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Philip N, Jani J, Azhari NN, Sekawi Z, Neela VK. In vivo and in silico Virulence Analysis of Leptospira Species Isolated From Environments and Rodents in Leptospirosis Outbreak Areas in Malaysia. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:753328. [PMID: 34803975 PMCID: PMC8602918 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.753328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The zoonotic disease leptospirosis is caused by pathogenic species of the genus Leptospira. With the advancement of studies in leptospirosis, several new species are being reported. It has always been a query, whether Leptospira species, serovars, and strains isolated from different geographical locations contribute to the difference in the disease presentations and severity. In an epidemiological surveillance study performed in Malaysia, we isolated seven novel intermediate and saprophytic species (Leptospira semungkisensis, Leptospira fletcheri, Leptospira langatensis, Leptospira selangorensis, Leptospira jelokensis, Leptospira perdikensis, Leptospira congkakensis) from environments and three pathogenic species from rodents (Leptospira borgpetersenii strain HP364, Leptospira weilii strain SC295, Leptospira interrogans strain HP358) trapped in human leptospirosis outbreak premises. To evaluate the pathogenic potential of these isolates, we performed an in vivo and in silico virulence analysis. Environmental isolates and strain HP364 did not induce any clinical manifestations in hamsters. Strain SC295 caused inactivity and weight loss with histopathological changes in kidneys, however, all hamsters survived until the end of the experiment. Strain HP358 showed a high virulent phenotype as all infected hamsters died or were moribund within 7 days postinfection. Lungs, liver, and kidneys showed pathological changes with hemorrhage as the main presentation. In silico analysis elucidated the genome size of strain HP358 to be larger than strains HP364 and SC295 and containing virulence genes reported in Leptospira species and a high number of specific putative virulence factors. In conclusion, L. interrogans strain HP358 was highly pathogenic with fatal outcome. The constituent of Leptospira genomes may determine the level of disease severity and that needs further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noraini Philip
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Jaeyres Jani
- Borneo Medical and Health Research Center, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Nurul Natasya Azhari
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Zamberi Sekawi
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Vasantha Kumari Neela
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
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Samrot AV, Sean TC, Bhavya KS, Sahithya CS, Chan-drasekaran S, Palanisamy R, Robinson ER, Subbiah SK, Mok PL. Leptospiral Infection, Pathogenesis and Its Diagnosis-A Review. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10020145. [PMID: 33535649 PMCID: PMC7912936 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10020145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a perplexing conundrum for many. In the existing literature, the pathophysiological mechanisms pertaining to leptospirosis is still not understood in full. Considered as a neglected tropical zoonotic disease, leptospirosis is culminating as a serious problem worldwide, seemingly existing as co-infections with various other unrelated diseases, including dengue and malaria. Misdiagnosis is also common as non-specific symptoms are documented extensively in the literature. This can easily lead to death, as the severe form of leptospirosis (Weil's disease) manifests as a complex of systemic complications, especially renal failure. The virulence of Leptospira sp. is usually attributed to the outer membrane proteins, including LipL32. With an armament of virulence factors at their disposal, their ability to easily adhere, invade and replicate within cells calls for a swift refinement in research progress to establish their exact pathophysiological framework. As an effort to reconstitute the current knowledge on leptospirosis, the basis of leptospiral infection, including its risk factors, classification, morphology, transmission, pathogenesis, co-infections and clinical manifestations are highlighted in this review. The various diagnostic techniques are also outlined with emphasis on their respective pros and cons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antony V. Samrot
- School of Bioscience, Faculty of Medicine, Bioscience and Nursing, MAHSA University, Jenjarom, Selangor 42610, Malaysia;
- Correspondence: (A.V.S.); (P.L.M.)
| | - Tan Chuan Sean
- School of Bioscience, Faculty of Medicine, Bioscience and Nursing, MAHSA University, Jenjarom, Selangor 42610, Malaysia;
| | - Karanam Sai Bhavya
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bio and Chemical Engineering, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Jeppiaar Nagar, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 627 011, India; (K.S.B.); (C.S.S.); (S.C.); (R.P.)
| | - Chamarthy Sai Sahithya
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bio and Chemical Engineering, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Jeppiaar Nagar, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 627 011, India; (K.S.B.); (C.S.S.); (S.C.); (R.P.)
| | - SaiPriya Chan-drasekaran
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bio and Chemical Engineering, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Jeppiaar Nagar, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 627 011, India; (K.S.B.); (C.S.S.); (S.C.); (R.P.)
| | - Raji Palanisamy
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bio and Chemical Engineering, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Jeppiaar Nagar, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 627 011, India; (K.S.B.); (C.S.S.); (S.C.); (R.P.)
| | - Emilin Renitta Robinson
- Department of Food Processing Technology, Karunya Institute of Technology and Science, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641 114, India;
| | - Suresh Kumar Subbiah
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia;
- Department of Biotechnology, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research (BIHER), Selaiyur, Tamil Nadu 600 073, India
- Genetics and Regenerative Medicine Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia
| | - Pooi Ling Mok
- Department of Biotechnology, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research (BIHER), Selaiyur, Tamil Nadu 600 073, India
- Genetics and Regenerative Medicine Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka P.O. Box 2014, Aljouf Province, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (A.V.S.); (P.L.M.)
