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Erdogan O, Kilic C, Cakir C, Kilic F, Oktar O, Ersak B, Sahin M, Tokalioglu A, Kocak O, Ozturk C, Gorgulu G, Gokkaya M, Selcuk I, Korkmaz V, Comert GK, Toptas T, Ureyen I, Ucar G, Taskin S, Tasci T, Uncu D, Narin MA, Boran N, Ozdal B, Tekin OM, Ustun Y, Sancı M, Ortac F, Turan T. Is adjuvant chemotherapy necessary for 2014 FIGO stage IC adult granulosa cell tumor?: Multicentric Turkish study. Asia Pac J Clin Oncol 2023. [PMID: 37096294 DOI: 10.1111/ajco.13942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
AIM The aim of our study is to examine the clinical, surgical, and pathological factors of stage 1C adult granulosa cell tumor (AGCT) patients and to investigate the effects of adjuvant therapy on recurrence and survival rates in this patient group. METHODS Out of a total of 415 AGCT patients treated by 10 tertiary oncology centers participating in the study, 63 (15.2%) patients with 2014 FIGO stage IC constituted the study group. The FIGO 2014 system was used for staging. Patient group who received adjuvant chemotherapy was compared with patient group who did not receive adjuvant chemotherapy in terms of disease-free survival (DFS), and disease-specific survival. RESULTS The 5-year DFS of the study cohort was 89%, and the 10-year DFS was 85%. Those who received adjuvant chemotherapy and those who did not were similar in terms of clinical, surgical and pathological factors, except for peritoneal cytology. In the univariate analysis, none of the clinical, surgical or pathological factors were significant for DFS. Adjuvant chemotherapy and type of treatment protocol had no impact on DFS. CONCLUSION Adjuvant chemotherapy was not associated with improved DFS and overall survival in stage IC AGCT. Multicentric and randomized controlled studies are needed for early stage AGCT in order to confirm these results and reach accurate conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozgur Erdogan
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Tepecik Training and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Cigdem Kilic
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Hitit University, Corum, Turkey
| | - Caner Cakir
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Etlik Zubeyde Hanim Women's Health Training and Research Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Fatih Kilic
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Okan Oktar
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Etlik Zubeyde Hanim Women's Health Training and Research Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Burak Ersak
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Sahin
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Alp Tokalioglu
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ozgur Kocak
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Hitit University, Corum, Turkey
| | | | - Goksen Gorgulu
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Tepecik Training and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Gokkaya
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Antalya Training and Research Hospital, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Ilker Selcuk
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Zekai Tahir Burak Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Vakkas Korkmaz
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Etlik Zubeyde Hanim Women's Health Training and Research Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Tayfun Toptas
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Antalya Training and Research Hospital, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Isin Ureyen
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Antalya Training and Research Hospital, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Gokhan Ucar
- Department of Medical Oncology, Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Salih Taskin
- Ankara University, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Tolga Tasci
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Bahcesehir University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Dogan Uncu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Ali Narin
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Adana City Hospital, Adana, Turkey
| | - Nurettin Boran
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Etlik Zubeyde Hanim Women's Health Training and Research Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Bulent Ozdal
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Zekai Tahir Burak Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Yaprak Ustun
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Etlik Zubeyde Hanim Women's Health Training and Research Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Muzaffer Sancı
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Tepecik Training and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Firat Ortac
- Ankara University, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Taner Turan
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
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Chauvin S, Cohen-Tannoudji J, Guigon CJ. Estradiol Signaling at the Heart of Folliculogenesis: Its Potential Deregulation in Human Ovarian Pathologies. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23010512. [PMID: 35008938 PMCID: PMC8745567 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Estradiol (E2) is a major hormone controlling women fertility, in particular folliculogenesis. This steroid, which is locally produced by granulosa cells (GC) within ovarian follicles, controls the development and selection of dominant preovulatory follicles. E2 effects rely on a complex set of nuclear and extra-nuclear signal transduction pathways principally triggered by its nuclear receptors, ERα and ERβ. These transcription factors are differentially expressed within follicles, with ERβ being the predominant ER in GC. Several ERβ splice isoforms have been identified and display specific structural features, which greatly complicates the nature of ERβ-mediated E2 signaling. This review aims at providing a concise overview of the main actions of E2 during follicular growth, maturation, and selection in human. It also describes the current understanding of the various roles of ERβ splice isoforms, especially their influence on cell fate. We finally discuss how E2 signaling deregulation could participate in two ovarian pathogeneses characterized by either a follicular arrest, as in polycystic ovary syndrome, or an excess of GC survival and proliferation, leading to granulosa cell tumors. This review emphasizes the need for further research to better understand the molecular basis of E2 signaling throughout folliculogenesis and to improve the efficiency of ovarian-related disease therapies.
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Chermuła B, Kranc W, Celichowski P, Stelmach B, Piotrowska-Kempisty H, Mozdziak P, Pawelczyk L, Spaczyński RZ, Kempisty B. Cellular Processes in Human Ovarian Follicles Are Regulated by Expression Profile of New Gene Markers—Clinical Approach. J Clin Med 2021; 11:jcm11010073. [PMID: 35011815 PMCID: PMC8745700 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11010073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the growing ovarian follicle, the maturing oocyte is accompanied by cumulus (CCs) and granulosa (GCs) cells. Currently, there remain many unanswered questions about the epithelial origin of these cells. Global and targeted gene transcript levels were assessed on 1, 7, 15, 30 days of culture for CCs and GCs. Detailed analysis of the genes belonging to epithelial cell-associated ontological groups allowed us to assess a total of 168 genes expressed in CCs (97 genes) and GCs (71 genes) during long-term in vitro culture. Expression changes of the analyzed genes allowed the identification of the group of genes: TGFBR3, PTGS2, PRKX, AHI1, and IL11, whose expression decreased the most and the group of ANXA3, DKK1, CCND1, STC1, CAV1, and SFRP4 genes, whose expression significantly increased. These genes’ expression indicates CCs and GCs epithelialization processes and their epithelial origin. Expression change analysis of genes involved in epithelization processes in GCs and CCs during their in vitro culture made it possible to describe the most significantly altered of the 11 genes. Detailed analysis of gene expression in these two cell populations at different time intervals confirms their ovarian surface epithelial origin. Furthermore, some gene expression profiles appear to have tumorigenic properties, suggesting that granulosa cells may play a role in cancerogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Błażej Chermuła
- Department of Gynecology, Division of Infertility and Reproductive Endocrinology, Obstetrics and Gynecological Oncology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 33 Polna St., 60-535 Poznan, Poland; (B.C.); (B.S.); (L.P.); (R.Z.S.)
