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Belzer V, Hanani M. Nitric oxide as a messenger between neurons and satellite glial cells in dorsal root ganglia. Glia 2019; 67:1296-1307. [PMID: 30801760 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abnormal neuronal activity in sensory ganglia contributes to chronic pain. There is evidence that signals can spread between cells in these ganglia, which may contribute to this activity. Satellite glial cells (SGCs) in sensory ganglia undergo activation following peripheral injury and participate in cellular communication via gap junctions and chemical signaling. Nitric oxide (NO) is released from neurons in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and induces cyclic GMP (cGMP) production in SCGs, but its role in SGC activation and neuronal excitability has not been explored. It was previously reported that induction of intestinal inflammation with dinitrobenzoate sulfonate (DNBS) increased gap junctional communications among SGCs, which contributed to neuronal excitability and pain. Here we show that DNBS induced SGC activation in mouse DRG, as assayed by glial fibrillary acidic protein upregulation. DNBS also upregulated cGMP level in SGCs, consistent with NO production. In vitro studies on intact ganglia from DNBS-treated mice showed that blocking NO synthesis inhibited both SGCs activation and cGMP upregulation, indicating an ongoing NO production. Application of NO donor in vitro induced SGC activation, augmented gap junctional communications, and raised neuronal excitability, as assessed by electrical recordings. The cGMP analog 8-Br-cGMP mimicked these actions, confirming the role of the NO-cGMP pathway in intraganglionic communications. NO also augmented Ca2+ waves propagation in DRG cultures. It is proposed that NO synthesis in DRG neurons increases after peripheral inflammation and that NO induces SGC activation, which in turn contributes to neuronal hyperexcitability. Thus, NO plays a major role in neuron-SGC communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitali Belzer
- Laboratory of Experimental Surgery, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
- Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Menachem Hanani
- Laboratory of Experimental Surgery, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
- Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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Uchida H, Matsumura S, Katano T, Watanabe M, Schlossmann J, Ito S. Two isoforms of cyclic GMP-dependent kinase-I exhibit distinct expression patterns in the adult mouse dorsal root ganglion. Mol Pain 2018; 14:1744806918796409. [PMID: 30152261 PMCID: PMC6113733 DOI: 10.1177/1744806918796409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
cGMP-dependent kinase-I (cGKI) is known to regulate spinal pain processing. This enzyme consists of two isoforms (cGKIα and cGKIβ) that show distinct substrate specificity and tissue distribution. It has long been believed that the α isoform is exclusively expressed in the adult dorsal root ganglion. The aim of the present study was to reexamine the expression of cGKI isoforms in the adult mouse dorsal root ganglion using isoform-specific cGKI antibodies whose specificities had been validated in the previous studies. Immunoblot and immunohistochemical analyses revealed the presence of both isoforms in the dorsal root ganglion. Moreover, cGKIα was found to be mainly expressed within the cytoplasm of small- to medium-sized peptidergic and nonpeptidegic C-fibers, whereas cGKIβ was located within the nuclei of a wide range of dorsal root ganglion neurons. In addition, glutamine synthetase-positive satellite glial cells expressed both isoforms to varying degrees. Finally, using an experimental model for neuropathic pain produced by L5 spinal nerve transection, we found that cGKIα expression was downregulated in the injured, but not in the uninjured, dorsal root ganglion. In contrast, cGKIβ expression was upregulated in both the injured and uninjured dorsal root ganglions. Also, injury-induced cGKIβ upregulation was found to occur in small-to-medium-diameter dorsal root ganglion neurons. These data thus demonstrate the existence of two differently distributed cGKI isoforms in the dorsal root ganglion, and may provide insight into the cellular and molecular mechanisms of pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Uchida
- 1 Department of Medical Chemistry, Kansai Medical University, Japan.,2 Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Japan
| | - Shinji Matsumura
- 1 Department of Medical Chemistry, Kansai Medical University, Japan
| | - Tayo Katano
- 1 Department of Medical Chemistry, Kansai Medical University, Japan
| | - Masahiko Watanabe
- 3 Department of Anatomy, Hokkaido University, Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Jens Schlossmann
- 4 Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Regensburg, Germany
| | - Seiji Ito
- 1 Department of Medical Chemistry, Kansai Medical University, Japan
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Pinho-Ribeiro FA, Zarpelon AC, Fattori V, Manchope MF, Mizokami SS, Casagrande R, Verri WA. Naringenin reduces inflammatory pain in mice. Neuropharmacology 2016; 105:508-519. [PMID: 26907804 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 01/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Naringenin is a flavonoid widely consumed by humans that present anti-inflammatory activity and low toxicity. Recently, the analgesic effect of naringenin has been demonstrated in neuropathic pain models. Herein, we tested the analgesic effects of naringenin in several models of inflammatory pain. Mice received treatment with naringenin (16.7-150 mg/kg, per oral), or with the controls anti-inflammatory drugs indomethacin (5 mg/kg, intraperitoneal) or dipyrone (80 mg/kg, intraperitoneal) prior the inflammatory stimuli injection. For acute pain, we used acetic acid- and PBQ-induced visceral pain (abdominal writhings), and formalin-, capsaicin-, and CFA-induced paw flinching and licking. By using an electronic version of von Frey filaments, we also investigated the effects of naringenin in pain intensity to a mechanical stimulus (mechanical hyperalgesia) after carrageenan, capsaicin, CFA, or PGE2 intraplantar injection. Naringenin (50 mg/kg) reduced acute pain behaviors induced by all tested stimuli, including both phases of formalin test, suggesting a direct nociceptor modulatory effect of this compound besides its anti-inflammatory activity. Accordingly, naringenin also inhibited the increased sensitivity to mechanical stimulus induced by carrageenan, capsaicin, and PGE2. Daily treatment with naringenin during 7 days also reduced CFA-induced mechanical hyperalgesia without gastric or hepatic toxicity. The mechanisms of naringenin involve the inhibition of carrageenan-induced oxidative stress, hyperalgesic cytokines (IL-33, TNF-α, and IL-1β) production and NF-κB activation in the paw skin. Naringenin also activated the analgesic NO-cyclic GMP-PKG-ATP sensitive K(+) channel signaling pathway to inhibit carrageenan-induced mechanical hyperalgesia and neutrophil recruitment. These results suggest that naringenin inhibits both inflammatory pain and neurogenic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe A Pinho-Ribeiro
- Departamento de Ciências Patológicas-Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, 86057970 Londrina, Brazil
| | - Ana C Zarpelon
- Departamento de Ciências Patológicas-Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, 86057970 Londrina, Brazil
| | - Victor Fattori
- Departamento de Ciências Patológicas-Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, 86057970 Londrina, Brazil
| | - Marília F Manchope
- Departamento de Ciências Patológicas-Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, 86057970 Londrina, Brazil
| | - Sandra S Mizokami
- Departamento de Ciências Patológicas-Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, 86057970 Londrina, Brazil
| | - Rubia Casagrande
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas - Centro de Ciências de Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, 86039440 Londrina, Brazil
| | - Waldiceu A Verri
- Departamento de Ciências Patológicas-Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, 86057970 Londrina, Brazil.
