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Ouyang X, Wang X, Kraatz HB, Ahmadi S, Gao J, Lv Y, Sun X, Huang Y. A Trojan horse biomimetic delivery strategy using mesenchymal stem cells for PDT/PTT therapy against lung melanoma metastasis. Biomater Sci 2019; 8:1160-1170. [PMID: 31848537 DOI: 10.1039/c9bm01401b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-based biomimetic delivery has been actively explored for drug accumulation and penetration into tumors by taking advantage of the tumor-tropic and penetration properties of MSCs. In this work, we further demonstrated the feasibility of MSC-mediated nano drug delivery, which was characterized by the "Trojan horse"-like transport via an endocytosis-exocytosis-endocytosis process between MSCs and cancer cells. Chlorin e6 (Ce6)-conjugated polydopamine nanoparticles (PDA-Ce6) were developed and loaded into the MSCs. Phototherapeutic agents are safe to the MSCs, and their very low dark toxicity causes no impairment of the inherent properties of MSCs, including tumor-homing ability. The MSCs loaded with PDA-Ce6 (MSC-PDA-Ce6) were able to target and penetrate into tumors and exocytose 60% of the payloads in 72 h. The released PDA-Ce6 NPs could penetrate deep and be re-endocytosed by the cancer cells. MSC-PDA-Ce6 tended to accumulate in the lungs and delivered PDA-Ce6 into the tumors after intravenous injection in the mouse model with lung melanoma metastasis. Phototoxicity can be selectively triggered in the tumors by sequentially treating with near-infrared irradiation to induce photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photothermal therapy (PTT). The MSC-based biomimetic delivery of PDA-Ce6 nanoparticles is a potential method for dual phototherapy against lung melanoma metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xumei Ouyang
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou 310015, China. and Department of Pharmacy, School of Ophthalmology & Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China and Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiaoling Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou 310015, China. and Department of Pharmacy, School of Ophthalmology & Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Heinz-Bernhard Kraatz
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Soha Ahmadi
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Jianqing Gao
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Ophthalmology & Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Yuanyuan Lv
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou 310015, China.
| | - Xiaoyi Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou 310015, China.
| | - Yongzhuo Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Rd, Shanghai, 201203, China.
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Sheng L, Fu H, Tan Y, Hu Y, Mu Q, Luo Y, Shi J, Cai Z, Ouyang G, Huang H. Unusual expansion of CD3+CD56+ natural killer T-like cells in peripheral blood after anticytokine treatment for graft-versus-host disease: A case report. Medicine (Baltimore) 2018; 97:e12429. [PMID: 30235723 PMCID: PMC6160206 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000012429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Basiliximab and etanercept have achieved promising responses in steroid-refractory graft versus host disease (SR-GVHD). However, the in vivo immune changes following the treatment have not been elucidated. PATIENT CONCERNS A 14-year-old boy presented with skin rash and diarrhea 20 days after haploidentical hemotopoietic stem cell transplantation. DIAGNOSES We made the diagnose of grade 3 acute GVHD with skin and gastrointestinal involvement. INTERVENTIONS After the failure of the first-line treatment with methylprednisolone, combined anti-cytokine therapies with basiliximab and etanercept were prescibed. OUTCOMES He achieved complete remission by basiliximab and etanercept. Furthermore, we detected that donor CD3CD56 Natural killer T(NKT)-like cells expanded gradually after the period of lymphocytopenia caused by GVHD and anti-cytokine therapy. The expansion of NKT-like cells was in association with high serum IFN-γ. NKT-like cells showed preferred proliferation in response to IFN-γ and potent cytotoxicity against leukemia cells. The expansion persisted > 2 years and the patient had a leukemia-free survival of 66 months. LESSONS Our case indicated that combined anti-cytokine treatment may reset the immune system and cause NKT-like cells to exhibit a predilection for expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixia Sheng
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou
- Department of Hematology, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Huarui Fu
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou
| | - Yamin Tan
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou
| | - Yongxian Hu
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou
| | - Qitian Mu
- Department of Hematology, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yi Luo
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou
| | - Jianmin Shi
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou
| | - Zhen Cai
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou
| | - Guifang Ouyang
- Department of Hematology, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - He Huang
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou
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Yamamoto K, Furuya K, Yamada K, Takahashi F, Hamajima C, Tanaka S. Enhancement of natural killer activity and IFN-γ production in an IL-12-dependent manner by a Brassica rapa L. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2018; 82:654-668. [DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2017.1408396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Certain food components possess immunomodulatory effects. The aim of this study was to elucidate the mechanism of the immunostimulatory activity of Brassica rapa L. We demonstrated an enhancement of natural killer (NK) activity and interferon (IFN)-γ production in mice that were orally administered an insoluble fraction of B. rapa L. The insoluble fraction of B. rapa L. significantly induced IFN-γ production in mouse spleen cells in an interleukin (IL)-12-dependent manner, and NK1.1+ cells were the main cells responsible for producing IFN-γ. Additionally, the results suggested that the active compounds in the insoluble fraction were recognized by Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2, TLR4, and C-type lectin receptors on dendritic cells, and they activated signaling cascades such as MAPK, NF-κB, and Syk. These findings suggest that B. rapa L. is a potentially promising immuno-improving material, and it might be useful for preventing immunological disorders such as infections and cancers by activating innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kana Yamamoto
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan
| | - Kanon Furuya
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan
| | - Kazuki Yamada
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan
| | - Fuka Takahashi
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan
| | - Chisato Hamajima
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan
| | - Sachi Tanaka
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan
- Frontier Agriscience and Technology Center, Graduate School of Agriculture, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan
- Supramolecular Complexes Unit, Research Center for Fungal and Microbial Dynamism, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan
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Liu W, Guo W, Shen L, Chen Z, Luo Q, Luo X, Feng G, Shu Y, Gu Y, Xu Q, Sun Y. T lymphocyte SHP2-deficiency triggers anti-tumor immunity to inhibit colitis-associated cancer in mice. Oncotarget 2018; 8:7586-7597. [PMID: 27935860 PMCID: PMC5352345 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonresolving inflammation is involved in the initiation and progression process of tumorigenesis. Src homology 2 domain-containing tyrosine phosphatase 2 (SHP2) is known to inhibit acute inflammation but its role in chronic inflammation-associated cancer remains unclear. The role of SHP2 in T cells in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis and azoxymethane-DSS-induced colitis-associated carcinogenesis was examined using SHP2CD4−/− conditional knockout mice. SHP2 deficiency in T cells aggravated colitis with increased level of pro-inflammatory cytokines including IFN-γ and IL-17A. In contrast, the SHP2CD4−/− mice developed much fewer and smaller tumors than wild type mice with higher level of IFN-γ and enhanced cytotoxicity of CD8+ T cells in the tumor and peritumoral areas. At the molecular level, STAT1 was hyper-phosphorylated in T cells lacking SHP2, which may account for the increased Th1 differentiation and IFN-γ secretion. IFN-γ neutralization or IFN-γ receptor knockout but not IL-17A neutralization, abrogated the anti-tumor effect of SHP2 knockout with lowered levels of perforin 1, FasL and granzyme B. Finally, the expression of granzyme B was negatively correlated with the malignancy of colon cancer in human patients. In conclusion, these findings suggest a new strategy to treat colitis-associated cancer via targeting SHP2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wenjie Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Lihong Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zhen Chen
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Qiong Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xiaolin Luo
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - GenSheng Feng