| | - Wiesława Kranc
- Department of Anatomy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 6 Swiecickiego St., 60-781 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Piotr Celichowski
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 6 Swiecickiego St., 60-781 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Bogusława Stelmach
- Department of Gynecology, Division of Infertility and Reproductive Endocrinology, Obstetrics and Gynecological Oncology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 33 Polna St., 60-535 Poznan, Poland; (B.C.); (B.S.); (L.P.); (R.Z.S.)
| | - Hanna Piotrowska-Kempisty
- Department of Toxicology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 30 Dojazd St., 60-631 Poznan, Poland;
- Department of Basic and Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 7 Gagarina St., 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | - Paul Mozdziak
- Physiology Graduate Program, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA;
- Prestage Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Leszek Pawelczyk
- Department of Gynecology, Division of Infertility and Reproductive Endocrinology, Obstetrics and Gynecological Oncology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 33 Polna St., 60-535 Poznan, Poland; (B.C.); (B.S.); (L.P.); (R.Z.S.)
| | - Robert Zygmunt Spaczyński
- Department of Gynecology, Division of Infertility and Reproductive Endocrinology, Obstetrics and Gynecological Oncology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 33 Polna St., 60-535 Poznan, Poland; (B.C.); (B.S.); (L.P.); (R.Z.S.)
| | - Bartosz Kempisty
- Department of Anatomy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 6 Swiecickiego St., 60-781 Poznan, Poland;
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 6 Swiecickiego St., 60-781 Poznan, Poland;
- Prestage Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 1 Lwowska St., 87-100 Torun, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-61-854-6418; Fax: +48-61-854-6440
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Fang X, Li Q. New insights into testicular granulosa cell tumors. Oncol Lett 2020; 20:293. [PMID: 33101487 PMCID: PMC7576989 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.12156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Testicular granulosa cell tumors (TGCTs) are rare tumors of sex cord-stromal origin. TGCTs are mostly benign and can be classified into the adult type and the juvenile type. Due to the rarity of clinical cases and limited research efforts, the mechanism underpinning the development of TGCTs remains poorly understood. A landmark study has identified a forkhead box L2 mutation (C134W) in nearly all adult ovarian GCTs, but its implications in TGCTs are unclear. The present study focuses on reviewing the major signaling pathways (e.g., the transforming growth factor β signaling pathway) critical for the development of TGCTs, as revealed by genetically modified mouse models, with a goal of providing new insights into the pathogenesis of TGCTs and offering directions for future studies in this area. We posit that a comparative approach between testicular and ovarian GCTs is valuable, as granulosa cells and Sertoli cells arise from the same progenitor cells during gonadal development. Developing pre-clinical mouse models that recapitulate TGCTs will help answer the remaining questions around this type of rare tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Fang
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Qinglei Li
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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Zannoni GF, Improta G, Petrillo M, Pettinato A, Scambia G, Fraggetta F. FOXL2 molecular status in adult granulosa cell tumors of the ovary: A study of primary and metastatic cases. Oncol Lett 2016; 12:1159-1163. [PMID: 27446412 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.4711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Granulosa cell tumors (GCTs) of the ovary are uncommon neoplasms, accounting for ~5% of all malignant ovarian tumors. GCTs are a relatively homogeneous group of tumors, categorized into two distinct subtypes, juvenile GCT and adult GCT (AGCT), likely arising from a limited set of molecular events usually involving the disruption of pathways that regulate granulosa cell proliferation. In the present study, the presence of forkheadbox L2 (FOXL2) c.402C>G mutation was investigated in a series of 42 samples of primary and metastatic AGCT of the ovary. The samples consisted of 37 primary and 5 metastatic ovarian AGCTs from 37 patients. FOXL2 mutational status was evaluated using a pyrosequencing approach on 2.5-µm sections of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue. FOXL2 c.402C>G mutation was found in 33/37 (89.2%) primary AGCTs and in 4/5 (80.0%) metastases, with the molecular status of the metastases recapitulating that of the primary tumors (4 mutated cases and 1 wild-type case). Overall, FOXL2 mutation is present in the majority of primary and metastatic AGCTs, and could be used as a valid tool in the diagnosis of the disease and in cases of metastatic lesions from an unknown primary origin. Moreover the concordance of FOXL2 molecular status in primary and associated metastases suggests its early appearance and genomic stability in AGCT tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gian Franco Zannoni
- Department of Pathology, Catholic University of The Sacred Heart, I-00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Improta
- Laboratory of Clinical Research and Advanced Diagnostics, Hospitalization and Treatment Institute Scientific-Oncological Referral Center of Basilicata, I-85028 Potenza, Italy
| | - Marco Petrillo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, I-00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Angela Pettinato
- Department of Pathology, Cannizzaro Hospital, I-95126 Catania, Italy
| | - Giovanni Scambia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, I-00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Filippo Fraggetta
- Department of Pathology, Cannizzaro Hospital, I-95126 Catania, Italy
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Pihlajoki M, Färkkilä A, Soini T, Heikinheimo M, Wilson DB. GATA factors in endocrine neoplasia. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2016; 421:2-17. [PMID: 26027919 PMCID: PMC4662929 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2015] [Revised: 04/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
GATA transcription factors are structurally-related zinc finger proteins that recognize the consensus DNA sequence WGATAA (the GATA motif), an essential cis-acting element in the promoters and enhancers of many genes. These transcription factors regulate cell fate specification and differentiation in a wide array of tissues. As demonstrated by genetic analyses of mice and humans, GATA factors play pivotal roles in the development, homeostasis, and function of several endocrine organs including the adrenal cortex, ovary, pancreas, parathyroid, pituitary, and testis. Additionally, GATA factors have been shown to be mutated, overexpressed, or underexpressed in a variety of endocrine tumors (e.g., adrenocortical neoplasms, parathyroid tumors, pituitary adenomas, and sex cord stromal tumors). Emerging evidence suggests that GATA factors play a direct role in the initiation, proliferation, or propagation of certain endocrine tumors via modulation of key developmental signaling pathways implicated in oncogenesis, such as the WNT/β-catenin and TGFβ pathways. Altered expression or function of GATA factors can also affect the metabolism, ploidy, and invasiveness of tumor cells. This article provides an overview of the role of GATA factors in endocrine neoplasms. Relevant animal models are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjut Pihlajoki
- Children's Hospital, Helsinki University Central Hospital, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anniina Färkkilä
- Children's Hospital, Helsinki University Central Hospital, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tea Soini
- Children's Hospital, Helsinki University Central Hospital, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Markku Heikinheimo
- Children's Hospital, Helsinki University Central Hospital, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; Department of Pediatrics, St. Louis Children's Hospital, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - David B Wilson
- Department of Pediatrics, St. Louis Children's Hospital, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors as Potential Therapeutic Agents in the Treatment of Granulosa Cell Tumors of the Ovary. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2015; 25:1224-31. [DOI: 10.1097/igc.0000000000000479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
ObjectiveGranulosa cell tumors of the ovary (GCTs) represent a specific subset of malignant ovarian tumors, of which there are 2 distinct subtypes, the juvenile and the adult form. Aside from surgery, no reliable therapeutic options currently exist for patients with GCT. This study sought to investigate the potential role of small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) as novel therapeutics in the clinical management of GCT.Materials and MethodsUsing TKI with distinct but overlapping multitargeted specificities, cellular proliferation, viability, and apoptosis were evaluated in 2 human GCT-derived cell lines, COV434 and KGN.ResultsSunitinib, which targets the imatinib-inhibited tyrosine kinases of VEGFR, KIT, PDGFR, and FLT-3, was without effect in COV434 and KGN cell lines. Sorafenib, which has a high affinity for RAF1 and BRAF, dose dependently inhibited cellular proliferation and viability in both cell lines at concentrations equivalent to that seen in other systems. A RAF1 kinase inhibitor was without effect, suggesting that sorafenib is acting via inhibition of BRAF, or that aberrant signaling originates upstream of BRAF in the MAPK pathway. In the presence of a selective Src family inhibitor (SU6656), cell proliferation and cell viability responses dissociated; that is, although SU6656 dose dependently inhibited cell viability, it had limited effect on proliferation and apoptosis.ConclusionsThese findings implicate BRAF in the activated signaling responsible for the growth and viability of GCT and suggest that TKI already in clinical use may be a therapeutic option in the treatment of GCT.
