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Bis JC, Jian X, Kunkle BW, Chen Y, Hamilton-Nelson KL, Bush WS, Salerno WJ, Lancour D, Ma Y, Renton AE, Marcora E, Farrell JJ, Zhao Y, Qu L, Ahmad S, Amin N, Amouyel P, Beecham GW, Below JE, Campion D, Cantwell L, Charbonnier C, Chung J, Crane PK, Cruchaga C, Cupples LA, Dartigues JF, Debette S, Deleuze JF, Fulton L, Gabriel SB, Genin E, Gibbs RA, Goate A, Grenier-Boley B, Gupta N, Haines JL, Havulinna AS, Helisalmi S, Hiltunen M, Howrigan DP, Ikram MA, Kaprio J, Konrad J, Kuzma A, Lander ES, Lathrop M, Lehtimäki T, Lin H, Mattila K, Mayeux R, Muzny DM, Nasser W, Neale B, Nho K, Nicolas G, Patel D, Pericak-Vance MA, Perola M, Psaty BM, Quenez O, Rajabli F, Redon R, Reitz C, Remes AM, Salomaa V, Sarnowski C, Schmidt H, Schmidt M, Schmidt R, Soininen H, Thornton TA, Tosto G, Tzourio C, van der Lee SJ, van Duijn CM, Valladares O, Vardarajan B, Wang LS, Wang W, Wijsman E, Wilson RK, Witten D, Worley KC, Zhang X, Bellenguez C, Lambert JC, Kurki MI, Palotie A, Daly M, Boerwinkle E, Lunetta KL, Destefano AL, Dupuis J, Martin ER, Schellenberg GD, Seshadri S, Naj AC, Fornage M, Farrer LA. Whole exome sequencing study identifies novel rare and common Alzheimer's-Associated variants involved in immune response and transcriptional regulation. Mol Psychiatry 2020; 25:1859-1875. [PMID: 30108311 PMCID: PMC6375806 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-018-0112-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The Alzheimer's Disease Sequencing Project (ADSP) undertook whole exome sequencing in 5,740 late-onset Alzheimer disease (AD) cases and 5,096 cognitively normal controls primarily of European ancestry (EA), among whom 218 cases and 177 controls were Caribbean Hispanic (CH). An age-, sex- and APOE based risk score and family history were used to select cases most likely to harbor novel AD risk variants and controls least likely to develop AD by age 85 years. We tested ~1.5 million single nucleotide variants (SNVs) and 50,000 insertion-deletion polymorphisms (indels) for association to AD, using multiple models considering individual variants as well as gene-based tests aggregating rare, predicted functional, and loss of function variants. Sixteen single variants and 19 genes that met criteria for significant or suggestive associations after multiple-testing correction were evaluated for replication in four independent samples; three with whole exome sequencing (2,778 cases, 7,262 controls) and one with genome-wide genotyping imputed to the Haplotype Reference Consortium panel (9,343 cases, 11,527 controls). The top findings in the discovery sample were also followed-up in the ADSP whole-genome sequenced family-based dataset (197 members of 42 EA families and 501 members of 157 CH families). We identified novel and predicted functional genetic variants in genes previously associated with AD. We also detected associations in three novel genes: IGHG3 (p = 9.8 × 10-7), an immunoglobulin gene whose antibodies interact with β-amyloid, a long non-coding RNA AC099552.4 (p = 1.2 × 10-7), and a zinc-finger protein ZNF655 (gene-based p = 5.0 × 10-6). The latter two suggest an important role for transcriptional regulation in AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua C Bis
- Department of Medicine (General Internal Medicine), University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Xueqiu Jian
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Brian W Kunkle
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Yuning Chen
- Departments of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kara L Hamilton-Nelson
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - William S Bush
- Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland Heights, OH, USA
| | - William J Salerno
- Human Genome Sequencing Center and Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Daniel Lancour
- Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yiyi Ma
- Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alan E Renton
- Department of Neuroscience and Ronald M Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Edoardo Marcora
- Department of Neuroscience and Ronald M Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genomics Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - John J Farrell
- Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yi Zhao
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Liming Qu
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Shahzad Ahmad
- Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Najaf Amin
- Inserm, U1167, RID-AGE-Risk Factors and Molecular Determinants of Aging-Related Diseases, Lille, France
| | - Philippe Amouyel
- Inserm, U1167, RID-AGE-Risk Factors and Molecular Determinants of Aging-Related Diseases, Lille, France
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
- University Lille, U1167-Excellence Laboratory LabEx DISTALZ, Lille, France
| | - Gary W Beecham
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Jennifer E Below
- Department of Medical Genetics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Dominique Campion
- Department of Genetics and CNR-MAJ, Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and Rouen University Hospital, F 76000, Normandy Centre for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France
- Department of Research, Centre Hospitalier du Rouvray, Sotteville-lès-, Rouen, France
| | - Laura Cantwell
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Camille Charbonnier
- Department of Genetics and CNR-MAJ, Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and Rouen University Hospital, F 76000, Normandy Centre for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France
| | - Jaeyoon Chung
- Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paul K Crane
- Department of Medicine (General Internal Medicine), University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Carlos Cruchaga
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - L Adrienne Cupples
- Departments of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
| | - Jean-François Dartigues
- University of Bordeaux, Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, team VINTAGE, UMR 1219, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Stéphanie Debette
- University of Bordeaux, Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, team VINTAGE, UMR 1219, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
- Department of Neurology and Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Bordeaux University Hospital, Memory Clinic, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Jean-François Deleuze
- Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine, Institut François Jacob, Direction de le Recherche Fondamentale, CEA, Evry, France
| | - Lucinda Fulton
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | | | - Richard A Gibbs
- Human Genome Sequencing Center and Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Alison Goate
- Department of Neuroscience and Ronald M Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genomics Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Benjamin Grenier-Boley
- Inserm, U1167, RID-AGE-Risk Factors and Molecular Determinants of Aging-Related Diseases, Lille, France
| | - Namrata Gupta
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Aki S Havulinna
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Seppo Helisalmi
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology and Department of Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mikko Hiltunen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Daniel P Howrigan
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Genetic Analysis Platform, Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Psychiatric & Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - M Arfan Ikram
- Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jaakko Kaprio
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jan Konrad
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Amanda Kuzma
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Eric S Lander
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Mark Lathrop
- McGill University and Génome Québec Innovation Centre, Montréal, Canada
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center-Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Honghuang Lin
- Department of Medicine (Computational Biomedicine), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kari Mattila
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center-Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | | | - Donna M Muzny
- Human Genome Sequencing Center and Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Waleed Nasser
- Human Genome Sequencing Center and Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Benjamin Neale
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Genetic Analysis Platform, Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Psychiatric & Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kwangsik Nho
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Gaël Nicolas
- Department of Genetics and CNR-MAJ, Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and Rouen University Hospital, F 76000, Normandy Centre for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France
| | - Devanshi Patel
- Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Margaret A Pericak-Vance
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Markus Perola
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Bruce M Psaty
- Department of Medicine (General Internal Medicine), University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Olivier Quenez
- Department of Genetics and CNR-MAJ, Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and Rouen University Hospital, F 76000, Normandy Centre for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France
| | - Farid Rajabli
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Richard Redon
- Inserm, CNRS, Univ. Nantes, CHU Nantes, l'institut du thorax, Nantes, France
| | | | - Anne M Remes
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology and Department of Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, Neurology, University of Oulu and Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Veikko Salomaa
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Chloe Sarnowski
- Departments of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Helena Schmidt
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Division of Neurogeriatrics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Michael Schmidt
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Reinhold Schmidt
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Division of Neurogeriatrics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Hilkka Soininen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology and Department of Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | | | - Christophe Tzourio
- University of Bordeaux, Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, team VINTAGE, UMR 1219, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | | | | | - Otto Valladares
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Li-San Wang
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Weixin Wang
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ellen Wijsman
- Department of Medicine (Medical Genetics), University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Richard K Wilson
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Daniela Witten
- Department of Statistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kim C Worley
- Human Genome Sequencing Center and Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xiaoling Zhang
- Departments of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Celine Bellenguez
- Inserm, U1167, RID-AGE-Risk Factors and Molecular Determinants of Aging-Related Diseases, Lille, France
| | - Jean-Charles Lambert
- Inserm, U1167, RID-AGE-Risk Factors and Molecular Determinants of Aging-Related Diseases, Lille, France
| | - Mitja I Kurki
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Genetic Analysis Platform, Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Psychiatric & Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Aarno Palotie
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Genetic Analysis Platform, Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Psychiatric & Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mark Daly
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Psychiatric & Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eric Boerwinkle
- Human Genome Sequencing Center and Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kathryn L Lunetta
- Departments of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anita L Destefano
- Departments of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Departments of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Josée Dupuis
- Departments of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eden R Martin
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | | | - Sudha Seshadri
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
- Departments of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Adam C Naj
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Myriam Fornage
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
- School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Lindsay A Farrer
- Departments of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
- Departments of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
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Osimo EF, Beck K, Reis Marques T, Howes OD. Synaptic loss in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis and systematic review of synaptic protein and mRNA measures. Mol Psychiatry 2019; 24:549-61. [PMID: 29511299 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-018-0041-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Although synaptic loss is thought to be core to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, the nature, consistency and magnitude of synaptic protein and mRNA changes has not been systematically appraised. Our objective was thus to systematically review and meta-analyse findings. The entire PubMed database was searched for studies from inception date to the 1st of July 2017. We selected case-control postmortem studies in schizophrenia quantifying synaptic protein or mRNA levels in brain tissue. The difference in protein and mRNA levels between cases and controls was extracted and meta-analysis conducted. Among the results, we found a significant reduction in synaptophysin in schizophrenia in the hippocampus (effect size: -0.65, p < 0.01), frontal (effect size: -0.36, p = 0.04), and cingulate cortices (effect size: -0.54, p = 0.02), but no significant changes for synaptophysin in occipital and temporal cortices, and no changes for SNAP-25, PSD-95, VAMP, and syntaxin in frontal cortex. There were insufficient studies for meta-analysis of complexins, synapsins, rab3A and synaptotagmin and mRNA measures. Findings are summarised for these, which generally show reductions in SNAP-25, PSD-95, synapsin and rab3A protein levels in the hippocampus but inconsistency in other regions. Our findings of moderate-large reductions in synaptophysin in hippocampus and frontal cortical regions, and a tendency for reductions in other pre- and postsynaptic proteins in the hippocampus are consistent with models that implicate synaptic loss in schizophrenia. However, they also identify potential differences between regions and proteins, suggesting synaptic loss is not uniform in nature or extent.
