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Pottier P, Noble DWA, Seebacher F, Wu NC, Burke S, Lagisz M, Schwanz LE, Drobniak SM, Nakagawa S. New horizons for comparative studies and meta-analyses. Trends Ecol Evol 2024; 39:435-445. [PMID: 38216408 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2023.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Comparative analyses and meta-analyses are key tools to elucidate broad biological principles, yet the two approaches often appear different in purpose. We propose an integrated approach that can generate deeper insights into ecoevolutionary processes. Marrying comparative and meta-analytic approaches will allow for (i) a more accurate investigation of drivers of biological variation, (ii) a greater ability to account for sources of non-independence in experimental data, (iii) more effective control of publication bias, and (iv) improved transparency and reproducibility. Stronger integration of meta-analytic and comparative studies can also broaden the scope from species-centric investigations to community-level responses and function-valued traits (e.g., reaction norms). We illuminate commonalities, differences, and the transformative potential of combining these methodologies for advancing ecology and evolutionary biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrice Pottier
- Evolution and Ecology Centre, School of Biological, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Daniel W A Noble
- Division of Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, College of Science, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Frank Seebacher
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nicholas C Wu
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Samantha Burke
- Evolution and Ecology Centre, School of Biological, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Malgorzata Lagisz
- Evolution and Ecology Centre, School of Biological, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Theoretical Sciences Visiting Program, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna 904-0495, Japan
| | - Lisa E Schwanz
- Evolution and Ecology Centre, School of Biological, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Szymon M Drobniak
- Evolution and Ecology Centre, School of Biological, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Shinichi Nakagawa
- Evolution and Ecology Centre, School of Biological, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Theoretical Sciences Visiting Program, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna 904-0495, Japan
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2
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Shi B, Yang R, Tian W, Lu M, Wang X. Factors influencing cadmium accumulation in plants after inoculation with rhizobacteria: A meta-analysis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 916:170277. [PMID: 38266722 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Rhizobacteria have the potential to enhance phytoremediation by generating substances that stimulate plant development and influence the effectiveness of cadmium (Cd) remediation by adjusting Cd availability via metal solubilization. Furthermore, rhizobacterial inoculation affects plants' metal tolerance and uptake by controlling the expression of several metal transporters, channels, and metal chelator genes. A meta-analysis was conducted to quantitatively assess the effects of rhizobacteria on Cd accumulation in plants using 207 individual observations from 47 articles. This meta-analysis showed an average Cd concentration increase of 8.09 % in plant cells under rhizobacteria treatment. The effects of different plant-microbial interactions on the bioaccumulation of Cd in plants varied. Selecting the proper rhizobacteria-plant association is essential to affect Cd buildup in plant roots and shoots. A more extended planting period (>30 days) and a suitable soil pH (<6, 7-8) would aid in the phytoextraction of Cd from the soil. This study comprehensively and quantitatively investigated the effects of plants, rhizobacteria, soil pH, planting period, experimental sites, and plant organs on plant Cd accumulation. According to the analysis of explanatory factors, plant species, planting period, soil pH, and rhizobacteria species have a more decisive influence on Cd accumulation than other factors. The results provide information for future research on the successful remediation of soils contaminated with Cd. More investigations are required to elucidate the intricate interactions between plant roots and microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Shi
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Chemistry, Luoyang Institute of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China.
| | - Ruixian Yang
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Chemistry, Luoyang Institute of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Wenjie Tian
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Chemistry, Luoyang Institute of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Mingmei Lu
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Chemistry, Luoyang Institute of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Xiaoqing Wang
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Chemistry, Luoyang Institute of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
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3
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Zhao Z, El-Naggar A, Kau J, Olson C, Tomlinson D, Chang SX. Biochar affects compressive strength of Portland cement composites: a meta-analysis. BIOCHAR 2024; 6:21. [PMID: 38463456 PMCID: PMC10917841 DOI: 10.1007/s42773-024-00309-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
One strategy to reduce CO2 emissions from cement production is to reduce the amount of Portland cement produced by replacing it with supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs). Biochar is a potential SCM that is an eco-friendly and stable porous pyrolytic material. However, the effects of biochar addition on the performances of Portland cement composites are not fully understood. This meta-analysis investigated the impact of biochar addition on the 7- and 28-day compressive strength of Portland cement composites based on 606 paired observations. Biochar feedstock type, pyrolysis conditions, pre-treatments and modifications, biochar dosage, and curing type all influenced the compressive strength of Portland cement composites. Biochars obtained from plant-based feedstocks (except rice and hardwood) improved the 28-day compressive strength of Portland cement composites by 3-13%. Biochars produced at pyrolysis temperatures higher than 450 °C, with a heating rate of around 10 C min-1, increased the 28-day compressive strength more effectively. Furthermore, the addition of biochar with small particle sizes increased the compressive strength of Portland cement composites by 2-7% compared to those without biochar addition. Biochar dosage of < 2.5% of the binder weight enhanced both compressive strengths, and common curing methods maintained the effect of biochar addition. However, when mixing the cement, adding fine and coarse aggregates such as sand and gravel affects the concrete and mortar's compressive strength, diminishing the effect of biochar addition and making the biochar effect nonsignificant. We concluded that appropriate biochar addition could maintain or enhance the mechanical performance of Portland cement composites, and future research should explore the mechanisms of biochar effects on the performance of cement composites. Graphical Abstract Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42773-024-00309-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihao Zhao
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, 442 Earth Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E3 Canada
| | - Ali El-Naggar
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, 442 Earth Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E3 Canada
- Department of Soil Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Cairo, 11241 Egypt
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300 China
| | - Johnson Kau
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Alberta, 6-255 Donadeo Innovation Centre For Engineering, Edmonton Alberta, T6G 2H5 Canada
| | - Chris Olson
- Innovative Reduction Strategies Inc, Northtown PO, PO Box 71022, Edmonton Alberta, AB T5E 6J8 Canada
| | - Douglas Tomlinson
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Alberta, 6-255 Donadeo Innovation Centre For Engineering, Edmonton Alberta, T6G 2H5 Canada
| | - Scott X. Chang
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, 442 Earth Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E3 Canada
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4
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Felton A, Belyazid S, Eggers J, Nordström EM, Öhman K. Climate change adaptation and mitigation strategies for production forests: Trade-offs, synergies, and uncertainties in biodiversity and ecosystem services delivery in Northern Europe. AMBIO 2024; 53:1-16. [PMID: 37592197 PMCID: PMC10692060 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-023-01909-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Climate change adaptation and mitigation strategies (CCAMS) are changes to the management of production forests motivated by the need to mitigate climate change, or adapt production forests to climate change risks. Sweden is employing CCAMS with unclear implications for biodiversity and forest ecosystem services (ES). Here, we synthesized evidence from 51 published scientific reviews, to evaluate the potential implications for biodiversity and a range of provisioning, regulating, and cultural ES, from the adoption of CCAMS relative to standard forestry practice. The CCAMS assessed were the adoption of (i) mixed-species stands, (ii) continuous cover forestry, (iii) altered rotation lengths, (iv) conversion to introduced tree species, (v) logging residue extraction, (vi) stand fertilization, and (vii) altered ditching/draining practices. We highlight the complexity of biodiversity and ES outcomes, identify knowledge gaps, and emphasize the importance of evidence-based decision making and landscape-scale planning when navigating choices involving the widespread adoption of CCAMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Felton
- Southern Swedish Forest Research Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Rörsjöv 1, Box 49, 230 53, Alnarp, Sweden.
