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Dou Y, Li C, Li L, Guo J, Zhang J. Bioresponsive drug delivery systems for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. J Control Release 2020; 327:641-666. [PMID: 32911014 PMCID: PMC7476894 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation is intimately related to the pathogenesis of numerous acute and chronic diseases like cardiovascular disease, inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore anti-inflammatory therapy is a very promising strategy for the prevention and treatment of these inflammatory diseases. To overcome the shortcomings of existing anti-inflammatory agents and their traditional formulations, such as nonspecific tissue distribution and uncontrolled drug release, bioresponsive drug delivery systems have received much attention in recent years. In this review, we first provide a brief introduction of the pathogenesis of inflammation, with an emphasis on representative inflammatory cells and mediators in inflammatory microenvironments that serve as pathological fundamentals for rational design of bioresponsive carriers. Then we discuss different materials and delivery systems responsive to inflammation-associated biochemical signals, such as pH, reactive oxygen species, and specific enzymes. Also, applications of various bioresponsive drug delivery systems in the treatment of typical acute and chronic inflammatory diseases are described. Finally, crucial challenges in the future development and clinical translation of bioresponsive anti-inflammatory drug delivery systems are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Dou
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Chenwen Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Lanlan Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China; Department of Chemistry, College of Basic Medicine, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Jiawei Guo
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China; Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Jianxiang Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China; Institute of Burn Research, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China.
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2
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Xing Y, Xu Z, Liu T, Shi L, Kohane D, Guo S. Synthesis of Poly(acyclic orthoester)s: Acid‐Sensitive Biomaterials for Enhancing Immune Responses of Protein Vaccine. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202001169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yumeng Xing
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and Institute of Polymer Chemistry College of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Zunkai Xu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and Institute of Polymer Chemistry College of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Tao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and Institute of Polymer Chemistry College of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Linqi Shi
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and Institute of Polymer Chemistry College of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Daniel Kohane
- Laboratory for Biomaterials and Drug Delivery Division of Critical Care Medicine Children's Hospital Boston Harvard Medical School 300 Longwood Avenue Boston MA 02115 USA
| | - Shutao Guo
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and Institute of Polymer Chemistry College of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
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3
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Xing Y, Xu Z, Liu T, Shi L, Kohane D, Guo S. Synthesis of Poly(acyclic orthoester)s: Acid-Sensitive Biomaterials for Enhancing Immune Responses of Protein Vaccine. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:7235-7239. [PMID: 32061182 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202001169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
While poly(acyclic orthoester)s (PAOEs) have many appealing features for drug delivery, their application is significantly hindered by a lack of facile synthetic methods. Reported here is a simple method for synthesizing acyclic diketene acetal monomers from diols and vinyl ether, and their polymerization with a diol to first synthesize PAOEs. The PAOEs rapidly hydrolyze at lysosomal pH. With the help of a cationic lipid, ovalbumin, a model vaccine antigen was efficiently loaded into PAOEs nanoparticles using a double emulsion method. These nanoparticles efficiently delivered ovalbumin into the cytosol of dendritic cells and demonstrated enhanced antigen presentation over poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles. PAOEs are promising vehicles for intracellular delivery of biopharmaceuticals and could increase the utility of poly(orthoesters) in biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumeng Xing
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Zunkai Xu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Tao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Linqi Shi
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Daniel Kohane
- Laboratory for Biomaterials and Drug Delivery, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Shutao Guo
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
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4
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Tschan MJ, Ieong NS, Todd R, Everson J, Dove AP. Unlocking the Potential of Poly(Ortho Ester)s: A General Catalytic Approach to the Synthesis of Surface-Erodible Materials. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:16664-16668. [PMID: 29087610 PMCID: PMC5814846 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201709934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Poly(ortho ester)s (POEs) are well-known for their surface-eroding properties and hence present unique opportunities for controlled-release and tissue-engineering applications. Their development and wide-spread investigation has, however, been severely limited by challenging synthetic requirements that incorporate unstable intermediates and are therefore highly irreproducible. Herein, the first catalytic method for the synthesis of POEs using air- and moisture-stable vinyl acetal precursors is presented. The synthesis of a range of POE structures is demonstrated, including those that are extremely difficult to achieve by other synthetic methods. Furthermore, application of this chemistry permits efficient installation of functional groups through ortho ester linkages on an aliphatic polycarbonate.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nga Sze Ieong