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Ma M, Xu Y, Xiong S, Zhang J, Gu Q, Ke B, Xu X. Involvement of ciliary neurotrophic factor in early diabetic retinal neuropathy in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Eye (Lond) 2018; 32:1463-1471. [PMID: 29795129 PMCID: PMC6137181 DOI: 10.1038/s41433-018-0110-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) has been evaluated as a candidate therapeutic agent for diabetes and its neural complications. However, its role in diabetic retinopathy has not been fully elucidated. Methods This is a randomized unblinded animal experiment. Wistar rats with streptozocin (STZ)-induced diabetes were regularly injected with CNTF or vehicle control in their vitreous bodies beginning at 2 weeks after STZ injection. A total of five injections were used. In diabetic rats, the levels of CNTF and neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) and real-time PCR. The abundance of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and β-III tubulin was detected by western blot. Transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling staining (TUNEL) was used to detect cell apoptosis in the retinal tissue. The activation of caspase-3 was also measured. Results The protein and mRNA levels of CNTF in diabetic rat retinas were reduced compared to control rats. In addition, retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and dopaminergic amacrine cells appeared to undergo degeneration in diabetic rat retinas, as revealed by transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling staining (TUNEL). Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and β-III tubulin protein levels also decreased significantly. Intraocular administration of CNTF rescued RGCs and dopaminergic amacrine cells from neurodegeneration and counteracted the downregulation of β-III tubulin and TH expression, thus demonstrating its therapeutic potential. Conclusion Our study suggests that early diabetic retinal neuropathy involves the reduced expression of CNTF and can be ameliorated by an exogenous supply of this neurotrophin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Ma
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, China.,Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yupeng Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, China.,Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuyu Xiong
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, China.,Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, China.,Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Gu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, China.,Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bilian Ke
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, China.,Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xun Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, China. .,Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai, China. .,Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai, China.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a rare monogenic disorder characterized by benign tumors in multiple organs as well as a high prevalence of epilepsy, intellectual disability and autism. TSC is caused by inactivating mutations in the TSC1 or TSC2 genes. Heterozygocity induces hyperactivation of mTOR which can be inhibited by mTOR inhibitors, such as rapamycin, which have proven efficacy in the treatment of TSC-associated symptoms. The aim of the present study was (1) to identify molecular changes associated with social and cognitive deficits in the brain tissue of Tsc1+/- mice and (2) to investigate the molecular effects of rapamycin treatment, which has been shown to ameliorate genotype-related behavioural deficits. METHODS Molecular alterations in the frontal cortex and hippocampus of Tsc1+/- and control mice, with or without rapamycin treatment, were investigated. A quantitative mass spectrometry-based shotgun proteomic approach (LC-MSE) was employed as an unbiased method to detect changes in protein levels. Changes identified in the initial profiling stage were validated using selected reaction monitoring (SRM). Protein Set Enrichment Analysis was employed to identify dysregulated pathways. RESULTS LC-MSE analysis of Tsc1+/- mice and controls (n = 30) identified 51 proteins changed in frontal cortex and 108 in the hippocampus. Bioinformatic analysis combined with targeted proteomic validation revealed several dysregulated molecular pathways. Using targeted assays, proteomic alterations in the hippocampus validated the pathways "myelination", "dendrite," and "oxidative stress", an upregulation of ribosomal proteins and the mTOR kinase. LC-MSE analysis was also employed on Tsc1+/- and wildtype mice (n = 34) treated with rapamycin or vehicle. Rapamycin treatment exerted a stronger proteomic effect in Tsc1+/- mice with significant changes (mainly decreased expression) in 231 and 106 proteins, respectively. The cellular pathways "oxidative stress" and "apoptosis" were found to be affected in Tsc1+/- mice and the cellular compartments "myelin sheet" and "neurofilaments" were affected by rapamycin treatment. Thirty-three proteins which were altered in Tsc1+/- mice were normalized following rapamycin treatment, amongst them oxidative stress related proteins, myelin-specific and ribosomal proteins. CONCLUSIONS Molecular changes in the Tsc1+/- mouse brain were more prominent in the hippocampus compared to the frontal cortex. Pathways linked to myelination and oxidative stress response were prominently affected and, at least in part, normalized following rapamycin treatment. The results could aid in the identification of novel drug targets for the treatment of cognitive, social and psychiatric symptoms in autism spectrum disorders. Similar pathways have also been implicated in other psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders and could imply similar disease processes. Thus, the potential efficacy of mTOR inhibitors warrants further investigation not only for autism spectrum disorders but also for other neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Wesseling
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QT UK
| | - Ype Elgersma
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3000 CA The Netherlands
| | - Sabine Bahn
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QT UK
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3000 CA The Netherlands
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Abstract
Schizophrenia is a serious psychiatric illness which is experienced by about 1 % of individuals worldwide and has a debilitating impact on perception, cognition, and social function. Over the years, several models/hypotheses have been developed which link schizophrenia to dysregulations of the dopamine, glutamate, and serotonin receptor pathways. An important segment of these pathways that have been extensively studied for the pathophysiology of schizophrenia is the presynaptic neurotransmitter release mechanism. This set of molecular events is an evolutionarily well-conserved process that involves vesicle recruitment, docking, membrane fusion, and recycling, leading to efficient neurotransmitter delivery at the synapse. Accumulated evidence indicate dysregulation of this mechanism impacting postsynaptic signal transduction via different neurotransmitters in key brain regions implicated in schizophrenia. In recent years, after ground-breaking work that elucidated the operations of this mechanism, research efforts have focused on the alterations in the messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein expression of presynaptic neurotransmitter release molecules in schizophrenia and other neuropsychiatric conditions. In this review article, we present recent evidence from schizophrenia human postmortem studies that key proteins involved in the presynaptic release mechanism are dysregulated in the disorder. We also discuss the potential impact of dysfunctional presynaptic neurotransmitter release on the various neurotransmitter systems implicated in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chijioke N Egbujo
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Duncan Sinclair
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Barker St, Randwick, NSW, 2031, Australia
| | - Chang-Gyu Hahn
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Hanovice NJ, Daly CMS, Gross JM. N-Ethylmaleimide-Sensitive Factor b (nsfb) Is Required for Normal Pigmentation of the Zebrafish Retinal Pigment Epithelium. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2016; 56:7535-44. [PMID: 26618645 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.15-17704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Despite the number of albinism-causing mutations identified in human patients and animal models, there remain a significant number of cases for which no mutation has been identified, suggesting that our understanding of melanogenesis is incomplete. Previously, we identified two oculocutaneous albinism mutations in zebrafish, au13 and au18. Here, we sought to identify the mutated loci and determine how the affected proteins contribute to normal pigmentation of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). METHODS Complementation analyses revealed that au13 and au18 belonged to a single complementation group, suggesting that they affected the same locus. Whole-genome sequencing and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis was performed to identify putative mutations, which were confirmed by cDNA sequencing and mRNA rescue. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and image quantification were used to identify the cellular basis of hypopigmentation. RESULTS Whole-genome sequencing and SNP mapping identified a nonsense mutation in the N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor b (nsfb) gene in au18 mutants. Complementary DNA sequencing confirmed the presence of the mutation (C893T), which truncates the nsfb protein by roughly two-thirds (Y297X). No coding sequence mutations were identified in au13, but quantitative PCR revealed a significant decrease in nsfb expression, and nsfb mRNA injection rescued the hypopigmentation phenotype, suggesting a regulatory mutation. In situ hybridization revealed that nsfb is broadly expressed during embryonic development, including in the RPE. Transmission electron microscopy analyses indicated that average melanosome density and maturity were significantly decreased in nsfb mutants. CONCLUSIONS au18 and au13 contain mutations in nsfb, which encodes a protein that is required for the maturation of melanosomes in zebrafish RPE.
