that newly synthesized and endocytic cargos are correctly sorted according to their final destinations at either membrane. Sorting takes place at one of 2 major sorting stations in the cells, the trans-Golgi network (TGN) and recycling endosomes (REs). Polarized sorting may involve epithelial cell-specific sorting adaptors like the AP-1B clathrin adaptor complex. AP-1B facilitates basolateral sorting from REs. This review will discuss various aspects of basolateral sorting in epithelial cells with a special emphasis on AP-1B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike Fölsch
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology; Northwestern University; Feinberg School of Medicine ; Chicago, IL USA
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31
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Gao Q, Liao M, Wang Y, Li B, Zhang Z, Rong X, Chen G, Wang L. Transcriptome Analysis and Discovery of Genes Involved in Immune Pathways from Coelomocytes of Sea Cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus) after Vibrio splendidus Challenge. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:16347-77. [PMID: 26193268 PMCID: PMC4519954 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160716347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Revised: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Vibrio splendidus is identified as one of the major pathogenic factors for the skin ulceration syndrome in sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus), which has vastly limited the development of the sea cucumber culture industry. In order to screen the immune genes involving Vibrio splendidus challenge in sea cucumber and explore the molecular mechanism of this process, the related transcriptome and gene expression profiling of resistant and susceptible biotypes of sea cucumber with Vibrio splendidus challenge were collected for analysis. A total of 319,455,942 trimmed reads were obtained, which were assembled into 186,658 contigs. After that, 89,891 representative contigs (without isoform) were clustered. The analysis of the gene expression profiling identified 358 differentially expression genes (DEGs) in the bacterial-resistant group, and 102 DEGs in the bacterial-susceptible group, compared with that in control group. According to the reported references and annotation information from BLAST, GO and KEGG, 30 putative bacterial-resistant genes and 19 putative bacterial-susceptible genes were identified from DEGs. The qRT-PCR results were consistent with the RNA-Seq results. Furthermore, many DGEs were involved in immune signaling related pathways, such as Endocytosis, Lysosome, MAPK, Chemokine and the ERBB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Gao
- Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China.
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Meijie Liao
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Yingeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Bin Li
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Xiaojun Rong
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Guiping Chen
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Lan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
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Knipper M, Panford-Walsh R, Singer W, Rüttiger L, Zimmermann U. Specific synaptopathies diversify brain responses and hearing disorders: you lose the gain from early life. Cell Tissue Res 2015; 361:77-93. [PMID: 25843689 PMCID: PMC4487345 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-015-2168-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Before hearing onset, inner hair cell (IHC) maturation proceeds under the influence of spontaneous Ca(2+) action potentials (APs). The temporal signature of the IHC Ca(2+) AP is modified through an efferent cholinergic feedback from the medial olivocochlear bundle (MOC) and drives the IHC pre- and post-synapse phenotype towards low spontaneous (spike) rate (SR), high-threshold characteristics. With sensory experience, the IHC pre- and post-synapse phenotype matures towards the instruction of low-SR, high-threshold and of high-SR, low-threshold auditory fiber characteristics. Corticosteroid feedback together with local brain-derived nerve growth factor (BDNF) and catecholaminergic neurotransmitters (dopamine) might be essential for this developmental step. In this review, we address the question of whether the control of low-SR and high-SR fiber characteristics is linked to various degrees of vulnerability of auditory fibers in the mature system. In particular, we examine several IHC synaptopathies in the context of various hearing disorders and exemplified shortfalls before and after hearing onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlies Knipper
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Tübingen Hearing Research Center (THRC), Molecular Physiology of Hearing, University of Tübingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Straße 5, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Wibke Singer