- Department of ChemistryThe University of WarwickCoventryCV4 7ALUK
| | - Richard Todd
- Department of ChemistryThe University of WarwickCoventryCV4 7ALUK
| | - Jack Everson
- Department of ChemistryThe University of WarwickCoventryCV4 7ALUK
| | - Andrew P. Dove
- Department of ChemistryThe University of WarwickCoventryCV4 7ALUK
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5
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Tschan MJL, Ieong NS, Todd R, Everson J, Dove AP. Unlocking the Potential of Poly(Ortho
Ester)s: A General Catalytic Approach to the Synthesis of Surface-Erodible Materials. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201709934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nga Sze Ieong
- Department of Chemistry; The University of Warwick; Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | - Richard Todd
- Department of Chemistry; The University of Warwick; Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | - Jack Everson
- Department of Chemistry; The University of Warwick; Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | - Andrew P. Dove
- Department of Chemistry; The University of Warwick; Coventry CV4 7AL UK
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Abstract
Due mainly to their poor stability and short plasma half-life, peptides are usually administered by injection, often several times daily. Injectable sustained-release formulations of peptides based on biodegradable polymer microparticles or implants early demonstrated the power of drug delivery technologies to enhance patient adherence and convenience, and increase safety and efficacy. Injectable sustained-release formulations are likely to remain a significant part of new peptide products. However, a new generation of technologies that enable solvent-free formulations and manufacturing processes, injection through narrow gauge needles and ready-to-use presentations will be increasingly used. In addition, the tremendous developments in noninvasive routes of delivery are likely to result in more and more peptides being delivered by the oral, transdermal, nasal or inhalation routes.
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Isikgor FH, Becer CR. Lignocellulosic biomass: a sustainable platform for the production of bio-based chemicals and polymers. Polym Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5py00263j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1492] [Impact Index Per Article: 165.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The ongoing research activities in the field of lignocellulosic biomass for production of value-added chemicals and polymers that can be utilized to replace petroleum-based materials are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - C. Remzi Becer
- School of Engineering and Materials Science
- Queen Mary University of London
- E1 4NS London
- UK
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8
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Hersey JS, Freedman JD, Grinstaff MW. Photoactive Electrospun Polymeric Meshes: Spatiotemporally Wetting of Textured 3-Dimensional Structures. J Mater Chem B 2014; 2:2974-2977. [PMID: 24921050 PMCID: PMC4048670 DOI: 10.1039/c4tb00143e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The preparation, characterization, and use of a UV responsive non-woven nanofiber polymeric mesh is reported that transitions from being hydrophobic to hydrophilic. Three distinct wetting profiles are observed during the wetting process. 3D hydrophilic cavities were created within the hydrophobic bulk material by using a photo mask to control the geometry and UV exposure time to control the depth of the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Hersey
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215
| | - J D Freedman
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215
| | - M W Grinstaff
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215
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Affiliation(s)
- Sindhu Doppalapudi
- Department of Pharmaceutics; National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER); Hyderabad 500037 India
| | - Anjali Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutics; National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER); Hyderabad 500037 India
| | - Wahid Khan
- Department of Pharmaceutics; National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER); Hyderabad 500037 India
- School of Pharmacy-Faculty of Medicine; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Jerusalem 91120 Israel
| | - Abraham J. Domb
- School of Pharmacy-Faculty of Medicine; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Jerusalem 91120 Israel
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10
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Zhang X, Zhang C, Zhang W, Meng S, Liu D, Wang P, Guo J, Li J, Guan Y, Yang D. Feasibility of poly (ϵ-caprolactone-co-DL-lactide) as a biodegradable material for in situ forming implants: evaluation of drug release and in vivo degradation. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2013; 41:342-52. [PMID: 24320881 DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2013.866140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the technical feasibility of poly (ϵ-caprolactone-co-DL-lactide), P (CL/DL-LA), for injectable in situ forming implants (ISFI). The ISFI was prepared by dissolving P (CL/DL-LA) in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), and Testosterone undecanoate (TU) was used as model drug. The effect of various polymer concentrations, molecular weights (Mws) and drug loads on the drug release from the TU-loaded ISFI systems was investigated in vitro. The release of TU-loaded ISFI was also evaluated in rats. In addition, a subcutaneous rabbit model was used to evaluate the degradation and foreign-body reaction of P (CL/DL-LA) ISFI. The use of higher concentration of P (CL/DL-LA) with higher molecule weight and larger CL:DL-LA monomer ratio for the TU-loaded ISFI gave a slower drug release. The ISFI of 80/20 P (CL/DL-LA) (Mw 61 753):NMP 20:80 with 16% TU formulation increased serum testosterone levels in rats over a period of three months. The in vivo degradation and biocompatibility study of ISFI shows that P (CL/DL-LA) degrades by a process of bulk degradation and that the foreign-body reaction of this biomaterial is relatively mild. In summary, our investigations demonstrate that in situ parenteral drug delivery systems can be obtained from P (CL/DL-LA) solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Zhang