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Tan ML, Dyck BA, Gabriele J, Daya RP, Thomas N, Sookram C, Basu D, Ferro MA, Chong VZ, Mishra RK. Synapsin II gene expression in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of brain specimens from patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: effect of lifetime intake of antipsychotic drugs. Pharmacogenomics J 2014; 14:63-9. [PMID: 23529008 DOI: 10.1038/tpj.2013.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Revised: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Synapsins are neuronal phosphoproteins crucial to regulating the processes required for normal neurotransmitter release. Synapsin II, in particular, has been implied as a candidate gene for schizophrenia. This study investigated synapsin II mRNA expression, using Real Time RT-PCR, in coded dorsolateral prefrontal cortical samples provided by the Stanley Foundation Neuropathology Consortium. Synapsin IIa was decreased in patients with schizophrenia when compared to both healthy subjects and patients with bipolar disorder, whereas the synapsin IIb was only significantly reduced in patients with schizophrenia when compared to healthy subjects, but not patients with bipolar disorder. Furthermore, lifetime antipsychotic drug use was positively associated with synapsin IIa expression in patients with schizophrenia. Results suggest that impairment of synaptic transmission by synapsin II reduction may contribute to dysregulated convergent molecular mechanisms which result in aberrant neural circuits that characterize schizophrenia, while implicating involvement of synapsin II in therapeutic mechanisms of currently prescribed antipsychotic drugs.
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8
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Hu Y, Zhou J, Fang L, Liu H, Zhan Q, Luo D, Zhou C, Chen J, Li Q, Xie P. Hippocampal synaptic dysregulation of exo/endocytosis-associated proteins induced in a chronic mild-stressed rat model. Neuroscience 2013; 230:1-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Revised: 08/04/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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9
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Dyck BA, Beyaert MGR, Ferro MA, Mishra RK. Medial prefrontal cortical synapsin II knock-down induces behavioral abnormalities in the rat: examining synapsin II in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2011; 130:250-9. [PMID: 21689907 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2011.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2011] [Revised: 05/17/2011] [Accepted: 05/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Synapsin II is a synaptic vesicle-associated phosphoprotein that has been implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Studies have demonstrated reductions in synapsin II mRNA and protein in medial prefrontal cortical post-mortem samples from patients with schizophrenia, genetic associations between synapsin II and schizophrenia, and synapsin II protein regulation by dopamine receptor activation. Collectively, this research indicates a relationship between synapsin II dysregulation and schizophrenia; however, it remains unknown whether perturbations in synapsin II play a role in the pathophysiology of this disease. The aim of this project was to evaluate animals with selective knock-down of synapsin II in the medial prefrontal cortex. After continuous infusion of synapsin II antisense sequences, animals were examined for the presence of schizophrenic-like behavioral phenotypes and assessed on the response to clinically relevant antipsychotic drugs. Our results indicate that rats with selective reductions in medial prefrontal cortical synapsin II demonstrate deficits in sensorimotor gating (prepulse inhibition), reduced social behavior, and hyperlocomotion, which are corrected by the atypical antipsychotic drug olanzapine. Additionally, synapsin II knock-down disrupts serial search efficiency. These behavioral changes are accompanied by reductions in vesicular neurotransmitter transporter protein concentrations for glutamate (VGLUT1 and VGLUT2) and GABA (VGAT), without affecting dopamine (VMAT2). These results implicate a causal role for decreased synapsin II in the medial prefrontal cortex in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and the mechanisms of aberrant prefrontal cortical circuitry, and suggest that synapsin II may potentially serve as a novel therapeutic target for this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bailey A Dyck
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8N 3Z5
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10
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Hammond JC, McCullumsmith RE, Funk AJ, Haroutunian V, Meador-Woodruff JH. Evidence for abnormal forward trafficking of AMPA receptors in frontal cortex of elderly patients with schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology 2010; 35:2110-9. [PMID: 20571483 PMCID: PMC2922423 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2010.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2010] [Revised: 05/20/2010] [Accepted: 05/24/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Several lines of evidence point to alterations of alpha-amino-3-hydroxyl-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionate (AMPA) receptor trafficking in schizophrenia. Multiple proteins, including synapse-associated protein 97 (SAP97), glutamate receptor-interacting protein 1 (GRIP1), and N-ethylmaleimide sensitive factor (NSF), facilitate the forward trafficking of AMPA receptors toward the synapse. Once localized to the synapse, AMPA receptors are trafficked in a complex endosomal system. We hypothesized that alterations in the expression of these proteins and alterations in the subcellular localization of AMPA receptors in endosomes may contribute to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Accordingly, we measured protein expression of SAP97, GRIP1, and NSF in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and found an increase in the expression of SAP97 and GRIP1 in schizophrenia. To determine the subcellular localization of AMPA receptor subunits, we developed a technique to isolate early endosomes from post-mortem tissue. We found increased GluR1 receptor subunit protein in early endosomes in subjects with schizophrenia. Together, these data suggest that there is an alteration of forward trafficking of AMPA receptors as well as changes in the subcellular localization of an AMPA receptor subunit in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Hammond
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama Birmingham, 35294-0021, USA.