| | - Salim Belyazid
- Department of Physical Geography, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jeannette Eggers
- Division of Forest Planning, Department of Forest Resource Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 83, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Eva-Maria Nordström
- Division of Forest Planning, Department of Forest Resource Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 83, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Karin Öhman
- Division of Forest Planning, Department of Forest Resource Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 83, Umeå, Sweden
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5
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Li H, Feng M, Yu X. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of the effects of drinking water disinfection processes on eukaryotic microorganisms: A meta-analysis. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 332:138839. [PMID: 37142108 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The risk of eukaryotic microorganisms in drinking water treatment has not received sufficient attention. As the final step in ensuring drinking water quality, the effectiveness of disinfection in inactivating eukaryotic microorganisms remains to be qualitatively and quantitatively demonstrated. In this study, we conducted a meta-analysis using a mixed effects model and bootstrapping analysis to assess the effects of the disinfection process on eukaryotic microorganisms. The results revealed significant reduction of eukaryotic microorganisms in drinking water associated with the disinfection process. The estimated logarithmic reduction rates for chlorination, ozone, and UV disinfection were 1.74, 1.82 and 2.15 log, respectively, for all eukaryotic microorganisms. Analysis of relative abundance variation of eukaryotic microorganisms also indicated certain phyla and classes exhibited tolerance and competitive advantage during disinfection. This study provides qualitatively and quantitatively analysis on the influence of drinking water disinfection processes on eukaryotic microorganisms, and highlights the persistent risk of eukaryotic microbial contamination in drinking water even after disinfection, calling for further optimization of current conventional disinfection methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Li
- College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China
| | - Mingbao Feng
- College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China
| | - Xin Yu
- College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China.
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6
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Rezaei Ahvanooei MR, Norouzian MA, Piray AH, Vahmani P, Ghaffari MH. Effects of monensin supplementation on lactation performance of dairy cows: a systematic review and dose-response meta‑analysis. Sci Rep 2023; 13:568. [PMID: 36631508 PMCID: PMC9834228 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-27395-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to conduct a comprehensive review with meta-analysis to determine the effects of the dose-response relationship between monensin supplementation and dairy cow performance and milk composition. Results from 566 full-text articles and 48 articles with 52 studies were meta-analyzed for pooled estimates. Monensin supplementation up to 23 ppm increased milk production, with the optimal dose being 12.6 ppm. Monensin supplementation at doses ranging from 16 to 96 ppm increased milk production in the prepartum phase (- 28 to 0 day relative to calving). From 60 to 150 DIM, monensin supplementation up to 21 ppm had a significant positive effect on this outcome, while supplementation in the 37 to 96 ppm range caused a decrease in this variable. At 0 to 60 and > 150 DIM, monensin supplementation had no effect on milk yield. At dosages of 22 to 96 ppm, 12 to 36 ppm, and below 58 ppm and 35 ppm, respectively, monensin supplementation resulted in significant decreases in dry matter intake (DMI), milk protein percentage, milk fat percentage, and milk fat yield. Overall, based on the results of this meta-analysis and considering all variables, the recommended optimal dose of monensin could be about 16 ppm.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. R. Rezaei Ahvanooei
- grid.46072.370000 0004 0612 7950Department of Animals and Poultry Science, College of Aburaihan, University of Tehran, Tehran, 3391653755 Iran
| | - M. A. Norouzian
- grid.46072.370000 0004 0612 7950Department of Animals and Poultry Science, College of Aburaihan, University of Tehran, Tehran, 3391653755 Iran
| | - A. H. Piray
- grid.412668.f0000 0000 9149 8553Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi University, PO Box 6715685418, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - P. Vahmani
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684Department of Animal Science, University of California, 2251 Meyer Hall, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - M. H. Ghaffari
- grid.10388.320000 0001 2240 3300Institute of Animal Science, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
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7
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Akresh ME, King DI, McInvale SL, Larkin JL, D'Amato AW. Effects of forest management on the conservation of bird communities in eastern North America: A meta‐analysis. Ecosphere 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.4315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michael E. Akresh
- Department of Environmental Studies Antioch University New England Keene New Hampshire USA
- Department of Environmental Conservation University of Massachusetts Amherst Amherst Massachusetts USA
| | - David I. King
- U.S. Forest Service Northern Research Station University of Massachusetts Amherst Amherst Massachusetts USA
| | - Savannah L. McInvale
- Department of Environmental Studies Antioch University New England Keene New Hampshire USA
| | - Jeffery L. Larkin
- Department of Biology Indiana University of Pennsylvania Indiana Pennsylvania USA
- American Bird Conservancy The Plains Virginia USA
| | - Anthony W. D'Amato
- Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources University of Vermont Burlington Vermont USA
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8
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FishSounds version 1.0: A website for the compilation of fish sound production information and recordings. ECOL INFORM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoinf.2022.101953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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9
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Patterns of Performance Variation Between Animal Hybrids and their Parents: A Meta-analysis. Evol Biol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11692-022-09585-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
AbstractHybridization is a widespread phenomenon in animals, and hybrid heterosis/breakdown could be key processes determining the evolutionary dynamics of hybrids. Indeed, hybrids are not consistently disadvantaged compared to the parental lineages, as was historically assumed. Multiple processes could lead to performance differences between parental lineages and their hybrids. Despite many studies evaluated the performance of hybrids, a quantitative synthesis is required to assess the general pattern. Here we used meta-analytic and meta-regression approaches to quantify the fitness differences between parental lineages and their hybrids, and to identify possible processes that could lead to these differences. Specifically, we tested biological and methodological parameters that could determine differences in performance between hybrids and parental lineages. Hybrid performance was extremely variable across studies, being often significantly higher or lower compared to the mean performance of their parents. Nevertheless, the averaged hybrid performance was similar to the fitness of parental lineages, with differences across studies related to how performance was assessed. Genetic divergence between parental lineages, and the approach used to identify hybrids were the parameters most strongly related to variation in hybrid performance. Performance was lower for hybrids between distantly related lineages. Furthermore, study settings and the use of imprecise approaches for hybrid identification (e.g. morphology-based) can bias assessments of performance. Studies performed on wild populations and using genetic approaches for hybrid identification detected more often a decreased hybrid performance, compared to laboratory studies. We highlight the importance of appropriate settings for a realistic understanding of the evolutionary impacts of hybridization.