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Schmidtko A. Nitric oxide-mediated pain processing in the spinal cord. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2015; 227:103-17. [PMID: 25846616 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-46450-2_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A large body of evidence indicates that nitric oxide (NO) plays an important role in the processing of persistent inflammatory and neuropathic pain in the spinal cord. Several animal studies revealed that inhibition or knockout of NO synthesis ameliorates persistent pain. However, spinal delivery of NO donors caused dual pronociceptive and antinociceptive effects, pointing to multiple downstream signaling mechanisms of NO. This review summarizes the localization and function of NO-dependent signaling mechanisms in the spinal cord, taking account of the recent progress made in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achim Schmidtko
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Universität Witten/Herdecke, ZBAF, Stockumer Str. 10, 58453, Witten, Germany,
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Staurengo-Ferrari L, Mizokami SS, Fattori V, Silva JJ, Zanichelli PG, Georgetti SR, Baracat MM, da França LG, Pavanelli WR, Casagrande R, Verri WA. The ruthenium nitric oxide donor, [Ru(HEDTA)NO], inhibits acute nociception in mice by modulating oxidative stress, cytokine production and activating the cGMP/PKG/ATP-sensitive potassium channel signaling pathway. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2014; 387:1053-68. [PMID: 25116441 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-014-1030-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide plays an important role in various biological processes including antinociception. The control of its local concentration is crucial for obtaining the desired effect and can be achieved with exogenous nitric oxide-carriers such as ruthenium complexes. Therefore, we evaluated the analgesic effect and mechanism of action of the ruthenium nitric oxide donor [Ru(HEDTA)NO] focusing on the role of cytokines, oxidative stress and activation of the cyclic guanosine monophosphate/protein kinase G/ATP-sensitive potassium channel signaling pathway. It was observed that [Ru(HEDTA)NO] inhibited in a dose-dependent (1-10 mg/kg) manner the acetic acid-induced writhing response. At the dose of 1 mg/kg, [Ru(HEDTA)NO] inhibited the phenyl-p-benzoquinone-induced writhing response, and formalin- and complete Freund's adjuvant-induced licking and flinching responses. Systemic and local treatments with [Ru(HEDTA)NO] also inhibited the carrageenin-induced mechanical hyperalgesia and increase of myeloperoxidase activity in paw skin samples. Mechanistically, [Ru(HEDTA)NO] inhibited carrageenin-induced production of the hyperalgesic cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β, and decrease of reduced glutathione levels. Furthermore, the inhibitory effect of [Ru(HEDTA)NO] in the carrageenin-induced hyperalgesia and myeloperoxidase activity was prevented by the treatment with ODQ (soluble guanylyl cyclase inhibitor), KT5823 (protein kinase G inhibitor) and glybenclamide (ATP-sensitive potassium channel inhibitor), indicating that [Ru(HEDTA)NO] inhibits inflammatory hyperalgesia by activating the cyclic guanosine monophosphate/protein kinase G/ATP-sensitive potassium channel signaling pathway, respectively. These results demonstrate that [Ru(HEDTA)NO] exerts its analgesic effect in inflammation by inhibiting pro-nociceptive cytokine production, oxidative imbalance and activation of the nitric oxide/cyclic guanosine monophosphate/protein kinase G/ATP-sensitive potassium channel signaling pathway in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Staurengo-Ferrari
- Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rod. Celso Garcia Cid KM480 PR445, CEP 86057-970, Cx Postal 10.011, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
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The effects of L-NAME on neuronal NOS and SOD1 expression in the DRG-spinal cord network of axotomised Thy 1.2 eGFP mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 7:129-41. [PMID: 22613021 DOI: 10.1017/s1740925x12000051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) plays an important role in pathophysiology of the nervous system. Copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (SOD1) reacts with superoxide, which is also a substrate for NO, to provide antioxidative protection. NO production is greatly altered following nerve injury, therefore we hypothesised that SOD1 and NO may be involved in modulating axotomy responses in dorsal root ganglion (DRG)-spinal network. To investigate this interaction, adult Thy1.2 enhanced membrane-bound green fluorescent protein (eGFP) mice underwent sciatic nerve axotomy and received NG-nitro- <l-arginine methylester (L-NAME) or vehicle 7-9 days later. L4-L6 spinal cord and DRG were harvested for immunohistochemical analyses. Effect of injury was confirmed by axotomy markers; small proline-rich repeat protein 1A (SPRR1A) was restricted to ipsilateral neuropathology, while Thy1.2 eGFP revealed also contralateral crossover effects. L-NAME, but not axotomy, increased neuronal NO synthase (nNOS) and SOD1 immunoreactive neurons, with no colocalisation, in a lamina-dependent manner in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. Axotomy and/or L-NAME had no effect on total nNOS+ and SOD1+ neurons in DRG. However, L-NAME altered SOD1 expression in subsets of axotomised DRG neurons. These findings provide evidence for differential distribution of SOD1 and its modulation by NO, which may interact to regulate axotomy-induced changes in DRG-spinal network.