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Yongqian Shu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Yanhong Gu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Qiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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Li Y, Yang F, Sang L, Zhu J, Han X, Shan F, Li S, Zhai J, Wang D, Lu C, Sun X. Enhanced therapeutic effects against murine colon carcinoma induced by a Colon 26/Ag85A-CD226 tumor cell vaccine. Oncol Rep 2015; 34:1795-804. [PMID: 26238268 DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.4137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetically modified tumor cells represent one of the most effective cancer vaccine strategies. In the present study, we describe our approach for inducing an immune response against a colon carcinoma in BALB/c mice, using a Colon 26 tumor cell line expressing Ag85A and CD226. We investigated whether CD226 plays a promotive role for Ag85A against Colon 26 colon carcinoma. The therapeutic efficacy was investigated. The cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) and natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity were assessed. Dynamic changes in interferon (IFN)-γ levels in the spleen and the number of IFN-γ-producing CD4+ or CD8+ T cells in the spleen or mesenteric lymph nodes were detected by enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay or flow cytometry. Extended survival times, delayed appearances of tumors, and reduced tumor volumes were achieved by preventive vaccination with the Colon 26/Ag85A-CD226 tumor cell vaccine. NK cell or CTL cytotoxicity in the spleens of mice immunized with the Colon 26/Ag85A-CD226 tumor cell vaccine was significantly higher than that in the other treatment groups. The numbers of CD4+ IFN-γ+ and CD8+ IFN-γ+ T cells were both significantly increased in mice immunized with the Colon 26/Ag85A-CD226 tumor cell vaccine in both the spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes. Our results indicated that the tumor vaccine expressing Ag85A and CD226 induced more intensive antitumor immunity than tumor vaccine expressing Ag85A or CD226 only. Moreover, the results suggest that Ag85A and CD226 play a synergistic antitumor effect and CD226 could be used as a genetic adjuvant to enhance the effects of Ag85A vaccine against murine colon carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Heping, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Fangli Yang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Heping, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Lixuan Sang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Heping, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Junfeng Zhu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Heping, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Xue Han
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Heping, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Fengping Shan
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Heping, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Shengjun Li
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Heping, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Jingbo Zhai
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Heping, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Danan Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Heping, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Changlong Lu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Heping, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Xun Sun
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Heping, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
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Liu B, Wang Y, Guo X, Zhu W, Zhang Y, He P. Carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester labeling method to study the interaction between Leptospira and macrophages. J Microbiol Methods 2015; 107:205-13. [PMID: 25455022 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2014.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Leptospirosis, which is caused by pathogenic species of the genus Leptospira, has emerged as one of the most widespread zoonotic diseases in the world. The exact mechanism of pathogenesis remains unknown, and the interaction between Leptospira and macrophages is not well understood. In this study, we report that carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester (CFDA-SE) can efficiently label different Leptospira interrogans strains without affecting bacterial motility, viability, or virulence. Following co-incubation, CFDA-SE-labeled leptospires associated with macrophages were quantified by flow cytometry or confocal microscopy. In addition, we showed that trypan blue efficiently quenched the extracellular fluorescence from the adherent leptospires, which enabled intracellular and extracellular bacteria to be distinguished.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyu Liu
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Institute of Medical Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.
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7
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Elia AR, Circosta P, Sangiolo D, Bonini C, Gammaitoni L, Mastaglio S, Genovese P, Geuna M, Avolio F, Inghirami G, Tarella C, Cignetti A. Cytokine-induced killer cells engineered with exogenous T-cell receptors directed against melanoma antigens: enhanced efficacy of effector cells endowed with a double mechanism of tumor recognition. Hum Gene Ther 2015; 26:220-31. [PMID: 25758764 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2014.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells consist of a heterogeneous population of polyclonal T lymphocytes displaying NK phenotype and HLA-unrestricted cytotoxic activity against a broad range of tumors. We sought to determine whether transduction of CIK cells with T cell receptor (TCR) genes specific for tumor-associated antigens could generate effector cells endowed with a double mechanism of tumor recognition. HLA-A2-restricted TCR-transduced (TD) CIK directed against the melanoma antigens Mart1 and NY-ESO1 were generated by lentiviral transduction and successfully expanded over a 3-4-week period. TD-CIK cells were both CD3(+)/CD56(-) and CD3(+)/CD56(+) (31±8% and 59±9%, respectively), indicating that both major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-restricted T cells and MHC-unrestricted CIK could be targeted by lentiviral transduction. At the end of the culture, the majority of both unmodified and TD-CIK displayed an effector memory phenotype, without considerable expression of replicative senescence and exhaustion markers. Functionally, TD-CIK specifically recognized tumor cells expressing the relevant antigen as well as maintained their MHC-unrestricted tumor activity. The cytotoxic activity of TD-CIK against HLA-A2(+) melanoma cell lines was significantly higher than the untransduced counterparts at a low effector:target ratio (cytotoxic activity of TD-CIK was from 1.9- to 4.3-fold higher than untransduced counterparts). TD-CIK were highly proficient in releasing high amount of IFN-γ upon antigen-specific stimulation and were able to recognize primary melanoma targets. In conclusion, we showed that (1) the reproducibility and simplicity of CIK transduction and expansion might solve the problem of obtaining adequate numbers of potent antitumor effector cells for adoptive immunotherapy; (2) the presence of both terminal effectors as well as of less differentiated progenitors might confer them long survival in vivo; and (3) the addition of an MHC-restricted antigen recognition allows not only targeting tumor surface antigens but also a wider range of cytoplasmic or nuclear antigens, involved in tumor proliferation and survival. TD-CIK cells with a double mechanism of tumor recognition are an attractive and alternative tool for the development of efficient cell therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela R Elia
- 1 Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino , 10126 Turin, Italy
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8
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Chen J, Huo J, Jia Z, Song Y, Li Y, Zhang L. Effects of atrazine on the proliferation and cytotoxicity of murine lymphocytes with the use of carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester-based flow cytometric approaches. Food Chem Toxicol 2015; 76:61-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2014.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2014] [Revised: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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9
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van Wijk F, Nierkens S. Assessment of drug-induced immunotoxicity in animal models. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. TECHNOLOGIES 2014; 3:103-9. [PMID: 24980108 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2006.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
With the growing understanding that drugs might induce immune-mediated adverse reactions in patients, immunotoxicity testing of new pharmaceuticals has become an important topic in drug development. The nonclinical assessment of unexpected immune suppression is based on relatively well-standardized and validated assays and animal models. For the evaluation of direct immune stimulation few animal models are available, whilst the development of animal models to assess drug-induced hypersensitivity and in particular autoimmunity is in its infancy.:
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Affiliation(s)
- Femke van Wijk
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Department of Immunotoxicology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan Nierkens
- Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Department of Tumorimmunology, Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Ai W, Huo Y, Liu X, Liu F, Zhou X, Miao Y, Jiang H, Zhang L, Shen L, Piao J, Li B. Relative sensitivities of TDAR, cytokine production, and immunophenotyping assays in immunotoxicity assessment. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4tx00015c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Descotes J, Ravel G. Role of natural killer cells in immunotoxicity: an update. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2014; 1:603-8. [DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.1.4.603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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12
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Tools and methods for identification and analysis of rare antigen-specific T lymphocytes. EXPERIENTIA SUPPLEMENTUM (2012) 2014; 104:73-88. [PMID: 24214619 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-0348-0726-5_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
T lymphocytes are essential as effector and memory cells for immune defense against infections and as regulatory T cells in the establishment and maintenance of immune tolerance. However, they are also involved in immune pathology being effectors in autoimmune and allergic diseases or suppressors of immunity in cancer, and they often cause problems in transplantation. Therefore, strategies are being developed that allow the in vivo amplification or isolation, in vitro expansion and genetic manipulation of beneficial T cells for adoptive cell therapies or for the tolerization, or elimination of pathogenic T cells. The major goal is to make use of the exquisite antigen specificity of T cells to develop targeted strategies and to develop techniques that allow for the identification and depletion or enrichment of very often rare antigen-specific naïve as well as effector and memory T cells. Such techniques are very useful for immune monitoring of T cell responses in diagnostics and vaccination and for the development of T cell-based assays for the replacement of animal testing in immunotoxicology to identify contact allergens and drugs that cause adverse reactions.