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Rosario R, Cohen PA, Shelling AN. The role of FOXL2 in the pathogenesis of adult ovarian granulosa cell tumours. Gynecol Oncol 2014; 133:382-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2013.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Revised: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Andersson N, Anttonen M, Färkkilä A, Pihlajoki M, Bützow R, Unkila-Kallio L, Heikinheimo M. Sensitivity of human granulosa cell tumor cells to epidermal growth factor receptor inhibition. J Mol Endocrinol 2014; 52:223-34. [PMID: 24463098 DOI: 10.1530/jme-13-0286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is implicated in the progression of many human cancers, but its significance in ovarian granulosa cell tumor (GCT) pathobiology remains poorly understood. We assessed the EGFR gene copy number, surveyed the mRNA and protein expression patterns of EGFR in 90 adult GCTs, and assessed the in vitro sensitivity of GCT cells to EGFR inhibition. Low-level amplification of EGFR gene was observed in five GCTs and high-level amplification in one sample. EGFR mRNA was robustly expressed in GCTs. Most tumors expressed both unphosphorylated and phosphorylated EGFR protein, but the protein expression did not correlate with clinical parameters, including the risk of recurrence. Small-molecule EGFR inhibitors reduced the EGF-induced activation of EGFR and its downstream signaling molecules at nanomolar doses, but cell viability was reduced, and caspase-3/7 was activated in GCT cells only at micromolar doses. Based on the present results, EGFR is active and abundantly expressed in the majority of GCTs, but probably has only minor contribution to GCT cell growth. Given the high doses of EGFR inhibitors required to reduce GCT cell viability in vitro, they are not likely to be effective for GCT treatment as single agents; they should rather be tested as part of combination therapies for these malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noora Andersson
- Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, PO Box 20, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, PO Box 140, 00290 Helsinki, Finland Department of Pathology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, University of Helsinki and HUSlab, Haartmaninkatu 3, 00290 Helsinki, Finland Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis Children's Hospital, St Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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Rosario R, Blenkiron C, Shelling AN. Comparative study of microRNA regulation on FOXL2 between adult-type and juvenile-type granulosa cell tumours in vitro. Gynecol Oncol 2012; 129:209-15. [PMID: 23280087 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2012.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Revised: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Despite their distinct biology, granulosa cell tumours (GCTs) are treated similarly to other ovarian tumours. Predominantly expressed in granulosa cells, the transcription factor Forkhead Box L2 (FOXL2) is near absent in juvenile-type GCTs. This research aimed to investigate miRNAs as a mechanism of suppression of FOXL2 expression in juvenile-type GCTs. METHODS The miRNA abundance of two GCT cell lines COV434 and KGN was profiled using Affymetrix miRNA GeneChip arrays. Luciferase assays were used to confirm miRNA binding to the 3'UTR of FOXL2. Identified as promising candidates, the miR-17 miRNA family was targeted for knockdown with a miRNA sponge. Additionally, individual family members miR-17, miR-20b and miR-106a were knocked down using Anti-miR™ inhibitors. Subsequently, FOXL2 expression was analysed using RT-qPCR and Western blotting. RESULTS The profiling of COV434 and KGN cells revealed unique miRNA signatures, with COV434 expressing miR-17 family miRNAs whilst KGN expressed members of the let-7 miRNA gene family. Luciferase assays confirmed miRNA binding to FOXL2's 3'UTR. Reduction of miR-17 family miRNAs increased FOXL2 mRNA expression, however luciferase assays performed in combination with the sponge suggested this is an indirect effect. As no changes in protein were observed, we propose another miRNA is repressing the translation of FOXL2 mRNA. CONCLUSION Through miRNA profiling we have begun to unravel the profiles of GCTs, showing that juvenile and adult derived-cell lines are biologically distinct. By expanding on this discovery we may further elucidate the miRNA-mRNA pathways involved in GCT initiation and progression with potential for novel therapeutics for these cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roseanne Rosario
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
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11
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Rosario R, Araki H, Print CG, Shelling AN. The transcriptional targets of mutant FOXL2 in granulosa cell tumours. PLoS One 2012; 7:e46270. [PMID: 23029457 PMCID: PMC3460904 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite their distinct biology, granulosa cell tumours (GCTs) are treated the same as other ovarian tumours. Intriguingly, a recurring somatic mutation in the transcription factor Forkhead Box L2 (FOXL2) 402C>G has been found in nearly all GCTs examined. This investigation aims to identify the pathogenicity of mutant FOXL2 by studying its altered transcriptional targets. Methods The expression of mutant FOXL2 was reduced in the GCT cell line KGN, and wildtype and mutant FOXL2 were overexpressed in the GCT cell line COV434. Total RNA was hybridised to Affymetrix U133 Plus 2 microarrays. Comparisons were made between the transcriptomes of control cells and cells altered by FOXL2 knockdown and overexpression, to detect potential transcriptional targets of mutant FOXL2. Results The overexpression of wildtype and mutant FOXL2 in COV434, and the silencing of mutant FOXL2 expression in KGN, has shown that mutant FOXL2 is able to differentially regulate the expression of many genes, including two well known FOXL2 targets, StAR and CYP19A. We have shown that many of the genes regulated by mutant FOXL2 are clustered into functional annotations of cell death, proliferation, and tumourigenesis. Furthermore, TGF-β signalling was found to be enriched when using the gene annotation tools GATHER and GeneSetDB. This enrichment was still significant after performing a robust permutation analysis. Conclusion Given that many of the transcriptional targets of mutant FOXL2 are known TGF-β signalling genes, we suggest that deregulation of this key antiproliferative pathway is one way mutant FOXL2 contributes to the pathogenesis of adult-type GCTs. We believe this pathway should be a target for future therapeutic interventions, if outcomes for women with GCTs are to improve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roseanne Rosario