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Bonhomme D, Santecchia I, Vernel-Pauillac F, Caroff M, Germon P, Murray G, Adler B, Boneca IG, Werts C. Leptospiral LPS escapes mouse TLR4 internalization and TRIF‑associated antimicrobial responses through O antigen and associated lipoproteins. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008639. [PMID: 32790743 PMCID: PMC7447051 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a worldwide re-emerging zoonosis caused by pathogenic Leptospira spp. All vertebrate species can be infected; humans are sensitive hosts whereas other species, such as rodents, may become long-term renal carrier reservoirs. Upon infection, innate immune responses are initiated by recognition of Microbial Associated Molecular Patterns (MAMPs) by Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs). Among MAMPs, the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is recognized by the Toll-Like-Receptor 4 (TLR4) and activates both the MyD88-dependent pathway at the plasma membrane and the TRIF-dependent pathway after TLR4 internalization. We previously showed that leptospiral LPS is not recognized by the human-TLR4, whereas it signals through mouse-TLR4 (mTLR4), which mediates mouse resistance to acute leptospirosis. However, although resistant, mice are known to be chronically infected by leptospires. Interestingly, the leptospiral LPS has low endotoxicity in mouse cells and is an agonist of TLR2, the sensor for bacterial lipoproteins. Here, we investigated the signaling properties of the leptospiral LPS in mouse macrophages. Using confocal microscopy and flow cytometry, we showed that the LPS of L. interrogans did not induce internalization of mTLR4, unlike the LPS of Escherichia coli. Consequently, the LPS failed to induce the production of the TRIF-dependent nitric oxide and RANTES, both important antimicrobial responses. Using shorter LPS and LPS devoid of TLR2 activity, we further found this mTLR4-TRIF escape to be dependent on both the co-purifying lipoproteins and the full-length O antigen. Furthermore, our data suggest that the O antigen could alter the binding of the leptospiral LPS to the co-receptor CD14 that is essential for TLR4-TRIF activation. Overall, we describe here a novel leptospiral immune escape mechanism from mouse macrophages and hypothesize that the LPS altered signaling could contribute to the stealthiness and chronicity of the leptospires in mice. Leptospira interrogans is a bacterial pathogen, responsible for leptospirosis, a worldwide neglected reemerging disease. L. interrogans may cause an acute severe disease in humans, whereas rodents and other animals asymptomatically carry the leptospires in their kidneys. They can therefore excrete live bacteria in urine and contaminate the environment. Leptospires are stealth pathogens known to escape the innate immune defenses of their hosts. They are covered in lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a bacterial motif recognized in mammals through the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), which triggers two different signaling pathways. We showed previously that pathogenic leptospires fully escape TLR4 recognition in humans. Here we focused on the LPS signaling in mice that are, although resistant to acute leptospirosis, chronically infected. We showed in mouse cells that the leptospiral LPS triggers only one arm of the TLR4 pathway and escapes the other, hence avoiding production of antimicrobial compounds. Removing the lipoproteins that always co-purify with the leptospiral LPS, or using shorter LPS, restores the stimulation of both pathways. This suggests a novel escape mechanism linked to the LPS and involving lipoproteins that could be instrumental for leptospires to escape the mouse defense and to allow for their chronic renal colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Bonhomme
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Biologie et Génétique de la Paroi Bactérienne, Paris, France; CNRS, UMR 2001 « Microbiologie intégrative et Moléculaire », Paris, France; INSERM, Equipe Avenir, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Ignacio Santecchia
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Biologie et Génétique de la Paroi Bactérienne, Paris, France; CNRS, UMR 2001 « Microbiologie intégrative et Moléculaire », Paris, France; INSERM, Equipe Avenir, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Frédérique Vernel-Pauillac
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Biologie et Génétique de la Paroi Bactérienne, Paris, France; CNRS, UMR 2001 « Microbiologie intégrative et Moléculaire », Paris, France; INSERM, Equipe Avenir, Paris, France
| | - Martine Caroff
- LPS-BioSciences, Université de Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Pierre Germon
- INRAE, UMR ISP, Université François Rabelais de Tours, Nouzilly, France
| | - Gerald Murray
- Department of Microbiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ben Adler
- Department of Microbiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ivo G. Boneca
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Biologie et Génétique de la Paroi Bactérienne, Paris, France; CNRS, UMR 2001 « Microbiologie intégrative et Moléculaire », Paris, France; INSERM, Equipe Avenir, Paris, France
| | - Catherine Werts
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Biologie et Génétique de la Paroi Bactérienne, Paris, France; CNRS, UMR 2001 « Microbiologie intégrative et Moléculaire », Paris, France; INSERM, Equipe Avenir, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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Sun AH, Liu XX, Yan J. Leptospirosis is an invasive infectious and systemic inflammatory disease. Biomed J 2020; 43:24-31. [PMID: 32200953 PMCID: PMC7090314 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2019.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic Leptospira species are the causative agents of leptospirosis, a world-spreading zoonotic infectious disease. The pathogens possess a powerful invasiveness by invading human body through mucosal/skin barriers, rapid entry into bloodstream to cause septicemia, diffusion from bloodstream into internal organs and tissues to cause aggravation of disease, and discharge from urine through renal tubules to form natural infectious sources. Leptospirosis patients present severe inflammatory symptoms such as high fever, myalgia and lymphadenectasis. Hemorrhage and jaundice are the pathological features of this disease. Previous studies revealed that some outer membrane proteins of Leptospira interrogans, the most important pathogenic Leptospira species, acted as adherence factors to binding to receptor molecules (fibronectin, laminin and collagens) in extracellular matrix of host cells. Collagenase, metallopeptidases and endoflagellum contributed to the invasiveness of L. interrogans. Except for lipopolysaccharide, multiple hemolysins of L. interrogans displayed a powerful ability to induce pro-inflammatory cytokines and hepatocyte apoptosis. vWA and platelet activating factor acetylhydrolase-like proteins from L. interrogans could induce severe pulmonary hemorrhage in mice. L. interrogans utilized cellular endocytic recycling and vesicular transport systems for intracellular migration and transcellular transport. All the research achievements are helpful for further understanding the virulence of pathogenic Leptospira species and pathogenesis of leptospirosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Hua Sun
- Faculty of Basic Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Xiao-Xiang Liu
- Faculty of Basic Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Jie Yan
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China.