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Sakai Y, Tanaka T, Seki M, Okuyama S, Fukuchi T, Yamagata K, Takei N, Nawa H, Abe H. Cyclooxygenase-2 plays a critical role in retinal ganglion cell death after transient ischemia: real-time monitoring of RGC survival using Thy-1-EGFP transgenic mice. Neurosci Res. 2009;65:319-325. [PMID: 19698752 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2009.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2009] [Revised: 07/13/2009] [Accepted: 08/11/2009] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The exact role of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in neurodegeneration of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in vivo following ischemia-reperfusion injury of the retina was unknown. We made transgenic mice in which the Thy-1.2 promoter drives the expression of EGFP cDNA (Thy-1-EGFP) in RGCs to monitor RGC survival and death in retinal whole mount preparations and in live animals. We show that celecoxib, a selective COX-2 inhibitor, blocks RGC death after ischemic injury. Furthermore, in COX-2 knockout (COX-2(-/-)) mice, RGCs are resistant to ischemia-reperfusion injury. Finally, we performed time-lapse monitoring of RGC death after ischemia in Thy-1-EGFP; COX-2(-/-) mice. Our data show that COX-2 plays a crucial role in ischemia-reperfusion injury-induced RGC death. Inhibition of COX-2 activity may therefore be an effective therapy for neurodegenerative diseases of the retina and optic nerve.
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Abstract
Gene expression changes in neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders, and gene responses to therapeutic drugs, provide new ways to identify central nervous system (CNS) targets for drug discovery. This review summarizes gene and pathway targets replicated in expression profiling of human postmortem brain, animal models, and cell culture studies. Analysis of isolated human neurons implicates targets for Alzheimer's disease and the cognitive decline associated with normal aging and mild cognitive impairment. In addition to tau, amyloid-beta precursor protein, and amyloid-beta peptides (Abeta), these targets include all three high-affinity neurotrophin receptors and the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) system, synapse markers, glutamate receptors (GluRs) and transporters, and dopamine (DA) receptors, particularly the D2 subtype. Gene-based candidates for Parkinson's disease (PD) include the ubiquitin-proteosome system, scavengers of reactive oxygen species, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), its receptor, TrkB, and downstream target early growth response 1, Nurr-1, and signaling through protein kinase C and RAS pathways. Increasing variability and decreases in brain mRNA production from middle age to old age suggest that cognitive impairments during normal aging may be addressed by drugs that restore antioxidant, DNA repair, and synaptic functions including those of DA to levels of younger adults. Studies in schizophrenia identify robust decreases in genes for GABA function, including glutamic acid decarboxylase, HINT1, glutamate transport and GluRs, BDNF and TrkB, numerous 14-3-3 protein family members, and decreases in genes for CNS synaptic and metabolic functions, particularly glycolysis and ATP generation. Many of these metabolic genes are increased by insulin and muscarinic agonism, both of which are therapeutic in psychosis. Differential genomic signals are relatively sparse in bipolar disorder, but include deficiencies in the expression of 14-3-3 protein members, implicating these chaperone proteins and the neurotransmitter pathways they support as possible drug targets. Brains from persons with major depressive disorder reveal decreased expression for genes in glutamate transport and metabolism, neurotrophic signaling (eg, FGF, BDNF and VGF), and MAP kinase pathways. Increases in these pathways in the brains of animals exposed to electroconvulsive shock and antidepressant treatments identify neurotrophic and angiogenic growth factors and second messenger stimulation as therapeutic approaches for the treatment of depression.
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Corradi A, Zanardi A, Giacomini C, Onofri F, Valtorta F, Zoli M, Benfenati F. Synapsin-I- and synapsin-II-null mice display an increased age-dependent cognitive impairment. J Cell Sci 2008; 121:3042-51. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.035063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Synapsin I (SynI) and synapsin II (SynII) are major synaptic vesicle (SV) proteins that function in the regulation of the availability of SVs for release in mature neurons. SynI and SynII show a high level of sequence similarity and share many functions in vivo, although distinct physiological roles for the two proteins have been proposed. Both SynI–/– and SynII–/– mice have a normal lifespan, but exhibit a decreased number of SVs and synaptic depression upon high-frequency stimulation. Because of the role of the synapsin proteins in synaptic organization and plasticity, we studied the long-lasting effects of synapsin deletion on the phenotype of SynI–/– and SynII–/– mice during aging. Both SynI–/– and SynII–/– mice displayed behavioural defects that emerged during aging and involved emotional memory in both mutants, and spatial memory in SynII–/– mice. These abnormalities, which were more pronounced in SynII–/– mice, were associated with neuronal loss and gliosis in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. The data indicate that SynI and SynII have specific and non-redundant functions, and that synaptic dysfunctions associated with synapsin mutations negatively modulate cognitive performances and neuronal survival during senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Corradi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Physiology, University of Genova and Istituto Nazionale di Neuroscienze, Viale Benedetto XV, 3 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Alessio Zanardi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Physiology, University of Modena, Via Campi 287, 41100 Modena, Italy
| | - Caterina Giacomini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Physiology, University of Genova and Istituto Nazionale di Neuroscienze, Viale Benedetto XV, 3 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Franco Onofri
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Physiology, University of Genova and Istituto Nazionale di Neuroscienze, Viale Benedetto XV, 3 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Flavia Valtorta
- San Raffaele Scientific Institute/Vita-Salute University, IIT Unit of Molecular Neuroscience and Istituto Nazionale di Neuroscienze, via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milano, Italy
| | - Michele Zoli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Physiology, University of Modena, Via Campi 287, 41100 Modena, Italy
| | - Fabio Benfenati
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Physiology, University of Genova and Istituto Nazionale di Neuroscienze, Viale Benedetto XV, 3 16132 Genova, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, The Italian Institute of Technology, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
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Saviouk V, Moreau MP, Tereshchenko IV, Brzustowicz LM. Association of synapsin 2 with schizophrenia in families of Northern European ancestry. Schizophr Res 2007; 96:100-11. [PMID: 17766091 PMCID: PMC2169360 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2007.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2007] [Revised: 07/27/2007] [Accepted: 07/31/2007] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The synapsin 2 (Syn2) gene (3p25) is implicated in synaptogenesis, neurotransmitter release, and the localization of nitric oxide synthase to the proximity of its targets. In this study we investigated linkage and association between the Syn2 locus and schizophrenia. 37 pedigrees of Northern European ancestry from the NIMH Human Genetics Initiative collection were used. Four microsatellites and twenty SNPs were genotyped. Linkage (FASTLINK) and association (TRANSMIT, PDTPHASE) between markers and schizophrenia were evaluated. A maximum heterogeneity LOD of 1.93 was observed at marker D3S3434 with a recessive mode of inheritance. Significant results were obtained for association with schizophrenia using TRANSMIT (minimum nominal p=0.0000005) and PDTPHASE (minimum nominal p=0.014) using single marker analyses. Haplotype analysis using markers in introns 5 and 6 of Syn2 provided a single haplotype that is significantly associated with schizophrenia using TRANSMIT (nominal p<0.00000001) and PDTPHASE (nominal p=0.02). Simulation studies confirm the global significance of these results, but demonstrate that the small p-values generated by the bootstrap routine of TRANSMIT can be consistently anticonservative. Review of the literature suggests that Syn2 is likely to be involved in the etiology or pathogenesis of schizophrenia.