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
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Park JY, Jin KL, Kim DY, Kim JH, Kim YM, Kim KR, Kim YT, Nam JH. Surgical staging and adjuvant chemotherapy in the management of patients with adult granulosa cell tumors of the ovary. Gynecol Oncol 2012; 125:80-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2011.12.442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2011] [Revised: 12/16/2011] [Accepted: 12/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Altuntas CZ, Jaini R, Kesaraju P, Jane-wit D, Johnson JM, Covey K, Flask CA, Dutertre M, Picard JY, Tuohy VK. Autoimmune mediated regulation of ovarian tumor growth. Gynecol Oncol 2011; 124:98-104. [PMID: 22004903 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2011.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2011] [Revised: 08/15/2011] [Accepted: 09/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES An immune response sufficient to induce organ failure may provide protection and therapy against tumors derived from the targeted organ particularly when removal or ablation of the organ is part of the standard therapy and does not threaten survival. We have previously shown that a targeted immune response directed against the ovarian-specific protein, inhibin-α, causes ovarian failure. Here we determined whether inhibin-α autoimmunity is effective in both prevention and treatment of ovarian tumors. METHODS A transgene consisting of the SV40 large tumor transformation antigen under the regulation of an anti-Mullerian hormone promoter (AMH-SV40Tag) was transferred by backcrossing for 12 generations to SJL/J mice producing SJL.AMH-SV40Tag (H-2(s)) females that develop a high incidence of autochthonous granulosa cell tumors. We determined whether immunization of SJL.AMH-SV40Tag female mice with the IA(s)-restricted p215-234 peptide of mouse inhibin-α was capable of preventing and treating these ovarian tumors. RESULTS The growth of autochthonous ovarian granulosa cell tumors in SJL.AMH-SV40Tag transgenic mice was significantly inhibited in mice immunized with Inα 215-234. In addition, significant inhibition of tumor growth occurred when mice with established ovarian granulosa cell tumors were therapeutically vaccinated with Inα 215-234. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that induction of ovarian-specific autoimmunity may serve as an effective way to prevent the emergence of autochthonous ovarian tumors and control the growth of established ovarian malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cengiz Z Altuntas
- Department of Immunology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH 44195, USA
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14
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Taieb J, Grynberg M, Pierre A, Arouche N, Massart P, Belville C, Hesters L, Frydman R, Catteau-Jonard S, Fanchin R, Picard JY, Josso N, Rey RA, di Clemente N. FSH and its second messenger cAMP stimulate the transcription of human anti-Müllerian hormone in cultured granulosa cells. Mol Endocrinol 2011; 25:645-55. [PMID: 21330407 DOI: 10.1210/me.2010-0297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), also called Müllerian-inhibiting substance, a member of the TGF-ß family, is responsible for the regression of Müllerian ducts in the male fetus. In females, AMH is synthesized by granulosa cells of preantral and small antral follicles, and production wanes at later stages of follicle maturation. Using RT-PCR in luteal granulosa cells in primary culture and reporter gene techniques in the KK1 granulosa cell line, we show that FSH and cAMP enhance AMH transcription, and LH has an additive effect. Gonadotropins and cAMP act through protein kinase A and p38 MAPK signaling pathways and involve the GATA binding factor-4 and steroidogenic factor-1 transcription factors, among others. The expression profile of AMH and the dynamics of serum AMH after gonadotropin stimulation have been interpreted as a down-regulating effect of FSH upon AMH production by granulosa cells. The specific effect of gonadotropins upon granulosa cells may be obscured in vivo by the effect of FSH upon follicular maturation and by the presence of other hormones and growth factors, acting individually or in concert.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joëlle Taieb
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 782, 32 rue des Carnets, 92120 Clamart, France
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15
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Abstract
Granulosa cell tumors of the ovary represent ∼5% of malignant ovarian cancers. It has recently been reported that 95-97% of adult granulosa cell tumors carry a unique somatic mutation in the FOXL2 gene. We undertook this study to verify the presence of the FOXL2 Cys134Trp mutation in two geographically independent cohorts of granulosa cell tumors and to examine the expression pattern of FOXL2 in these tumors. A total of 56 tumors with the histological diagnosis of adult granulosa cell tumor from two centers, Melbourne and Helsinki, were examined for the presence of the mutation using direct sequence analysis. Two granulosa cell tumor-derived cell lines, COV434 and KGN, three juvenile granulosa cell tumors and control tissues were also examined. The expression of the FOXL2 gene was determined using quantitative RT-PCR and/or immunohistochemistry. We found that 52 of the 56 adult granulosa cell tumors harbor the mutation, of which three were hemi/homozygous. Of the four cases with wild-type FOXL2 sequence, reappraisal suggests that three may have been misclassified at primary diagnosis. The KGN cells were heterozygous for the mutation, whereas the COV434 cells had a wild-type FOXL2 genotype. The expression levels of FOXL2 were similar across the adult granulosa cell tumors and the normal ovary controls; one mutation-negative granulosa cell tumor had high FOXL2 mRNA levels, whereas the COV434 cells and two of the three juvenile granulosa cell tumors lacked the expression of FOXL2. Our data provide confirmation of the frequent presence of the FOXL2 C134W mutation in adult granulosa cell tumors and demonstrate that the mutation is not associated with altered FOXL2 expression. The mutation analysis may be a useful tool to differentiate particularly between cell-rich diffuse granulosa cell tumors and mitotically active sex cord-stromal tumors. This unique FOXL2 mutation appears to be characteristic of adult granulosa cell tumors.