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Katagiri A, Shinoda M, Honda K, Toyofuku A, Sessle BJ, Iwata K. Satellite glial cell P2Y12 receptor in the trigeminal ganglion is involved in lingual neuropathic pain mechanisms in rats. Mol Pain 2012; 8:23. [PMID: 22458630 PMCID: PMC3386019 DOI: 10.1186/1744-8069-8-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2011] [Accepted: 03/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background It has been reported that the P2Y12 receptor (P2Y12R) is involved in satellite glial cells (SGCs) activation, indicating that P2Y12R expressed in SGCs may play functional roles in orofacial neuropathic pain mechanisms. However, the involvement of P2Y12R in orofacial neuropathic pain mechanisms is still unknown. We therefore studied the reflex to noxious mechanical or heat stimulation of the tongue, P2Y12R and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunohistochemistries in the trigeminal ganglion (TG) in a rat model of unilateral lingual nerve crush (LNC) to evaluate role of P2Y12R in SGC in lingual neuropathic pain. Results The head-withdrawal reflex thresholds to mechanical and heat stimulation of the lateral tongue were significantly decreased in LNC-rats compared to sham-rats. These nocifensive effects were apparent on day 1 after LNC and lasted for 17 days. On days 3, 9, 15 and 21 after LNC, the mean relative number of TG neurons encircled with GFAP-immunoreactive (IR) cells significantly increased in the ophthalmic, maxillary and mandibular branch regions of TG. On day 3 after LNC, P2Y12R expression occurred in GFAP-IR cells but not neuronal nuclei (NeuN)-IR cells (i.e. neurons) in TG. After 3 days of successive administration of the P2Y12R antagonist MRS2395 into TG in LNC-rats, the mean relative number of TG neurons encircled with GFAP-IR cells was significantly decreased coincident with a significant reversal of the lowered head-withdrawal reflex thresholds to mechanical and heat stimulation of the tongue compared to vehicle-injected rats. Furthermore, after 3 days of successive administration of the P2YR agonist 2-MeSADP into the TG in naïve rats, the mean relative number of TG neurons encircled with GFAP-IR cells was significantly increased and head-withdrawal reflex thresholds to mechanical and heat stimulation of the tongue were significantly decreased in a dose-dependent manner compared to vehicle-injected rats. Conclusions The present findings provide the first evidence that the activation of P2Y12R in SGCs of TG following lingual nerve injury is involved in the enhancement of TG neuron activity and nocifensive reflex behavior, resulting in neuropathic pain in the tongue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayano Katagiri
- Department of Physiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
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Nitric oxide implicates c-Fos expression in the cuneate nucleus following electrical stimulation of the transected median nerve. Neurochem Res 2011; 37:84-95. [PMID: 21892689 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-011-0585-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2011] [Revised: 07/27/2011] [Accepted: 08/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated whether nitric oxide (NO) modulated injury-induced neuropeptide Y (NPY) releasing and c-Fos expression in the cuneate nucleus (CN) after median nerve transection (MNT). We first examined the temporal changes of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) expression in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) and CN after MNT. Following MNT, the amounts of nNOS-like immunoreactive (nNOS-LI) neurons in the DRG and CN significantly increased as compared with those of the sham-operated rats. Furthermore, 4 weeks after MNT, the increases of nNOS-LI neurons in the DRG and CN were attenuated by pre-emptive lidocaine treatment in a dose-dependent manner. Finally, 4 weeks after MNT, pre-stimulation administration of L-NAME (N (ω)-Nitro-L: -arginine methyl ester) or 7-NI (7-nitroindazole) suppressed the amount of NPY release from the stimulated terminals and thus attenuated c-Fos expression in the CN. Our data implied that NO would modulate neuronal activity in the DRG and CN both after MNT.
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Schmidtko A, Tegeder I, Geisslinger G. No NO, no pain? The role of nitric oxide and cGMP in spinal pain processing. Trends Neurosci 2009; 32:339-46. [PMID: 19414201 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2009.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2008] [Revised: 01/29/2009] [Accepted: 01/31/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A large body of evidence indicates that nitric oxide (NO) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) essentially contribute to the processing of nociceptive signals in the spinal cord. Many animal studies have unanimously shown that inhibition of NO or cGMP synthesis can considerably reduce both inflammatory and neuropathic pain. However, experiments with NO donors and cGMP analogs also caused conflicting results because dual pronociceptive and antinociceptive effects of these molecules have been observed. Here, we summarize the most recent advances in the understanding of NO- and cGMP-dependent signaling pathways in the spinal cord and further unravel the role of NO and cGMP in pain processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achim Schmidtko
- Pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, Institut für Klinische Pharmakologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt/Main, Germany.
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Kawano T, Zoga V, Kimura M, Liang MY, Wu HE, Gemes G, McCallum JB, Kwok WM, Hogan QH, Sarantopoulos CD. Nitric oxide activates ATP-sensitive potassium channels in mammalian sensory neurons: action by direct S-nitrosylation. Mol Pain 2009; 5:12. [PMID: 19284878 PMCID: PMC2673211 DOI: 10.1186/1744-8069-5-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2009] [Accepted: 03/14/2009] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channels in neurons regulate excitability, neurotransmitter release and mediate protection from cell-death. Furthermore, activation of KATP channels is suppressed in DRG neurons after painful-like nerve injury. NO-dependent mechanisms modulate both KATP channels and participate in the pathophysiology and pharmacology of neuropathic pain. Therefore, we investigated NO modulation of KATP channels in control and axotomized DRG neurons. Results Cell-attached and cell-free recordings of KATP currents in large DRG neurons from control rats (sham surgery, SS) revealed activation of KATP channels by NO exogenously released by the NO donor SNAP, through decreased sensitivity to [ATP]i. This NO-induced KATP channel activation was not altered in ganglia from animals that demonstrated sustained hyperalgesia-type response to nociceptive stimulation following spinal nerve ligation. However, baseline opening of KATP channels and their activation induced by metabolic inhibition was suppressed by axotomy. Failure to block the NO-mediated amplification of KATP currents with specific inhibitors of sGC and PKG indicated that the classical sGC/cGMP/PKG signaling pathway was not involved in the activation by SNAP. NO-induced activation of KATP channels remained intact in cell-free patches, was reversed by DTT, a thiol-reducing agent, and prevented by NEM, a thiol-alkylating agent. Other findings indicated that the mechanisms by which NO activates KATP channels involve direct S-nitrosylation of cysteine residues in the SUR1 subunit. Specifically, current through recombinant wild-type SUR1/Kir6.2 channels expressed in COS7 cells was activated by NO, but channels formed only from truncated isoform Kir6.2 subunits without SUR1 subunits were insensitive to NO. Further, mutagenesis of SUR1 indicated that NO-induced KATP channel activation involves interaction of NO with residues in the NBD1 of the SUR1 subunit. Conclusion NO activates KATP channels in large DRG neurons via direct S-nitrosylation of cysteine residues in the SUR1 subunit. The capacity of NO to activate KATP channels via this mechanism remains intact even after spinal nerve ligation, thus providing opportunities for selective pharmacological enhancement of KATP current even after decrease of this current by painful-like nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Kawano
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
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cGMP produced by NO-sensitive guanylyl cyclase essentially contributes to inflammatory and neuropathic pain by using targets different from cGMP-dependent protein kinase I. J Neurosci 2008; 28:8568-76. [PMID: 18716216 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2128-08.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
A large body of evidence indicates that the release of nitric oxide (NO) is crucial for the central sensitization of pain pathways during both inflammatory and neuropathic pain. Here, we investigated the distribution of NO-sensitive guanylyl cyclase (NO-GC) in the spinal cord and in dorsal root ganglia, and we characterized the nociceptive behavior of mice deficient in NO-GC (GC-KO mice). We show that NO-GC is distinctly expressed in neurons of the mouse dorsal horn, whereas its distribution in dorsal root ganglia is restricted to non-neuronal cells. GC-KO mice exhibited a considerably reduced nociceptive behavior in models of inflammatory or neuropathic pain, but their responses to acute pain were not impaired. Moreover, GC-KO mice failed to develop pain sensitization induced by intrathecal administration of drugs releasing NO or carbon monoxide. Surprisingly, during spinal nociceptive processing, cGMP produced by NO-GC may activate signaling pathways different from cGMP-dependent protein kinase I (cGKI), whereas cGKI can be activated by natriuretic peptide receptor-B dependent cGMP production. Together, our results provide evidence that NO-GC is crucially involved in the central sensitization of pain pathways during inflammatory and neuropathic pain.