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10
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Noble DWA, Pottier P, Lagisz M, Burke S, Drobniak SM, O'Dea RE, Nakagawa S. Meta-analytic approaches and effect sizes to account for 'nuisance heterogeneity' in comparative physiology. J Exp Biol 2022; 225:274278. [PMID: 35258606 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.243225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Meta-analysis is a powerful tool used to generate quantitatively informed answers to pressing global challenges. By distilling data from broad sets of research designs and study systems into standardised effect sizes, meta-analyses provide physiologists with opportunities to estimate overall effect sizes and understand the drivers of effect variability. Despite this ambition, research designs in the field of comparative physiology can appear, at the outset, as being vastly different to each other because of 'nuisance heterogeneity' (e.g. different temperatures or treatment dosages used across studies). Methodological differences across studies have led many to believe that meta-analysis is an exercise in comparing 'apples with oranges'. Here, we dispel this myth by showing how standardised effect sizes can be used in conjunction with multilevel meta-regression models to both account for the factors driving differences across studies and make them more comparable. We assess the prevalence of nuisance heterogeneity in the comparative physiology literature - showing it is common and often not accounted for in analyses. We then formalise effect size measures (e.g. the temperature coefficient, Q10) that provide comparative physiologists with a means to remove nuisance heterogeneity without the need to resort to more complex statistical models that may be harder to interpret. We also describe more general approaches that can be applied to a variety of different contexts to derive new effect sizes and sampling variances, opening up new possibilities for quantitative synthesis. By using effect sizes that account for components of effect heterogeneity, in combination with existing meta-analytic models, comparative physiologists can explore exciting new questions while making results from large-scale data sets more accessible, comparable and widely interpretable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel W A Noble
- Division of Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
| | - Patrice Pottier
- Ecology & Evolution Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Malgorzata Lagisz
- Ecology & Evolution Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Samantha Burke
- Ecology & Evolution Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Szymon M Drobniak
- Ecology & Evolution Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Rose E O'Dea
- Ecology & Evolution Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Shinichi Nakagawa
- Ecology & Evolution Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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11
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Dougherty LR, Skirrow MJA, Jennions MD, Simmons LW. Male alternative reproductive tactics and sperm competition: a meta-analysis. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2022; 97:1365-1388. [PMID: 35229450 PMCID: PMC9541908 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
In many animal species, males may exhibit one of several discrete, alternative ways of obtaining fertilisations, known as alternative reproductive tactics (ARTs). Males exhibiting ARTs typically differ in the extent to which they invest in traits that improve their mating success, or the extent to which they face sperm competition. This has led to the widespread prediction that males exhibiting ARTs associated with a high sperm competition risk, or lower investment into traits that improve their competitiveness before mating, should invest more heavily into traits that improve their competitiveness after mating, such as large ejaculates and high-quality sperm. However, despite many studies investigating this question since the 1990s, evidence for differences in sperm and ejaculate investment between male ARTs is mixed, and there has been no quantitative summary of this field. Following a systematic review of the literature, we performed a meta-analysis examining how testes size, sperm number and sperm traits differ between males exhibiting ARTs that face either a high or low sperm competition risk, or high or low investment in traits that increase mating success. We obtained data from 92 studies and 67 species from across the animal kingdom. Our analyses showed that male fish exhibiting ARTs facing a high sperm competition risk had significantly larger testes (after controlling for body size) than those exhibiting tactics facing a low sperm competition risk. However, this effect appears to be due to the inappropriate use of the gonadosomatic index as a body-size corrected measure of testes investment, which overestimates the difference in testes investment between male tactics in most cases. We found no significant difference in sperm number between males exhibiting different ARTs, regardless of whether sperm were measured from the male sperm stores or following ejaculation. We also found no significant difference in sperm traits between males exhibiting different ARTs, with the exception of sperm adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content in fish. Finally, the difference in post-mating investment between male ARTs was not influenced by the extent to which tactics were flexible, or by the frequency of sneakers in the population. Overall, our results suggest that, despite clear theoretical predictions, there is little evidence that male ARTs differ substantially in investment into sperm and ejaculates across species. The incongruence between theoretical and empirical results could be explained if (i) theoretical models fail to account for differences in overall resource levels between males exhibiting different ARTs or fundamental trade-offs between investment into different ejaculate and sperm traits, and (ii) studies often use sperm or ejaculate traits that do not reflect overall post-mating investment accurately or affect fertilisation success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam R Dougherty
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Behaviour, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7RB, U.K
| | - Michael J A Skirrow
- Division of Ecology & Evolution, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, 46 Sullivans Creek Road, Canberra, ACT, 2600, Australia
| | - Michael D Jennions
- Division of Ecology & Evolution, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, 46 Sullivans Creek Road, Canberra, ACT, 2600, Australia
| | - Leigh W Simmons
- Centre for Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
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12
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Cinar O, Nakagawa S, Viechtbauer W. Phylogenetic multilevel meta‐analysis: A simulation study on the importance of modelling the phylogeny. Methods Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.13760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ozan Cinar
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology School for Mental Health and Neuroscience Faculty of Health, Medicine, and Life Sciences Maastricht University Maastricht The Netherlands
| | - Shinichi Nakagawa
- Evolution & Ecology Centre, and School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences BEES University of New South Wales Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Wolfgang Viechtbauer
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology School for Mental Health and Neuroscience Faculty of Health, Medicine, and Life Sciences Maastricht University Maastricht The Netherlands
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13
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Wang CJ, Wan JZ. Functional trait perspective on suitable habitat distribution of invasive plant species at a global scale. Perspect Ecol Conserv 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pecon.2021.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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14
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Ogle K, Liu Y, Vicca S, Bahn M. A hierarchical, multivariate meta-analysis approach to synthesising global change experiments. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 231:2382-2394. [PMID: 34137037 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Meta-analyses enable synthesis of results from globally distributed experiments to draw general conclusions about the impacts of global change factors on ecosystem function. Traditional meta-analyses, however, are challenged by the complexity and diversity of experimental results. We illustrate how several key issues can be addressed by a multivariate, hierarchical Bayesian meta-analysis (MHBM) approach applied to information extracted from published studies. We applied an MHBM to log-response ratios for aboveground biomass (AB, n = 300), belowground biomass (BB, n = 205) and soil CO2 exchange (SCE, n = 544), representing 100 studies. The MHBM accounted for study duration, climate effects and covariation among the AB, BB and SCE responses to elevated CO2 (eCO2 ) and/or warming. The MHBM revealed significant among-study covariation in the AB and BB responses to experimental treatments. The MHBM imputed missing duration (4.2%) and climate (6%) data, and revealed that climate context governs how eCO2 and warming impact ecosystem function. Predictions identified biomes that may be particularly sensitive to eCO2 or warming, but that are under-represented in global change experiments. The MHBM approach offers a flexible and powerful tool for synthesising disparate experimental results reported across multiple studies, sites and response variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiona Ogle
- School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA
| | - Yao Liu
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
- Department of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Sara Vicca
- Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, 2610, Belgium
| | - Michael Bahn
- Department of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, 6020, Austria
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Abstract
The rapidly emerging field of macrogenetics focuses on analysing publicly accessible genetic datasets from thousands of species to explore large-scale patterns and predictors of intraspecific genetic variation. Facilitated by advances in evolutionary biology, technology, data infrastructure, statistics and open science, macrogenetics addresses core evolutionary hypotheses (such as disentangling environmental and life-history effects on genetic variation) with a global focus. Yet, there are important, often overlooked, limitations to this approach and best practices need to be considered and adopted if macrogenetics is to continue its exciting trajectory and reach its full potential in fields such as biodiversity monitoring and conservation. Here, we review the history of this rapidly growing field, highlight knowledge gaps and future directions, and provide guidelines for further research.