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Tübingen Hearing Research Center (THRC), Molecular Physiology of Hearing, University of Tübingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Straße 5, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Lukas Rüttiger
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Tübingen Hearing Research Center (THRC), Molecular Physiology of Hearing, University of Tübingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Straße 5, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ulrike Zimmermann
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Tübingen Hearing Research Center (THRC), Molecular Physiology of Hearing, University of Tübingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Straße 5, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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Yap CC, Winckler B. Adapting for endocytosis: roles for endocytic sorting adaptors in directing neural development. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:119. [PMID: 25904845 PMCID: PMC4389405 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Proper cortical development depends on the orchestrated actions of a multitude of guidance receptors and adhesion molecules and their downstream signaling. The levels of these receptors on the surface and their precise locations can greatly affect guidance outcomes. Trafficking of receptors to a particular surface locale and removal by endocytosis thus feed crucially into the final guidance outcomes. In addition, endocytosis of receptors can affect downstream signaling (both quantitatively and qualitatively) and regulated endocytosis of guidance receptors is thus an important component of ensuring proper neural development. We will discuss the cell biology of regulated endocytosis and the impact on neural development. We focus our discussion on endocytic accessory proteins (EAPs) (such as numb and disabled) and how they regulate endocytosis and subsequent post-endocytic trafficking of their cognate receptors (such as Notch, TrkB, β-APP, VLDLR, and ApoER2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan Choo Yap
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Bettina Winckler
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia Charlottesville, VA, USA
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Kienzle C, von Blume J. Secretory cargo sorting at the trans-Golgi network. Trends Cell Biol 2014; 24:584-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2014.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Kowalewski-Nimmerfall E, Schähs P, Maresch D, Rendic D, Krämer H, Mach L. Drosophila melanogaster cellular repressor of E1A-stimulated genes is a lysosomal protein essential for fly development. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2014; 1843:2900-12. [PMID: 25173815 PMCID: PMC4331662 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2014.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Revised: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian cellular repressor of E1A-stimulated genes is a lysosomal glycoprotein implicated in cellular growth and differentiation. The genome of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster encodes a putative orthologue (dCREG), suggesting evolutionarily conserved physiological functions of this protein. In D. melanogaster S2 cells, dCREG was found to localize in lysosomes. Further studies revealed that intracellular dCREG is subject of proteolytic maturation. Processing and turnover could be substantially reduced by RNAi-mediated silencing of cathepsin L. In contrast to mammalian cells, lysosomal delivery of dCREG does not depend on its carbohydrate moiety. Furthermore, depletion of the putative D. melanogaster lysosomal sorting receptor lysosomal enzyme receptor protein did not compromise cellular retention of dCREG. We also investigated the developmental consequences of dCREG ablation in whole D. melanogaster flies. Ubiquitous depletion of dCREG proved lethal at the late pupal stage once a knock-down efficiency of > 95% was achieved. These results demonstrate that dCREG is essential for proper completion of fly development. The lysosomal localization of CREG is evolutionarily conserved. Lysosomal delivery of CREG is mediated by different mechanisms in mammals and flies. Cathepsin L is the main protease responsible for CREG processing and turnover. CREG deficiency causes developmental lethality in D. melanogaster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Kowalewski-Nimmerfall
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Philipp Schähs
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniel Maresch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Dubravko Rendic
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Helmut Krämer
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-9111, USA; Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-9111, USA
| | - Lukas Mach
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria.