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Beneyto M, Meador-Woodruff JH. Lamina-specific abnormalities of AMPA receptor trafficking and signaling molecule transcripts in the prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia. Synapse 2007; 60:585-98. [PMID: 16983646 DOI: 10.1002/syn.20329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Ampakines, positive AMPA receptor modulators, can improve cognitive function in schizophrenia, and enhancement of AMPA receptor-mediated currents by them potentiates the activity of antipsychotics. In vitro studies have revealed that trafficking of AMPA receptors is mediated by specific interactions of a complex network of proteins that also target and anchor them at the postsynaptic density (PSD). The aim of this study was to determine whether there are abnormalities of the molecules associated with trafficking and localization of AMPA receptors at the PSD in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) in schizophrenia. We analyzed AMPA receptor expression in DLPFC in schizophrenia, major depression, bipolar disorder, and a control group, by examining transcript levels of all four AMPA receptor subunits by in situ hybridization. We found decreased GluR2 subunit expression in all three illnesses, decreased GluR3 in major depression, and decreased GluR4 in schizophrenia. However, autoradiography experiments showed no changes in AMPA receptor binding; thus, we hypothesized that these changes in receptor subunit stoichiometry do not alter binding to the assembled receptor, but rather intracellular processing. In situ hybridization for AMPA-trafficking molecules showed decreased expression of PICK1 and increased expression of stargazin in DLPFC in schizophrenia, both restricted to large cells of cortical layer III. These data suggest that AMPA-mediated glutamatergic neurotransmission is compromised in schizophrenia, particularly at the level of AMPA-related PSD proteins that mediate AMPA receptor trafficking, synaptic surface expression, and intracellular signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Beneyto
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama 35294-0018, USA.
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16
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Abstract
The Anterior Cingulate Cortex (ACC, Brodmans Area 24) is implicated in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia due to its normal functions and connectivity together with reports of structural, morphological and neurotransmitter aberrations within this brain area in the disease state. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DE) was employed to scan and compare the ACC gray matter proteomes between schizophrenia (n = 10) and control (n = 10) post-mortem human tissue. This proteomic approach has detected 42 protein spots with altered levels in the schizophrenia cohort, which to our knowledge is the first proteomic analysis of the ACC in schizophrenia. Thirty nine of these proteins were subsequently identified using mass spectrometry and functionally classified into metabolism and oxidative stress, cytoskeletal, synaptic, signalling, trafficking and glial-specific groups. Some of the identified proteins have previously been implicated in the disease pathogenesis and some offer new insights into schizophrenia. Investigating these proteins, the genes encoding these proteins, their functions and interactions may shed light on the molecular mechanisms underlying the heterogeneous symptoms characteristic of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Clark
- Department of Pathology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Beneyto M, Kristiansen LV, McCullumsmith RE, Meador-Woodruff JH. Glutamatergic mechanisms in schizophrenia: Current concepts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02629411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Gray L, Scarr E, Dean B. N-Ethylmaleimide sensitive factor in the cortex of subjects with schizophrenia and bipolar I disorder. Neurosci Lett 2006; 391:112-5. [PMID: 16165270 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2005.08.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2005] [Revised: 08/18/2005] [Accepted: 08/19/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
N-Ethylmaleimide sensitive factor (NSF) is a presynaptic protein that has been suggested to be differentially expressed in the cortex of schizophrenic subjects through both high-throughput proteomic and genomic screening studies. Thus, to expand upon these studies we measured NSF using Western blotting in four regions of the cortex (BA9, 10, 40 and 46), in a cohort comprising 20 schizophrenic subjects, 8 bipolar I disorder subjects, and 20 control subjects. There was no significant difference in NSF levels between diagnostic cohorts in any of the four cortical regions. These findings highlight the importance of validating findings from high-throughput screening studies and do not support changes in cortical NSF as being of significance in schizophrenia or bipolar 1 disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Gray
- The Rebecca L. Cooper Research Laboratories, The Mental Health Research Institute of Victoria, 155 Oak St, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.