- Liaoning Research Institute of Family Planning , Shenyang , People's Republic of China
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11
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Design and in vitro assessment of L-lactic acid-based copolymers as prodrug and carrier for intravitreal sustained L-lactate release to reverse retinal arteriolar occlusions. Eur J Pharm Sci 2013; 49:233-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2013.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Revised: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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12
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Song CC, Ji R, Du FS, Liang DH, Li ZC. Oxidation-Accelerated Hydrolysis of the Ortho Ester-Containing Acid-Labile Polymers. ACS Macro Lett 2013; 2:273-277. [PMID: 35581896 DOI: 10.1021/mz4000392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We report a versatile method to tune the hydrolysis of the ortho ester-containing block copolymers by covalently incorporating oxidation-sensitive phenylboronic ester units. A series of block copolymers which contain a polyethylene glycol (PEG) block and a hydrophobic segment composed of different amounts of pendent ortho ester and phenylboronic ester groups were synthesized. These copolymers can self-assemble into narrowly dispersed micelle-like nanoparticles in phosphate buffer. The kinetics of phenylboronic ester oxidation and ortho ester hydrolysis in the nanoparticles were studied at different pH and H2O2 concentration. The results indicated that the phenylboronic ester oxidation rate was faster than the ortho ester hydrolysis rate at neutral pH, and both processes were accelerated with increasing H2O2 concentration. Nanoparticles which are extremely sensitive to the biorelevant concentration of H2O2 (50 μM) at pH 7.4 were obtained, suggesting great promise for inflammation-specific drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Cheng Song
- Beijing National
Laboratory for Molecular Sciences,
Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education,
College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Ran Ji
- Beijing National
Laboratory for Molecular Sciences,
Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education,
College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Fu-Sheng Du
- Beijing National
Laboratory for Molecular Sciences,
Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education,
College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People’s Republic
of China
| | - De-Hai Liang
- Beijing National
Laboratory for Molecular Sciences,
Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education,
College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Zi-Chen Li
- Beijing National
Laboratory for Molecular Sciences,
Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education,
College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People’s Republic
of China
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13
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Li W, Chen WJ, Liu W, Liang L, Zhang MC. Homemade lyophilized cross linking amniotic sustained-release drug membrane with anti-scarring role after filtering surgery in rabbit eyes. Int J Ophthalmol 2012; 5:555-61. [PMID: 23166864 DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.2222-3959.2012.05.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the antifibrotic effect of the freeze-dried bilayered fibrin-binding amniotic membrane as a drug delivery system on glaucoma surgery in rabbit model. The aim of this study was to prepare a novel local delivery system for the sustained and controllable release of 5-Fu. METHODS Twenty-four Japanese white rabbits were randomized into three groups: the experimental group (ocular trabeculectomy in combination with 5-Fu loaded freeze-dried bilayered fibrin-binding amniotic membrane transplantation), the control group (ocular trabeculectomy in combination with 5-Fu) and the blank group (single trabeculectomy). HE staining, massion staining and immunohistochemistry for α-SMA were performed on days 7, 14, 21 and 30 following surgery. The concentration of 5-Fu in rabbit aqueous humor was examined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) 3 days after the surgery. RESULTS Statistical differences were noted in intraocular pressure among groups on day 7, 14, 21 and 30 following surgery. Histology further demonstrated that trabeculectomy in combination with freeze-dried bilayered fibrin-binding amniotic membrane yielded well wound healing and no scar formation and was beneficial for long term effect. CONCLUSION HPLC showed a good slow-release effect with freeze-dried bilayered fibrin-binding amniotic membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
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14
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Kempe S, Mäder K. In situ forming implants — an attractive formulation principle for parenteral depot formulations. J Control Release 2012; 161:668-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Revised: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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15
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Ndesendo VMK, Pillay V, Choonara YE, du Toit LC, Buchmann E, Kumar P, Khan RA, Meyer LC. Advanced preformulation investigations for the development of a lead intravaginal bioadhesive polymeric device. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2011; 38:271-93. [DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2011.598538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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16
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Kalantarian P, Haririan I, Najafabadi AR, Shokrgozar MA, Vatanara A. Entrapment of 5-fluorouracil into PLGA matrices using supercritical antisolvent processes. J Pharm Pharmacol 2011; 63:500-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.2010.01249.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
Two different supercritical antisolvent processes were performed to co-precipitate 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and poly(lactide-co-glycolide) simultaneously. 5-FU is a hydrophilic antitumor agent, and is more effective when administered at a lower dose for a longer period of time.