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Marty MS, Neal BH, Zablotny CL, Yano BL, Andrus AK, Woolhiser MR, Boverhof DR, Saghir SA, Perala AW, Passage JK, Lawson MA, Bus JS, Lamb JC, Hammond L. An F1-extended one-generation reproductive toxicity study in Crl:CD(SD) rats with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. Toxicol Sci 2013; 136:527-47. [PMID: 24072463 PMCID: PMC3858197 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kft213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) was assessed for systemic toxicity, reproductive toxicity, developmental neurotoxicity (DNT), developmental immunotoxicity (DIT), and endocrine toxicity. CD rats (27/sex/dose) were exposed to 0, 100, 300, 600 (female), or 800 (male) ppm 2,4-D in diet. Nonlinear toxicokinetic behavior was shown at high doses; the renal clearance saturation threshold for 2,4-D was exceeded markedly in females and slightly exceeded in males. Exposure was 4 weeks premating, 7 weeks postmating for P1 males and through lactation for P1 females. F1 offspring were examined for survival and development, and at weaning, pups were divided in cohorts, by sex and dose, and by systemic toxicity (10), DNT (10), DIT (20), and reproductive toxicity (≥ 23). Remaining weanlings were evaluated for systemic toxicity and neuropathology (10–12). Body weight decreased during lactation in high-dose P1 females and in F1 pups. Kidney was the primary target organ, with slight degeneration of proximal convoluted tubules observed in high-dose P1 males and in high-dose F1 males and females. A slight intergenerational difference in kidney toxicity was attributed to increased intake of 2,4-D in F1 offspring. Decreased weanling testes weights and delayed preputial separation in F1 males were attributed to decreased body weights. Endocrine-related effects were limited to slight thyroid hormone changes and adaptive histopathology in high-dose GD 17 dams seen only at a nonlinear toxicokinetic dose. 2,4-D did not cause reproductive toxicity, DNT, or DIT. The “No Observed Adverse Effect Level” for systemic toxicity was 300 ppm in both males (16.6mg/kg/day) and females (20.6mg/kg/day), which is approximately 6700- to 93 000-fold higher than that reported for 2,4-D exposures in human biomonitoring studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Sue Marty
- * Toxicology and Environmental Research & Consulting, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan
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Batalla EI, Pino Martínez AM, Poncini CV, Duffy T, Schijman AG, González Cappa SM, Alba Soto CD. Impairment in natural killer cells editing of immature dendritic cells by infection with a virulent Trypanosoma cruzi population. J Innate Immun 2013; 5:494-504. [PMID: 23689360 DOI: 10.1159/000350242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Early interactions between natural killer (NK) and dendritic cells (DC) shape the immune response at the frontier of innate and adaptive immunity. Activated NK cells participate in maturation or deletion of DCs that remain immature. We previously demonstrated that infection with a high virulence (HV) population of the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi downmodulates DC maturation and T-cell activation capacity. Here, we evaluated the role of NK cells in regulating the maturation level of DCs. Shortly after infection with HV T. cruzi, DCs in poor maturation status begin to accumulate in mouse spleen. Although infection induces NK cell cytotoxicity and cytokine production, NK cells from mice infected with HV T. cruzi exhibit reduced ability to lyse and fail to induce maturation of bone marrow-derived immature DCs (iDCs). NK-mediated lysis of iDCs is restored by in vitro blockade of the IL-10 receptor during NK-DC interaction or when NK cells are obtained from T. cruzi-infected IL-10 knockout mice. These results suggest that infection with a virulent T. cruzi strain alters NK cell-mediated regulation of the adaptive immune response induced by DCs. This regulatory circuit where IL-10 appears to participate might lead to parasite persistence but can also limit the induction of a vigorous tissue-damaging T-cell response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estela I Batalla
- Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica-IMPAM, UBA-CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Xiong X, Liu H, Zhao Z, Altman MB, Lopez-Colon D, Yang CJ, Chang LJ, Liu C, Tan W. DNA aptamer-mediated cell targeting. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:1472-6. [PMID: 23233389 PMCID: PMC3793636 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201207063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
One important issue using cells as therapeutics is targeted delivery. Engineering cell surfaces to improve delivery efficiency is thus of great interest. Here we report a simple, efficient and effective way to modify the cell surface with target-specific ligands, i.e., DNA aptamers, while minimizing the effects on the modified cells. We demonstrated that after incubating with lipo-aptamer probes (shown in expansion), immune cells (red) recognize cancer cells (blue) in the cell mixture, and kill cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangling Xiong
- Departments of Chemistry, of Physiology and Functional Genomics, of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, and of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Shands Cancer Center, Center for Research at Bio/nano Interface, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-7200 (USA)
| | - Haipeng Liu
- Departments of Chemistry, of Physiology and Functional Genomics, of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, and of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Shands Cancer Center, Center for Research at Bio/nano Interface, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-7200 (USA)
| | - Zilong Zhao
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082 (P.R.China)
| | - Meghan B. Altman
- Departments of Chemistry, of Physiology and Functional Genomics, of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, and of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Shands Cancer Center, Center for Research at Bio/nano Interface, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-7200 (USA)
| | - Dalia Lopez-Colon
- Departments of Chemistry, of Physiology and Functional Genomics, of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, and of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Shands Cancer Center, Center for Research at Bio/nano Interface, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-7200 (USA)
| | - Chaoyong J. Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, The Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province and Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005 (China), Fax: (+ 86) 592-218-9959,
| | - Lung-Ji Chang
- Departments of Chemistry, of Physiology and Functional Genomics, of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, and of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Shands Cancer Center, Center for Research at Bio/nano Interface, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-7200 (USA)
| | - Chen Liu
- Departments of Chemistry, of Physiology and Functional Genomics, of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, and of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Shands Cancer Center, Center for Research at Bio/nano Interface, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-7200 (USA)
| | - Weihong Tan
- Departments of Chemistry, of Physiology and Functional Genomics, of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, and of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Shands Cancer Center, Center for Research at Bio/nano Interface, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-7200 (USA)
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082 (P.R.China)
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Sun Q, Zhong Y, Wu F, Zhou C, Wang D, Ma W, Zhang Y, Zhang S. Immunotherapy using slow-cycling tumor cells prolonged overall survival of tumor-bearing mice. BMC Med 2012; 10:172. [PMID: 23270473 PMCID: PMC3568736 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7015-10-172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2012] [Accepted: 12/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite considerable progress in the development of anticancer therapies, there is still a high mortality rate caused by cancer relapse and metastasis. Dormant or slow-cycling residual tumor cells are thought to be a source of tumor relapse and metastasis, and are therefore an obstacle to therapy. In this study, we assessed the drug resistance of tumor cells in mice, and investigated whether vaccination could promote survival. METHODS The mouse colon carcinoma cell line CT-26 was treated with 5-fluorouracil to assess its sensitivity to drug treatment. Mice with colon tumors were immunized with inactivated slow-cycling CT-26 cells to estimate the efficacy of this vaccine. RESULTS We identified a small population of slow-cycling tumor cells in the mouse colon carcinoma CT-26 cell line, which was resistant to conventional chemotherapy. To inhibit tumor recurrence and metastasis more effectively, treatments that selectively target the slow-cycling tumor cells should be developed to complement conventional therapies. We found that drug-treated, slow-cycling tumor cells induced a more intense immune response in vitro. Moreover, vaccination with inactivated slow-cycling tumor cells caused a reduction in tumor volume and prolonged the overall survival of tumor-bearing mice. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that targeting of slow-cycling tumor cells application using immunotherapy is a possible treatment to complement traditional antitumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Sun