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16
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Middlebrook BS, Eldin K, Li X, Shivasankaran S, Pangas SA. Smad1-Smad5 ovarian conditional knockout mice develop a disease profile similar to the juvenile form of human granulosa cell tumors. Endocrinology 2009; 150:5208-17. [PMID: 19819941 PMCID: PMC2819741 DOI: 10.1210/en.2009-0644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Granulosa cell tumors (GCTs) of the ovary are rare sex cord stromal tumors. Although generally indolent, GCTs recur, and if not diagnosed and treated in early stages, survival rates are significantly shortened. Very little is known regarding GCT etiology. Because of the low incidence of cases and lack of standard diagnostics, mouse models for granulosa cell tumors are a valuable tool for studying GCTs and provide models for developing diagnostic and treatment strategies. We recently developed a novel mouse model of metastatic granulosa cell tumors by genetic deletion of the bone morphogenetic protein signaling transcription factors (SMADs) in granulosa cells of the ovary. Histological and serum hormone analyses reveal that this mouse model most closely resembles the juvenile form of GCT. We further analyzed samples of human juvenile GCT (JGCT) for expression of anti-Müllerian hormone and activation of two major signaling pathways: TGFbeta/SMAD2/3 and wingless-related mouse mammary tumor virus integration site (Wnt)/beta-catenin. The TGFbeta family is active in mouse Smad1-Smad5 double knockout tumors, and here we show that this pathway, but not the beta-catenin pathway, is activated in samples of human JGCT. These data suggest that the SMAD family, possibly through disruption of SMAD1/5 or activation of SMAD2/3 may contribute to the pathogenesis of JGCT in humans.
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17
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Kalfa N, Veitia RA, Benayoun BA, Boizet-Bonhoure B, Sultan C. The new molecular biology of granulosa cell tumors of the ovary. Genome Med 2009; 1:81. [PMID: 19725933 PMCID: PMC2768967 DOI: 10.1186/gm81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Granulosa cell tumors (GCTs) of the ovary belong to the group of ovarian sex-cord stromal tumors and represent 5 to 10% of ovarian malignancies. GCTs exhibit several morphological, biochemical and hormonal features of normal proliferating pre-ovulatory granulosa cells, such as estrogen biosynthesis. Prognostic factors of this condition are lacking, and alternative treatment options to preserve future fertility are needed. Several groups have shown that two genetic factors implicated in GCTs are of particular interest. The gsp oncogene is a constitutive activating mutation of the prognosis of the tumor. FOXL2 is a transcription factor gene involved in ovarian development and function, whose expression is reduced and which is mutated in the majority of GCTs. FOXL2 appears to play a major role in cell cycle regulation. These recent findings open new pathophysiological insights into GCT development as well as revisitation of granulosa cell and ovarian function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Kalfa
- Service d'Hormonologie, Hôpital Lapeyronie, CHU Montpellier et UM1, Montpellier, France
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18
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Bittinger S, Alexiadis M, Fuller PJ. Expression status and mutational analysis of the PTEN and P13K subunit genes in ovarian granulosa cell tumors. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2009; 19:339-42. [PMID: 19407556 DOI: 10.1111/igc.0b013e3181a1cdfd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Granulosa cell tumors (GCT) are a unique subset of ovarian tumors which have a molecular phenotype resembling that of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)-stimulated pre-ovulatory granulosa cells. FSH acts via its receptor to stimulate signaling pathways including the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-AKT pathway. Activation of this pathway occurs in solid tumors, including ovarian epithelial tumors, through mutation of the PI3K subunit genes or inactivation of the tumor suppressor, PTEN. Activation of this pathway would be predicted to be tumorigenic in granulosa cells.Expression of the 2 PI3K subunit genes, PIK3CA, which encodes the catalytic subunit, and PIK3R1, which encodes the regulatory subunit, together with the PTEN gene was determined in a panel of GCT, 2 human GCT-derived cell lines, COV434 and KGN, and normal ovary. Direct sequence analysis was used to screen for mutations. Expression of all 3genes was observed in the GCT without evidence of overexpression for the PI3K subunit genes or loss of expression for PTEN. Sequence analysis of amplicons spanning exons 9and 20, in which greater than 75% of mutations occur in the PIK3CA gene did not identify any missense mutations. Similarly, the previously reported deletions in exons 12 and 13 of the PIK3R1 were not found in the GCT. Three amplicons spanning the entire coding sequence of the PTEN gene were sequenced; neither deletions nor mutations were identified.These findings suggest that activation of PI3K signaling through PI3K/PTEN mutation or altered expression, in contrast to many other types of solid tumor, is not associated with GCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Bittinger
- Prince Henry's Institute of Medical Research, Victoria, Australia
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19
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Ellmann S, Sticht H, Thiel F, Beckmann MW, Strick R, Strissel PL. Estrogen and progesterone receptors: from molecular structures to clinical targets. Cell Mol Life Sci 2009; 66:2405-26. [PMID: 19333551 PMCID: PMC11115849 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-009-0017-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2008] [Revised: 02/19/2009] [Accepted: 03/06/2009] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Research involving estrogen and progesterone receptors (ER and PR) have greatly contributed to our understanding of cell signaling and transcriptional regulation. In addition to the classical ER and PR nuclear actions, new signaling pathways have recently been identified due to ER and PR association with cell membranes and signal transduction proteins. Bio-informatics has unveiled how ER and PR recognize their ligands, selective modulators and co-factors, which has helped to implement them as key targets in the treatment of benign and malignant tumors. Knowledge regarding ER and PR is vast and complex; therefore, this review will focus on their isoforms, signaling pathways, co-activators and co-repressors, which lead to target gene regulation. Moreover it will highlight ER and PR involvement in benign and malignant diseases as well as pharmacological substances influencing cell signaling and provide established and new structural insights into the mechanism of activation and inhibition of these receptors.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Computational Biology
- Estradiol/chemistry
- Estradiol/metabolism
- Humans
- Ligands
- Models, Molecular
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Phylogeny
- Progesterone/chemistry
- Progesterone/metabolism
- Protein Isoforms/chemistry
- Protein Isoforms/genetics
- Protein Isoforms/metabolism
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Receptors, Estrogen/chemistry
- Receptors, Estrogen/classification
- Receptors, Estrogen/genetics
- Receptors, Estrogen/metabolism
- Receptors, Progesterone/chemistry
- Receptors, Progesterone/classification
- Receptors, Progesterone/genetics
- Receptors, Progesterone/metabolism
- Receptors, Steroid/agonists
- Receptors, Steroid/antagonists & inhibitors
- Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators/chemistry
- Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators/metabolism