Methods
Controlled-release polymeric systems of 5-FU were produced, and morphology, thermal behavior, in-vitro release and cytotoxicity of microparticles were analysed.
Key findings
Dissolution studies showed that 33% of drug was released in 21 days, which represents a long-lasting profile. To evaluate the efficacy of the released drug on cancer cells, the MTT assay cytotoxicity test was performed using human lung carcinoma A549 cell lines. There was no significant difference between the cell inhibition rates of the released drug and unprocessed 5-FU at the same drug concentration level. IC50 values were 69.12 mg/ml for unprocessed 5-FU and 68.71 mg/ml for the released drug.
Conclusions
Application of supercritical processing for co-precipitation of 5-FU and PLGA provided mild and non-aqueous conditions, so the hydrophilic drug incorporated in the polymer had good stability during the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pardis Kalantarian
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | - Ismaeil Haririan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | | | | | - Alireza Vatanara
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran
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18
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Barar J, Javadzadeh AR, Omidi Y. Ocular novel drug delivery: impacts of membranes and barriers. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2008; 5:567-81. [PMID: 18491982 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.5.5.567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ocular drug delivery is an extremely challenging area due to its restrictive barrier functionalities. OBJECTIVE Drug transport via corneal/non-corneal routes involves several intricate biological processes such as drug penetration across the ocular barriers and transfer to the anterior or posterior chambers, thus the influence of these processes on the pharmacotherapy of the eye should be fully addressed. METHODS To pursue the impacts of such impediments in novel drug therapy, recent publications were reviewed regarding advanced strategies such as nanomedicines. CONCLUSION The ocular barriers are highly specialized and selectively control the inward/outward traverse of compounds, hence a better understanding of these biological obstacles would provide a platform to advance ophthalmic drug therapy towards specified delivery/targeting with minimal adverse consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaleh Barar
- Cellular & Molecular Pharmaceutics, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Research Centre for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz, Iran
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19
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Ražem D, Katušin-Ražem B. The effects of irradiation on controlled drug delivery/controlled drug release systems. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2007.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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20
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Biondi M, Ungaro F, Quaglia F, Netti PA. Controlled drug delivery in tissue engineering. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2008; 60:229-42. [PMID: 18031864 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2007.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2007] [Accepted: 08/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The concept of tissue and cell guidance is rapidly evolving as more information regarding the effect of the microenvironment on cellular function and tissue morphogenesis become available. These disclosures have lead to a tremendous advancement in the design of a new generation of multifunctional biomaterials able to mimic the molecular regulatory characteristics and the three-dimensional architecture of the native extracellular matrix. Micro- and nano-structured scaffolds able to sequester and deliver in a highly specific manner biomolecular moieties have already been proved to be effective in bone repairing, in guiding functional angiogenesis and in controlling stem cell differentiation. Although these platforms represent a first attempt to mimic the complex temporal and spatial microenvironment presented in vivo, an increased symbiosis of material engineering, drug delivery technology and cell and molecular biology may ultimately lead to biomaterials that encode the necessary signals to guide and control developmental process in tissue- and organ-specific differentiation and morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Biondi
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Biomaterials (CRIB), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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21
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Bourges JL, Touchard E, Kowalczuk L, Berdugo M, Thomas-Doyle A, Bochot A, Gomez A, Azan F, Gurny R, Behar-Cohen F. Dispositifs de délivrance de principes actifs pour des applications ophtalmologiques. J Fr Ophtalmol 2007; 30:1070-88. [DOI: 10.1016/s0181-5512(07)79290-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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22