- Department of Immunology, Cancer Hospital & Institute, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100021, China
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Xiong X, Liu H, Zhao Z, Altman MB, Lopez-Colon D, Yang CJ, Chang LJ, Liu C, Tan W. DNA Aptamer-Mediated Cell Targeting. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201207063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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18
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Gennari A, Ban M, Braun A, Casati S, Corsini E, Dastych J, Descotes J, Hartung T, Hooghe-Peters R, House R, Pallardy M, Pieters R, Reid L, Tryphonas H, Tschirhart E, Tuschl H, Vandebriel R, Gribaldo L. The Use of In Vitro Systems for Evaluating Immunotoxicity: The Report and Recommendations of an ECVAM Workshop. J Immunotoxicol 2012; 2:61-83. [PMID: 18958661 DOI: 10.1080/15476910590965832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
This is the report of a workshop organised by the European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods (ECVAM). ECVAM's main goal, as defined in 1993 by its Scientific Advisory Committee, is to promote the scientific and regulatory acceptance of alternative methods that are of importance to the biosciences and which replace, reduce or refine the use of laboratory animals. One of the first priorities set by ECVAM was the implementation of procedures that would enable it to become well informed about the state-of-the-art of non-animal test development and validation, and the potential for the possible incorporation of alternative tests into regulatory procedures. It was decided that this would be best achieved by the organization of ECVAM workshops on specific topics, at which small groups of invited experts would review the current status of various types of in vitro tests and their potential uses, and make recommendations about the best ways forward (Anonymous, 1994). The workshop on "The use of in vitro systems for evaluating Immunotoxicity" was held at ECVAM (Ispra), Italy, on 24th-26th November 2003. The participants represented academia, national organizations, international regulatory bodies and industry. The aim of the workshop was to review the state-of-the-art in the field of in vitro immunotoxicology, and to develop strategies towards the replacement of in vivo testing. At the end of this report are listed the recommendations that should be considered for prevalidation and validation of relevant and reliable procedures, that could replace the use of animals in chemical and cosmetics toxicity testing.
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Wang B, Cheng H, Wang L, Zhou H, Wang J. Expression of ICOSLG on Mouse Hematologic Neoplasm Cell Lines and Their Influence on Cytotoxicity in Allogeneic Mixed Lymphocyte Reactions. Leuk Lymphoma 2012; 53:674-80. [DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2011.625577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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20
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Klezovich-Bénard M, Corre JP, Jusforgues-Saklani H, Fiole D, Burjek N, Tournier JN, Goossens PL. Mechanisms of NK cell-macrophage Bacillus anthracis crosstalk: a balance between stimulation by spores and differential disruption by toxins. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002481. [PMID: 22253596 PMCID: PMC3257302 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2011] [Accepted: 11/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
NK cells are important immune effectors for preventing microbial invasion and dissemination, through natural cytotoxicity and cytokine secretion. Bacillus anthracis spores can efficiently drive IFN-γ production by NK cells. The present study provides insights into the mechanisms of cytokine and cellular signaling that underlie the process of NK-cell activation by B. anthracis and the bacterial strategies to subvert and evade this response. Infection with non-toxigenic encapsulated B. anthracis induced recruitment of NK cells and macrophages into the mouse draining lymph node. Production of edema (ET) or lethal (LT) toxin during infection impaired this cellular recruitment. NK cell depletion led to accelerated systemic bacterial dissemination. IFN-γ production by NK cells in response to B. anthracis spores was: i) contact-dependent through RAE-1-NKG2D interaction with macrophages; ii) IL-12, IL-18, and IL-15-dependent, where IL-12 played a key role and regulated both NK cell and macrophage activation; and iii) required IL-18 for only an initial short time window. B. anthracis toxins subverted both NK cell essential functions. ET and LT disrupted IFN-γ production through different mechanisms. LT acted both on macrophages and NK cells, whereas ET mainly affected macrophages and did not alter NK cell capacity of IFN-γ secretion. In contrast, ET and LT inhibited the natural cytotoxicity function of NK cells, both in vitro and in vivo. The subverting action of ET thus led to dissociation in NK cell function and blocked natural cytotoxicity without affecting IFN-γ secretion. The high efficiency of this process stresses the impact that this toxin may exert in anthrax pathogenesis, and highlights a potential usefulness for controlling excessive cytotoxic responses in immunopathological diseases. Our findings therefore exemplify the delicate balance between bacterial stimulation and evasion strategies. This highlights the potential implication of the crosstalk between host innate defences and B. anthracis in initial anthrax control mechanisms. NK cells are important immune effectors that perform a surveillance task and react to transformed, stressed, and virally infected cells. They represent a first-line defence against cancer and pathogen invasion. Different pathogens trigger distinct NK-cell activation pathways. The Bacillus anthracis spore is the highly resistant form that enters the host and provokes anthrax. This microbe kills through a combination of acute bacterial infection and devastating toxemia. In the present study, we characterise the crosstalk between NK cells and spores, as well as the strategies used by B. anthracis to evade initial control mechanisms and impact anthrax pathogenesis. Our findings exemplify the spores' property to efficiently drive a high production of IFN-γ by NK cells, as well as the complex pathways used for activation which require both cytokine and cellular signaling. B. anthracis subverts this response through its toxins by paralysing essential NK cell functions. Furthermore, edema toxin from B. anthracis blocks natural cytotoxicity without affecting IFN-γ secretion. The CyaA toxin of Bordetella pertussis possesses the same enzymatic activity and has a similar effect. The high efficiency of these toxins in blocking cytotoxicity in vivo implies possible exploitation of their subverting activity to modulate excessive cytotoxic responses in immunopathological diseases.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Bacillus anthracis/immunology
- Bacterial Toxins/pharmacology
- Cells, Cultured
- Female
- Homeostasis/drug effects
- Homeostasis/immunology
- Immunity, Cellular/drug effects
- Immunity, Cellular/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/drug effects
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Macrophage Activation/drug effects
- Macrophage Activation/immunology
- Macrophages/drug effects
- Macrophages/immunology
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Receptor Cross-Talk/drug effects
- Receptor Cross-Talk/immunology
- Spores, Bacterial/immunology
- Spores, Bacterial/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Klezovich-Bénard
- Laboratoire Pathogénie et Toxi-Infections Bactériennes, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- CNRS URA 2172, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Corre
- Laboratoire Pathogénie et Toxi-Infections Bactériennes, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- CNRS URA 2172, Paris, France
| | | | - Daniel Fiole
- Unité Interactions Hôte-Agents Pathogènes, Département de Microbiologie, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, La Tronche, France
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire de Physique, UMR 5588 CNRS/Université Joseph Fourier, St-Martin-d'Hères, France
| | - Nick Burjek
- Laboratoire Pathogénie et Toxi-Infections Bactériennes, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- CNRS URA 2172, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Nicolas Tournier
- Unité Interactions Hôte-Agents Pathogènes, Département de Microbiologie, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, La Tronche, France
- École du Val-de-Grâce, Paris, France
| | - Pierre L. Goossens
- Laboratoire Pathogénie et Toxi-Infections Bactériennes, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- CNRS URA 2172, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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Zhang Z, Su T, He L, Wang H, Ji G, Liu X, Zhang Y, Dong G. Identification and Functional Analysis of Ligands for Natural Killer Cell Activating Receptors in Colon Carcinoma. TOHOKU J EXP MED 2012. [DOI: 10.1620/tjem.226.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University