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16
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Brusa JL, Rotella JJ, Banner KM, Hutchins PR. Challenges and opportunities for comparative studies of survival rates: An example with male pinnipeds. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:7980-7999. [PMID: 34188866 PMCID: PMC8216918 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Survival rates are a central component of life-history strategies of large vertebrate species. However, comparative studies seldom investigate interspecific variation in survival rates with respect to other life-history traits, especially for males. The lack of such studies could be due to the challenges associated with obtaining reliable datasets, incorporating information on the 0-1 probability scale, or dealing with several types of measurement error in life-history traits, which can be a computationally intensive process that is often absent in comparative studies. We present a quantitative approach using a Bayesian phylogenetically controlled regression with the flexibility to incorporate uncertainty in estimated survival rates and quantitative life-history traits while considering genetic similarity among species and uncertainty in relatedness. As with any comparative analysis, our approach makes several assumptions regarding the generalizability and comparability of empirical data from separate studies. Our model is versatile in that it can be applied to any species group of interest and include any life-history traits as covariates. We used an unbiased simulation framework to provide "proof of concept" for our model and applied a slightly richer model to a real data example for pinnipeds. Pinnipeds are an excellent taxonomic group for comparative analysis, but survival rate data are scarce. Our work elucidates the challenges associated with addressing important questions related to broader ecological life-history patterns and how survival-reproduction trade-offs might shape evolutionary histories of extant taxa. Specifically, we underscore the importance of having high-quality estimates of age-specific survival rates and information on other life-history traits that reasonably characterize a species for accurately comparing across species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie L. Brusa
- Department of EcologyMontana State UniversityBozemanMTUSA
- School of Environmental and Forest SciencesUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWAUSA
| | - Jay J. Rotella
- Department of EcologyMontana State UniversityBozemanMTUSA
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17
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Thiel S, Tschapka M, Heymann EW, Heer K. Vertical stratification of seed-dispersing vertebrate communities and their interactions with plants in tropical forests. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2020; 96:454-469. [PMID: 33140576 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Vertical stratification (VS) is a widespread phenomenon in plant and animal communities in forests and a key factor for structuring their species richness and biodiversity, particularly in tropical forests. The organisms composing forest communities adjust and shape the complex three-dimensional structure of their environment and inhabit a large variety of niches along the vertical gradient of the forest. Even though the degree of VS varies among different vertebrate groups, patterns of compositional stratification can be observed across taxa. Communities of birds, bats, primates, and non-flying small mammals are vertically stratified in terms of abundance, species richness, diversity, and community composition. Frugivorous members of these taxa play important roles as seed dispersers and forage on fruit resources that, in turn, vary in quantity and nutritional value along the vertical gradient. As a consequence, plant-seed disperser interaction networks differ among strata, which is manifested in differences in interaction frequencies and the degree of mutual specialization. In general, the canopy stratum is composed of strong links and generalized associations, while the lower strata comprise weaker links and more specialized interactions. Investigating the VS of communities can provide us with a better understanding of species habitat restrictions, resource use, spatial movement, and species interactions. Especially in the face of global change, this knowledge will be important as these characteristics can imply different responses of species and taxa at a fine spatial scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarina Thiel
- Department of Conservation Biology, Philipps University Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Strasse 8, Marburg, Germany
| | - Marco Tschapka
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, University of Ulm, Albert Einstein Allee 11, Ulm, Germany.,Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado, 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancon, Republic of Panama
| | - Eckhard W Heymann
- Verhaltensökologie & Soziobiologie, Deutsches Primatenzentrum - Leibniz-Institut für Primatenforschung, Kellnerweg 4, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Katrin Heer
- Department of Conservation Biology, Philipps University Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Strasse 8, Marburg, Germany
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18
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Song C, Peacor SD, Osenberg CW, Bence JR. An assessment of statistical methods for nonindependent data in ecological meta‐analyses. Ecology 2020; 101:e03184. [DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Song
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Michigan State University East Lansing Michigan48824USA
| | - Scott D. Peacor
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Michigan State University East Lansing Michigan48824USA
| | | | - James R. Bence
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Michigan State University East Lansing Michigan48824USA
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Steckbauer A, Klein SG, Duarte CM. Additive impacts of deoxygenation and acidification threaten marine biota. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:5602-5612. [PMID: 32583519 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Deoxygenation in coastal and open-ocean ecosystems rarely exists in isolation but occurs concomitantly with acidification. Here, we first combine meta-data of experimental assessments from across the globe to investigate the potential interactive impacts of deoxygenation and acidification on a broad range of marine taxa. We then characterize the differing degrees of deoxygenation and acidification tested in our dataset using a ratio between the partial pressure of oxygen and carbon dioxide (pO2 /pCO2 ) to assess how biological processes change under an extensive, yet diverse range of pO2 and pCO2 conditions. The dataset comprised 375 experimental comparisons and revealed predominantly additive but variable effects (91.7%, additive; 6.0%, synergistic; and 2.3%, antagonistic) of the dual stressors, yielding negative impacts across almost all responses examined. Our data indicate that the pO2 /pCO2 -ratio offers a simplified metric to characterize the extremity of the concurrent stressors and shows that more severe impacts occurred when ratios represented more extreme deoxygenation and acidification conditions. Importantly, our analysis highlights the need to assess the concurrent impacts of deoxygenation and acidification on marine taxa and that assessments considering the impact of O2 depletion alone will likely underestimate the impacts of deoxygenation events and their ecosystem-wide consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Steckbauer
- Red Sea Research Center (RSRC) and Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shannon G Klein
- Red Sea Research Center (RSRC) and Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Carlos M Duarte
- Red Sea Research Center (RSRC) and Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
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20
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The impact of pastoral activities on animal biodiversity in Europe: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Nat Conserv 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnc.2020.125863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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21
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Chen D, Wei W, Daryanto S, Tarolli P. Does terracing enhance soil organic carbon sequestration? A national-scale data analysis in China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 721:137751. [PMID: 32163739 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Terracing practice is expected to reserve soil organic carbon (SOC) pools, which are the key components for maintaining soil fertility and land productivity. In China such practice is widespread from center to south since ancient time. In this work, to reveal the spatial-temporal variation characteristics of SOC under different terraced sites in China, we conducted a meta-analysis on 78 studies regarding terracing effects on SOC sequestration. The between-group heterogeneity analysis indicated that terracing land use, age, climatic background, and slope gradient were critical factors for SOC sequestration, while terracing structure and soil depth were not. Overall, for China's landscapes, terracing increased SOC sequestration by 32.4% on average. Relative to other terracing structures, level ditches and half-moon terraces receive more rainwater and fertile topsoil from upper slopes due to their specific concave structures. Terracing in those areas with lower temperatures and less precipitation showed higher SOC sequestration. The extent of SOC sequestration due to terracing was primarily determined by land use type. Reforestation terraces could increase SOC sequestration markedly by eliminating water erosion and related soil carbon loss. The terracing aged 1-2 years leads to a decrease of 6.4% averagely on SOC sequestration, likely because the breakdown of soil aggregates through soil excavation and redistribution improves the decomposition of SOC. Furthermore, terracing aged over five years was more effective on SOC sequestration. Since this study offered a useful synthesis on multiple terracing factors affecting soil carbon in China, it can help to provide a wiser utilization and management of terracing to maximize SOC sequestration, and to make better terracing practices in the context of global change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Die Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Wei Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Stefani Daryanto
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Paolo Tarolli
- Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry, University of Padova, Agripolis, viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy
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22
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Contreras-Silva AI, Tilstra A, Migani V, Thiel A, Pérez-Cervantes E, Estrada-Saldívar N, Elias-Ilosvay X, Mott C, Alvarez-Filip L, Wild C. A meta-analysis to assess long-term spatiotemporal changes of benthic coral and macroalgae cover in the Mexican Caribbean. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8897. [PMID: 32483234 PMCID: PMC7264131 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65801-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Coral reefs in the wider Caribbean declined in hard coral cover by ~80% since the 1970s, but spatiotemporal analyses for sub-regions are lacking. Here, we explored benthic change patterns in the Mexican Caribbean reefs through meta-analysis between 1978 and 2016 including 125 coral reef sites. Findings revealed that hard coral cover decreased from ~26% in the 1970s to 16% in 2016, whereas macroalgae cover increased to ~30% in 2016. Both groups showed high spatiotemporal variability. Hard coral cover declined in total by 12% from 1978 to 2004 but increased again by 5% between 2005 and 2016 indicating some coral recovery after the 2005 mass bleaching event and hurricane impacts. In 2016, more than 80% of studied reefs were dominated by macroalgae, while only 15% were dominated by hard corals. This stands in contrast to 1978 when all reef sites surveyed were dominated by hard corals. This study is among the first within the Caribbean region that reports local recovery in coral cover in the Caribbean, while other Caribbean reefs have failed to recover. Most Mexican Caribbean coral reefs are now no longer dominated by hard corals. In order to prevent further reef degradation, viable and reliable conservation alternatives are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameris I Contreras-Silva
- Marine Ecology Department, Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, University of Bremen, Leobener Straße UFT, 28359, Bremen, Germany.
| | - Arjen Tilstra
- Marine Ecology Department, Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, University of Bremen, Leobener Straße UFT, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Valentina Migani
- Population and Evolutionary Ecology Group, Institute of Ecology, Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, University of Bremen, Leobener Straße 5, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Andra Thiel
- Population and Evolutionary Ecology Group, Institute of Ecology, Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, University of Bremen, Leobener Straße 5, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Esmeralda Pérez-Cervantes
- Biodiversity and Reef Conservation Laboratory, Unidad Académica de Sistemas Arrecifales, Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Puerto Morelos, Quintana Roo, Mexico
| | - Nuria Estrada-Saldívar
- Biodiversity and Reef Conservation Laboratory, Unidad Académica de Sistemas Arrecifales, Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Puerto Morelos, Quintana Roo, Mexico
| | - Xochitl Elias-Ilosvay
- Marine Ecology Department, Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, University of Bremen, Leobener Straße UFT, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Claudius Mott
- Remote Sensing Solutions GmbH, Dingolfinger Str. 9, 81673, München, Germany
| | - Lorenzo Alvarez-Filip
- Biodiversity and Reef Conservation Laboratory, Unidad Académica de Sistemas Arrecifales, Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Puerto Morelos, Quintana Roo, Mexico.
| | - Christian Wild
- Marine Ecology Department, Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, University of Bremen, Leobener Straße UFT, 28359, Bremen, Germany.