- Sequence Alignment
- Signal Transduction/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Ellmann
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, University-Clinic Erlangen, Universitaetsstr. 21-23, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Heinrich Sticht
- Department of Bioinformatics, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Fahrstr. 17, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Falk Thiel
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, University-Clinic Erlangen, Universitaetsstr. 21-23, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Matthias W. Beckmann
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, University-Clinic Erlangen, Universitaetsstr. 21-23, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Reiner Strick
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, University-Clinic Erlangen, Universitaetsstr. 21-23, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Pamela L. Strissel
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, University-Clinic Erlangen, Universitaetsstr. 21-23, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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20
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Bilandzic M, Chu S, Farnworth PG, Harrison C, Nicholls P, Wang Y, Escalona RM, Fuller PJ, Findlay JK, Stenvers KL. Loss of betaglycan contributes to the malignant properties of human granulosa tumor cells. Mol Endocrinol 2009; 23:539-48. [PMID: 19164448 DOI: 10.1210/me.2008-0300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Betaglycan is a type III TGFbeta receptor that modulates cellular sensitivity to inhibins and TGFbeta. Previous studies have suggested that betaglycan acts as a tumor suppressor in certain human epithelial cancers. However, the roles of betaglycan in ovarian granulosa cell tumors (GCTs) are poorly understood. The objective of this study was to determine whether human GCTs exhibit betaglycan expression and, if so, what impact this receptor has on tumor biology. Real-time PCR was used to quantify betaglycan transcripts in human GCTs (n = 17) and normal premenopausal ovaries (n = 11). This analysis established that GCTs exhibited a significant 2-fold lower mean betaglycan mRNA level as compared with the normal ovary (P < 0.05). Similarly, two human GCT cell lines, KGN and COV434, exhibited low betaglycan expression and poor responsiveness to TGFbeta and inhibin A in luciferase reporter assays, which was restored by stable transfection of wild-type betaglycan. Betaglycan significantly increased the adhesion of COV434 (P < 0.05) and KGN (P < 0.0001) cells, decreased cellular invasion through Matrigel, and inhibited wound healing. Expression of mutant forms of betaglycan that are defective in TGFbeta and/or inhibin binding in each GCT cell line revealed that the inhibitory effects of betaglycan on wound healing were most strongly linked to the inhibin-binding region of betaglycan. Furthermore, knockdown of INHA mRNA expression abrogated the betaglycan-mediated inhibition of wound healing and invasion, whereas both INHA silencing and TGFbeta neutralization abolished the betaglycan-mediated increase in adhesion to substrate. These data suggest that loss of betaglycan contributes to the pathogenesis of GCTs.
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21
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Kyrönlahti A, Rämö M, Tamminen M, Unkila-Kallio L, Butzow R, Leminen A, Nemer M, Rahman N, Huhtaniemi I, Heikinheimo M, Anttonen M. GATA-4 regulates Bcl-2 expression in ovarian granulosa cell tumors. Endocrinology 2008; 149:5635-42. [PMID: 18653721 DOI: 10.1210/en.2008-0148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Excessive cell proliferation and decreased apoptosis have been implicated in the pathogenesis of ovarian granulosa cell tumors (GCTs). We hypothesized that transcription factor GATA-4 controls expression of the antiapoptotic factor Bcl-2 and the cell cycle regulator cyclin D2 in normal and neoplastic granulosa cells. To test this hypothesis, a tissue microarray based on 80 GCTs was subjected to immunohistochemistry for GATA-4, Bcl-2, and cyclin D2, and the data were correlated to clinical and histopathological parameters. In addition, quantitative RT-PCR for GATA-4, Bcl-2, and cyclin D2 was performed on 21 human GCTs. A mouse GCT model was used to complement these studies. The role of GATA-4 in the regulation of Bcl2 and ccdn2 (coding for cyclin D2) was studied by transactivation assays, and by disrupting GATA-4 function with dominant negative approaches in mouse and human GCT cell lines. We found that GATA-4 expression correlated with Bcl-2 and cyclin D2 expression in human and murine GCTs. Moreover, GATA-4 enhanced Bcl-2 and cyclin D2 promoter activity in murine GCT cells. Whereas GATA-4 overexpression up-regulated and dominant negative GATA-4 suppressed Bcl-2 expression in human GCT cells, the effects on cyclin D2 were negligible. Our results reveal a previously unknown relationship between GATA-4 and Bcl-2 in mammalian granulosa cells and GCTs, and suggest that GATA-4 influences granulosa cell fate by transactivating Bcl-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antti Kyrönlahti
- Children's Hospital and Institute of Biomedicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
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22
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23
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Strissel PL, Swiatek J, Oppelt P, Renner SP, Beckmann MW, Strick R. Transcriptional analysis of steroid hormone receptors in smooth muscle uterine leiomyoma tumors of postmenopausal patients. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2007; 107:42-7. [PMID: 17646097 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2007.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2006] [Accepted: 02/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Smooth muscle tumors are histologically separated into benign leiomyomas and malignant leiomyosarcomas. Uterine leiomyomas represent benign clonal tumors often arising within the smooth muscle tissue of the human uterus. Uterine leiomyomas develop after the start of the menstrual cycle, become symptomatic during middle age, and in most postmenopausal patients tumor regression occurs. Rarely, leiomyomas progress to leiomyosarcomas, where many sarcomas have markedly reduced or no steroid hormone receptors, thus, evolve to a hormone non-responsive state. Premenopausal leiomyomas are known to express higher levels of estrogen receptor-alpha (ERalpha), estrogen receptor-beta (ERbeta) and progesterone receptor (PGR) than control myometrium, whereas postmenopausal leiomyomas have not been so well characterized molecularly. In this present investigation, ERbeta, ERalpha and PGR gene expression were assessed in leiomyomas and in matched adjacent myometrium from a cohort of 14 postmenopausal patients using semi-quantitative Realtime PCR and RT-PCR. The mean average results showed that ERbeta was 2.5-fold statistically significantly over expressed in postmenopausal leiomyomas compared to patient matched myometrium (p=0.038), whereas ERalpha and PGR were not significantly differently expressed. These results showed that up-regulation of ERbeta occurred at the transcriptional level in postmenopausal leiomyomas. Quantitation of steroid hormone receptors from benign uterine tumors may be important for a more tailored therapy. In addition, a role for steroid hormones, specifically ERbeta, is discussed in terms of benign tumor regression or tumor maintenance in postmenopausal leiomyomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela L Strissel
- University-Clinic Erlangen, Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Laboratory for Molecular Medicine at the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, University Street 21-23, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany.