| | - Tao Su
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University
| | - Liang He
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University
| | - Hongtao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University
| | - Gang Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University
| | - Xiaonan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University
| | - Yun Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Fourth Military Medical University
| | - Guanglong Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University
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Sakakibara M, Kanto T, Hayakawa M, Kuroda S, Miyatake H, Itose I, Miyazaki M, Kakita N, Higashitani K, Matsubara T, Hiramatsu N, Kasahara A, Takehara T, Hayashi N. Comprehensive immunological analyses of colorectal cancer patients in the phase I/II study of quickly matured dendritic cell vaccine pulsed with carcinoembryonic antigen peptide. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2011; 60:1565-75. [PMID: 21681375 PMCID: PMC11029307 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-011-1051-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2011] [Accepted: 05/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cell (DC) vaccine has been used to treat patients with advanced colorectal cancer (CRC). The results of vaccine-induced clinical responses have not always been satisfactory partially because of DC incompetence. In order to evaluate the feasibility of novel mature DCs for therapeutic adjuvants against CRC, we conducted clinical trials with carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) peptide-loaded DC quickly generated with a combination of OK432 (Streptococcuspyogenes preparation), prostanoid, and interferon-α (OPA-DC). In the ten patients enrolled in this study, the OPA-DC vaccine was well tolerated and administered four times every 2 weeks except for two patients, who were switched to other treatments due to disease progression. Among the eight evaluable patients, one displayed stable disease (SD), while the remaining seven showed progressive disease (PD). In the SD patient, natural killer (NK) cell frequency and cytolytic activity were increased. In the same patient, the frequency of CEA-specific cytotoxic T cells (CTLs) increased stepwise with repetitive vaccinations; however, most of the CTLs exhibited central memory phenotype. In those with PD, NK cells proliferated well regardless of failure of response, whereas CTLs failed to do so. We concluded that the OPA-DC vaccine is well tolerated and has immune-stimulatory capacity in patients with CRC. Additional modulation is needed to attain significant clinical impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuru Sakakibara
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Tatsuya Kanto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan
- Department of Dendritic Cell Biology and Clinical Applications, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Michiyo Hayakawa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Shoko Kuroda
- Department of Dendritic Cell Biology and Clinical Applications, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | | | | | - Masanori Miyazaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Naruyasu Kakita
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Koyo Higashitani
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Tokuhiro Matsubara
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Naoki Hiramatsu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Akinori Kasahara
- Department of General Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Tetsuo Takehara
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan
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Rizzo A, Waldner MJ, Stolfi C, Sarra M, Fina D, Becker C, Neurath MF, Macdonald TT, Pallone F, Monteleone G, Fantini MC. Smad7 expression in T cells prevents colitis-associated cancer. Cancer Res 2011; 71:7423-32. [PMID: 22028324 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-11-1895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have an increased risk of developing colorectal cancer due to chronic inflammation. In IBD, chronic inflammation relies upon a TGFβ signaling blockade, but its precise mechanistic relationship to colitis-associated colorectal cancer (CAC) remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the role of the TGFβ signaling inhibitor Smad7 in CAC pathogenesis. In human colonic specimens, Smad7 was downregulated in CD4(+) T cells located in the lamina propria of patients with complicated IBD compared with uncomplicated IBD. Therefore, we assessed CAC susceptibility in a transgenic mouse model where Smad7 was overexpressed specifically in T cells. In this model, Smad7 overexpression increased colitis severity, but the mice nevertheless developed fewer tumors than nontransgenic mice. Protection was associated with increased expression of IFNγ and increased accumulation of cytotoxic CD8(+) and natural killer T cells in the tumors and peritumoral areas. Moreover, genetic deficiency in IFNγ abolished the Smad7-dependent protection against CAC. Taken together, our findings defined a novel and unexpected role for Smad7 in promoting a heightened inflammatory response that protects against CAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelamaria Rizzo
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
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Mineharu Y, King GD, Muhammad AKMG, Bannykh S, Kroeger KM, Liu C, Lowenstein PR, Castro MG. Engineering the brain tumor microenvironment enhances the efficacy of dendritic cell vaccination: implications for clinical trial design. Clin Cancer Res 2011; 17:4705-18. [PMID: 21632862 PMCID: PMC3208508 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-11-0915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a deadly primary brain tumor. Clinical trials for GBM using dendritic cell (DC) vaccination resulted in antitumor immune responses. Herein, we tested the hypothesis that combining in situ (intratumoral) Ad-Flt3L/Ad-TK-mediated gene therapy with DC vaccination would increase therapeutic efficacy and antitumor immunity. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We first assessed the immunogenicity of tumor lysates generated by Ad-TK (+GCV), temozolomide (TMZ), or freeze/thawing cycles (FTC) in a syngeneic brain tumor model. We also assessed phenotypic markers, cytokine release, and phagocytosis of bone marrow-derived DCs generated by fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (Flt3L) + IL-6 or by granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and interleukin (IL) 4. Inhibition of tumor progression and production of anti-GBM antibodies was assessed following vaccination with (i) tumor cell lysates, (ii) DCs generated with either Flt3L/IL-6 or GM-CSF/IL-4 loaded with either Ad-TK/GCV-, TMZ-, or FTC-generated tumor lysates, or (iii) DCs in combination with in situ Ad-Flt3L/Ad-TK gene therapy. RESULTS DCs loaded with tumor cell lysates generated with either Ad-TK/GCV or TMZ led to increased levels of phagocytosis, therapeutic efficacy, and humoral immune response. In situ immunogene therapy in combination with DC vaccination led to brain tumor regression and long-term survival in about 90% of animals, a significant increase when compared with either therapy alone. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that modifying the tumor microenvironment using intratumoral Ad-Flt3L/Ad-TK-mediated gene therapy potentiates therapeutic efficacy and antitumor immunity induced by DC vaccination. These data support novel phase I clinical trials to assess the safety and efficacy of this combined approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Mineharu
- Gene Therapeutics Research Institute, Department of Pathology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA
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Schneider S, Kaufmann W, Strauss V, van Ravenzwaay B. Vinclozolin: A feasibility and sensitivity study of the ILSI-HESI F1-extended one-generation rat reproduction protocol. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2011; 59:91-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2010.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2010] [Revised: 09/20/2010] [Accepted: 09/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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26