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Smith JA, Bar-Peled M. Synthesis of UDP-apiose in Bacteria: The marine phototroph Geminicoccus roseus and the plant pathogen Xanthomonas pisi. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184953. [PMID: 28931093 PMCID: PMC5607165 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The branched-chain sugar apiose was widely assumed to be synthesized only by plant species. In plants, apiose-containing polysaccharides are found in vascularized plant cell walls as the pectic polymers rhamnogalacturonan II and apiogalacturonan. Apiosylated secondary metabolites are also common in many plant species including ancestral avascular bryophytes and green algae. Apiosyl-residues have not been documented in bacteria. In a screen for new bacterial glycan structures, we detected small amounts of apiose in methanolic extracts of the aerobic phototroph Geminicoccus roseus and the pathogenic soil-dwelling bacteria Xanthomonas pisi. Apiose was also present in the cell pellet of X. pisi. Examination of these bacterial genomes uncovered genes with relatively low protein homology to plant UDP-apiose/UDP-xylose synthase (UAS). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that these bacterial UAS-like homologs belong in a clade distinct to UAS and separated from other nucleotide sugar biosynthetic enzymes. Recombinant expression of three bacterial UAS-like proteins demonstrates that they actively convert UDP-glucuronic acid to UDP-apiose and UDP-xylose. Both UDP-apiose and UDP-xylose were detectable in cell cultures of G. roseus and X. pisi. We could not, however, definitively identify the apiosides made by these bacteria, but the detection of apiosides coupled with the in vivo transcription of bUAS and production of UDP-apiose clearly demonstrate that these microbes have evolved the ability to incorporate apiose into glycans during their lifecycles. While this is the first report to describe enzymes for the formation of activated apiose in bacteria, the advantage of synthesizing apiose-containing glycans in bacteria remains unknown. The characteristics of bUAS and its products are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Amor Smith
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center (CCRC), University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States of America
- Dept. of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States of America
| | - Maor Bar-Peled
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center (CCRC), University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States of America
- Dept. of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States of America
- Dept. of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States of America
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Gomes-Solecki M, Santecchia I, Werts C. Animal Models of Leptospirosis: Of Mice and Hamsters. Front Immunol 2017; 8:58. [PMID: 28270811 PMCID: PMC5318464 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic Leptospira sp. are spirochetal bacteria responsible for leptospirosis, an emerging worldwide zoonosis. These spirochetes are very successful pathogens that infect a wide range of hosts such as fish, reptiles, birds, marsupials, and mammals. Transmission occurs when chronically infected animals excrete live bacteria in their urine, contaminating the environment. Leptospira sp. enter their hosts through damaged skin and mucosa. Chronically infected rats and mice are asymptomatic and are considered as important reservoirs of the disease. Infected humans may develop either a flu-like, usually mild illness with or without chronic asymptotic renal colonization, or a severe acute disease with kidney, liver, and heart failure, potentially leading to death. Leptospirosis is an economic burden on society due to health-care costs related to elevated morbidity of humans and loss of animals of agricultural interest. There are no effective vaccines against leptospirosis. Leptospira sp. are difficult to genetically manipulate which delays the pace of research progress. In this review, we discuss in an historical perspective how animal models have contributed to further our knowledge of leptospirosis. Hamsters, guinea pigs, and gerbils have been instrumental to study the pathophysiology of acute lethal leptospirosis and the Leptospira sp. genes involved in virulence. Chronic renal colonization has been mostly studied using experimentally infected rats. A special emphasis will be placed on mouse models, long thought to be irrelevant since they survive lethal infection. However, mice have recently been shown to be good models of sublethal infection leading to chronic colonization. Furthermore, congenic and transgenic mice have proven essential to study how innate immune cells interact with the pathogen and to understand the role of the toll-like receptor 4, which is important to control Leptospira sp. load and disease. The use of inbred and transgenic mouse models opens up the field to the comprehensive study of immune responses to Leptospira sp. infection and subsequent pathophysiology of inflammation. It also allows for testing of drugs and vaccines in a biological system that can avail of a wealth of molecular tools that enable understanding of the mechanisms of action of protective vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Gomes-Solecki
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center , Memphis, TN , USA
| | - Ignacio Santecchia
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Biologie et Génétique de la Paroi Bactérienne, Paris, France; INSERM, équipe Avenir, Paris, France
| | - Catherine Werts
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Biologie et Génétique de la Paroi Bactérienne, Paris, France; INSERM, équipe Avenir, Paris, France