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23
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Fayard M, Dechaume-Moncharmont FX, Wattier R, Perrot-Minnot MJ. Magnitude and direction of parasite-induced phenotypic alterations: a meta-analysis in acanthocephalans. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2020; 95:1233-1251. [PMID: 32342653 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Several parasite species have the ability to modify their host's phenotype to their own advantage thereby increasing the probability of transmission from one host to another. This phenomenon of host manipulation is interpreted as the expression of a parasite extended phenotype. Manipulative parasites generally affect multiple phenotypic traits in their hosts, although both the extent and adaptive significance of such multidimensionality in host manipulation is still poorly documented. To review the multidimensionality and magnitude of host manipulation, and to understand the causes of variation in trait value alteration, we performed a phylogenetically corrected meta-analysis, focusing on a model taxon: acanthocephalan parasites. Acanthocephala is a phylum of helminth parasites that use vertebrates as final hosts and invertebrates as intermediate hosts, and is one of the few parasite groups for which manipulation is predicted to be ancestral. We compiled 279 estimates of parasite-induced alterations in phenotypic trait value, from 81 studies and 13 acanthocephalan species, allocating a sign to effect size estimates according to the direction of alteration favouring parasite transmission, and grouped traits by category. Phylogenetic inertia accounted for a low proportion of variation in effect sizes. The overall average alteration of trait value was moderate and positive when considering the expected effect of alterations on trophic transmission success (signed effect sizes, after the onset of parasite infectivity to the final host). Variation in the alteration of trait value was affected by the category of phenotypic trait, with the largest alterations being reversed taxis/phobia and responses to stimuli, and increased vulnerability to predation, changes to reproductive traits (behavioural or physiological castration) and immunosuppression. Parasite transmission would thereby be facilitated mainly by changing mainly the choice of micro-habitat and the anti-predation behaviour of infected hosts, and by promoting energy-saving strategies in the host. In addition, infection with larval stages not yet infective to definitive hosts (acanthella) tends to induce opposite effects of comparable magnitude to infection with the infective stage (cystacanth), although this result should be considered with caution due to the low number of estimates with acanthella. This analysis raises important issues that should be considered in future studies investigating the adaptive significance of host manipulation, not only in acanthocephalans but also in other taxa. Specifically, the contribution of phenotypic traits to parasite transmission and the range of taxonomic diversity covered deserve thorough attention. In addition, the relationship between behaviour and immunity across parasite developmental stages and host-parasite systems (the neuropsychoimmune hypothesis of host manipulation), still awaits experimental evidence. Most of these issues apply more broadly to reported cases of host manipulation by other groups of parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Fayard
- UMR CNRS 6282 Biogéosciences, Université de Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, 6 Bd Gabriel, 21000, Dijon, France
| | - François-Xavier Dechaume-Moncharmont
- UMR CNRS 6282 Biogéosciences, Université de Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, 6 Bd Gabriel, 21000, Dijon, France.,Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR 5023 LEHNA, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Rémi Wattier
- UMR CNRS 6282 Biogéosciences, Université de Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, 6 Bd Gabriel, 21000, Dijon, France
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24
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Zanin M, Neves BDS. Current felid (Carnivora: Felidae) distribution, spatial bias, and occurrence predictability: testing the reliability of a global dataset for macroecological studies. ACTA OECOLOGICA-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actao.2019.103488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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25
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Chen C, Chen HYH, Chen X. Functional diversity enhances, but exploitative traits reduce tree mixture effects on microbial biomass. Funct Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- Faculty of Natural Resources Management Lakehead University Thunder Bay ON Canada
| | - Han Y. H. Chen
- Faculty of Natural Resources Management Lakehead University Thunder Bay ON Canada
- Key Laboratory for Humid Subtropical Eco‐geographical Processes of the Ministry of Education Fujian Normal University Fuzhou China
| | - Xinli Chen
- Faculty of Natural Resources Management Lakehead University Thunder Bay ON Canada
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26
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Koricheva J, Kulinskaya E. Temporal Instability of Evidence Base: A Threat to Policy Making? Trends Ecol Evol 2019; 34:895-902. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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27
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Pothula SK, Grewal PS, Auge RM, Saxton AM, Bernard EC. Agricultural intensification and urbanization negatively impact soil nematode richness and abundance: a meta-analysis. J Nematol 2019; 51:1-17. [PMID: 31088023 DOI: 10.21307/jofnem-2019-011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human activity has extensively transformed the land surface by agricultural intensification and urbanization. In soil, nematodes are the most abundant invertebrates. The effect of human interventions was assessed on overall richness, overall abundance, richness and abundance of nematodes of each trophic group and colonizer-persister (c-p) guild by comparing urban, agriculture and disturbed grassland (DGL) with natural grassland (NGL) and forest ecosystems. Meta-analyses were conducted to generate quantitative summaries from 111 published articles that met the inclusion criteria, 91 expressed data in grams and 20 expressed data in cm3. Results from data expressed per 100 g of soil indicated that overall richness was higher in forest than in NGL, DGL, urban, and agriculture ecosystems. The richness of all c-p guilds and of all trophic groups except herbivores was highest in forest ecosystems. In contrast, overall abundance was highest in DGL, agriculture and forest ecosystems. The abundance of c-p 1, c-p 2 and c-p 3 guilds and bacterivores, fungivores and herbivores was highest in disturbed ecosystems, while the abundance of c-p 4 and c-p 5 guilds and predators and omnivores was highest in relatively undisturbed ecosystems. Results from data expressed as nematodes per 100 cm3 of soil indicated that abundance followed a similar pattern, but richness often differed between the two methodologies. These meta-analyses strengthen the concept that human interventions adversely impact both richness and abundance using nematodes as soil health bioindicators. Human activity has extensively transformed the land surface by agricultural intensification and urbanization. In soil, nematodes are the most abundant invertebrates. The effect of human interventions was assessed on overall richness, overall abundance, richness and abundance of nematodes of each trophic group and colonizer-persister (c-p) guild by comparing urban, agriculture and disturbed grassland (DGL) with natural grassland (NGL) and forest ecosystems. Meta-analyses were conducted to generate quantitative summaries from 111 published articles that met the inclusion criteria, 91 expressed data in grams and 20 expressed data in cm3. Results from data expressed per 100 g of soil indicated that overall richness was higher in forest than in NGL, DGL, urban, and agriculture ecosystems. The richness of all c-p guilds and of all trophic groups except herbivores was highest in forest ecosystems. In contrast, overall abundance was highest in DGL, agriculture and forest ecosystems. The abundance of c-p 1, c-p 2 and c-p 3 guilds and bacterivores, fungivores and herbivores was highest in disturbed ecosystems, while the abundance of c-p 4 and c-p 5 guilds and predators and omnivores was highest in relatively undisturbed ecosystems. Results from data expressed as nematodes per 100 cm3 of soil indicated that abundance followed a similar pattern, but richness often differed between the two methodologies. These meta-analyses strengthen the concept that human interventions adversely impact both richness and abundance using nematodes as soil health bioindicators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satyendra K Pothula
- Department of Entomology & Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee , 370 Plant Biotechnology Building, 2505 E J Chapman Drive, Knoxville, TN, 37996-4560
| | - Parwinder S Grewal
- School of Earth, Environmental, and Marine Sciences, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley , 1201 West University Drive, Edinburg, TX, 78539-2999
| | - Robert M Auge
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee , 2431 Joe Johnson Drive, Knoxville, TN, 37996
| | - Arnold M Saxton
- Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee , 2506 River Drive, Knoxville, TN, 37996
| | - Ernest C Bernard
- Department of Entomology & Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee , 370 Plant Biotechnology Building, 2505 E J Chapman Drive, Knoxville, TN, 37996-4560
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28
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Nakagawa S, Samarasinghe G, Haddaway NR, Westgate MJ, O’Dea RE, Noble DW, Lagisz M. Research Weaving: Visualizing the Future of Research Synthesis. Trends Ecol Evol 2019; 34:224-238. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2018.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Abstract
There are many questions in the literature that remain unanswered due to the paucity of available subjects or the large sample size needed to detect a difference. A meta-analysis consists of integrating together data from multiple studies into one larger data set in order to increase the subject size and power of a paper. In essence, it is a systematic review in which one uses statistical methods to summarize the results of these studies. It is important that a meta-analysis be performed in a systematic and orderly manner with the assistance of a statistician. When carried out correctly, these studies serve as powerful tools to help us better address our knowledge. Because of their complexity, they are prone to bias at multiple levels. This article will discuss the steps involved in performing a meta-analysis, select good studies, as well as explain the statistics conducted in these studies. Furthermore, we will discuss examples from the literature that demonstrate a good meta-analysis.