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Latorre A, Caniceiro B, Wysocki H, Haraguchi M, Gardner D, Górniak S. Selenium reverses Pteridium aquilinum-induced immunotoxic effects. Food Chem Toxicol 2011; 49:464-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2010.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2010] [Revised: 11/03/2010] [Accepted: 11/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Chen Y, Zhuang Y, Chen X, Huang L. Effect of human endometrial stromal cell-derived conditioned medium on uterine natural killer (uNK) cells' proliferation and cytotoxicity. Am J Reprod Immunol 2011; 65:589-96. [PMID: 21223424 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.2010.00955.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Human endometrial stromal cells are involved in the regulation of immune cell proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation, and function. In the endometrium, uNK cells are in close contact with stromal cells. The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of human endometrial stromal cells on uNK-cell proliferation and uNK-cell cytotoxicity. METHOD OF STUDY The conditioned medium was derived from the endometrial stromal cells in the proliferative phase, secretory phase, and early pregnancy. The effects of stromal cell-derived conditioned medium on uNK-cell proliferation and cytotoxicity were detected by mitochondrial lactate dehydrogenase-based MTS staining and flow cytometry. RESULTS The stromal cell-derived conditioned medium in both secretory phase and early pregnancy significantly promoted uNK-cell proliferation. Compared with the control group, the uNK-cell cytotoxicity were significantly reduced by conditioned medium in the proliferative, secretory, and decidua groups, but there were no significant differences among these different physiological stages in the inhibiting ability. CONCLUSION Human endometrial stromal cells may be involved in the regulation of uNK-cell functions through influencing proliferation and cytolytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuezhou Chen
- Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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28
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Galbiati V, Mitjans M, Corsini E. Present and future ofin vitroimmunotoxicology in drug development. J Immunotoxicol 2010; 7:255-67. [DOI: 10.3109/1547691x.2010.509848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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Lankveld DPK, Van Loveren H, Baken KA, Vandebriel RJ. In vitro testing for direct immunotoxicity: state of the art. Methods Mol Biol 2010; 598:401-23. [PMID: 19967527 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-401-2_26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Immunotoxicity is defined as the toxicological effects of xenobiotics including pharmaceuticals on the functioning of the immune system and can be induced in either direct or indirect ways. Direct immunotoxicity is caused by the effects of chemicals on the immune system, leading to immunosuppression and subsequently to reduced resistance to infectious diseases or certain forms of nongenotoxic carcinogenicity.In vitro testing has several advantages over in vivo testing, such as detailed mechanistic understanding, species extrapolation (parallelogram approach), and reduction, refinement, and replacement of animal experiments. In vitro testing for direct immunotoxicity can be done in a two-tiered approach, the first tier measuring myelotoxicity. If this type of toxicity is apparent, the compound can be designated immunotoxic. If not, the compound is tested for lymphotoxicity (second tier). Several in vitro assays for lymphotoxicity exist, each comprising specific functions of the immune system (cytokine production, cell proliferation, cytotoxic T-cell activity, natural killer cell activity, antibody production, and dendritic cell maturation). A brief description of each assay is provided. Only one assay, the human whole blood cytokine release assay, has undergone formal prevalidation, while another one, the lymphocyte proliferation assay, is progressing towards that phase.Progress in in vitro testing for direct immunotoxicity includes prevalidation of existing assays and selection of the assay (or combination of assays) that performs best. To avoid inter-species extrapolation, assays should preferably use human cells. Furthermore, the use of whole blood has the advantage of comprising multiple cell types in their natural proportion and environment. The so-called "omics" techniques provide additional mechanistic understanding and hold promise for the characterization of classes of compounds and prediction of specific toxic effects. Technical innovations such as high-content screening and high-throughput analysis will greatly expand the opportunities for in vitro testing.
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Latorre AO, Furlan MS, Sakai M, Fukumasu H, Hueza IM, Haraguchi M, Górniak SL. Immunomodulatory effects ofPteridium aquilinumon natural killer cell activity and select aspects of the cellular immune response of mice. J Immunotoxicol 2009; 6:104-14. [DOI: 10.1080/15476910902972465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
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Toda H, Shibasaki Y, Koike T, Ohtani M, Takizawa F, Ototake M, Moritomo T, Nakanishi T. Alloantigen-specific killing is mediated by CD8-positive T cells in fish. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 33:646-652. [PMID: 19073209 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2008.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2008] [Revised: 11/14/2008] [Accepted: 11/17/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
CD8-positive (CD8(+)) cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) have antigen-specific cytotoxic activity. In fish, however, CTL expressing CD8 on their cell surface have not been identified. In order to characterize the cells involved in specific cell-mediated cytotoxicity in teleosts, we separated and sorted ginbuna kidney leucocytes into CD8alpha(+), CD4(+) and surface IgM (sIgM)(+) cells by magnetic activated cell sorting using monoclonal antibodies and examined their cytotoxic activities. Effector donor ginbuna (OB1 clone) were sensitized by allografting scales from S3N clone fish followed by injection of an allogeneic cell line (CFS) derived from S3N fish. In cytotoxic assays, target cells were labeled with CFSE and cytotoxicity was calculated based on the number of viable target cells using flow cytometry. CD8alpha(+) cells from sensitized OB1 fish showed relatively high cytotoxicity against CFS cells (immunogen) but not against allogeneic CFK cells (third party) nor isogeneic CFO cells. Pre-sensitized sIgM(+) cells exhibited cytotoxicity against not only CFS cells but also CFK cells. However, CD4(+) or CD8alpha(-) CD4(-)sIgM(-) cells as well as cells from non-sensitized fish did not show any significant cytotoxic activity. These results suggest that CD8alpha(+) cells in fish have characteristics similar to those of CTL in mammals, and that the sIgM(+) cells include NK-like cells which non-specifically killed the target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Toda
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-8510, Japan
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32
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Okada S, Harada H, Ito T, Saito T, Suzu S. Early development of human hematopoietic and acquired immune systems in new born NOD/Scid/Jak3null mice intrahepatic engrafted with cord blood-derived CD34 + cells. Int J Hematol 2008; 88:476-482. [PMID: 19039627 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-008-0215-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2008] [Revised: 10/28/2008] [Accepted: 11/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An animal model in which the human immune system can be reconstituted is necessary to study acquired immunity in vivo. We report here a novel model, the NOD/SCID/JAK3(null) mouse, for the human immune system's development. Newborn mice transplanted with human cord blood CD34(+) cells intrahepatically, developed human T and B cells, and myeloid and plasmacytoid dendritic cells. The T and B cells had a naïve to memory phenotype, and included plasma cells. The human acquired immune system can be reconstituted from CD34(+) cells in NOD/SCID/JAK3(null) mice. This model is a powerful tool for the study of human immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiji Okada
- Division of Hematopoiesis, Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1, Honjo, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan.
| | - Hideki Harada
- Division of Hematopoiesis, Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1, Honjo, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan
| | - Takaaki Ito
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Takashi Saito
- Laboratory for Cell Signaling, RIKEN Research Center for Allergy and Immunology, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Shinya Suzu
- Division of Hematopoiesis, Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1, Honjo, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan
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Relationship between CD107a expression and cytotoxic activity. Cell Immunol 2008; 254:149-54. [PMID: 18835598 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2008.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 347] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2008] [Revised: 08/19/2008] [Accepted: 08/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
NK cells play important roles in innate immunity against tumors and infections of the host. Studies show that CD107a (LAMP-1) may be a marker for degranulation of NK and activated CD8+ T cells. In our study, the relationship between the expression of CD107a, cytokine secretion and cytotoxic activity in CD56+ NK, CD8+ T cells and lymphocytes has been determined after various stimuli. Effector cells from PBMCs of healthy subjects were isolated and K562 cell line was used as target of cytotoxicity. IL-2 stimulation resulted in a significant increase of CD107a expression in CD56+ NK, CD8+ T cells and lymphocytes. Increased expression of CD107a after IL-2 stimulation of NK cells was parallel to the increase of cytotoxicity. Our results suggest that CD107a expression may be a sensitive marker for the cytotoxic activity determination.