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Paul P, Simm S, Mirus O, Scharf KD, Fragkostefanakis S, Schleiff E. The complexity of vesicle transport factors in plants examined by orthology search. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97745. [PMID: 24844592 PMCID: PMC4028247 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Vesicle transport is a central process to ensure protein and lipid distribution in eukaryotic cells. The current knowledge on the molecular components and mechanisms of this process is majorly based on studies in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Arabidopsis thaliana, which revealed 240 different proteinaceous factors either experimentally proven or predicted to be involved in vesicle transport. In here, we performed an orthologue search using two different algorithms to identify the components of the secretory pathway in yeast and 14 plant genomes by using the 'core-set' of 240 factors as bait. We identified 4021 orthologues and (co-)orthologues in the discussed plant species accounting for components of COP-II, COP-I, Clathrin Coated Vesicles, Retromers and ESCRTs, Rab GTPases, Tethering factors and SNAREs. In plants, we observed a significantly higher number of (co-)orthologues than yeast, while only 8 tethering factors from yeast seem to be absent in the analyzed plant genomes. To link the identified (co-)orthologues to vesicle transport, the domain architecture of the proteins from yeast, genetic model plant A. thaliana and agriculturally relevant crop Solanum lycopersicum has been inspected. For the orthologous groups containing (co-)orthologues from yeast, A. thaliana and S. lycopersicum, we observed the same domain architecture for 79% (416/527) of the (co-)orthologues, which documents a very high conservation of this process. Further, publically available tissue-specific expression profiles for a subset of (co-)orthologues found in A. thaliana and S. lycopersicum suggest that some (co-)orthologues are involved in tissue-specific functions. Inspection of localization of the (co-)orthologues based on available proteome data or localization predictions lead to the assignment of plastid- as well as mitochondrial localized (co-)orthologues of vesicle transport factors and the relevance of this is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puneet Paul
- Department of Biosciences Molecular Cell Biology of Plants
| | - Stefan Simm
- Department of Biosciences Molecular Cell Biology of Plants
| | - Oliver Mirus
- Department of Biosciences Molecular Cell Biology of Plants
| | | | | | - Enrico Schleiff
- Department of Biosciences Molecular Cell Biology of Plants
- Cluster of Excellence Frankfurt
- Center of Membrane Proteomics; Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Gonzalez A, Valeiras M, Sidransky E, Tayebi N. Lysosomal integral membrane protein-2: a new player in lysosome-related pathology. Mol Genet Metab 2014; 111:84-91. [PMID: 24389070 PMCID: PMC3924958 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2013.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Revised: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Lysosomes require the presence of many specialized proteins to facilitate their roles in cellular maintenance. One such protein that has proven to be an important player in the lysosomal field is lysosomal integral membrane protein-2 (LIMP-2), encoded by the gene SCARB2. LIMP-2 is required for the normal biogenesis and maintenance of lysosomes and endosomes and has been identified as the specific receptor for glucocerebrosidase, the enzyme deficient in Gaucher disease. Research into LIMP-2 and the SCARB2 gene indicate that it may be a factor contributing to the clinical heterogeneity seen among patients with Gaucher disease. Mutations in SCARB2 have also been identified as the cause of action myoclonus renal failure (AMRF), and in some cases progressive myoclonic epilepsy. A total of 14 disease-causing SCARB2 mutations have been identified to date. The role of LIMP-2 in human pathology has expanded with its identification as a component of the intercalated disk in cardiac muscle and as a receptor for specific enteroviruses, two unanticipated findings that reaffirm the myriad roles of lysosomal proteins. Studies into the full impact of LIMP-2 deficiency and the LIMP2/glucocerebrosidase molecular pathway will lead to a better understanding of disease pathogenesis in Gaucher disease and AMRF, and to new insights into lysosomal processing, trafficking and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Gonzalez
- Section on Molecular Neurogenetics, Medical Genetics Branch, NHGRI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mark Valeiras
- Section on Molecular Neurogenetics, Medical Genetics Branch, NHGRI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ellen Sidransky
- Section on Molecular Neurogenetics, Medical Genetics Branch, NHGRI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Nahid Tayebi
- Section on Molecular Neurogenetics, Medical Genetics Branch, NHGRI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Trafficking in neurons: Searching for new targets for Alzheimer's disease future therapies. Eur J Pharmacol 2013; 719:84-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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The role of clathrin in post-Golgi trafficking in Toxoplasma gondii. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77620. [PMID: 24147036 PMCID: PMC3795686 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Apicomplexan parasites are single eukaryotic cells with a highly polarised secretory system that contains unique secretory organelles (micronemes and rhoptries) that are required for host cell invasion. In contrast, the role of the endosomal system is poorly understood in these parasites. With many typical endocytic factors missing, we speculated that endocytosis depends exclusively on a clathrin-mediated mechanism. Intriguingly, in Toxoplasma gondii we were only able to observe the endogenous clathrin heavy chain 1 (CHC1) at the Golgi, but not at the parasite surface. For the functional characterisation of Toxoplasma gondii CHC1 we generated parasite mutants conditionally expressing the dominant negative clathrin Hub fragment and demonstrate that CHC1 is essential for vesicle formation at the trans-Golgi network. Consequently, the functional ablation of CHC1 results in Golgi aberrations, a block in the biogenesis of the unique secretory microneme and rhoptry organelles, and of the pellicle. However, we found no morphological evidence for clathrin mediating endocytosis in these parasites and speculate that they remodelled their vesicular trafficking system to adapt to an intracellular lifestyle.