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30
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Hodgson EE, Halpern BS. Investigating cumulative effects across ecological scales. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2019; 33:22-32. [PMID: 29722069 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Species, habitats, and ecosystems are increasingly exposed to multiple anthropogenic stressors, fueling a rapidly expanding research program to understand the cumulative impacts of these environmental modifications. Since the 1970s, a growing set of methods has been developed through two parallel, sometimes connected, streams of research within the applied and academic realms to assess cumulative effects. Past reviews of cumulative effects assessment (CEA) methods focused on approaches used by practitioners. Academic research has developed several distinct and novel approaches to conducting CEA. Understanding the suite of methods that exist will help practitioners and academics better address various ecological foci (physiological responses, population impacts, ecosystem impacts) and ecological complexities (synergistic effects, impacts across space and time). We reviewed 6 categories of methods (experimental, meta-analysis, single-species modeling, mapping, qualitative modeling, and multispecies modeling) and examined the ability of those methods to address different levels of complexity. We focused on research gaps and emerging priorities. We found that no single method assessed impacts across the 4 ecological foci and 6 ecological complexities considered. We propose that methods can be used in combination to improve understanding such that multimodel inference can provide a suite of comparable outputs, mapping methods can help prioritize localized models or experimental gaps, and future experiments can be paired from the outset with models they will inform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma E Hodgson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Way, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Box 355020, Seattle, WA 98195, U.S.A
| | - Benjamin S Halpern
- National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, University of California, 735 State Street #300, Santa Barbara, CA 93101, U.S.A
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, U.S.A
- Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Road, Ascot, SL57PY, U.K
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31
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Jones HP, Jones PC, Barbier EB, Blackburn RC, Rey Benayas JM, Holl KD, McCrackin M, Meli P, Montoya D, Mateos DM. Restoration and repair of Earth's damaged ecosystems. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 285:rspb.2017.2577. [PMID: 29491171 PMCID: PMC5832705 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2017.2577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Given that few ecosystems on the Earth have been unaffected by humans, restoring them holds great promise for stemming the biodiversity crisis and ensuring ecosystem services are provided to humanity. Nonetheless, few studies have documented the recovery of ecosystems globally or the rates at which ecosystems recover. Even fewer have addressed the added benefit of actively restoring ecosystems versus allowing them to recover without human intervention following the cessation of a disturbance. Our meta-analysis of 400 studies worldwide that document recovery from large-scale disturbances, such as oil spills, agriculture and logging, suggests that though ecosystems are progressing towards recovery following disturbances, they rarely recover completely. This result reinforces conservation of intact ecosystems as a key strategy for protecting biodiversity. Recovery rates slowed down with time since the disturbance ended, suggesting that the final stages of recovery are the most challenging to achieve. Active restoration did not result in faster or more complete recovery than simply ending the disturbances ecosystems face. Our results on the added benefit of restoration must be interpreted cautiously, because few studies directly compared different restoration actions in the same location after the same disturbance. The lack of consistent value added of active restoration following disturbance suggests that passive recovery should be considered as a first option; if recovery is slow, then active restoration actions should be better tailored to overcome specific obstacles to recovery and achieve restoration goals. We call for a more strategic investment of limited restoration resources into innovative collaborative efforts between scientists, local communities and practitioners to develop restoration techniques that are ecologically, economically and socially viable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly P Jones
- Department of Biological Sciences and Institute for the Study of the Environment, Sustainability, and Energy, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL, USA
| | - Peter C Jones
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL, USA
| | - Edward B Barbier
- Department of Economics and Finance, University of Wyoming, 1000 E University Ave, Laramie, WY, USA
| | - Ryan C Blackburn
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL, USA
| | - Jose M Rey Benayas
- Fundación Internacional para la Restauración de Ecosistemas, Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Karen D Holl
- Environmental Studies Department, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | | | - Paula Meli
- Fundación Internacional para la Restauración de Ecosistemas, Madrid, Spain.,Natura y Ecosistemas Mexicanos AC, Mexico DF, Mexico
| | - Daniel Montoya
- Centre for Biodiversity Theory and Modeling, Station D'Ecologie Experimentale du CNRS, Moulis, France.,Centre INRA de Dijon, Dijon Cedex, France
| | - David Moreno Mateos
- Fundación Internacional para la Restauración de Ecosistemas, Madrid, Spain.,Basque Center for Climate Change - BC3, Bilbao, Spain.,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
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32
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Berger-Tal O, Greggor AL, Macura B, Adams CA, Blumenthal A, Bouskila A, Candolin U, Doran C, Fernández-Juricic E, Gotanda KM, Price C, Putman BJ, Segoli M, Snijders L, Wong BBM, Blumstein DT. Systematic reviews and maps as tools for applying behavioral ecology to management and policy. Behav Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/ary130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Oded Berger-Tal
- Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben Gurion, Israel
| | - Alison L Greggor
- Institute for Conservation Research, San Diego Zoo Global, Escondido, CA, USA
| | - Biljana Macura
- Mistra EviEM, Stockholm Environment Institute, Linnégatan, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carrie Ann Adams
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Arden Blumenthal
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Amos Bouskila
- Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben Gurion, Israel
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Ulrika Candolin
- Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Carolina Doran
- Department of Biology and Ecology of Fishes, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Müggelseedamm, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Kiyoko M Gotanda
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine Price
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Breanna J Putman
- Section of Herpetology and Urban Nature Research Center, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Exposition Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michal Segoli
- Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben Gurion, Israel
| | - Lysanne Snijders
- Department of Biology and Ecology of Fishes, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Müggelseedamm, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bob B M Wong
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Daniel T Blumstein
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Abstract
The thermal ecology of ectotherms has been studied for almost 2 centuries, but additional attention is currently being paid to it, to understand how organisms deal with the environment in a climate change context. A consensus is still far away due to the large number of factors involved and their complex interactions. In this context, 3 analyses in lacertid lizards were carried out: (i) a meta-analysis, to test for differences between body and air temperatures from 71 populations; (ii) a meta-analysis concerning correlations between body and air temperatures from 60 populations; and (iii) a multimodel inference of thermoregulation effectiveness indices from 45 populations. The importance of different factors, including body size, habitat, insularity, altitude, climate and season, was evaluated in all analyses to model the response variables. A strong seasonality effect was observed, with a consistent pattern of less effective thermoregulation in summer compared to other seasons. Altitude was the second most important factor, with a consistent higher thermoregulation effort in populations occurring at high elevations (>1000 m above sea level). Other factors, such as insularity or body size, can also be important, but did not exhibit a clear pattern. Finally, thermoregulation was less affected by climate and habitat type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaida Ortega