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Alencar VC, Jabes DL, Menegidio FB, Sassaki GL, de Souza LR, Puzer L, Meneghetti MCZ, Lima MA, Tersariol ILDS, de Oliveira RC, Nunes LR. Functional and Evolutionary Characterization of a UDP-Xylose Synthase Gene from the Plant Pathogen Xylella fastidiosa, Involved in the Synthesis of Bacterial Lipopolysaccharide. Biochemistry 2017; 56:779-792. [PMID: 28125217 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.6b00886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Xylella fastidiosa is a plant-infecting bacillus, responsible for many important crop diseases, such as Pierce's disease of vineyards, citrus variegated chlorosis, and coffee leaf scorch (CLS), among others. Recent genomic comparisons involving two CLS-related strains, belonging to X. fastidiosa subsp. pauca, revealed that one of them carries a frameshift mutation that inactivates a gene encoding an oxidoreductase of the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR) superfamily, which may play important roles in determining structural variations in bacterial glycans and glycoconjugates. However, the exact nature of this SDR has been a matter of controversy, as different annotations of X. fastidiosa genomes have implicated it in distinct reactions. To confirm the nature of this mutated SDR, a comparative analysis was initially performed, suggesting that it belongs to a subgroup of SDR decarboxylases, representing a UDP-xylose synthase (Uxs). Functional assays, using a recombinant derivative of this enzyme, confirmed its nature as XfUxs, and carbohydrate composition analyses, performed with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) molecules obtained from different strains, indicate that inactivation of the X. fastidiosa uxs gene affects the LPS structure among CLS-related X. fastidiosa strains. Finally, a comparative sequence analysis suggests that this mutation is likely to result in a morphological and evolutionary hallmark that differentiates two subgroups of CLS-related strains, which may influence interactions between these bacteria and their plant and/or insect hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valquíria Campos Alencar
- Núcleo Integrado de Biotecnologia, Universidade de Mogi das Cruzes (UMC) , Av. Dr. Cândido Xavier de Almeida Souza, 200, Mogi das Cruzes, SP CEP 08780-911, Brazil
| | - Daniela Leite Jabes
- Núcleo Integrado de Biotecnologia, Universidade de Mogi das Cruzes (UMC) , Av. Dr. Cândido Xavier de Almeida Souza, 200, Mogi das Cruzes, SP CEP 08780-911, Brazil
| | - Fabiano Bezerra Menegidio
- Núcleo Integrado de Biotecnologia, Universidade de Mogi das Cruzes (UMC) , Av. Dr. Cândido Xavier de Almeida Souza, 200, Mogi das Cruzes, SP CEP 08780-911, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Lanzi Sassaki
- Setor de Ciências Biológicas-Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular Laboratório de Química de Carboidratos, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR) , Rua Cel. Francisco H. dos Santos, 100, Curitiba, Paraná CEP 81531-980, Brazil
| | - Lucas Rodrigo de Souza
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC (UFABC) , Rua Santa Adélia, 166, Santo André, SP CEP 09210-170, Brazil
| | - Luciano Puzer
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC (UFABC) , Rua Santa Adélia, 166, Santo André, SP CEP 09210-170, Brazil
| | - Maria Cecília Zorél Meneghetti
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) , Rua Três de Maio, Vila Clementino, São Paulo CEP 04044-020, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Andrade Lima
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) , Rua Três de Maio, Vila Clementino, São Paulo CEP 04044-020, Brazil
| | - Ivarne Luis Dos Santos Tersariol
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) , Rua Três de Maio, Vila Clementino, São Paulo CEP 04044-020, Brazil
| | - Regina Costa de Oliveira
- Núcleo Integrado de Biotecnologia, Universidade de Mogi das Cruzes (UMC) , Av. Dr. Cândido Xavier de Almeida Souza, 200, Mogi das Cruzes, SP CEP 08780-911, Brazil
| | - Luiz R Nunes
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC (UFABC) , Rua Santa Adélia, 166, Santo André, SP CEP 09210-170, Brazil
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Guo Y, Ding C, Zhang B, Xu J, Xun M, Xu J. Inhibitory effect of BMAP-28 on Leptospiral Lipopolysaccharide-Induced TLR2-Dependent Immune Response in Bovine Cells. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2016; 9:e33926. [PMID: 27635213 PMCID: PMC5013549 DOI: 10.5812/jjm.33926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bovine leptospirosis is a widespread zoonotic disease, leading to serious economic losses in animal production and causing potential hazards to human health. Leptospiral lipopolysaccharide (L-LPS) plays an important role in leptospirosis pathogenicity. Objectives With respect to L-LPS endotoxin-like activity, we examined bovine immune response to L-LPS and the inhibitory ability of bovine myeloid antimicrobial peptide-28 (BMAP-28) against L-LPS-induced immune activation in bovine cells. Materials and Methods In this study, L-LPS-induced proinflammatory cytokine production in bovine cells was quantitatively measured with real-time PCR and ELISA, and we determined which cell membrane receptors (toll-like receptor [TLR]2 and TLR4) played a major role. In addition, the ability of BMAP-28 to inhibit L-LPS-induced endotoxin-like immune activation in bovine cells was determined by the decrease in cytokine secretion. Results L-LPS showed the ability to induce cytokine production in bovine cells, and its induction was TLR2-dependent. BMAP-28 was used to inhibit L-LPS-induced endotoxin-like activity. The function of BMAP-28 was to inhibit LPS-induced TLR2 expression and cytokine production. Conclusions In this study, the L-LPS immune response of bovine cells was significant, indicating that TLR2 is the predominant receptor for L-LPS. Due to L-LPS endotoxin-like activity, we found a strategy through using BMAP-28 to prevent L-LPS-induced TLR2-dependent immune activation in bovine cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijie Guo
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an, China; Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Cuiping Ding
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Jun Xu
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Iwate University, Iwate, Japan
| | - Meng Xun
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jiru Xu
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an, China