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40
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de León N, Sharifmoghadam MR, Hoya M, Curto MÁ, Doncel C, Valdivieso MH. Regulation of cell wall synthesis by the clathrin light chain is essential for viability in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71510. [PMID: 23977061 PMCID: PMC3747244 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The regulation of cell wall synthesis by the clathrin light chain has been addressed. Schizosaccharomyces pombe clc1Δ mutant was inviable in the absence of osmotic stabilization; when grown in sorbitol-supplemented medium clc1Δ cells grew slowly, formed aggregates, and had strong defects in morphology. Additionally, clc1Δ cells exhibited an altered cell wall composition. A mutant that allowed modulating the amount of Clc1p was created to analyze in more detail the dependence of cell wall synthesis on clathrin. A 40% reduction in the amount of Clc1p did not affect acid phosphatase secretion and bulk lipid internalization. Under these conditions, β(1,3)glucan synthase activity and cell wall synthesis were reduced. Also, the delivery of glucan synthases to the cell surface, and the secretion of the Eng1p glucanase were defective. These results suggest that the defects in the cell wall observed in the conditional mutant were due to a defective secretion of enzymes involved in the synthesis/remodelling of this structure, rather than to their endocytosis. Our results show that a reduction in the amount of clathrin that has minor effects on general vesicle trafficking has a strong impact on cell wall synthesis, and suggest that this is the reason for the lethality of clc1Δ cells in the absence of osmotic stabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagore de León
- Departamento de Microbiología y Genética/IBFG, Universidad de Salamanca/CSIC, Salamanca, Spain
| | | | - Marta Hoya
- Departamento de Microbiología y Genética/IBFG, Universidad de Salamanca/CSIC, Salamanca, Spain
| | - M.-Ángeles Curto
- Departamento de Microbiología y Genética/IBFG, Universidad de Salamanca/CSIC, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Cristina Doncel
- Departamento de Microbiología y Genética/IBFG, Universidad de Salamanca/CSIC, Salamanca, Spain
| | - M.-Henar Valdivieso
- Departamento de Microbiología y Genética/IBFG, Universidad de Salamanca/CSIC, Salamanca, Spain
- * E-mail:
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41
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Abstract
The encoding of auditory information with indefatigable precision requires efficient resupply of vesicles at inner hair cell (IHC) ribbon synapses. Otoferlin, a transmembrane protein responsible for deafness in DFNB9 families, has been postulated to act as a calcium sensor for exocytosis as well as to be involved in rapid vesicle replenishment of IHCs. However, the molecular basis of vesicle recycling in IHCs is largely unknown. In the present study, we used high-resolution liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry to copurify otoferlin interaction partners in the mammalian cochlea. We identified multiple subunits of the adaptor protein complex AP-2 (CLAP), an essential component of clathrin-mediated endocytosis, as binding partners of otoferlin in rats and mice. The interaction between otoferlin and AP-2 was confirmed by coimmunoprecipitation. We also found that AP-2 interacts with myosin VI, another otoferlin binding partner important for clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME). The expression of AP-2 in IHCs was verified by reverse transcription PCR. Confocal microscopy experiments revealed that the expression of AP-2 and its colocalization with otoferlin is confined to mature IHCs. When CME was inhibited by blocking dynamin action, real-time changes in membrane capacitance showed impaired synaptic vesicle replenishment in mature but not immature IHCs. We suggest that an otoferlin-AP-2 interaction drives Ca(2+)- and stimulus-dependent compensating CME in mature IHCs.