- Postgraduate Program in Ecology and Conservation, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil.,Department of Statistics, University of Salamanca, Spain
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34
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Diepstraten RAE, Jessen TD, Fauvelle CMD, Musiani MM. Does climate change and plant phenology research neglect the Arctic tundra? Ecosphere 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rianne A. E. Diepstraten
- Faculty of Environmental Design; University of Calgary; 2500 University Dr NW Calgary Alberta T2N 1N4 Canada
| | - Tyler D. Jessen
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Calgary; 2500 University Dr NW Calgary Alberta T2N 1N4 Canada
| | - Catherine M. D. Fauvelle
- Faculty of Environmental Design; University of Calgary; 2500 University Dr NW Calgary Alberta T2N 1N4 Canada
| | - Marco M. Musiani
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Calgary; 2500 University Dr NW Calgary Alberta T2N 1N4 Canada
- Department of Biological Sciences; Faculty of Science; University of Calgary; 2500 University Dr NW Calgary Alberta T2N 1N4 Canada
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35
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Conservation of grasslands and savannas: A meta-analysis on mammalian responses to anthropogenic disturbance. J Nat Conserv 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnc.2018.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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36
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Clewley GD, Robinson RA, Clark JA. Estimating mortality rates among passerines caught for ringing with mist nets using data from previously ringed birds. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:5164-5172. [PMID: 29876090 PMCID: PMC5980556 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Mist netting is the most commonly used method for catching birds for scientific ringing, but despite decades of use, there have been few attempts to quantify the associated potential risks to the individuals caught. Any incidence of mortality through capture and handling, however low, is of potential ethical concern and may also introduce biases into the data. We estimate the mortality rate associated with capture of previously ringed (recaptured) passerines from the British and Irish Ringing Scheme (c. 1.5 million records) caught using mist nets. The importance of species, age, mass, month, time, previous captures, and an index of predator occurrence was tested using generalized linear mixed-effects models. The average mortality rate was 0.0011, most of which was reported to occur before the individuals had been extracted from the nets (c. 70% of incidents). Juveniles appeared to be at higher risk and the incidence of predation from mist nets was seasonal, with increased risk during the winter. Species differed in their reported mortality rates with the apparent risk being greatest for Chiffchaff Phylloscopus collybita (0.0029) and Bullfinch Pyrrhula pyrrhula (0.0027). To improve our understanding (and hence minimize risk in future), we recommend collecting more complete data on incidences of mortality, and also injuries; exercising increased care when the species we have identified as being at greater risk are likely to be captured, and ensuring there are robust procedures for the checking of nets (as most reported incidents of mortality occur before handling). We also recommend that all Ringing Schemes should collate and make available data on capture-related mortality. Overall rates of mortality associated with capture, although, were low and support the use of mist netting as a safe capture technique, without undue bias from mortality, when used by appropriately trained individuals.
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37
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Sandoval L, Barrantes G, Wilson DR. Conceptual and statistical problems with the use of the Shannon-Weiner entropy index in bioacoustic analyses. BIOACOUSTICS 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/09524622.2018.1443286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luis Sandoval
- Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Gilbert Barrantes
- Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, San José, Costa Rica
| | - David R. Wilson
- Department of Psychology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Canada
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38
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Murphy SM, Vidal MC, Hallagan CJ, Barnes EE, Broder ED. A slow-growth high-mortality meta-analysis for insects: A comment on Chen and Chen. INSECT SCIENCE 2018; 25:352-354. [PMID: 28333401 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shannon M Murphy
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Mayra C Vidal
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Claudia J Hallagan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Elizabeth E Barnes
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA
| | - E Dale Broder
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA
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39
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40
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Rho H, Hsieh M, Kandel SL, Cantillo J, Doty SL, Kim SH. Do Endophytes Promote Growth of Host Plants Under Stress? A Meta-Analysis on Plant Stress Mitigation by Endophytes. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2018; 75:407-418. [PMID: 28840330 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-017-1054-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Endophytes are microbial symbionts living inside plants and have been extensively researched in recent decades for their functions associated with plant responses to environmental stress. We conducted a meta-analysis of endophyte effects on host plants' growth and fitness in response to three abiotic stress factors: drought, nitrogen deficiency, and excessive salinity. Ninety-four endophyte strains and 42 host plant species from the literature were evaluated in the analysis. Endophytes increased biomass accumulation of host plants under all three stress conditions. The stress mitigation effects by endophytes were similar among different plant taxa or functional groups with few exceptions; eudicots and C4 species gained more biomass than monocots and C3 species with endophytes, respectively, under drought conditions. Our analysis supports the effectiveness of endophytes in mitigating drought, nitrogen deficiency, and salinity stress in a wide range of host species with little evidence of plant-endophyte specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyungmin Rho
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, College of the Environment, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195-2100, USA.
| | - Marian Hsieh
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, College of the Environment, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195-2100, USA
| | - Shyam L Kandel
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, College of the Environment, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195-2100, USA
| | - Johanna Cantillo
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195-1800, USA
| | - Sharon L Doty
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, College of the Environment, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195-2100, USA
| | - Soo-Hyung Kim
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, College of the Environment, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195-2100, USA
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41
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Morrissey MB. Meta-analysis of magnitudes, differences and variation in evolutionary parameters. J Evol Biol 2017; 29:1882-1904. [PMID: 27726237 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Meta-analysis is increasingly used to synthesize major patterns in the large literatures within ecology and evolution. Meta-analytic methods that do not account for the process of observing data, which we may refer to as 'informal meta-analyses', may have undesirable properties. In some cases, informal meta-analyses may produce results that are unbiased, but do not necessarily make the best possible use of available data. In other cases, unbiased statistical noise in individual reports in the literature can potentially be converted into severe systematic biases in informal meta-analyses. I first present a general description of how failure to account for noise in individual inferences should be expected to lead to biases in some kinds of meta-analysis. In particular, informal meta-analyses of quantities that reflect the dispersion of parameters in nature, for example, the mean absolute value of a quantity, are likely to be generally highly misleading. I then re-analyse three previously published informal meta-analyses, where key inferences were of aspects of the dispersion of values in nature, for example, the mean absolute value of selection gradients. Major biological conclusions in each original informal meta-analysis closely match those that could arise as artefacts due to statistical noise. I present alternative mixed-model-based analyses that are specifically tailored to each situation, but where all analyses may be implemented with widely available open-source software. In each example meta-re-analysis, major conclusions change substantially.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Morrissey
- School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, UK.