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Shen A, Chen M, Niu S, Sun L, Gao S, Shi S, Li X, Lv Q, Guo Z, Cheng C. Changes in mRNA for CAPON and Dexras1 in adult rat following sciatic nerve transection. J Chem Neuroanat 2008; 35:85-93. [PMID: 17768032 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2007.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2007] [Revised: 07/09/2007] [Accepted: 07/14/2007] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral nerve transection has been implicated to cause a production of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), which may influence a range of post-axotomy processes necessary for neuronal survival and nerve regeneration. Carboxy-terminal post synaptic density protein/Drosophila disc large tumor suppressor/zonula occuldens-1 protein (PDZ) ligand of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (CAPON), as an adaptor, interacts with nNOS via the PDZ domain helping regulate nNOS activity at postsynaptic sites in neurons. And Dexras1, a small G protein mediating multiple signal transductions, has been reported to form a complex with CAPON and nNOS. A role for the physiologic linkage by CAPON of nNOS to Dexras1 has suggested that NO-mediated activation of Dexras1 is markedly enhanced by CAPON. We investigated the changes in mRNA for CAPON, Dexras1 and nNOS in the sciatic nerve, dorsal root ganglia and lumbar spinal cord of adult rat following sciatic axotomy by TaqMan quantitative real-time PCR and in situ hybridization combined with immunofluorescence. Signals of mRNA for CAPON and Dexras1 were initially expressed in these neural tissues mentioned, transiently increased at certain time periods after sciatic axotomy and finally recovered to the basal level. It was also found that nNOS mRNA underwent a similar change pattern during this process. These results suggest that CAPON as well as Dexras1 may be involved in the different pathological conditions including nerve regeneration, neuron loss or survival and even pain process, possibly via regulating the nNOS activity or through the downstream targets of Dexras1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiguo Shen
- The Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, People's Republic of China
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Thippeswamy T, Howard MR, Cosgrave AS, Arora DK, McKay JS, Quinn JP. Nitric oxide-NGF mediated PPTA/SP, ADNP, and VIP expression in the peripheral nervous system. J Mol Neurosci 2007; 33:268-77. [PMID: 17952636 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-007-0066-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2006] [Accepted: 11/30/2006] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nerve growth factor (NGF)-deprivation or axotomy of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons causes stress, which they cope by triggering various mechanisms. Among several molecular changes, in the present study, we demonstrate preprotachykinin-A-substance P (PPTA-SP) and activity-dependent neuroprotective protein-vasoactive intestinal peptide (ADNP-VIP) expression pattern using DRG neurons-Schwann cells coculture and axotomy model. In the presence of NGF, DRG cultures showed high levels of PPTA and ADNP mRNA expression, which were significantly suppressed in the absence of NGF and/or nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibition by NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), suggesting that both NGF and nitric oxide (NO) can regulate PPTA and ADNP expression. However, treating coculture with NO donor, diethylenetriamine nitric oxide (DETA-NO) did not increase PPTA and ADNP expression in the presence or absence of NGF, although there was a marginal increase in ADNP expression in the absence of NGF. NGF-deprivation increases endogenous NO; thus, DETA-NO had no further effect on PPTA and ADNP expression. Alternatively, NGF produced from NO-stimulated Schwann cells influence gene expression. In addition, interestingly, DETA-NO treatment of Schwann cells alone suppresses both PPTA and ADNP, suggesting differential response of DRG neurons-Schwann cells coculture to DETA-NO. SP and ADNP immunostaining of axotomized DRGs revealed significant reduction in SP and ADNP compared to intact DRG, which was partially recovered in neuronal NOS blocker, 7-nitroindazole (7-NI)-treated DRGs, particularly intense ADNP staining in satellite glia. As ADNP is VIP-responsive gene, we further explored VIP expression in DRGs. Axotomy increased VIP in DRG neurons, but 7-NI treatment caused intense VIP staining in satellite glia. These observations suggest a complex interaction of NO-NGF with PPTA/SP and ADNP-VIP in neuron-glial communication when neurons are stressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thimmasettappa Thippeswamy
- Department of Veterinary Preclinical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Brownlowhill Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZJ, UK.
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Dublin P, Hanani M. Satellite glial cells in sensory ganglia: their possible contribution to inflammatory pain. Brain Behav Immun 2007; 21:592-8. [PMID: 17222529 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2006.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2006] [Revised: 11/13/2006] [Accepted: 11/13/2006] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurons in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) are surrounded by an envelope of satellite glial cells (SGCs). Little is known about SGC physiology and their interactions with neurons. In this work, we investigated changes in mouse DRG neurons and SGC following the induction of inflammation in the hind paw by the injection of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA). The electrophysiological properties of neurons were characterized by intracellular electrodes. Changes in coupling mediated by gap junctions between SGCs were monitored using intracellular injection of the fluorescent dye Lucifer yellow. Pain was assessed with von Frey hairs. We found that two weeks after CFA injection there was a 38% decrease in the threshold for firing an action potential in DRG neurons, consistent with neuronal hyperexcitability. Injection of Lucifer yellow into SGCs revealed that, compared with controls, coupling by gap junctions among SGCs surrounding adjacent neurons increased 2.7-, 3.2-, and 2.5-fold one week, two weeks, and one month, respectively, after CFA injection. In SGCs enveloping neurons that project into the inflamed paw this effect was more enhanced (5.4-fold). Interneuronal coupling was augmented by up to 7% after CFA injection. Pain threshold in the injected paw decreased by 13%, 16%, and 11% compared with controls at one week, two weeks, and one month, respectively, after CFA injection. Intraperitoneal injection of the gap junction blocker carbenoxolone prevented the inflammation-induced decrease in pain threshold. The results show that augmented glial coupling is one of the major events occurring in DRG following inflammation. The elevation in pain threshold after carbenoxolone administration provides indirect support for the idea that augmented intercellular coupling might contribute to chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Dublin
- Laboratory of Experimental Surgery, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Mount Scopus, Jerusalem 91240, Israel
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16