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Abstract
Clathrin, a protein best known for its role in membrane trafficking, has been recognised for many years as localising to the spindle apparatus during mitosis, but its function at the spindle remained unclear. Recent work has better defined the role of clathrin in the function of the mitotic spindle and proposed that clathrin crosslinks the microtubules (MTs) comprising the kinetochore fibres (K-fibres) in the mitotic spindle. This mitotic function is unrelated to the role of clathrin in membrane trafficking and occurs in partnership with two other spindle proteins: transforming acidic coiled-coil protein 3 (TACC3) and colonic hepatic tumour overexpressed gene (ch-TOG; also known as cytoskeleton-associated protein 5, CKAP5). This review summarises the role of clathrin in mitotic spindle organisation with an emphasis on the recent discovery of the TACC3-ch-TOG-clathrin complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Royle
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
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Papademetriou J, Garnacho C, Serrano D, Bhowmick T, Schuchman EH, Muro S. Comparative binding, endocytosis, and biodistribution of antibodies and antibody-coated carriers for targeted delivery of lysosomal enzymes to ICAM-1 versus transferrin receptor. J Inherit Metab Dis 2013; 36:467-77. [PMID: 22968581 PMCID: PMC3556357 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-012-9534-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2012] [Revised: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 08/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Targeting lysosomal enzymes to receptors involved in transport into and across cells holds promise to enhance peripheral and brain delivery of enzyme replacement therapies (ERTs) for lysosomal storage disorders. Receptors being explored include those associated with clathrin-mediated pathways, yet other pathways seem also viable. Well characterized examples are that of transferrin receptor (TfR) and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), involved in iron transport and leukocyte extravasation, respectively. TfR and ICAM-1 support ERT delivery via clathrin- vs. cell adhesion molecule-mediated mechanisms, displaying different valency and size restrictions. To comparatively assess this, we used antibodies vs. larger multivalent antibody-coated carriers and evaluated TfR vs. ICAM-1 binding and endocytosis in endothelial cells, as well as in vivo biodistribution and delivery of a model lysosomal enzyme required in peripheral organs and brain: acid sphingomyelinase (ASM), deficient in types A-B Niemann Pick disease. We found similar binding of antibodies to both receptors under control conditions, with enhanced binding to activated endothelium for ICAM-1, yet only anti-TfR induced endocytosis efficiently. Contrarily, antibody-coated carriers showed enhanced binding, engulfment, and endocytosis for ICAM-1. In mice, anti-TfR enhanced brain targeting over anti-ICAM, with an opposite outcome in the lungs, while carriers enhanced ICAM-1 targeting over TfR in both organs. Both targeted carriers enhanced ASM delivery to the brain and lungs vs. free ASM, with greater enhancement for anti-ICAM carriers. Therefore, targeting TfR or ICAM-1 improves lysosomal enzyme delivery. Yet, TfR targeting may be more efficient for smaller conjugates or fusion proteins, while ICAM-1 targeting seems superior for multivalent carrier formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Papademetriou
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, University of Maryland College Park, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Carmen Garnacho
- Department of Normal and Pathological Cytology and Histology, School of Medicine, University of Seville, Seville 41009, Spain
| | - Daniel Serrano
- Department of Cell Biology & Molecular Genetics and Biological Sciences Graduate Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Tridib Bhowmick
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Edward H. Schuchman
- Department of Human Genetics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Silvia Muro
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, University of Maryland College Park, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed: Silvia Muro, Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, 5115 Plant Sciences Building, College Park, MD 20742-4450.