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42
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Application of Meta-Analysis to Yield Performance of Rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) Clones. J RUBBER RES 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03449157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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43
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Gerstner K, Levers C, Kuemmerle T, Václavík T, Pereira HM, Seppelt R. Assessing land-use effects on European plant diversity using a biome-specific countryside species-area model. DIVERS DISTRIB 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.12608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Gerstner
- iDiv - German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research; Leipzig Germany
- Department Computational Landscape Ecology; UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research; Leipzig Germany
| | - Christian Levers
- Geography Department; Humboldt-University Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | - Tobias Kuemmerle
- Geography Department; Humboldt-University Berlin; Berlin Germany
- Integrative Research Institute on Transformation in Human-Environment Systems (IRI THESys); Humboldt-University Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | - Tomáš Václavík
- Department Computational Landscape Ecology; UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research; Leipzig Germany
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences; Faculty of Science; Palacký University; Olomouc Czech Republic
| | - Henrique M. Pereira
- iDiv - German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research; Leipzig Germany
- Institute of Biology; Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg; Halle (Saale) Germany
- Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos; Cátedra Infraestruturas de Portugal - Biodiversidade; CIBIO/InBIO; Universidade do Porto; Vairão Portugal
| | - Ralf Seppelt
- iDiv - German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research; Leipzig Germany
- Department Computational Landscape Ecology; UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research; Leipzig Germany
- Institute of Geosciences and Geography; Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg; Halle (Saale) Germany
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44
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p-Curve and Selection Methods as Meta-Analytic Supplements for Biologists: A Demonstration of Effect Size Estimation in Studies of Human Fluctuating Asymmetry. Symmetry (Basel) 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/sym9070098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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45
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Britten HB. META-ANALYSES OF THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN MULTILOCUS HETEROZYGOSITY AND FITNESS. Evolution 2017; 50:2158-2164. [PMID: 28565689 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1996.tb03606.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/1995] [Accepted: 04/30/1996] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Meta-analyses of published correlation coefficients between multilocus heterozygosity (MLH) and two fitness surrogates, growth rate and fluctuating asymmetry, suggested that the strength of these correlations are generally weak. A variety of plants and animals was included in the meta-analyses. A statistically homogeneous group of MLH-growth rate correlation coefficients that included both plants and animals yielded a common correlation of rz = 0.133. A common correlation of rz = -0.170 was estimated for correlations between MLH and fluctuating asymmetry in three species of salmonid fishes. These results suggest that selection, including overdominance, has at most a weak effect at allozyme loci and cast some doubt on the widely held notion that heterozygosity and individual fitness are strongly correlated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugh B Britten
- Biological Resources Research Center, Department of Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada, 89557
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46
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Miller SE, Barrueto M, Schluter D. A comparative analysis of experimental selection on the stickleback pelvis. J Evol Biol 2017; 30:1165-1176. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. E. Miller
- Department of Zoology; University of British Columbia; Vancouver BC Canada
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior; Cornell University; Ithaca NY USA
| | - M. Barrueto
- Department of Zoology; University of British Columbia; Vancouver BC Canada
| | - D. Schluter
- Department of Zoology; University of British Columbia; Vancouver BC Canada
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47
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Gerstner K, Moreno‐Mateos D, Gurevitch J, Beckmann M, Kambach S, Jones HP, Seppelt R. Will your paper be used in a meta‐analysis? Make the reach of your research broader and longer lasting. Methods Ecol Evol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.12758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Gerstner
- iDiv – German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research 04103 Leipzig Germany
- Department Computational Landscape Ecology UFZ – Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research 04318 Leipzig Germany
| | - David Moreno‐Mateos
- Basque Centre for Climate Change – BC3 48940 Leioa Basque Country Spain
- IKERBASQUE Basque Foundation for Science 48008 Bilbao Basque Country Spain
| | - Jessica Gurevitch
- Department of Ecology and Evolution Stony Brook University Stony Brook NY 11794‐5245 USA
| | - Michael Beckmann
- Department Computational Landscape Ecology UFZ – Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research 04318 Leipzig Germany
| | - Stephan Kambach
- Institute for Biology Martin‐Luther‐University Halle‐Wittenberg 06099 Halle (Saale) Germany
- Department Community Ecology UFZ – Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research 06120 Halle (Saale) Germany
| | - Holly P. Jones
- Department of Biological Sciences and Institute for the Study of the Environment, Sustainability, and Energy Northern Illinois University DeKalb IL 60115 USA
| | - Ralf Seppelt
- Department Computational Landscape Ecology UFZ – Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research 04318 Leipzig Germany
- Institute of Geoscience & Geography Martin‐Luther‐University Halle‐Wittenberg 06099 Halle (Saale) Germany
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48
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Abstract
Meta-analysis is a statistical procedure for analyzing the combined data from different studies, and can be a major source of concise up-to-date information. The overall conclusions of a meta-analysis, however, depend heavily on the quality of the meta-analytic process, and an appropriate evaluation of the quality of meta-analysis (meta-evaluation) can be challenging. We outline ten questions biologists can ask to critically appraise a meta-analysis. These questions could also act as simple and accessible guidelines for the authors of meta-analyses. We focus on meta-analyses using non-human species, which we term 'biological' meta-analysis. Our ten questions are aimed at enabling a biologist to evaluate whether a biological meta-analysis embodies 'mega-enlightenment', a 'mega-mistake', or something in between.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Nakagawa
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre and School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
- Diabetes and Metabolism Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia.
| | - Daniel W A Noble
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre and School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Alistair M Senior
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Malgorzata Lagisz
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre and School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
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49
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Flombaum P, Yahdjian L, Sala OE. Global-change drivers of ecosystem functioning modulated by natural variability and saturating responses. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2017; 23:503-511. [PMID: 27435939 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Humans are altering global environment at an unprecedented rate through changes in biodiversity, climate, nitrogen cycle, and land use. To address their effects on ecosystem functioning, experiments most frequently explore one driver at a time and control as many confounding factors as possible. Yet, which driver exerts the largest influence on ecosystem functioning and whether their relative importance changes among systems remain unclear. We analyzed experiments in the Patagonian steppe that evaluated the aboveground net primary production (ANPP) response to manipulated gradients of species richness, precipitation, temperature, nitrogen fertilization (N), and grazing intensity. We compared the effect on ANPP relative to ambient conditions considering intensity and direction of manipulations for each driver. The ranking of responses to drivers with comparable manipulation intensity was as follows: biodiversity>grazing>precipitation>N. For a similar intensity of manipulation, the effect of biodiversity loss was 4.0, 3.6, and 1.5, times larger than N deposition, decreased precipitation, and increased grazing intensity. We interpreted our results considering two hypotheses. First, the response of ANPP to changes in precipitation and biodiversity is saturating, so we expected larger effects when the driver was reduced, relative to ambient conditions, than when it was increased. Experimental manipulations that reduced ambient levels had larger effects than those that increased them. Second, the sensitivity of ANPP to each driver is inversely related to the natural variability of the driver. In Patagonia, the ranking of natural variability of drivers is as follows: precipitation>grazing>temperature>biodiversity>N. So, in general, the ecosystem was most sensitive to drivers that varied the least. Comparable results from Cedar Creek (MN) support both hypotheses and suggest that sensitivity to drivers varies among ecosystem types. Given the importance of understanding ecosystem sensitivity to predict global-change impacts, it is necessary to design new experiments located in regions with contrasting natural variability and that include the full range of drivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Flombaum
- Centro de Investigaciones del Mar y la Atmósfera, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, and Departamento de Ecología Genética y Evolución, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Pabellón II piso 2, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, C1428EGA, Argentina
| | - Laura Yahdjian
- Facultad de Agronomía, Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura, and Cátedra de Ecología, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Avenida San Martín 4453, Buenos Aires, C1417DSE, Argentina
| | - Osvaldo E Sala
- School of Life Sciences and School of Sustainability, Arizona State University, PO Box 874501, Tempe, AZ, 85287-4501, USA
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50
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Bock BC, Páez VP. Meta-análisis de la historia del estudio de las tortugas continentales de Colombia. ACTA BIOLÓGICA COLOMBIANA 2017. [DOI: 10.15446/abc.v22n1.59876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Analizamos las referencias incluidas en una reciente revisión literaria sobre el estado de conocimiento de las tortugas continentales de Colombia. La tasa de publicaciones sobre estas especies ha incrementado exponencialmente desde los años 1950s, aunque muchas de éstas no podrían haber sido detectadas usando búsquedas de literatura por internet. Los tópicos más comunes de las publicaciones fueron sistemática y filo-geografía, ecología de anidación, y manejo. En los años 1970s y 1980s, la tasa de publicaciones sobre temas de ecología y genética de poblaciones ocupando el territorio colombiano, estuvo por debajo de publicaciones sobre estos dos tópicos con poblaciones de las mismas especies en otras regiones de Suramérica. Sin embargo, actualmente la producción en ambas regiones es comparable. En otros países, detectamos una tendencia temporal significativa de publicar cada vez más en inglés y en revistas de mayor impacto; esta tendencia no fue significativa para las publicaciones sobre poblaciones de tortugas colombianas. En Colombia, un número desproporcionado de las publicaciones son sobre especies de tamaños grandes que enfrentan problemas de conservación. Argumentamos que estudios futuros de las especies de tortugas continentales de Colombia relativamente bien conocidas, se deberían enfocar en evaluar la efectividad de los programas de manejo, y también debemos dar prioridad a investigaciones que aumenten el estado de conocimiento de las especies de tortugas continentales poco estudiadas en el país, especialmente de aquellas que actualmente están categorizadas por la UICN como con datos deficientes (DD).
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