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Eshghi A, Henderson J, Trent MS, Picardeau M. Leptospira interrogans lpxD Homologue Is Required for Thermal Acclimatization and Virulence. Infect Immun 2015; 83:4314-21. [PMID: 26283339 PMCID: PMC4598399 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00897-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is an emerging disease with an annual occurrence of over 1 million human cases worldwide. Pathogenic Leptospira bacteria are maintained in zoonotic cycles involving a diverse array of mammals, with the capacity to survive outside the host in aquatic environments. Survival in the diverse environments encountered by Leptospira likely requires various adaptive mechanisms. Little is known about Leptospira outer membrane modification systems, which may contribute to the capacity of these bacteria to successfully inhabit and colonize diverse environments and animal hosts. Leptospira bacteria carry two genes annotated as UDP-3-O-[3-hydroxymyristoyl] glucosamine N-acyltransferase genes (la0512 and la4326 [lpxD1 and lpxD2]) that in other bacteria are involved in the early steps of biosynthesis of lipid A, the membrane lipid anchor of lipopolysaccharide. Inactivation of only one of these genes, la0512/lpxD1, imparted sensitivity to the host physiological temperature (37°C) and rendered the bacteria avirulent in an animal infection model. Polymyxin B sensitivity assays revealed compromised outer membrane integrity in the lpxD1 mutant at host physiological temperature, but structural analysis of lipid A in the mutant revealed only minor changes in the lipid A moiety compared to that found in the wild-type strain. In accordance with this, an in trans complementation restored the phenotypes to a level comparable to that of the wild-type strain. These results suggest that the gene annotated as lpxD1 in Leptospira interrogans plays an important role in temperature adaptation and virulence in the animal infection model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azad Eshghi
- Institut Pasteur, Biology of Spirochetes Unit, Paris, France
| | - Jeremy Henderson
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - M Stephen Trent
- Department of Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
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Guo Y, Fukuda T, Nakamura S, Bai L, Xu J, Kuroda K, Tomioka R, Yoneyama H, Isogai E. Interaction between Leptospiral Lipopolysaccharide and Toll-like Receptor 2 in Pig Fibroblast Cell Line, and Inhibitory Effect of Antibody against Leptospiral Lipopolysaccharide on Interaction. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2015; 28:273-9. [PMID: 25557825 PMCID: PMC4283174 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.14.0440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Revised: 08/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Leptospiral lipopolysaccharide (L-LPS) has shown potency in activating toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) in pig fibroblasts (PEFs_NCC1), and causes the expression of proinflammatory cytokines. However, the stimulation by L-LPS was weak eliciting the function of TLR2 sufficiently in pig innate immunity responses during Leptospira infection. In this study, the immune response of pig embryonic fibroblast cell line (PEFs_SV40) was investigated and was found to be the high immune response, thus TLR2 is the predominate receptor of L-LPS in pig cells. Further, we found a strategy using the antibody against L-LPS, to prevent L-LPS interaction with TLR2 in pig cells which could impact on immune activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijie Guo
- Laboratories of Animal Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 981-8555, Japan ; Department of Immunobiology and Pathogenic Biology, Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Tomokazu Fukuda
- Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 981-8555, Japan
| | - Shuichi Nakamura
- Laboratory of Applied Physics, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Lanlan Bai
- Laboratories of Animal Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 981-8555, Japan
| | - Jun Xu
- Laboratories of Animal Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 981-8555, Japan
| | - Kengo Kuroda
- Laboratories of Animal Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 981-8555, Japan
| | - Rintaro Tomioka
- Laboratories of Animal Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 981-8555, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yoneyama
- Laboratories of Animal Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 981-8555, Japan
| | - Emiko Isogai
- Laboratories of Animal Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 981-8555, Japan
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UDP-glucuronic acid decarboxylases of Bacteroides fragilis and their prevalence in bacteria. J Bacteriol 2011; 193:5252-9. [PMID: 21804000 DOI: 10.1128/jb.05337-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Xylose is rarely described as a component of bacterial glycans. UDP-xylose is the nucleotide-activated form necessary for incorporation of xylose into glycans and is synthesized by the decarboxylation of UDP-glucuronic acid (UDP-GlcA). Enzymes with UDP-GlcA decarboxylase activity include those that lead to the formation of UDP-xylose as the end product (Uxs type) and those synthesizing UDP-xylose as an intermediate (ArnA and RsU4kpxs types). In this report, we identify and confirm the activities of two Uxs-type UDP-GlcA decarboxylases of Bacteroides fragilis, designated BfUxs1 and BfUxs2. Bfuxs1 is located in a conserved region of the B. fragilis genome, whereas Bfuxs2 is in the heterogeneous capsular polysaccharide F (PSF) biosynthesis locus. Deletion of either gene separately does not result in the loss of a detectable phenotype, but deletion of both genes abrogates PSF synthesis, strongly suggesting that they are functional paralogs and that the B. fragilis NCTC 9343 PSF repeat unit contains xylose. UDP-GlcA decarboxylases are often annotated incorrectly as NAD-dependent epimerases/dehydratases; therefore, their prevalence in bacteria is underappreciated. Using available structural and mutational data, we devised a sequence pattern to detect bacterial genes encoding UDP-GlcA decarboxylase activity. We identified 826 predicted UDP-GlcA decarboxylase enzymes in diverse bacterial species, with the ArnA and RsU4kpxs types confined largely to proteobacterial species. These data suggest that xylose, or a monosaccharide requiring a UDP-xylose intermediate, is more prevalent in bacterial glycans than previously appreciated. Genes encoding BfUxs1-like enzymes are highly conserved in Bacteroides species, indicating that these abundant intestinal microbes may synthesize a conserved xylose-containing glycan.