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44
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Eckler AM, Wilder C, Castanon A, Ferris VM, Lamere RA, Perrin BA, Pearlman R, White B, Byrd C, Ludvik N, Nichols N, Poole-Sumrall K, Sztul E, Styers ML. Haploinsufficiency of the Sec7 guanine nucleotide exchange factor gea1 impairs septation in fission yeast. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56807. [PMID: 23457617 PMCID: PMC3574105 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane trafficking is essential to eukaryotic life and is controlled by a complex network of proteins that regulate movement of proteins and lipids between organelles. The GBF1/GEA family of Guanine nucleotide Exchange Factors (GEFs) regulates trafficking between the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi by catalyzing the exchange of GDP for GTP on ADP Ribosylation Factors (Arfs). Activated Arfs recruit coat protein complex 1 (COP-I) to form vesicles that ferry cargo between these organelles. To further explore the function of the GBF1/GEA family, we have characterized a fission yeast mutant lacking one copy of the essential gene gea1 (gea1+/-), the Schizosaccharomyces pombe ortholog of GBF1. The haploinsufficient gea1+/- strain was shown to be sensitive to the GBF1 inhibitor brefeldin A (BFA) and was rescued from BFA sensitivity by gea1p overexpression. No overt defects in localization of arf1p or arf6p were observed in gea1+/- cells, but the fission yeast homolog of the COP-I cargo sac1 was mislocalized, consistent with impaired COP-I trafficking. Although Golgi morphology appeared normal, a slight increase in vacuolar size was observed in the gea1+/- mutant strain. Importantly, gea1+/- cells exhibited dramatic cytokinesis-related defects, including disorganized contractile rings, an increased septation index, and alterations in septum morphology. Septation defects appear to result from altered secretion of enzymes required for septum dynamics, as decreased secretion of eng1p, a β-glucanase required for septum breakdown, was observed in gea1+/- cells, and overexpression of eng1p suppressed the increased septation phenotype. These observations implicate gea1 in regulation of septum breakdown and establish S. pombe as a model system to explore GBF1/GEA function in cytokinesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan M. Eckler
- Department of Biology, Birmingham-Southern College, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Caroline Wilder
- Department of Biology, Birmingham-Southern College, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Antonio Castanon
- Department of Biology, Birmingham-Southern College, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Veronica M. Ferris
- Department of Biology, Birmingham-Southern College, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Rachael A. Lamere
- Department of Biology, Birmingham-Southern College, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Benjamin A. Perrin
- Department of Biology, Birmingham-Southern College, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Ross Pearlman
- Department of Biology, Birmingham-Southern College, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Blaise White
- Department of Biology, Birmingham-Southern College, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Clifton Byrd
- Department of Biology, Birmingham-Southern College, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Nicholas Ludvik
- Department of Biology, Birmingham-Southern College, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Nona Nichols
- Department of Biology, Birmingham-Southern College, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Kristen Poole-Sumrall
- Department of Biology, Birmingham-Southern College, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Sztul
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Melanie L. Styers
- Department of Biology, Birmingham-Southern College, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
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45
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Mitotic inhibition of clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 70:3423-33. [PMID: 23307073 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-1250-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Revised: 11/22/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Endocytosis and mitosis are fundamental processes in a cell's life. Nearly 50 years of research suggest that these processes are linked and that endocytosis is shut down as cells undergo the early stages of mitosis. Precisely how this occurs at the molecular level is an open question. In this review, we summarize the early work characterizing the inhibition of clathrin-mediated endocytosis and discuss recent challenges to this established concept. We also set out four proposed mechanisms for the inhibition: mitotic phosphorylation of endocytic proteins, altered membrane tension, moonlighting of endocytic proteins, and a mitotic spindle-dependent mechanism. Finally, we speculate on the functional consequences of endocytic shutdown during mitosis and where an understanding of the mechanism of inhibition will lead us in the future.