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Arora DK, Cosgrave AS, Howard MR, Bubb V, Quinn JP, Thippeswamy T. Evidence of Postnatal Neurogenesis in Dorsal Root Ganglion: Role of Nitric Oxide and Neuronal Restrictive Silencer Transcription Factor. J Mol Neurosci 2007; 32:97-107. [PMID: 17873293 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-007-0014-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2007] [Revised: 11/30/1999] [Accepted: 02/06/2007] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The various mechanisms underlying postnatal neurogenesis from discrete CNS regions have emerged recently. However, little is known about postnatal neurogenesis in dorsal root ganglion (DRG). BrdU incorporation and subsequent immunostaining for BrdU, neural stem cell marker, nestin and neuronal marker, PGP 9.5 have provided evidence for postnatal neurogenesis in DRG. We further demonstrate, in vivo and in vitro, that nitric oxide (NO) regulates neural stem cells (nestin+) proliferation and, possibly, differentiation into neurons. Surprisingly, nerve growth factor (NGF) had no effect on nestin+ cells proliferation. Axotomy or NGF-deprivation of DRG neurons-satellite glia co-culture increases NO production by neurons and treating with a NO synthase (NOS) inhibitor, N G-nitro-L-arginine methylester (L-NAME) in vitro or 7-nitroindazole (7NI) in vivo, causes a significant increase in nestin+ cell numbers. However, a soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) blocker, 1H-[1, 2, 4] oxadiazolo [4, 3-a] quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ) treatment of NGF-deprived DRG neurons-satellite glia co-culture had no significant effect on nestin+ cell numbers. This implies NO regulates nestin+ cell proliferation independent of cGMP. We hypothesised that the neuronal-restrictive silencer transcription factor (NRSF, also termed REST), a master regulator of neuronal genes in non-neuronal cells, may be modulated by NO in satellite glia cultures. A NO donor, dimethyl-triamino-benzidine (DETA)-NO treatment of satellite glia cell cultures results in a significant increase in the NRSF/REST mRNA expression. The majority of cultured satellite glia cells express nestin, and also show increased levels of NOS, thus L-NAME treatment of these cultures causes a dramatic reduction in NRSF/REST mRNA. Overall these results suggest that NO inhibits neurogenesis in DRG and this is correlated with modulation of NRSF, a known modulator of differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daleep K Arora
- Department of Veterinary Preclinical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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17
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Thippeswamy T, Haddley K, Corness JD, Howard MR, McKay JS, Beaucourt SM, Pope MD, Murphy D, Morris R, Hökfelt T, Quinn JP. NO-cGMP mediated galanin expression in NGF-deprived or axotomized sensory neurons. J Neurochem 2007; 100:790-801. [PMID: 17263797 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.04243.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF) and nerve growth factor (NGF) are well characterized regulators of galanin expression. However, LIF knockout mice containing the rat galanin 5' proximal promoter fragment (- 2546 to + 15 bp) driving luciferase responded to axotomy in the same way as control mice. Also, LIF had no effect on reporter gene expression in vitro, neither in the presence or absence of NGF, suggesting that other factors mediate an axotomy response from the galanin promoter. We then addressed the role of nitric oxide (NO) using NGF-deprived rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neuron cultures infected with viral vectors containing the above-mentioned construct, and also studied endogenous galanin expression in axotomized DRG in vivo. Blocking endogenous NO in NGF-deprived DRG cultures suppressed galanin promoter activity. Consistent with this, axotomized/NGF-deprived DRG neurons expressed high levels of neuronal NO synthase (nNOS) and galanin. Further, using pharmacological NOS blockers, or adenoviral vectors expressing dominant-negative either for nNOS or soluble guanylate cyclase in vivo and in vitro, we show that the NO-cGMP pathway induces endogenous galanin in DRG neurons. We propose that both LIF and NO, acting at different promoter regions, are important for the up-regulation of galanin, and for DRG neuron survival and regeneration after axotomy.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Axotomy
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Cell Survival/genetics
- Cells, Cultured
- Cyclic GMP/metabolism
- Galanin/metabolism
- Ganglia, Spinal/cytology
- Ganglia, Spinal/drug effects
- Ganglia, Spinal/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation/genetics
- Genes, Reporter/genetics
- Genetic Vectors/genetics
- Leukemia Inhibitory Factor/genetics
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Nerve Growth Factor/deficiency
- Nerve Regeneration/drug effects
- Nerve Regeneration/genetics
- Neurons, Afferent/cytology
- Neurons, Afferent/drug effects
- Neurons, Afferent/metabolism
- Nitric Oxide/metabolism
- Nitric Oxide Synthase/metabolism
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Sciatic Neuropathy/genetics
- Sciatic Neuropathy/metabolism
- Sciatic Neuropathy/physiopathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Thimmasettappa Thippeswamy
- Department of Veterinary Preclinical Science, Veterinary Faculty, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
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18
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Zheng JH, Walters ET, Song XJ. Dissociation of dorsal root ganglion neurons induces hyperexcitability that is maintained by increased responsiveness to cAMP and cGMP. J Neurophysiol 2006; 97:15-25. [PMID: 17021029 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00559.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Injury or inflammation affecting sensory neurons in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) causes hyperexcitability of DRG neurons that can lead to spontaneous firing and neuropathic pain. Recent results indicate that after chronic compression of DRG (CCD treatment), both hyperexcitability of neurons in intact DRG and behaviorally expressed hyperalgesia are maintained by concurrent activity in cAMP-protein kinase A (PKA) and cGMP-protein kinase G (PKG) signaling pathways. We report here that when tested under identical conditions, dissociation produces a pattern of hyperexcitability in small DRG neurons similar to that produced by CCD treatment, manifest as decreased action potential (AP) current threshold, increased AP duration, increased repetitive firing to depolarizing pulses, increased spontaneous firing and resting depolarization. A novel feature of this hyperexcitability is its early expression-as soon as testing can be conducted after dissociation (approximately 2 h). Both forms of injury increase the electrophysiological responsiveness of the neurons to activation of cAMP-PKA and cGMP-PKG pathways as indicated by enhancement of hyperexcitability by agonists of these pathways in dissociated or CCD-treated neurons but not in control neurons. Although inflammatory signals are known to activate cAMP-PKA pathways, dissociation-induced hyperexcitability is unlikely to be triggered by signals released from inflammatory cells recruited to the DRG because of insufficient time for recruitment during the dissociation procedure. Inhibition by specific antagonists indicates that continuing activation of cAMP-PKA and cGMP-PKG pathways is required to maintain hyperexcitability after dissociation. The reduction of hyperexcitability by blockers of adenylyl cyclase and soluble guanylyl cyclase after dissociation suggests a continuing release of autocrine and/or paracrine factors from dissociated neurons and/or satellite cells, which activate both cyclases and help to maintain acute, injury-induced hyperexcitability of DRG neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hong Zheng
- Department of Neurobiology, Parker College Research Institute, 2500 Walnut Hill Lane, Dallas, TX 75229, USA.