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24
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Moll F, Millet C, Noël D, Orsetti B, Bardin A, Katsaros D, Jorgensen C, Garcia M, Theillet C, Pujol P, François V. Chordin is underexpressed in ovarian tumors and reduces tumor cell motility. FASEB J 2006; 20:240-50. [PMID: 16449796 DOI: 10.1096/fj.05-4126com] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian cancers mostly derive from the monolayer epithelium that covers the ovary. There are currently very few molecular clues to the etiology of this cancer. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are required for follicular development and female fertility and are expressed in the ovarian surface epithelium (OSE). We previously reported the expression of human chordin (CHRD), a BMP extracellular regulator, in the ovary. Here we show that CHRD is underexpressed in epithelium ovary cancer and epithelial cancer cell lines as compared with normal tissues and OSE, respectively. Besides, we detected BMP expression in all ovarian cell lines analyzed. To determine the functional relevance of the absence of CHRD mRNA in tumors and cancer cell lines, we studied the effects of CHRD on two cancer cell lines, BG1 and PEO14. Migratory and invasive properties were greatly reduced, whereas cell adhesion to the support was enhanced. In addition, we detected chordin (Chrd) expression in OSE of rat ovaries in a pattern similar to that of BMP4. Altogether, these results suggest that CHRD could participate in regulating BMP activity in normal OSE physiology, and that its mis-expression in OSE may facilitate cancer incidence and/or progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Moll
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biochemie, Martinsried bei München, Germany
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25
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Fuller PJ, Alexiadis M, Jobling T, McNeilage J. Seladin-1/DHCR24 expression in normal ovary, ovarian epithelial and granulosa tumours. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2005; 63:111-5. [PMID: 15963070 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2005.02308.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The human DIMINUTO/DWARF1 homolog seladin-1/DHCR24 has been recently reported to be up-regulated in adrenocortical adenomas. Seladin-1 expression has been reported in the normal ovary. Granulosa cell tumours of the ovary (GCT) as with adrenocortical adenomas arise from a steroidogenic tissue, respond to pituitary hormone stimulation and synthesize steroid hormones. DESIGN To test the hypothesis that seladin-1 may also have a role in the pathogenesis of GCT, we determined the expression of seladin-1 in a cohort of GCT and in mucinous and serous cystadenocarcinomas and in normal ovary. MEASUREMENTS Expression was determined by RT-PCR using gene specific primers and probes combined with Southern blot analysis of the PCR products. RESULTS Seladin-1 expression was identified in the normal ovary, mucinous cystadenocarcinomas and serous cystadenocarcinomas of the ovary whereas no expression was observed in the GCT. CONCLUSIONS Based on our results, seladin-1 is not expressed in the granulosa cells or at least not in those that give rise to GCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Fuller
- Prince Henry's Institute of Medical Research, Department of Gynaecology Oncology, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia.
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26
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Pasapera AM, Jiménez-Aguilera MDP, Chauchereau A, Milgrom E, Olivares A, Uribe A, Gutiérrez-Sagal R, Ulloa-Aguirre A. Effects of FSH and 17beta-estradiol on the transactivation of estrogen-regulated promoters and cell proliferation in L cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2005; 94:289-302. [PMID: 15857748 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2004.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2004] [Accepted: 11/29/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we analyzed human follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)-induced cell proliferation and transactivation of estrogen-sensitive reporter genes-in L cells stably expressing the human FSH receptor [L-(hFSHR(+)) cells]. In order to dissect the signaling pathways involved in this process, L-(hFSHR(+)) cells were transiently transfected with either the 3X-ERE-TAT-Luc or the ERE-VitA2-TK-CAT reporter genes and treated with FSH or PKA activators (cholera toxin, forskolin and 8-Br-cAMP) in the presence or absence of various kinase inhibitors. We found that FSH and all PKA activators, specifically induced transactivation of both reporter genes. Transactivation of estrogen-sensitive genes by FSH or PKA activators were blocked (approximately 90%) by H89 (PKA inhibitor) and LY294002 but not by Wortmannin (PI3-K inhibitors), 4-OH-tamoxifen, ICI182,780 or SB203580 (p38 MAPK inhibitor); PD98059 (ERK1/2 inhibitor) partially (approximately 30%) blocked the FSH-mediated effect. The combination of FSH and estradiol resulted in a synergistic effect on transactivation as well as on cell proliferation, and this enhancement was attenuated by antiestrogens. We additionally analyzed the participation of the coactivators SRC-1 and cAMP response element binding protein (CREB)-binding protein (CBP) in FSH-evoked estrogen receptor (ER)-dependent transactivation; we found that CBP but not SRC-1 potentiated FSH-induced transcriptional activation of both ER-sensitive reporters, being this effect stronger on the ERE-VitA2-TK-CAT than on the 3X-ERE-TAT-Luc reporter. Thus, in L-(hFSHR(+)) cells FSH induces transcriptional activation of estrogen-sensitive genes through an A-kinase-triggered signaling pathway, using also to a lesser extent the ERK1/2 and p38 pathways. PI3-K is not apparently involved in this FSH-mediated process since LY294002, but not Wortmannin, specifically binds ERs and completely blocks estrogen action. Presumably, CBP cooperates with the ER on genes that contain estrogen responsive elements through mechanisms involving the participation of other proteins and/or basal transcription factors (e.g. CREB), which in turn mediate the transcriptional response of estrogen-sensitive reporter genes to FSH stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana María Pasapera
- Research Unit in Reproductive Medicine, Hospital de Gineco-Obstetricia Luis Castelazo Ayala, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Apdo. Postal 99-065, Unidad Independencia, México D.F. C.P. 10101, Mexico
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27
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Hussein-Fikret S, Fuller PJ. Expression of nuclear receptor coregulators in ovarian stromal and epithelial tumours. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2005; 229:149-60. [PMID: 15607539 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2004.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2004] [Accepted: 08/11/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Granulosa cell tumours of the ovary (GCT) exhibit high expression of estrogen receptor beta (ERbeta). A role for estrogen receptors in these tumours may depend on altered co-activator expression. This study examines the expression of the co-activators SRC-1a/e, SRC-2, SRC-3, SRA, and the corepressors NCoR and SMRT in GCT, epithelial ovarian tumours and normal ovary. No significant difference in the expression of SRC-1, SRC-2, SRC-3 or NCoR and SMRT was found. In particular, there was no correlation of co-activator expression with ERbeta expression. There was a significant upregulation in the expression of the novel RNA co-activator SRA in the serous tumours compared with the other tumour types and normal ovary. The findings suggest that ERbeta may require co-activators, other than members of the SRC family for the modulation of transcription in GCT.