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46
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Takano M, Yamashita T, Nagano K, Otani M, Maekura K, Kamada H, Tsunoda SI, Tsutsumi Y, Tomiyama T, Mori H, Matsuura K, Matsuyama S. Proteomic analysis of the hippocampus in Alzheimer's disease model mice by using two-dimensional fluorescence difference in gel electrophoresis. Neurosci Lett 2012; 534:85-9. [PMID: 23276639 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2012.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2012] [Revised: 10/13/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We previously identified the E693Δ mutation in amyloid precursor protein (APP) in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and then generated APP-transgenic mice expressing this mutation. As these mice possessed abundant Aβ oligomers from 8 months of age but no amyloid plaques even at 24 months of age, they are a good model to study pathological effects of amyloid β (Aβ) oligomers. The two-dimensional fluorescence difference in gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE) technology, using a mixed-sample internal standard, is now recognized as an accurate method to determine and quantify proteins. In this study, we examined the proteins for which levels were altered in the hippocampus of 12-month-old APP(E693Δ)-transgenic mice using 2D-DIGE and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Fourteen proteins were significantly changed in the hippocampus of APP(E693Δ)-transgenic mice. Actin cytoplasmic 1 (β-actin), heat shock cognate 71kDa, γ-enolase, ATP synthase subunit β, tubulin β-2A chain, clathrin light chain B (clathrin) and dynamin-1 were increased. Heat shock-related 70kDa protein 2, neurofilament light polypeptide (NFL), stress-induced-phosphoprotein 2, 60kDa heat shock protein (HSP60), α-internexin, protein kinase C and casein kinase substrate in neurons protein 1 (Pacsin 1), α-enolase and β-actin were decreased. Western blotting also validated the changed levels of HSP60, NFL, clathrin and Pacsin 1 in APP(E693Δ)-transgenic mice. The identified proteins could be classified as cytoskeleton, chaperons, neurotransmission, energy supply and signal transduction. Thus, proteomics by 2D-DIGE and LC-MS/MS has provided knowledge of the levels of proteins in the early stages of AD brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaoki Takano
- Laboratory of Molecular Cellular Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, 1-1-3 Minatojima, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-8586, Japan
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47
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Melkebeek V, Rasschaert K, Bellot P, Tilleman K, Favoreel H, Deforce D, De Geest BG, Goddeeris BM, Cox E. Targeting aminopeptidase N, a newly identified receptor for F4ac fimbriae, enhances the intestinal mucosal immune response. Mucosal Immunol 2012; 5:635-45. [PMID: 22669578 PMCID: PMC7100037 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2012.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2011] [Accepted: 03/30/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) are a major cause of diarrhea in human and animal. In piglets, ETEC having F4 fimbriae (F4(+) ETEC) induce severe diarrhea, dependent on the presence of receptors for F4 (F4R). In this study, porcine aminopeptidase N (pAPN) was identified as an F4R by comparative proteomic analysis of brush border proteins of F4R(+) and F4R(-) pigs and by adherence/internalization experiments on pAPN-transfected cells. Binding of F4 fimbriae to pAPN depended on sialic acid containing carbohydrate moieties, and resulted in clathrin-mediated endocytosis of the fimbriae. Endocytosis via pAPN was not restricted to F4 fimbriae, but was also observed for anti-pAPN antibodies. Both F4 fimbriae- and pAPN-specific antibodies were taken up in vivo by porcine enterocytes and induced subsequently a rapid immunoglobulin A and G response. In conclusion, we identified pAPN as an endocytotic receptor for F4 fimbriae and highlight the opportunity to target vaccine antigens to this epithelial receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Melkebeek
- Laboratory of Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.