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19
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Ruscheweyh R, Goralczyk A, Wunderbaldinger G, Schober A, Sandkühler J. Possible sources and sites of action of the nitric oxide involved in synaptic plasticity at spinal lamina I projection neurons. Neuroscience 2006; 141:977-988. [PMID: 16725273 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2006] [Revised: 04/03/2006] [Accepted: 04/04/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The synaptic long-term potentiation between primary afferent C-fibers and spinal lamina I projection neurons is a cellular model for hyperalgesia [Ikeda H, Heinke B, Ruscheweyh R, Sandkühler J (2003) Synaptic plasticity in spinal lamina I projection neurons that mediate hyperalgesia. Science 299:1237-1240]. In lamina I neurons with a projection to the periaqueductal gray, this long-term potentiation is dependent on nitric oxide. In the present study, we used immunohistochemistry to detect possible sources and sites of action of the nitric oxide necessary for the long-term potentiation at lamina I spino-periaqueductal gray neurons in rats. None of the three isoforms of the nitric oxide synthase was expressed in a significant number of lamina I spino-periaqueductal gray neurons or primary afferent C-fibers (as evaluated by staining of their cell bodies in the dorsal root ganglia). However, endothelial and inducible nitric oxide synthase were found throughout the spinal cord vasculature and neuronal nitric oxide synthase was present in a number of neurons in laminae II and III. The nitric oxide target soluble guanylyl cyclase was detected in most lamina I spino-periaqueductal gray neurons and in approximately 12% of the dorsal root ganglion neurons, all of them nociceptive as evaluated by coexpression of substance P. Synthesis of cyclic 3',5'-guanosine monophosphate upon stimulation by a nitric oxide donor confirmed the presence of active guanylyl cyclase in at least a portion of the spino-periaqueductal gray neuronal cell bodies. We therefore propose that nitric oxide generated in neighboring neurons or blood vessels acts on the spino-periaqueductal gray neuron and/or the primary afferent C-fiber to enable long-term potentiation. Lamina I spino-parabrachial neurons were stained for comparison and yielded similar results.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ruscheweyh
- Department of Neurophysiology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - A Goralczyk
- Department of Neurophysiology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; Neuroanatomy and Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 307, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - G Wunderbaldinger
- Department of Neurophysiology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - A Schober
- Neuroanatomy and Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 307, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - J Sandkühler
- Department of Neurophysiology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
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20
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Song XJ, Wang ZB, Gan Q, Walters ET. cAMP and cGMP Contribute to Sensory Neuron Hyperexcitability and Hyperalgesia in Rats With Dorsal Root Ganglia Compression. J Neurophysiol 2006; 95:479-92. [PMID: 16120663 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00503.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have implicated the cAMP-protein kinase A (PKA) pathway in producing hyperexcitability of dorsal root ganglia (DRG) sensory neurons under conditions associated with pain. Evidence is presented for roles of both the cAMP-PKA and cGMP-protein kinase G (PKG) pathways in maintaining neuronal hyperexcitability and behavioral hyperalgesia in a neuropathic pain model: chronic compression of the DRG (CCD treatment). Lumbar DRGs were compressed by a steel rod inserted into the intervertebral foramen. Thermal hyperalgesia was revealed by shortened latencies of foot withdrawal to radiant heat. Intracellular recordings were obtained in vitro from lumbar ganglia after in vivo DRG compression. Activators of the cAMP-PKA pathway, 8-Br-cAMP and Sp-cAMPS, and of the cGMP-PKG pathway, 8-Br-cGMP and Sp-cGMPS, increased the hyperexcitability of DRG neurons already produced by CCD treatment, as shown by further decreases in action potential threshold and increased repetitive discharge during depolarization. The adenylate cyclase inhibitor, SQ22536, the PKA antagonist, Rp-cAMPS, the guanylate cyclase inhibitor, ODQ, and the PKG inhibitor, Rp-8-pCPT-cGMPS, reduced the hyperexcitability of CCD DRG neurons. In vivo application of PKA and PKG antagonists transiently depressed behavioral hyperalgesia induced by CCD treatment. Unexpectedly, application of these agonists and antagonists to ganglia of naïve, uninjured animals had little effect on electrophysiological properties of DRG neurons and no effect on foot withdrawal, suggesting that sensitizing actions of these pathways in the DRG are enabled by prior injury or stress. The only effect observed in uncompressed ganglia was modest depolarization of DRG neurons by PKA and PKG agonists. CCD treatment also depolarized DRG neurons, but CCD-induced depolarization was not affected by agonists or antagonists of these pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Jun Song
- Department of Neurobiology, Parker College Research Institute, 2500 Walnut Hill Lane, Dallas, TX 75229, USA.
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21
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Zhou L, Wu W. Antisense oligos to neuronal nitric oxide synthase aggravate motoneuron death induced by spinal root avulsion in adult rat. Exp Neurol 2005; 197:84-92. [PMID: 16246329 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2005.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2005] [Revised: 08/02/2005] [Accepted: 08/11/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The present study used nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) antisense oligos (nNOS AS-ODN) to assess the role of nNOS in motoneuron death induced by spinal root avulsion. A right seventh cervical (C7) spinal root avulsion was performed on adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. Two weeks later, FITC-labeled random oligos (FITC-R-ODN), nNOS AS-ODN, R-ODN or TE buffer was applied to the lesioned side of the C7 spinal segment and refreshed every 3 days. FITC-R-ODN was first detected inside the injured motoneurons at 10 h, accumulated to a maximum by 24 h and faded out from 72 h. Following avulsion, nNOS AS-ODN decreased the number of nNOS-positive motoneurons in the lesioned segment compared either with buffer (P < 0.001 at 15 days, 3 and 4 weeks post-injury) or with R-ODN control (P = 0.002 at 15 days, P < 0.001 at 3 and 4 weeks post-injury). Interestingly, nNOS AS-ODN also decreased the number of surviving motoneurons compared either with buffer (P = 0.005 at 15 days, P < 0.001 at 3 or 4 weeks) or with R-ODN control (P < 0.001 at 3 or 4 weeks). Meanwhile, there were no significant differences between R-ODN and buffer control either in the number of nNOS-positive motoneurons (P = 0.245 at 15 days, P = 0.089 at 3 weeks and P = 0.162 at 4 weeks) or in the number of surviving motoneurons (P = 0.426 at 15 days, P = 0.321 at 3 weeks or P = 0.344 at 4 weeks). These findings indicate that nNOS AS-ODN, applied from 2 weeks after avulsion, aggravates the motoneuron death due to root avulsion by specifically down-regulating nNOS gene expression and that the expression of nNOS in adult spinal motoneurons in response to root avulsion may play a beneficial role in the survival of injured neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Zhou
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Hong Kong, China
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22
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Abstract