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Increased NKG2A found in cytotoxic natural killer subset in HIV-1 patients with advanced clinical status. AIDS 2007; 21 Suppl 8:S9-17. [PMID: 18172398 DOI: 10.1097/01.aids.0000304691.32014.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the expression of NKG2A on cytotoxic natural killer (NK) cells in HIV-1-infected patients. DESIGN A cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate the NKG2A expression on NK cell subsets among HIV-infected individuals at different clinical stages and HIV negative controls. METHODS 113 HIV-1 infected and 43 uninfected individuals were enrolled in this study. The HIV-1 infected patients were further categorized into three groups, CD4 cell count > 500 cells/microl (n = 44), CD4 cell count of 200-500 cells/microl (n = 49) and CD4 cell count < 200 cells/microl (n = 20). Flow cytometry was used to determine the expression of NKG2A on NK cell subsets. A flow-based assay was employed to quantify the NK cytotoxicity. RESULTS Fewer cytotoxic NK cells and more dysfunctional NK cells were observed in patients with advanced clinical conditions. Higher NKG2A expression level in cytotoxic NK subset were found in later stages HIV infection, 25.6% in groups with CD4 cell count > 500 cells/microl, 40.9% in groups with CD4 cell count 200-500 cells/microl and 48.3% in groups with CD4 cell count < 200 cells/microl. Lower NK mediated cytotoxicity, which was associated with the decrease in cytotoxic NK cell number and higher NKG2A expression on cytotoxic NK subsets, was found in AIDS patients compared with patients at early stage of infection. A reverse association between the percentage of NKG2A positive cells in cytotoxic NK subset and CD4 cell count was observed in all HIV-1 infected groups. CONCLUSION Fewer cytotoxic NK cells and higher NKG2A expression in cytotoxic NK subset was found in patients in late stage HIV infection. Such a phenomenon may relate to the escape of HIV-1-infected CD4+ T cells from being attacked by NK cells.
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Hao S, Zhao J, Zhou J, Zhao S, Hu Y, Hou Y. Modulation of 17beta-estradiol on the number and cytotoxicity of NK cells in vivo related to MCM and activating receptors. Int Immunopharmacol 2007; 7:1765-75. [PMID: 17996687 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2007.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2007] [Revised: 09/24/2007] [Accepted: 09/24/2007] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are key components of immune systems and their activities could be regulated by sex hormones. In the present study we investigate the effects of estrogen on the number and cytotoxic activity of NK cells in vivo. The number and cytotoxicity of NK cells in four groups (control, sham+vehicle, Ovx+vehicle and Ovx+E2) were determined. The results showed that 17beta-estradiol (E2) increased the number of NK cells, but reduced their cytotoxicity. The increase of NK cells proportions by E2 may be mediated by up-regulating the expression of MCM7 and MCM10 proteins, which are required for DNA replication licensing in cell proliferation. The suppressed cytotoxicity of splenic NK cells by E2 may be attributable to the down-regulation of NK cells activating receptors-CD69, NKp46, NKG2DL and 2B4 (CD244), which directly inhibited NK cell activation, resulting in the reduced secretion of the soluble factors-granzyme B and FasL. INF-gamma might also act as a negative regulator in the low cytotoxicity of NK cells. In addition, the number of the NK cells is not parallel to their cytotoxicity with a long-term exposure to E2 in vivo. These results suggest that E2-mediated low cytotoxicity of NK cells may regulate host immune response in pregnancy and some female predominant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Hao
- Immunology and Reproductive Biology Lab of Medical School & State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, People's Republic of China
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Fuller CL, Ruthel G, Warfield KL, Swenson DL, Bosio CM, Aman MJ, Bavari S. NKp30-dependent cytolysis of filovirus-infected human dendritic cells. Cell Microbiol 2007; 9:962-76. [PMID: 17381429 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2006.00844.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Understanding how protective innate immune responses are generated is crucial to defeating highly lethal emerging pathogens. Accumulating evidence suggests that potent innate immune responses are tightly linked to control of Ebola and Marburg filoviral infections. Here, we report that unlike authentic or inactivated Ebola and Marburg, filovirus-derived virus-like particles directly activated human natural killer (NK) cells in vitro, evidenced by pro-inflammatory cytokine production and enhanced cytolysis of permissive target cells. Further, we observed perforin- and CD95L-mediated cytolysis of filovirus-infected human dendritic cells (DCs), primary targets of filovirus infection, by autologous NK cells. Gene expression knock-down studies directly linked NK cell lysis of infected DCs to upregulation of the natural cytotoxicity receptor, NKp30. These results are the first to propose a role for NK cells in the clearance of infected DCs and the potential involvement of NKp30-mediated cytolysis in control of viral infection in vivo. Further elucidation of the biology of NK cell activation, specifically natural cytotoxicity receptors like NKp30 and NKp46, promises to aid our understanding of microbial pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudette L Fuller
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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37
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Xu LH, Fang JP, Huang WG, Xu HG, Weng WJ, Kao GS, Le Y. Marrow graft rejection by repeated transfusions of allogeneic donor spleen cells. Bone Marrow Transplant 2007; 40:691-8. [PMID: 17660838 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bmt.1705791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Many hematological diseases require long-term transfusion support, which causes production of donor-reactive antibodies in sensitized recipients. Sensitized patients are at an increased risk for graft rejection when they undergo allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). Here, we established a highly sensitized murine model to investigate the mechanism of donor graft rejection. After BALB/c mice were repeatedly transfused with allogeneic spleen cells from C57BL/6 mice, there was a significant increase in complement-dependent cytotoxicity in the serum of sensitized mice. For transplantation, 1 x 10(7) bone marrow cells (BMCs) from C57BL/6 mice were injected into lethally irradiated recipient BALB/c mice. Sensitized mice died between 12 and 15 days post-transplantation, while non-sensitized mice remained alive after 28 days. The hematopoietic recovery rate declined over time in sensitized recipients. The homing trace assay showed a rapid disappearance of donor BMCs in the spleen and bone marrow of sensitized recipients. In addition, the recipient cells and antibodies in the sensitized serum were capable of inducing high level of cell- and complement-mediated cytotoxicity to the donor graft. Our finding may explain the impaired hematopoietic stem cell homing and poor hematopoietic engraftment observed in highly sensitized allo-HSCT patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- L H Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhongshan University, Guangzhou, PR China
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38
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Bottley G, Cook GP, Blair GE. A Flow Cytometric Assay for Analysis of Natural-Killer Cell-Mediated Cytolysis of Adenovirus-Transformed Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 131:221-30. [PMID: 17656786 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59745-277-9_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
Natural-killer (NK) cells play an important role in recognizing and eliminating virally infected and transformed cells. To study this process, convenient assays for NK-cell function are required. Conventional NK-cell activity assays measure the release of 51Cr from prelabeled target cells following membrane disruption. This chapter describes nonradiometric assays for NK-cell killing of adenovirus-transformed human cells that can be applied to multiple cell samples using flow cytometry.