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Yang J, Zhang Y, Xu J, Geng Y, Chen X, Yang H, Wang S, Wang H, Jiang X, Guo X, Zhao G. Serum activity of platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase is a potential clinical marker for leptospirosis pulmonary hemorrhage. PLoS One 2009; 4:e4181. [PMID: 19145243 PMCID: PMC2615213 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2008] [Accepted: 11/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary hemorrhage has been recognized as a major, often lethal, manifestation of severe leptospirosis albeit the pathogenesis remains unclear. The Leptospira interrogans virulent serogroup Icterohaemorrhagiae serovar Lai encodes a protein (LA2144), which exhibited the platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH) activity in vitro similar to that of human serum with respect to its substrate affinity and specificity and thus designated L-PAF-AH. On the other hand, the primary amino acid sequence of L-PAF-AH is homologous to the alpha1-subunit of the bovine brain PAF-AH isoform I. The L-PAF-AH was proven to be an intracellular protein, which was encoded unanimously and expressed similarly in either pathogenic or saprophytic leptospires. Mongolian gerbil is an appropriate experimental model to study the PAF-AH level in serum with its basal activity level comparable to that of human while elevated directly associated with the course of pulmonary hemorrhage during severe leptospirosis. Mortality occurred around the peak of pulmonary hemorrhage, along with the transition of the PAF-AH activity level in serum, from the increasing phase to the final decreasing phase. Limited clinical data indicated that the serum activity of PAF-AH was likely to be elevated in the patients infected by L. interrogans serogroup Icterohaemorrhagiae, but not in those infected by other less severe serogroups. Although L-PAF-AH might be released into the micro-environment via cell lysis, its PAF-AH activity apparently contributed little to this elevation. Therefore, the change of PAF-AH in serum not only may be influential for pulmonary hemorrhage, but also seems suitable for disease monitoring to ensure prompt clinical treatment, which is critical for reducing the mortality of severe leptospirosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junwei Yang
- Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yixuan Zhang
- School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutical, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Department of Pathology and Department of Animal Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Geng
- School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutical, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaoying Chen
- School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutical, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hongliang Yang
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Department of Pathology and Department of Animal Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shengnian Wang
- National Engineering Center for Biochip at Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| | - Hengan Wang
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Department of Pathology and Department of Animal Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xucheng Jiang
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Department of Pathology and Department of Animal Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaokui Guo
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Department of Pathology and Department of Animal Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guoping Zhao
- Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- National Engineering Center for Biochip at Shanghai, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory for Health and Disease Genomics, Chinese National Human Genome Center at Shanghai, Shanghai, China
- Department of Microbiology and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
- * E-mail:
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Nally JE, Chow E, Fishbein MC, Blanco DR, Lovett MA. Changes in lipopolysaccharide O antigen distinguish acute versus chronic Leptospira interrogans infections. Infect Immun 2005; 73:3251-60. [PMID: 15908349 PMCID: PMC1111870 DOI: 10.1128/iai.73.6.3251-3260.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is the most geographically widespread zoonotic disease in the world. A severe pulmonary form of leptospirosis (SPFL) is being recognized with increased frequency. We have reported that human SPFL isolates of Leptospira cause acute lethal infection with prominent pulmonary hemorrhage in guinea pigs. We have found that the same SPFL strains cause asymptomatic infection and chronic renal shedding in rats, where infection is restricted to the renal tubules. To address the antigenic composition of host tissue-derived Leptospira (HTL), motile leptospires were purified from guinea pig liver by centrifugation on Percoll density gradients and compared to Percoll-purified in vitro-cultivated Leptospira (IVCL). The lipopolysaccharide O antigen (Oag) content of guinea pig liver-derived HTL was markedly reduced compared to that of IVCL, as demonstrated both by immunoblotting with a monoclonal antibody that was serovar specific for Oag and by periodate-silver staining. Confocal microscopy of HTL in guinea pig liver and kidney with the Oag-specific monoclonal antibody provided further evidence that diminution of the Oag content occurred in situ during lethal infection. In contrast, the Oag content of HTL in chronically infected rat renal tubules was indistinguishable from that of IVCL. These findings suggest that there may be regulation of Oag synthesis by Leptospira specific to the animal host infected. The hypothesis that the Oag content is related to whether lethal infection or chronic renal tubular colonization occurs remains to be tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarlath E Nally