Current information indicates that glial cells participate in all the normal and pathological processes of the central nervous system. Although much less is known about satellite glial cells (SGCs) in sensory ganglia, it appears that these cells share many characteristics with their central counterparts. This review presents information that has been accumulated recently on the physiology and pharmacology of SGCs. It appears that SGCs carry receptors for numerous neuroactive agents (e.g., ATP, bradykinin) and can therefore receive signals from other cells and respond to changes in their environment. Activation of SGCs might in turn influence neighboring neurons. Thus SGCs are likely to participate in signal processing and transmission in sensory ganglia. Damage to the axons of sensory ganglia is known to contribute to neuropathic pain. Such damage also affects SGCs, and it can be proposed that these cells have a role in pathological changes in the ganglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menachem Hanani
- Laboratory of Experimental Surgery, Hadassah University Hospital, Mount Scopus, Jerusalem 91240, Israel
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23
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Thippeswamy T, McKay JS, Morris R, Quinn J, Wong LF, Murphy D. Glial-mediated neuroprotection: evidence for the protective role of the NO-cGMP pathway via neuron-glial communication in the peripheral nervous system. Glia 2005; 49:197-210. [PMID: 15390094 DOI: 10.1002/glia.20105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The NO-cGMP pathway has emerged as a neuroprotective signaling system involved in communication between neurons and glia. We have previously shown that axotomy or nerve growth factor (NGF)-deprivation of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons leads to increased production of NO and at the same time an increase in cGMP production in their satellite glia cells. Blockade of NO or its receptor, the cGMP synthesizing enzyme soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC), results in apoptosis of neurons and glia. We now show that co-culture of neonatal DRG neurons with either Schwann cells pre-treated with an NO donor or a membrane-permeant cGMP analogue; or neurons maintained in the medium from Schwann cell cultures treated in the same way, prevents neuronal apoptosis. Both NO donor and cGMP treatment of Schwann cells results in synthesis of NGF and NT3. Furthermore, if the Schwann cells are previously infected with adenoviral vectors expressing a dominant negative sGC mutant transgene, treatment of these Schwann cells with an NO donor now fails to prevent neuronal apoptosis. Schwann cells treated in this way also fail to express neither cGMP nor neurotrophins. These findings suggest NO-sGC-cGMP-mediated NGF and NT3 synthesis by Schwann cells protect neurons.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Apoptosis/physiology
- Cell Communication/physiology
- Cells, Cultured
- Coculture Techniques
- Culture Media, Conditioned/pharmacology
- Cyclic GMP/analogs & derivatives
- Cyclic GMP/metabolism
- Cyclic GMP/pharmacology
- Cytoprotection
- Ganglia, Spinal/drug effects
- Ganglia, Spinal/metabolism
- Guanylate Cyclase
- Nerve Degeneration/metabolism
- Nerve Degeneration/prevention & control
- Neuroglia/metabolism
- Neurons/metabolism
- Neurons, Afferent/drug effects
- Neurons, Afferent/metabolism
- Neuroprotective Agents/metabolism
- Nitric Oxide/metabolism
- Nitric Oxide Donors/pharmacology
- Peripheral Nervous System/cytology
- Peripheral Nervous System/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptor, Nerve Growth Factor/drug effects
- Receptor, Nerve Growth Factor/metabolism
- Receptor, trkC/drug effects
- Receptor, trkC/metabolism
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/genetics
- Schwann Cells/drug effects
- Schwann Cells/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Signal Transduction/physiology
- Soluble Guanylyl Cyclase
- Transfection
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24
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Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) has been demonstrated to act as a signaling molecule during neuronal development, but its precise function is unclear. Here we investigate whether NO might function at the neuronal growth cone to affect growth cone motility. We have previously demonstrated that growth cones of identified neurons from the snail Helisoma trivolvis show a rapid and transient increase in filopodial length in response to NO, which was regulated by soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) [S. Van Wagenen and V. Rehder (1999) J. Neurobiol., 39, 168-185]. Because in vivo studies have demonstrated that growth cones have longer filopodia and advance more slowly in regions where pathfinding decisions are being made, this study aimed to establish whether NO could function as a combined 'slow-down and search signal' for growth cones by decreasing neurite outgrowth. In the presence of the NO donor NOC-7, neurites of B5 neurons showed a concentration-dependent effect on neurite outgrowth, ranging from slowing at low, stopping at intermediate and collapsing at high concentrations. The effects of the NO donor were mimicked by directly activating sGC with YC-1, or by increasing its product with 8-bromo-cGMP. In addition, blocking sGC in the presence of NO with NS2028 blocked the effect of NO, suggesting that NO affected outgrowth via sGC. Ca2+ imaging of growth cones with Fura-2 indicated that [Ca2+]i increased transiently in the presence of NOC-7. These results support the hypothesis that NO can function as a potent slow/stop signal for developing neurites. When coupled with transient filopodia elongation, this phenomenon emulates growth cone searching behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin R Trimm
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303-3088, USA
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25
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Haberberger RV, Henrich M, Lips KS, Kummer W. Nicotinic receptor alpha 7-subunits are coupled to the stimulation of nitric oxide synthase in rat dorsal root ganglion neurons. Histochem Cell Biol 2003; 120:173-81. [PMID: 12898272 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-003-0550-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/17/2003] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In dorsal root ganglia (DRG) intraganglionic communication takes place both among neurons and between neurons and satellite cells. One diffusible substance involved in this signalling is nitric oxide (NO), and acetylcholine (ACh) is a candidate for the stimulation of intraganglionic NO synthesis. DRG neurons react to ACh-receptor stimulation with NO-dependent cGMP production. Here, we investigated the role of the alpha 7-subunit containing Ca(2+)-permeable nicotinic ACh receptors (nAChR) in this process. The alpha 7-nAChR mRNA and the protein were expressed in virtually all lumbar DRG neurons as evidenced by laser-assisted cell picking and oligo cell RT-PCR, in situ hybridisation and immunohistochemistry. Strong alpha 7-nAChR immunoreactivity was present in vanilloid receptor 1-immunoreactive, i.e. nociceptive, neurons. A neuronal production of NO in response to nicotine could be demonstrated in DRG slice preparations utilising the NO-sensitive fluorescent indicator diaminofluorescein diacetate (DAF-2DA). This stimulation of NO production was sensitive to inhibition of alpha 7-nAChR by mecamylamine and alpha-bungarotoxin, to inhibition of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) with L-NAME and L-NMMA, and to the blockade of voltage-operated Ca(2+) channels by verapamil. The results show the presence of the alpha 7-nAChR subunit in nociceptive rat DRG neurons and provide evidence for its coupling to NOS activation, indicating a role of this pathway in the intraganglionic communication in sensory ganglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Viktor Haberberger
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Justus-Liebig-University, Aulweg 123, 35385 Giessen, Germany.