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Sá-Rocha VM, Sá-Rocha LC, Palermo-Neto J. Variations in behavior, innate immunity and host resistance to B16F10 melanoma growth in mice that present social stable hierarchical ranks. Physiol Behav 2006; 88:108-15. [PMID: 16647094 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2006.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2005] [Revised: 11/29/2005] [Accepted: 03/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The present study analyzed the effect of social stable hierarchical dominance/submissive relationships in C57BL/6 mice on behavior, innate immunity, serum corticosterone levels and host resistance to B16F10 melanoma growth. Adult mice (90 days old) kept in pairs since weaning, were analyzed for dominant/submissive ranking in three consecutive days according to the presence or absence of fighting and/or anticipatory submissive responses. Only the pairs of mice where dominant/submissive relationships were clearly stated were employed. Results showed that submissive mice presented in relation to dominants: (1) decreased time spent in the central open-field area; (2) decreased number of entries into the open arms and decreased time spent in the exploration of the open arms of the plus maze; (3) increased time spent in exploration of the plus-maze closed arms; (4) decreased number of entries and in the time spent in the exploration of the third part of the plus-maze open arms; (5) increased number of B16F10 metastasis in the lungs; (6) decreased NK cell cytotoxicity measured in vitro in the peripheral blood and spleen; (7) decreased basal but not in S. aureus induced oxidative burst in both neutrophils and monocytes and (8) similar basal serum levels of corticosterone. The present behavioral findings show that submissive mice, within a stable social hierarchy, present anxiety like-responses a fact that would make than more prone to stressful stimuli. This condition would be responsible for the decreases presently observed on basal neutrophil oxidative burst, NK cell activity and resistance to B16F10 tumor growth. Together the obtained data show that mice that present stable hierarchical relationships display neuro-immune alterations comparable to those reported in mice under a situation of chronic social stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- V M Sá-Rocha
- Applied Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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40
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Koga T, Harada H, Shi TS, Okada S, Suico MA, Shuto T, Kai H. Hyperthermia suppresses the cytotoxicity of NK cells via down-regulation of perforin/granzyme B expression. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 337:1319-1323. [PMID: 16236268 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.09.184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2005] [Accepted: 09/28/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Hyperthermia, which is used as an adjunctive therapy for cancer, is known to modulate the activity of natural killer (NK) cells in vitro, but its effect in vivo is unclear. In the present study, we used a whole body hyperthermia (WBH) device heated by infrared rays to evaluate the effect of WBH on mice models. We demonstrate here that wild type C57BL/6J mice exposed to 42 degrees C for 60min had reduced NK cell cytolytic activity against YAC-1 target cells as determined by cytolytic assay. This result was confirmed using Rag-2 knockout mice, which possess functional NK but not cytolytic T or NK-T cells. Moreover, WBH decreased the mRNA expression of perforin and granzyme B in spleens of mice. But the expression of TNF cytokines (Fas ligand and TRAIL) was unchanged. These data suggest that the suppression of NK cell activity induced by WBH could be mediated through the perforin/granzyme pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoaki Koga
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
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41
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Wang XQ, Duan XM, Liu LH, Fang YQ, Tan Y. Carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester fluorescent dye for cell labeling. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2005; 37:379-85. [PMID: 15944752 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-7270.2005.00051.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Our objective was to study the properties of the carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester (CFDA-SE) and the methodology of cell labeling using CFDA-SE fluorescent dye. First, we analyzed the kinetics of CFDA-SE fluorescent dye intensity over time. Second, we determined the optimal concentration of CFDA-SE fluorescent dye for cell labeling. Third, we tested the toxicity of CFDA-SE fluorescent dye on labeled cells. Finally, we determined the optimal staining time of CFDA-SE fluorescent dye for cell labeling. The results show that the optimal concentration of CFDA-SE fluorescent dye for cell labeling varies according to different cell types. CFDA-SE fluorescent dye is non-toxic to cells as the cell death rate caused by CFDA-SE labeling is below 5%. The optimal cell labeling time was determined to be 8 min of incubation with CFDA-SE fluorescent dye. We concluded that the advantages of using CFDA-SE fluorescent dye for cell labeling are as follows: (1) the binding of CFDA-SE fluorescent dye to cells is stable; (2) CFDA-SE fluorescent dye is not toxic and does not modify the viability of labeled cells; and (3) CFDA-SE fluorescent dye is a suitable fluorochrome for cell labeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Qi Wang
- The Central Laboratory, the First Teaching Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
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42
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Hsu LW, Goto S, Nakano T, Lai CY, Kao YH, Lin YC, Kawamoto S, Ono K, Lord R, Goto T, Omori N, Sato S, Chiang KC, Chen SH, Jawan B, Cheng YF, Chiu KW, Chen CL. The effects of anti-histone H1 antibody on immune cells responsible for rejection reaction. Mol Immunol 2005; 42:1155-1164. [PMID: 15829305 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2004.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2004] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated the immunosuppressive activity of anti-histone H1 autoreactive antibodies (Ab) transiently induced in serum of a rat tolerogenic orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) model. In the present study, we investigated the effects of anti-histone H1 Ab on dendritic cells (DCs), T-cells, lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells, and human natural killer (NK) cells. The effects of anti-histone H1 Ab on Concanavalin A (ConA) blast, on rat DC cytokine profiles and phenotypes, and on T-cells, LAK cells, and human NK cells were examined by flow cytometry and RT-PCR. The cytotoxicity of LAK and NK cells pretreated with anti-histone H1 Ab was assayed. The addition of anti-histone H1 Ab to ConA blast inhibited the proliferation of 5-(6)-carboxy-fluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE)-labeled lymphocytes without toxicity but increased the population of CD4+CD25+ T-cells. DCs treated with anti-histone H1 Ab expressed lower levels of CD80/CD86, IL-1beta, and IL-6. The addition of anti-histone H1 Ab to LAK culture decreased the percentages of NKR-P1 populations and down-regulated levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), IL-2, and INF-gamma in RT-PCR. The cytotoxicity of LAK and NK cells was lower when pretreated with anti-histone H1 Ab than when pretreated with control IgG. We found that the blockade of histone H1 modulated DCs toward tolerogenic status, decreased the cytotoxicity of LAK and NK cells, and induced CD4+CD25+ T-cells. These results suggest that the use of anti-histone H1 Abs might be a useful strategy for the development of a form of immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Wen Hsu
- Department of Surgery, Liver Transplant Center, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 123 Ta-Pei Rd., Niao-Sung Hsiang, Kaohsiung Hsien 833, Taiwan
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43
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Perez OD, Mitchell D, Jager GC, Nolan GP. LFA-1 signaling through p44/42 is coupled to perforin degranulation in CD56+CD8+ natural killer cells. Blood 2004; 104:1083-93. [PMID: 15113754 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2003-08-2652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukocyte function antigen 1 (LFA-1) is essential for the formation of immune cell synapses and plays a role in the pathophysiology of various autoimmune diseases. We investigated the molecular details of LFA-1 activation during adhesion between cytotoxic cells and a target model leukemia cell. The cytolytic activity of a CD3-CD8+CD56+ natural killer (NK) subset was enhanced when LFA-1 was activated. In a comparison of LFA-1 ligands, intercellular adhesion molecule 2 (ICAM-2) and ICAM-3 promoted LFA-1-directed perforin release, whereas ICAM-1 had little effect. Ligand-induced LFA-1 clustering facilitated perforin release, demonstrating LFA-1 could regulate degranulation mechanisms. LFA-1 induced the activation of src family kinases, Vav1 and p44/42 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), in human CD56+ NK cells as evidenced by intracellular phospho-epitope measurements that correlated with effector-target cell binding and perforin-granzyme A-mediated cytolytic activity. These results identify novel, specific functional consequence of LFA-1-mediated cytolytic activity in perforin-containing human NK subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar D Perez
- Baxter Laboratory for Genetic Pharmacology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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