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Kabanov AV. Polymer genomics: an insight into pharmacology and toxicology of nanomedicines. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2006; 58:1597-621. [PMID: 17126450 PMCID: PMC1853357 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2006.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2006] [Accepted: 09/29/2006] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic polymers and nanomaterials display selective phenotypic effects in cells and in the body signal transduction mechanisms involved in inflammation, differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis. When physically mixed or covalently conjugated with cytotoxic agents, bacterial DNA or antigens, polymers can drastically alter specific genetically controlled responses to these agents. These effects, in part, result from cooperative interactions of polymers and nanomaterials with plasma cell membranes and trafficking of polymers and nanomaterials to intracellular organelles. Cells and whole organism responses to these materials can be phenotype or genotype dependent. In selected cases, polymer agents can bypass limitations to biological responses imposed by the genotype, for example, phenotypic correction of immune response by polyelectrolytes. Overall, these effects are relatively benign as they do not result in cytotoxicity or major toxicities in the body. Collectively, however, these studies support the need for assessing pharmacogenomic effects of polymer materials to maximize clinical outcomes and understand the pharmacological and toxicological effects of polymer formulations of biological agents, i.e. polymer genomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V Kabanov
- Center for Drug Delivery and Nanomedicine and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Durham Research Center, 985830 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-5830, USA.
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Zaharoff DA, Rogers CJ, Hance KW, Schlom J, Greiner JW. Chitosan solution enhances both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses to subcutaneous vaccination. Vaccine 2006; 25:2085-94. [PMID: 17258843 PMCID: PMC1890043 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2006] [Revised: 11/08/2006] [Accepted: 11/13/2006] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The development of safe, novel adjuvants is necessary to maximize the efficacy of new and/or available vaccines. Chitosan is a non-toxic, biocompatible, biodegradable, natural polysaccharide derived from the exoskeletons of crustaceans and insects. Chitosan's biodegradability, immunological activity and high viscosity make it an excellent candidate as a depot/adjuvant for parenteral vaccination. To this end, we explored chitosan solution as an adjuvant for subcutaneous vaccination of mice with a model protein antigen. We found that chitosan enhanced antigen-specific antibody titers over five-fold and antigen-specific splenic CD4+ proliferation over six-fold. Strong increases in antibody titers together with robust delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) responses revealed that chitosan induced both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses. When compared with traditional vaccine adjuvants, chitosan was equipotent to incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA) and superior to aluminum hydroxide. Mechanistic studies revealed that chitosan exhibited at least two characteristics that may allow it to function as an immune adjuvant. First, the viscous chitosan solution created an antigen depot. More specifically, less than 9% of a protein antigen, when delivered in saline, remained at the injection site after 8 h. However, more than 60% of a protein antigen delivered in chitosan remained at the injection site for 7 days. Second, chitosan induced a transient 67% cellular expansion in draining lymph nodes. The expansion peaked between 14 and 21 days after chitosan injection and diminished as the polysaccharide was degraded. These mechanistic studies, taken together with the enhancement of a vaccine response, demonstrate that chitosan is a promising and safe platform for parenteral vaccine delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Zaharoff
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
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24
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Bourges JL, Bloquel C, Thomas A, Froussart F, Bochot A, Azan F, Gurny R, BenEzra D, Behar-Cohen F. Intraocular implants for extended drug delivery: therapeutic applications. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2006; 58:1182-202. [PMID: 17107737 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2006.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2006] [Accepted: 07/31/2006] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
An overview of ocular implants with therapeutic application potentials is provided. Various types of implants can be used as slow release devices delivering locally the needed drug for an extended period of time. Thus, multiple periocular or intraocular injections of the drug can be circumvented and secondary complications minimized. The various compositions of polymers fulfilling specific delivery goals are described. Several of these implants are undergoing clinical trials while a few are already commercialized. Despite the paramount progress in design, safety and efficacy, the place of these implants in our clinical therapeutic arsenal remains limited. Miniaturization of the implants allowing for their direct injection without the need for a complicated surgery is a necessary development avenue. Particulate systems which can be engineered to target specifically certain cells or tissues are another promising alternative. For ocular diseases affecting the choroid and outer retina, transscleral or intrasscleral implants are gaining momentum.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Bourges
- INSERM, U598, Physiopathology of Ocular Diseases, Therapeutic Innovations, 15 Rue de l'Ecole de Médecine 75006 Paris, France
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25
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Abstract