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Seki M, Tanaka T, Sakai Y, Fukuchi T, Abe H, Nawa H, Takei N. Müller Cells as a Source of Brain-derived Neurotrophic Factor in the Retina: Noradrenaline Upregulates Brain-derived Neurotrophic Factor Levels in Cultured Rat Müller Cells. Neurochem Res 2005; 30:1163-70. [PMID: 16292510 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-005-7936-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/10/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Müller cells, the predominant glial cells in the retina, are thought to play important roles in the survival of retinal neurons. Previous studies have demonstrated that Müller cells express brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), which has a pronounced neurotrophic effect on retinal ganglion cells. In this study, we investigated whether Müller cells express and release BDNF in culture. Reverse transcriptase-PCR, immunocytochemistry and Western blotting revealed that Müller cells produce BDNF mRNA and protein. Using the enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay, BDNF protein levels in Müller cells and their conditioned medium were quantified, demonstrating that Müller cells produce and release high levels of BDNF. Noradrenaline administration caused an upregulation of BDNF mRNA and protein expression by cultured Müller cells. These results suggest that Müller cells may act as an endogenous source of BDNF in the retina. Furthermore, induction of BDNF expression by adrenergic agonists may provide a therapeutic approach to retinal neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Seki
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, 1-757 Asahimachi, 951-8585, Nigata, Nigata, Japan
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Lee HJ, Song JY, Kim JW, Jin SY, Hong MS, Park JK, Chung JH, Shibata H, Fukumaki Y. Association study of polymorphisms in synaptic vesicle-associated genes, SYN2 and CPLX2, with schizophrenia. Behav Brain Funct 2005; 1:15. [PMID: 16131404 PMCID: PMC1215472 DOI: 10.1186/1744-9081-1-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2005] [Accepted: 08/31/2005] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The occurrence of aberrant functional connectivity in the neuronal circuit is one of the integrative theories of the etiology of schizophrenia. Previous studies have reported that the protein and mRNA levels of the synapsin 2 (SYN2) and complexin 2 (CPLX2) genes were decreased in patients with schizophrenia. Synapsin 2 and complexin 2 are involved in synaptogenesis and the modulation of neurotransmitter release. This report presents a study of the association of polymorphisms of SYN2 and CPLX2 with schizophrenia in the Korean population. METHODS Six single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and one 5-bp insertion/deletion in SYN2 and five SNPs in CPLX2 were genotyped in 154 Korean patients with schizophrenia and 133 control patients using direct sequencing or restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. An intermarker linkage disequilibrium map was constructed for each gene. RESULTS Although there was no significant difference in the genotypic distributions and allelic frequencies of either SYN2 or CPLX2 polymorphisms between the schizophrenia and control groups, the two-way haplotype analyses revealed significant associations with the disease (P < 0.05 after Bonferroni correction). The three-way haplotype analyses also revealed a significant association of SYN2 with schizophrenia (P < 0.001 after Bonferroni correction). CONCLUSION These results suggest that both SYN2 and CPLX2 may confer susceptibility to schizophrenia in the Korean population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Jae Lee
- Medical Science Institute, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, Republic of Korea
- Division of Disease Genes, Research Center for Genetic Information, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ji Young Song
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Woo Kim
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sheng-Yu Jin
- Kohwang Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Suk Hong
- Kohwang Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Kyoung Park
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo-Ho Chung
- Kohwang Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hiroki Shibata
- Division of Disease Genes, Research Center for Genetic Information, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Fukumaki
- Division of Disease Genes, Research Center for Genetic Information, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Singh SM, McDonald P, Murphy B, O'Reilly R. Incidental neurodevelopmental episodes in the etiology of schizophrenia: an expanded model involving epigenetics and development. Clin Genet 2004; 65:435-40. [PMID: 15151498 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.2004.00269.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological data favors genetic predisposition for schizophrenia, a common and complex mental disorder in most populations. Search for the genes involved using candidate genes, positional cloning, and chromosomal aberrations including triplet repeat expansions have established a number of susceptibility loci and genomic sites but no causal gene(s) with a proven mechanism of action. Recent genome-wide gene expression studies on brains from schizophrenia patients and their matched controls have identified a number of genes that show an alteration in expression in the diseased brains. Although it is not possible to offer a cause and effect association between altered gene expression and disease, such observations support a neurodevelopmental model in schizophrenia. Here, we offer a mechanism of this disease, which takes into account the role of developmental noise and diversions of the neural system. It suggests that the final outcome of a neural developmental process is not fixed and exact. Rather it develops with a variation around the mean. More important, the phenotypic consequence may cross the norm as a result of fortuitous and/or epigenetic events. As a result, a normal genotype may develop as abnormal with a disease phenotype. More important, susceptible genotypes may have reduced penetrance and develop as a normal phenocopy. The incidental episodes in neurodevelopment will explain the frequency of schizophrenia in most populations and high discordance of monozygotic twins.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Singh
- Molecular Genetics Unit, Department of Biology and Division of Medical Genetics, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7, USA.
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Seki M, Tanaka T, Nawa H, Usui T, Fukuchi T, Ikeda K, Abe H, Takei N. Involvement of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in early retinal neuropathy of streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats: therapeutic potential of brain-derived neurotrophic factor for dopaminergic amacrine cells. Diabetes 2004; 53:2412-9. [PMID: 15331553 DOI: 10.2337/diabetes.53.9.2412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Although neurotrophins have been assessed as candidate therapeutic agents for neural complications of diabetes, their involvement in diabetic retinopathy has not been fully characterized. We found that the protein and mRNA levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat retinas were reduced to 49% (P < 0.005) and 74% (P < 0.05), respectively, of those of normal control animals. In addition, dopaminergic amacrine cells appeared to be degenerating in the diabetic rat retinas, as revealed by tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunoreactivity. Overall TH protein levels in the retina were decreased to one-half that of controls (P < 0.01), reflecting reductions in the density of dopaminergic amacrine cells and the intensity of TH immunoreactivity within them. To confirm the neuropathological implications of BDNF reduction, we administered BDNF protein into the vitreous cavities of diabetic rats. Intraocular administration of BDNF rescued dopaminergic amacrine cells from neurodegeneration and counteracted the downregulation of TH expression, demonstrating its therapeutic potential. These findings suggest that the early retinal neuropathy of diabetes involves the reduced expression of BDNF and can be ameliorated by an exogenous supply of this neurotrophin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Seki
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, 1-757 Asahimachi, Niigata, Niigata 951-8585, Japan
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Beneyto M, Meador-Woodruff JH. Expression of transcripts encoding AMPA receptor subunits and associated postsynaptic proteins in the macaque brain. J Comp Neurol 2004; 468:530-54. [PMID: 14689485 DOI: 10.1002/cne.10981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Glutamate is the primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, regulating numerous cellular signaling pathways and controlling the excitability of central synapses both pre- and postsynaptically. Localization, cell surface expression, and activity-dependent regulation of glutamate receptors in both neurons and glia are performed and maintained by a complex network of protein-protein interactions associated with targeting, anchoring, and spatially organizing synaptic proteins at the cell membrane. Using in situ hybridization, we examined the expression of transcripts encoding the AMPA receptor subunits (GluR1-GluR4) and a family of AMPA-related intracellular proteins. We focused on PDZ-proteins that are involved in the regulated pool and anchoring AMPA subunits to the cell membrane (PICK1, syntenin), and those maintaining the constitutive pool of AMPA receptors at the glutamatergic synapse (NSF, stargazin). In addition, we studied a fifth protein, KIAA1719, with high homology to the rat PDZ protein ABP, associated with the clustering of AMPA receptors at the glutamate synapse. The AMPA subunits showed significant differences in regional expression, especially in the neocortex, thalamus, striatum, and cerebellum. The expression of other proteins, even those related to a specific AMPA subunit (such as ABP and PICK1 to GluR2 and GluR3), often had different distributions, whereas others (like NSF) are ubiquitously distributed in the brain. These results suggest that AMPA subunits and related intracellular proteins are differentially distributed in the macaque brain, and in numerous structures there are significant mismatches, suggesting additional functional properties of the associated intracellular proteins..