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48
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Pignatelli J, Jones MC, LaLonde DP, Turner CE. Beta2-adaptin binds actopaxin and regulates cell spreading, migration and matrix degradation. PLoS One 2012; 7:e46228. [PMID: 23056266 PMCID: PMC3462795 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell adhesion to the extracellular matrix is a key event in cell migration and invasion and endocytic trafficking of adhesion receptors and signaling proteins plays a major role in regulating these processes. Beta2-adaptin is a subunit of the AP-2 complex and is involved in clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Herein, β2-adaptin is shown to bind to the focal adhesion protein actopaxin and localize to focal adhesions during cells spreading in an actopaxin dependent manner. Furthermore, β2-adaptin is enriched in adhesions at the leading edge of migrating cells and depletion of β2-adaptin by RNAi increases cell spreading and inhibits directional cell migration via a loss of cellular polarity. Knockdown of β2-adaptin in both U2OS osteosarcoma cells and MCF10A normal breast epithelial cells promotes the formation of matrix degrading invadopodia, adhesion structures linked to invasive migration in cancer cells. These data therefore suggest that actopaxin-dependent recruitment of the AP-2 complex, via an interaction with β2-adaptin, to focal adhesions mediates cell polarity and migration and that β2-adaptin may control the balance between the formation of normal cell adhesions and invasive adhesion structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanine Pignatelli
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, United States of America
| | - Matthew C. Jones
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, United States of America
| | - David P. LaLonde
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Christopher E. Turner
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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49
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Luan S, Ilvarsonn AM, Eissenberg JC. The unique GGA clathrin adaptor of Drosophila melanogaster is not essential. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45163. [PMID: 23028818 PMCID: PMC3447878 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2012] [Accepted: 08/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Golgi-localized, γ-ear-containing, ARF binding proteins (GGAs) are a highly conserved family of monomeric clathrin adaptor proteins implicated in clathrin-mediated protein sorting between the trans-Golgi network and endosomes. GGA RNAi knockdowns in Drosophila have resulted in conflicting data concerning whether the Drosophila GGA (dGGA) is essential. The goal of this study was to define the null phenotype for the unique Drosophila GGA. We describe two independently derived dGGA mutations. Neither allele expresses detectable dGGA protein. Homozygous and hemizygous flies with each allele are viable and fertile. In contrast to a previous report using RNAi knockdown, GGA mutant flies show no evidence of age-dependent retinal degeneration or cathepsin missorting. Our results demonstrate that several of the previous RNAi knockdown phenotypes were the result of off-target effects. However, GGA null flies are hypersensitive to dietary chloroquine and to starvation, implicating GGA in lysosomal function and autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Luan
- Department of Biology, Macelwane Hall, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Anne M. Ilvarsonn
- Department of Biology, Macelwane Hall, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Joel C. Eissenberg
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis, University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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50
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Schaeuble K, Hauser MA, Rippl AV, Bruderer R, Otero C, Groettrup M, Legler DF. Ubiquitylation of the chemokine receptor CCR7 enables efficient receptor recycling and cell migration. J Cell Sci 2012; 125:4463-74. [PMID: 22797918 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.097519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The chemokine receptor CCR7 is essential for lymphocyte and dendritic cell homing to secondary lymphoid organs. Owing to the ability to induce directional migration, CCR7 and its ligands CCL19 and CCL21 are pivotal for the regulation of the immune system. Here, we identify a novel function for receptor ubiquitylation in the regulation of the trafficking process of this G-protein-coupled seven transmembrane receptor. We discovered that CCR7 is ubiquitylated in a constitutive, ligand-independent manner and that receptor ubiquitylation regulates the basal trafficking of CCR7 in the absence of chemokine. Upon CCL19 binding, we show that internalized CCR7 recycles back to the plasma membrane via the trans-Golgi network. An ubiquitylation-deficient CCR7 mutant internalized normally after ligand binding, but inefficiently recycled in immune cells and was transiently retarded in the trans-Golgi network compartment of HEK293 transfectants. Finally, we demonstrate that the lack of CCR7 ubiquitylation profoundly impairs immune cell migration. Our results provide evidence for a novel function of receptor ubiquitylation in the regulation of CCR7 recycling and immune cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Schaeuble
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau (BITg) at the University of Konstanz, Unterseestrasse 47, CH-8280 Kreuzlingen, Switzerland
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