Retinal diseases are nowadays the most common causes of vision threatening in developed countries. Therapeutic advances in this field are hindered by the difficulty to deliver drugs to the posterior segment of the eye. Due to anatomical barriers, the ocular biodisponibility of systemically administered drugs remains poor, and topical instillation is not adequate to achieve therapeutic concentrations of drugs in the back of the eye. Ocular drug delivery has thus become one of the main challenges of modern ophthalmology. A multidisciplinary research is being conducted worldwide including pharmacology, biomaterials, ophthalmology, pharmaceutics, and biology. New promising fields have been developed such as implantable or injectable slow release intravitreal devices and degradable polymers, dispersed polymeric systems for intraocular drug delivery, and transscleral delivery devices such as iontophoresis, osmotic pumps or intra-scleraly implantable materials. The first clinical applications emerging from this research are now taking place, opening new avenues for the treatment of retinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francine Behar-Cohen
- Inserm U.598, 15, rue de l'Ecole de Médecine, 75006 Paris, France. Fondation ophtalmologique A. de Rothschild, 25, rue Manin, 75019 Paris, France
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26
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Tuovinen L, Ruhanen E, Kinnarinen T, Rönkkö S, Pelkonen J, Urtti A, Peltonen S, Järvinen K. Starch acetate microparticles for drug delivery into retinal pigment epithelium—in vitro study. J Control Release 2004; 98:407-13. [PMID: 15312996 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2004.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2004] [Accepted: 05/26/2004] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Starch acetates are novel biodegradable polymers which undergo slower degradation and swelling than native starch. Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is an important target tissue in ocular treatment. The cellular uptake of starch acetate microparticles and degradation of starch acetate by cultured human RPE-cell line (D407) was examined. Calcein-containing starch acetate microparticles were prepared by a modified water-in-oil-in-water double-emulsion technique. The cellular uptake of the starch acetate microparticles was analysed using flow cytometry and confocal microscopy. Degradation of starch acetate films by the homogenate of lysed RPE cells was determined by gel permeation chromatography. The effect of the microparticles on RPE cell viability was determined by the MTT colorimetric assay. The mean diameter (D50%) of microparticles was 11 microm. During 3-h incubation in RPE-cell culture, 8.1 +/- 0.8% of D407 cells took up starch acetate microparticles. Confocal microscopy confirmed the internalisation of microparticles. Incubation of the starch acetate film in the RPE-cell homogenate considerably decreased the molecular weight of starch acetate in the film during 24 h. The viability of cultured RPE cells was at least 82% after 24-h incubation with the microparticles. The present results show that the starch acetate microparticles are taken up by the RPE cells and the polymer can be degraded by the enzymes in these cells. Starch acetate microparticles may be suitable for drug delivery to the RPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Tuovinen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Kuopio, P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
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27
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Winzenburg G, Schmidt C, Fuchs S, Kissel T. Biodegradable polymers and their potential use in parenteral veterinary drug delivery systems. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2004; 56:1453-66. [PMID: 15191792 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2004.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2003] [Accepted: 02/18/2004] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Biodegradable polymers have been extensively studied for numerous drug delivery systems for human health purposes. The ever-increasing value of animals to human society allows the application of pharmaceutical developments in the veterinary field from those developed in human medicine. Although many similarities between the human and animal health industries exist there are also notable differences. This paper provides an insight into the animal health market with regard to the challenges and special considerations associated with veterinary drug delivery. It also gives an overview of biodegradable polymers that are used or have been tested in the veterinary field. The purpose of this paper is to highlight some recent developments in this area and to investigate the directions in which veterinary pharmaceutics is heading. In particular, examples of existing biodegradable veterinary drug delivery systems are presented together with applications including intravaginal devices, injectables and implantable systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gesine Winzenburg
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmacy, Philipps-University of Marburg, Ketzerbach 63, Marburg, Lahn, Germany
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28
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Zhang M, Yang Z, Chow LL, Wang CH. Simulation of Drug Release from Biodegradable Polymeric Microspheres with Bulk and Surface Erosions. J Pharm Sci 2003; 92:2040-56. [PMID: 14502543 DOI: 10.1002/jps.10463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