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Beneyto
- Mental Health Research Institute and Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.
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Toyooka K, Watanabe Y, Iritani S, Shimizu E, Iyo M, Nakamura R, Asama K, Makifuchi T, Kakita A, Takahashi H, Someya T, Nawa H. A decrease in interleukin-1 receptor antagonist expression in the prefrontal cortex of schizophrenic patients. Neurosci Res 2003; 46:299-307. [PMID: 12804791 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-0102(03)00093-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-1 (IL-1) mediates psychological stress responses by regulating monoamine metabolism and secretion of corticotropin-releasing factor, and is therefore, implicated in various psychiatric diseases. To evaluate the contribution of IL-1 signaling to the brain pathology of schizophrenia, we measured protein and/or mRNA levels for IL-1beta and endogenous IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA) in the postmortem brain tissues of prefrontal and parietal cortex, putamen, and hypothalamus. Both protein and mRNA levels of IL-1RA were specifically decreased in the prefrontal cortex of schizophrenic patients, whereas IL-1beta levels were not significantly altered in all the regions examined. The IL-1RA decrease was not correlated with the dose of antipsychotics given to patients. There was no influence of this illness on protein levels for IL-1 receptor type 1 in the prefrontal cortex, either. In contrast, IL-1RA serum levels were increased in schizophrenic patients, especially in drug-free patients, as reported previously. These findings suggest that chronic schizophrenia down-regulates IL-1RA production the prefrontal cortex, irrespective of its impact on the periphery. IL-1RA reduction might reflect an immunopathologic trait of the prefrontal region in schizophrenic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiko Toyooka
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Asahimachi-dori 1-757, 951-8585, Niigata, Japan
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Toyooka K, Iritani S, Makifuchi T, Shirakawa O, Kitamura N, Maeda K, Nakamura R, Niizato K, Watanabe M, Kakita A, Takahashi H, Someya T, Nawa H. Selective reduction of a PDZ protein, SAP-97, in the prefrontal cortex of patients with chronic schizophrenia. J Neurochem 2002; 83:797-806. [PMID: 12421351 DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2002.01181.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Many postsynaptic density proteins carrying postsynaptic density-95/discs large/zone occludens-1 (PDZ) domain(s) interact with glutamate receptors to control receptor dynamics and synaptic plasticity. Here we examined the expression of PDZ proteins, synapse-associated protein (SAP) 97, postsynaptic density (PSD)-95, chapsyn-110, GRIP1 and SAP102, in post-mortem brains of schizophrenic patients and control subjects, and evaluated their contribution to schizophrenic pathology. Among these PDZ proteins, SAP97 exhibited the most marked change: SAP97 protein levels were decreased to less than half that of the control levels specifically in the prefrontal cortex of schizophrenic patients. In parallel, its binding partner, GluR1, similarly decreased in the same brain region. The correlation between SAP97 and GluR1 levels in control subjects was, however, altered in schizophrenic patients. SAP102 levels were also significantly reduced in the hippocampus of schizophrenic patients, but this reduction was correlated with sample storage time and post-mortem interval. There were no changes in the levels of the other PDZ proteins in any of the regions examined. In addition, neuroleptic treatment failed to mimic the SAP97 change. These findings suggest that a phenotypic loss of SAP97 is associated with the postsynaptic impairment in prefrontal excitatory circuits of schizophrenic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiko Toyooka
- Molecular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Japan
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Abstract
Alcoholism is a major health problem in Western countries, yet relatively little is known about the mechanisms by which chronic alcohol abuse causes the pathologic changes associated with the disease. It is likely that chronic alcoholism affects a number of signaling cascades and transcription factors, which in turn result in distinct gene expression patterns. These patterns are difficult to detect by traditional experiments measuring a few mRNAs at a time, but are well suited to microarray analyses. We used cDNA microarrays to analyze expression of approximately 10 000 genes in the frontal and motor cortices of three groups of chronic alcoholic and matched control cases. A functional hierarchy was devised for classification of brain genes and the resulting groups were compared based on differential expression. Comparison of gene expression patterns in these brain regions revealed a selective reprogramming of gene expression in distinct functional groups. The most pronounced differences were found in myelin-related genes and genes involved in protein trafficking. Significant changes in the expression of known alcohol-responsive genes, and genes involved in calcium, cAMP, and thyroid signaling pathways were also identified. These results suggest that multiple pathways may be important for neuropathology and altered neuronal function observed in alcoholism.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Dayne Mayfield
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
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