- Department of Medicine, 37-121 CHS, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California-Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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Dorigatti F, Brunialti MKC, Romero EC, Kallas EG, Salomão R. Leptospira interrogans activation of peripheral blood monocyte glycolipoprotein demonstrated in whole blood by the release of IL-6. Braz J Med Biol Res 2005; 38:909-14. [PMID: 15933785 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2005000600013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycolipoprotein (GLP) from pathogenic serovars of Leptospira has been implicated in the pathogenesis of leptospirosis by its presence in tissues of experimental animals with leptospirosis, the inhibition of the Na,K-ATPase pump activity, and induced production of cytokines. The aims of the present study were to investigate the induction of IL-6 by GLP in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and to demonstrate monocyte stimulation at the cellular level in whole blood from healthy volunteers. PBMC were stimulated with increasing concentrations (5 to 2500 ng/ml) of GLP extracted from the pathogenic L. interrogans serovar Copenhageni, lipopolysaccharide (positive control) or medium (negative control), and supernatants were collected after 6, 20/24, and 48 h, and kept at -80 degrees C until use. Whole blood was diluted 1:1 in RPMI medium and cultivated for 6 h, with medium, GLP and lipopolysaccharide as described above. Monensin was added after the first hour of culture. Supernatant cytokine levels from PBMC were measured by ELISA and intracellular IL-6 was detected in monocytes in whole blood cultures by flow-cytometry. Monocytes were identified in whole blood on the basis of forward versus side scatter parameters and positive reactions with CD45 and CD14 antibodies. GLP ( > or = 50 ng/ml)-induced IL-6 levels in supernatants were detected after 6-h incubation, reaching a peak after 20/24 h. The percentage of monocytes staining for IL-6 increased with increasing GLP concentration. Thus, our findings show a GLP-induced cellular activation by demonstrating the ability of GLP to induce IL-6 and the occurrence of monocyte activation in whole blood at the cellular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Dorigatti
- Disciplina de Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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Diament D, Brunialti MKC, Romero EC, Kallas EG, Salomao R. Peripheral blood mononuclear cell activation induced by Leptospira interrogans glycolipoprotein. Infect Immun 2002; 70:1677-83. [PMID: 11895929 PMCID: PMC127819 DOI: 10.1128/iai.70.4.1677-1683.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptospira interrogans glycolipoprotein (GLP) has been implicated in pathological and functional derangement seen in leptospirosis. The goal of this study was to evaluate GLP's ability to induce cellular activation, as assessed by cytokine production and expression of surface activation markers. GLP extracted from either pathogenic L. interrogans serovar Copenhageni or nonpathogenic Leptospira biflexa serovar Patoc (GLPp) was used to stimulate peripheral blood mononuclear cell cultures from healthy donors. Supernatant cytokine levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Expression of CD69 and HLA-DR on lymphocytes and monocytes, as well as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) binding, were measured by flow cytometry. At 6 h of incubation, GLP induced a significant rise in tumor necrosis factor alpha levels, which dropped progressively until 72 h of incubation. Interleukin-10 peak levels were obtained at between 24 and 48 h, with sustained levels until 72 h of incubation. The response magnitude was proportional to the GLP dose. CD69 expression on T lymphocytes and monocytes increased significantly, as did HLA-DR expression on monocytes. GLPp induced no CD69 or HLA-DR expression. GLP did not block biotinylated LPS binding to monocytes, suggesting that different pathways are used to induce cell activation. In conclusion, GLP induces cellular activation and may play a major role in the pathogenesis of leptospirosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Decio Diament
- Escola Paulista de Medicina, Federal University of São Paulo, Instituto de Infectologia Emilio Ribas, São Paulo, Brazil
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Lee SH, Kim S, Park SC, Kim MJ. Cytotoxic activities of Leptospira interrogans hemolysin SphH as a pore-forming protein on mammalian cells. Infect Immun 2002; 70:315-22. [PMID: 11748197 PMCID: PMC127624 DOI: 10.1128/iai.70.1.315-322.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2001] [Revised: 08/21/2001] [Accepted: 09/25/2001] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a spirochetal zoonosis that causes an acute febrile systemic illness in humans. Leptospira sp. hemolysins have been shown to be virulence factors for the pathogenesis of leptospirosis. Previously, we cloned a hemolysin SphH of Leptospira interrogans serovar lai, a homologue of L. borgpetersenii sphingomyelinase (SphA), from a genomic library (S. H. Lee, K. A. Kim, Y. K. Kim, I. W. Seong, M. J. Kim, and Y. J. Lee, Gene 254:19-28, 2000). Escherichia coli lysate harboring the sphH showed high hemolytic activities on sheep erythrocytes. However, it neither showed sphingomyelinase nor phospholipase activities, in contrast to SphA which was known to have sphingomyelinase activity. Interestingly, the SphH-mediated hemolysis on erythrocytes was osmotically protected by PEG 5000, suggesting that the SphH might have caused pore formation on the erythrocyte membrane. In the present study, we have prepared the Leptospira hemolysin SphH and investigated its hemolytic and cytotoxic activities on mammalian cells. SphH was shown to be a pore-forming protein on several mammalian cells: When treated with the SphH, the sheep erythrocyte membranes formed pores, which were morphologically confirmed by transmission electron microscopy. Furthermore, the SphH-mediated cytotoxicities on mammalian cells were demonstrated by the release of LDH and by inverted microscopic examinations. Finally, the immune serum against the full-length hemolysin could effectively neutralize the SphH-mediated hemolytic and cytotoxic activities. In conclusion, these results suggest that the virulence of Leptospira SphH was due to the pore formation on mammalian cell membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seoung Hoon Lee
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 136-705, Republic of Korea