New models are developed to account for the kinetics of drug release from porous, biodegradable polymeric microspheres under the schemes of bulk erosion and surface erosion of the polymer matrix, respectively. Three mechanisms of drug release, namely, drug diffusion, drug dissolution, and polymer erosion jointly govern the overall release process. For bulk erosion, the model incorporates an erosion term into the dissolution and diffusion equation and is solved numerically for various boundary conditions. Dissolution and erosion are defined in the model by introducing three equations which take into account the drug concentration in the liquid phase, virtual solid phase, and effective solid phase. For surface erosion, drug concentrations in liquid and solid phases are defined and a substitution is introduced to convert the moving-boundary problem to a fixed-boundary problem. The resulting differential equations are solved simultaneously to obtain the concentration profile in the liquid and solid phases, respectively. Numerical solutions are provided to illustrate the effects of drug dissolution constant, drug diffusion coefficient, and erosion rate constant. In general, increasing erosion rate, diffusivity, dissolution, and decreasing particle radius enhance the drug release rate. Predictions from the models are also compared with experimental data to verify their validity and possible improvements are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingping Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore 117576
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29
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Einmahl S, Ponsart S, Bejjani RA, D'Hermies F, Savoldelli M, Heller J, Tabatabay C, Gurny R, Behar-Cohen F. Ocular biocompatibility of a poly(ortho ester) characterized by autocatalyzed degradation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003; 67:44-53. [PMID: 14517860 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.10597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The biocompatibility of autocatalyzed poly(ortho ester) (POE(70)LA(30)), a viscous, hydrophobic, bioerodible polymer, was investigated. POE(70)LA(30) was synthesized, sterilized by gamma irradiation, and injected in rabbit eyes at adequate volumes through subconjunctival, intracameral, intravitreal, and suprachoroidal routes. Clinical examinations were performed postoperatively at regular time points for 6 mo, and histopathologic analysis was carried out to confirm tissular biocompatibility. After subconjunctival injection, the polymer was well tolerated and persisted in the subconjunctival space for about 5 weeks. In the case of intracameral injections, polymer biocompatibility was good; the POE(70)LA(30) bubble was still present in the anterior chamber for up to 6 mo after injection. No major histopathologic anomalies were detected, with the exception of a localized Descemet membrane thickening. After intravitreal administration, POE(70)LA(30) biocompatibility was excellent, and no inflammatory reaction could be detected during the observation period. The polymer was degraded in approximately 3 mo. Suprachoroidal injections of POE(70)LA(30) were reproducible and well tolerated. POE(70)LA(30) triggered a slight elevation of the retina and choroid upon clinical observation. The polymer was detectable in the suprachoroidal space for about 6 mo. No inflammatory reaction and no major retinal anomalies could be detected by histology. In conclusion, POE(70)LA(30) appears to be a promising biomaterial for intraocular application, potentially providing sustained drug delivery over an extended period of time, with a good tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Einmahl
- School of Pharmacy, University of Geneva, 30 quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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30
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Fournier E, Passirani C, Montero-Menei CN, Benoit JP. Biocompatibility of implantable synthetic polymeric drug carriers: focus on brain biocompatibility. Biomaterials 2003; 24:3311-31. [PMID: 12763459 DOI: 10.1016/s0142-9612(03)00161-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Numerous polymeric biomaterials are implanted each year in human bodies. Among them, drug delivery devices are potent novel powerful therapeutics for diseases which lack efficient treatments. Controlled release systems are in direct and sustained contact with the tissues, and some of them degrade in situ. Thus, both the material itself and its degradation products must be devoid of toxicity. The knowledge and understanding of the criteria and mechanisms determining the biocompatibility of biomaterials are therefore of great importance. The classical tissue response to a foreign material leads to the encapsulation of the implant, which may impair the drug diffusion in the surrounding tissue and/or cause implant failure. This tissue response depends on different factors, especially on the implantation site. Indeed, several organs possess a particular immunological status, which may reduce the inflammatory and immune reactions. Among them, the central nervous system is of particular interest, since many pathologies still need curative treatments. This review describes the classical foreign body reaction and exposes the particularities of the central nervous system response. The recent in vivo biocompatibility studies of implanted synthetic polymeric drug carriers are summarized in order to illustrate the behavior of different classes of polymers and the methodologies used to evaluate their tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Fournier
- Inserm ERIT-M 0104, Ingénierie de la Vectorisation Particulaire, 10, rue André Bocquel, 49100 Angers, France
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31