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MESH Headings
- Acetyltransferases
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Case-Control Studies
- Cystadenocarcinoma, Mucinous/genetics
- Cystadenocarcinoma, Mucinous/metabolism
- Cystadenocarcinoma, Mucinous/pathology
- Cystadenocarcinoma, Serous/genetics
- Cystadenocarcinoma, Serous/metabolism
- Cystadenocarcinoma, Serous/pathology
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Estrogen Receptor alpha/metabolism
- Estrogen Receptor beta/metabolism
- Female
- Granulosa Cell Tumor/genetics
- Granulosa Cell Tumor/metabolism
- Granulosa Cell Tumor/pathology
- Histone Acetyltransferases
- Humans
- Inhibins/blood
- Middle Aged
- Neoplasms, Glandular and Epithelial/genetics
- Neoplasms, Glandular and Epithelial/metabolism
- Neoplasms, Glandular and Epithelial/pathology
- Nuclear Proteins/genetics
- Nuclear Proteins/metabolism
- Nuclear Receptor Co-Repressor 1
- Nuclear Receptor Co-Repressor 2
- Nuclear Receptor Coactivator 1
- Nuclear Receptor Coactivator 2
- Nuclear Receptor Coactivator 3
- Oncogene Proteins
- Ovary/cytology
- Ovary/metabolism
- RNA, Long Noncoding
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- RNA, Untranslated/genetics
- RNA, Untranslated/metabolism
- Repressor Proteins/genetics
- Repressor Proteins/metabolism
- Stromal Cells/cytology
- Stromal Cells/metabolism
- Trans-Activators/genetics
- Trans-Activators/metabolism
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hussein-Fikret
- Prince Henry's Institute of Medical Research, PO Box 5152, Clayton, Vic. 3168, Australia; Monash University Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Vic. 3168, Australia
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Jamieson S, Alexiadis M, Fuller PJ. Expression status and mutational analysis of the ras and B-raf genes in ovarian granulosa cell and epithelial tumors. Gynecol Oncol 2004; 95:603-9. [PMID: 15581971 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2004.07.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The molecular pathogenesis of granulosa cell tumors of the ovary (GCT) is not understood. Activating mutations in the K-, N-, and H-ras protooncogenes have been identified in a wide range of human cancers, including ovarian epithelial tumors. Furthermore, an apparent association has recently been reported between the presence of ras and B-raf mutations in the same cancer types. Activation of the ras/raf pathway would be predicted to be tumorigenic in granulosa cells. METHODS Gene expression patterns of the three ras and B-raf genes were determined in a panel of GCT and ovarian epithelial tumors, and in normal premenopausal ovaries. Expression was determined by RT-PCR using gene-specific primers combined with Southern blot analysis of the PCR products using gene-specific (32)P-labeled probes. Direct sequence analysis was used to screen for known activating mutations. RESULTS Widespread expression of the four genes was observed in all tumor types examined. Compared to the normal ovaries, none of the genes was expressed at significantly higher levels in any of the tumor types examined. A heterozygous point mutation in codon 12 of the K-ras gene was found in five of the 10 mucinous tumors. No B-raf mutations were detected in the mucinous tumors. No mutations were detected in any of the genes in the cohort of GCT. CONCLUSION These results suggest that neither overexpression nor activating mutations of the ras or B-raf genes are associated with the development of GCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey Jamieson
- Prince Henry's Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
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29
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Abstract
The inhibins are produced and secreted by several ovarian cancers. Monitoring serum levels by immunoassay may be a useful diagnostic aid in the initial assessment of this disease and in monitoring its potential recurrence following surgery. The assays are applicable to women after menopause when the majority of ovarian cancers are detected, and when the normal ovarian production of inhibin is low to negligible. A new inhibin immunoassay (total inhibin ELISA) has been developed with the intention of widespread clinical application. The assay readily detects granulosa cell and mucinous tumours. CA125, a widely used ovarian cancer marker, detects the other main ovarian cancer types (serous, endometrioid, undifferentiated) with high sensitivity. The combination of the two tests detects the majority of ovarian cancers with high specificity (95%) and sensitivity (95%). Studies have been undertaken to assess its application to women in the perimenopausal stage and to younger women during normal reproductive life. These studies are providing a platform for the introduction of the test into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Robertson
- Prince Henry's Institute of Medical Research, Monash Medical Centre, P.O. Box 5152, Clayton, Vic. 3168, Australia.
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30
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Steinmetz R, Wagoner HA, Zeng P, Hammond JR, Hannon TS, Meyers JL, Pescovitz OH. Mechanisms regulating the constitutive activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathway in ovarian cancer and the effect of ribonucleic acid interference for ERK1/2 on cancer cell proliferation. Mol Endocrinol 2004; 18:2570-82. [PMID: 15243131 DOI: 10.1210/me.2004-0082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The ERK1/2 MAPK pathway is a critical signaling system that mediates ligand-stimulated signals for the induction of cell proliferation, differentiation, and cell survival. Studies have shown that this pathway is constitutively active in several human malignancies and may be involved in the pathogenesis of these tumors. In the present study we examined the ERK1/2 pathway in cell lines derived from epithelial and granulosa cell tumors, two distinct forms of ovarian cancer. We show that ERK1 and ERK2 are constitutively active and that this activation results from both MAPK kinase-dependent and independent mechanisms and is correlated with elevated BRAF expression. MAPK phosphatase 1 (MKP-1) expression, which is involved in ERK1/2 deactivation, is down-regulated in the cancer cells, thus further contributing to ERK hyperactivity in these cells. Treatment of these cancer cell lines with the proteasome inhibitor ZLLF-CHO increased MKP-1 but not MKP-2 expression and decreased ERK1/2 phosphorylation. More importantly, silencing of ERK1/2 protein expression using RNA interference led to the complete suppression of tumor cell proliferation. These results provide evidence that the ERK pathway plays a major role in ovarian cancer pathogenesis and that down-regulation of this master signaling pathway is highly effective for the inhibition of ovarian tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary Steinmetz
- Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, James Whitcomb Riley Hospital for Children, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA.
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