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Matsuo K, Isogai E, Araki Y. Utilization of exocellular mannan from Rhodotorula glutinis as an immunoreactive antigen in diagnosis of leptospirosis. J Clin Microbiol 2000; 38:3750-4. [PMID: 11015396 PMCID: PMC87469 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.38.10.3750-3754.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, Rhodotorula glutinis was reported to produce a large amount of exocellular mannan, having a repeating unit of -->3)-D-Manp-(1-->4)-D-Manp-(1-->. Recently, we found that antigenic polysaccharides of Leptospira biflexa serovar patoc strain Patoc I have the same repeating unit and cross-react with antisera raised against extended strains of other leptospires (K. Matsuo, E. Isogai, and Y. Araki, Carbohydr. Res., in press). This structural identity and the difficulty of producing and isolating antigens led us to confirm the usefulness of Rhodotorula mannan as an immunoreactive antigen in a serological diagnosis of leptospirosis. In the present investigation, we confirmed the structural identity of an exocellular mannan isolated from R. glutinis AHU 3479 and tried to use it as an immunoreactive antigen in a serological diagnosis of leptospirosis. From its chemical analysis and (1)H- and (13)C-labeled nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry, the Rhodotorula mannan was confirmed to consist of the same disaccharide units. Furthermore, such a preparation was shown to immunoreact to various sera from patients suffering with leptospirosis as well as to most rabbit antiserum preparations obtained from immunization with various strains of pathogenic leptospires. Therefore, the Rhodotorula mannan preparation is useful as an immunoreactive antigen in the serological diagnosis for leptospirosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Matsuo
- Laboratory of Environmental Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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Mitchison M, Bulach DM, Vinh T, Rajakumar K, Faine S, Adler B. Identification and characterization of the dTDP-rhamnose biosynthesis and transfer genes of the lipopolysaccharide-related rfb locus in Leptospira interrogans serovar Copenhageni. J Bacteriol 1997; 179:1262-7. [PMID: 9023210 PMCID: PMC178824 DOI: 10.1128/jb.179.4.1262-1267.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunity to leptospirosis is principally humorally mediated and involves opsonization of leptospires for phagocytosis by macrophages and neutrophils. The only protective antigen identified to date is the leptospiral lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which biochemically resembles typical gram-negative LPS but has greatly reduced endotoxic activity. Little is known about the structure of leptospiral LPS. A 2.1-kb EcoRI fragment from the chromosome of serovar Copenhageni was cloned in pUC18 in Escherichia coli, after which flanking regions were cloned from a genomic library constructed in bacteriophage lambda GEM12. Sequence analysis identified four open reading frames which showed similarity to the rfbC, rfbD, rfbB, and rfbA genes, transcribed in that order, which encode the four enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of dTDP-rhamnose for the assembly of LPS in Salmonella enterica, E. coli, and Shigella flexneri. An additional open reading frame downstream of the rfbCDBA locus showed similarity with the rhamnosyltransferase genes of Shigella and Yersinia enterocolitica but not Salmonella. Comparison of deduced amino acid sequences showed up to 85% similarity of the leptospiral proteins with those of other gram-negative bacteria. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of recombinant clones identified the putative RfbCDBA proteins, while reverse transcriptase-mediated PCR analysis indicated that the rfbCDBA gene cluster was expressed in Leptospira. Moreover, it could restore normal LPS phenotype to a defined rfbB::Tn5 mutant of S. flexneri which was deficient in all four genes, thereby confirming the functional identification of a part of the leptospiral rfb locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mitchison
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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Greer JM, Wannemuehler MJ. Comparison of the biological responses induced by lipopolysaccharide and endotoxin of Treponema hyodysenteriae and Treponema innocens. Infect Immun 1989; 57:717-23. [PMID: 2917784 PMCID: PMC313168 DOI: 10.1128/iai.57.3.717-723.1989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The chemical composition and classical biologic activities of lipopolysaccharide (LPS; phenol-water) and endotoxin (butanol-water) preparations from virulent Treponema hyodysenteriae and avirulent Treponema innocens were examined. The LPS and endotoxin preparations from T. hyodysenteriae B204 contained approximately 80.9 and 35.2% hexose, 0.12 and 0.45% thiobarbituric acid-reactive compound, and less than 1 and 11.3% protein, respectively. The LPS and endotoxin preparations of T. innocens B1555a contained approximately 56.3 and 37.8% hexose, 0.45 and 0.4% thiobarbituric acid-reactive compound, and less than 1 and 26% protein, respectively. A silver-stained 7.5 to 15% sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel showed four bands for the T. hyodysenteriae preparations, while the T. innocens preparations failed to resolve into discrete bands on electrophoresis. We determined by the Limulus amebocyte lysate assay that the treponemal preparations had comparable amounts of endotoxin activity when Escherichia coli LPS was used as a standard. The 50% lethal doses of LPS and endotoxin from T. hyodysenteriae for BALB/cByJ mice were 380 and 80 micrograms, respectively. The treponemal preparations were poor adjuvants, failed to induce a dermal Shwartzman reaction, and were not pyrogenic. The treponemal LPS preparations, unlike the endotoxin preparations, were not mitogenic for murine spleen cells. Differences in virulence between the two treponemal species could not be associated with the biologic activities of the respective LPS or endotoxin moieties, but the endotoxin preparations were consistently more active than the purified LPS preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Greer
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
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