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Capancioni S, Schwach-Abdellaoui K, Kloeti W, Herrmann W, Brosig H, Borchert HH, Heller J, Gurny R. In Vitro Monitoring of Poly(ortho ester) Degradation by Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Imaging. Macromolecules 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/ma034365q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Capancioni
- School of Pharmacy, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland; Department of Mass Spectrometry, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland; Department of Pharmacy, Humboldt University of Berlin, 13086 Berlin, Germany; and A.P. Pharma, Redwood City, California 94063
| | - Khadija Schwach-Abdellaoui
- School of Pharmacy, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland; Department of Mass Spectrometry, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland; Department of Pharmacy, Humboldt University of Berlin, 13086 Berlin, Germany; and A.P. Pharma, Redwood City, California 94063
| | - Werner Kloeti
- School of Pharmacy, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland; Department of Mass Spectrometry, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland; Department of Pharmacy, Humboldt University of Berlin, 13086 Berlin, Germany; and A.P. Pharma, Redwood City, California 94063
| | - Werner Herrmann
- School of Pharmacy, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland; Department of Mass Spectrometry, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland; Department of Pharmacy, Humboldt University of Berlin, 13086 Berlin, Germany; and A.P. Pharma, Redwood City, California 94063
| | - Holger Brosig
- School of Pharmacy, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland; Department of Mass Spectrometry, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland; Department of Pharmacy, Humboldt University of Berlin, 13086 Berlin, Germany; and A.P. Pharma, Redwood City, California 94063
| | - Hans-Hubert Borchert
- School of Pharmacy, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland; Department of Mass Spectrometry, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland; Department of Pharmacy, Humboldt University of Berlin, 13086 Berlin, Germany; and A.P. Pharma, Redwood City, California 94063
| | - Jorge Heller
- School of Pharmacy, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland; Department of Mass Spectrometry, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland; Department of Pharmacy, Humboldt University of Berlin, 13086 Berlin, Germany; and A.P. Pharma, Redwood City, California 94063
| | - Robert Gurny
- School of Pharmacy, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland; Department of Mass Spectrometry, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland; Department of Pharmacy, Humboldt University of Berlin, 13086 Berlin, Germany; and A.P. Pharma, Redwood City, California 94063
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32
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Kabanov AV, Okano T. Challenges in polymer therapeutics: state of the art and prospects of polymer drugs. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2003; 519:1-27. [PMID: 12675205 DOI: 10.1007/0-306-47932-x_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V Kabanov
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986025 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6025, USA.
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33
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Heller J, Barr J, Ng SY, Abdellauoi KS, Gurny R. Poly(ortho esters): synthesis, characterization, properties and uses. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2002; 54:1015-39. [PMID: 12384319 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-409x(02)00055-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Over the last 30 years, poly(ortho esters) have evolved through four families, designated as POE I, POE II, POE III and POE IV. Of these, only POE IV has been shown to have all the necessary attributes to allow commercialization, and such efforts are currently underway. Dominant among these attributes is synthesis versatility that allows the facile and reproducible production of polymers having the desired mechanical and thermal properties as well as desired erosion rates and drug release rates that can be varied from a few days to many months. Further, the polymer is stable at room temperature when stored under anhydrous conditions and undergoes an erosion process confined predominantly to the surface layers. Important consequences of surface erosion are controlled and concomitant drug release as well as the maintenance of an essentially neutral pH in the interior of the matrix because acidic hydrolysis products diffuse away from the device. Two physical forms of such polymers are under development. One form, solid materials, can be fabricated into shapes such as wafers, strands, or microspheres. The other form are injectable semi-solid materials that allow drug incorporation by a simple mixing at room temperature and without the use of solvents. GMP toxicology studies on one family of POE IV polymers has been concluded, an IND filed and Phase I clinical trials are in progress. Important applications under development are treatment of post-surgical pain, osteoarthritis and ophthalmic diseases as well as the delivery of proteins, including DNA. Block copolymers of poly(ortho ester) and poly(ethylene glycol) have been prepared and their use as a matrix for drug delivery and as micelles, primarily for tumor targeting, are being explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Heller
- A.P. Pharma, 123 Saginaw Drive, Redwood City, CA 94063, USA.
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