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26
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Costigan M, Befort K, Karchewski L, Griffin RS, D'Urso D, Allchorne A, Sitarski J, Mannion JW, Pratt RE, Woolf CJ. Replicate high-density rat genome oligonucleotide microarrays reveal hundreds of regulated genes in the dorsal root ganglion after peripheral nerve injury. BMC Neurosci 2002; 3:16. [PMID: 12401135 PMCID: PMC139981 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-3-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 418] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2002] [Accepted: 10/25/2002] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rat oligonucleotide microarrays were used to detect changes in gene expression in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) 3 days following sciatic nerve transection (axotomy). Two comparisons were made using two sets of triplicate microarrays, naïve versus naïve and naïve versus axotomy. RESULTS Microarray variability was assessed using the naïve versus naïve comparison. These results support use of a P < 0.05 significance threshold for detecting regulated genes, despite the large number of hypothesis tests required. For the naïve versus axotomy comparison, a 2-fold cut off alone led to an estimated error rate of 16%; combining a >1.5-fold expression change and P < 0.05 significance reduced the estimated error to 5%. The 2-fold cut off identified 178 genes while the combined >1.5-fold and P < 0.05 criteria generated 240 putatively regulated genes, which we have listed. Many of these have not been described as regulated in the DRG by axotomy. Northern blot, quantitative slot blots and in situ hybridization verified the expression of 24 transcripts. These data showed an 83% concordance rate with the arrays; most mismatches represent genes with low expression levels reflecting limits of array sensitivity. A significant correlation was found between actual mRNA differences and relative changes between microarrays (r2 = 0.8567). Temporal patterns of individual genes regulation varied. CONCLUSIONS We identify parameters for microarray analysis which reduce error while identifying many putatively regulated genes. Functional classification of these genes suggest reorganization of cell structural components, activation of genes expressed by immune and inflammatory cells and down-regulation of genes involved in neurotransmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Costigan
- Neural Plasticity Research Group, Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Katia Befort
- Neural Plasticity Research Group, Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Laurie Karchewski
- Neural Plasticity Research Group, Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Robert S Griffin
- Neural Plasticity Research Group, Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | | | - Andrew Allchorne
- Neural Plasticity Research Group, Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Joanne Sitarski
- Neural Plasticity Research Group, Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - James W Mannion
- Neural Plasticity Research Group, Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Richard E Pratt
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA 02115, USA
| | - Clifford J Woolf
- Neural Plasticity Research Group, Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
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27
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Keilhoff G, Fansa H, Wolf G. Neuronal nitric oxide synthase is the dominant nitric oxide supplier for the survival of dorsal root ganglia after peripheral nerve axotomy. J Chem Neuroanat 2002; 24:181-7. [PMID: 12297264 DOI: 10.1016/s0891-0618(02)00055-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
This study was designed to determine whether nitric oxide supply may be a major factor in the survival of dorsal root ganglia in a sciatic nerve injury model. Wild-type (WT) mice were compared with knockout (KO) mice lacking neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) or endothelial (eNOS). The NO-generating capacities were analysed by NOS immunohistochemistry and NADPH-diaphorase staining 1, 2, 6, and 12 weeks after nerve transection. The occurrence and morphological type of neuronal death were determined by TUNEL reaction and ultrastructural examination. Cell loss following nerve section, whist dependent on the availability of NO, as shown by its marked elevation in nNOS KO mice, did not correlate well with nNOS expression in WT animals. Whereas a lack of eNOS was tolerated, deficiency of nNOS led to an enhanced cell loss. The results suggest a crucial role of NO supply after transection of peripheral nerves with a particular significance of the nNOS isoform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerburg Keilhoff
- Institute of Medical Neurobiology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, Leipziger Strasse 44, D-39120, Magdeburg, Germany.
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28
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Abstract
The functions of nitric oxide (NO) in primary somatosensory neurons are reviewed. During the early development of these neurons the neuronal isoform of nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) is expressed during neurite extension. As their axons extend peripherally and start to take up nerve growth factor (NGF), nNOS starts to disappear from the majority of these neurons. A small number (less than 5%) continue to express nNOS, and for this small population NO may have a role in synaptic transmission. Following peripheral nerve section in adult rats, nNOS is reexpressed in many small peptidergic DRG neurons that have been axotomized. At the same time cGMP synthesis is increased in satellite glia cells. From culture studies, it was established that NGF negatively regulates nNOS synthesis in DRG neurons and that block of NO production leads to neuronal death. Further recent data is reviewed that supports the view that NO has a neuroprotective action preventing loss of DRG neurons and facilitates regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thimmasettappa Thippeswamy
- Department of Veterinary Preclinical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Brownlow Hill and Crown Street, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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29
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Thippeswamy T, McKay JS, Morris R. Bax and caspases are inhibited by endogenous nitric oxide in dorsal root ganglion neurons in vitro. Eur J Neurosci 2001; 14:1229-36. [PMID: 11703452 DOI: 10.1046/j.0953-816x.2001.01752.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Axotomised dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons show an increased expression of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) compared with neurons from the intact ganglia. Increased nNOS expression resulted in synthesis of nitric oxide (NO) and the subsequent activation of cGMP in satellite glia cells surrounding the DRG neuron soma. In dissociated DRG we have demonstrated that the increase in nNOS expression is regulated by nerve growth factor and that the subsequent inhibition of NO production or cGMP synthesis precipitates apoptosis of neurons expressing nNOS and some non-nNOS neurons. Hence, NO or the NO-cGMP cascade appears to have a neuroprotective action in trophic factor-deprived DRG neurons. In the present study, using immunocytochemistry, we have investigated some of the factors associated with apoptosis that are activated when nNOS activity is blocked with NOS inhibitor in DRG neurons in vitro. Marked elevation of bax was observed within a few hours of NOS inhibition in nNOS containing neurons, whereas pretreatment of cultures with l-arginine completely abolished this effect in almost all nNOS neurons and 8-bromo-cGMP in some neurons. The apoptosis precipitated by NOS inhibition was also partially prevented by a number of caspase inhibitors; of those a caspase-9 blocker was the most effective. These observations further support the neuroprotective role of NO/NO-cGMP in stressed DRG neurons in an autocrine fashion that involves the suppression of bax, caspase-3 and -9 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Thippeswamy
- Department of Veterinary Preclinical Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZJ, UK.
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30
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Kovacs KJ, Cai Y, Larson AA. Neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) mRNA is down-regulated, and constitutive NOS enzymatic activity decreased, in thoracic dorsal root ganglia and spinal cord of the rat by a substance P N-terminal metabolite. Eur J Neurosci 2001; 14:577-84. [PMID: 11556883 DOI: 10.1046/j.0953-816x.2001.01675.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) in the spinal cord plays a role in sensory and autonomic activity. Pain induced by acetic acid in the abdominal stretch (writhing) assay and hyperalgesia associated with chronic pain are highly sensitive to NO synthase (NOS) inhibitors. Because substance P (SP) is released and up-regulated in some models of chronic pain, we hypothesized that an accumulation of SP metabolites may influence NOS expression and activity. To test this hypothesis, we examined the effect of intrathecally (i.t.) injected substance P (1-7) [SP(1-7)], the major metabolite of SP in the rat, on neuronal NOS (nNOS) mRNA in the thoracic and lumbar spinal cord, dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and on the corresponding constitutive NOS (cNOS) enzyme activity. Detected using quantitative RT-PCR, nNOS mRNA content in the thoracic spinal cord was decreased 6 h after injection of 5 micromol of SP(1-7) and returned to control 2 days later. In thoracic DRG, nNOS mRNA was reduced 48 h after SP(1-7). The cNOS enzymatic activity in thoracic spinal tissue was gradually decreased to a minimum at 72 h. Down-regulation of NOS by SP(1-7) in the thoracic area appears to be highly associated with capsaicin-sensitive primary afferent neurons. No similar changes in either parameter were measured in the lumbar area after SP(1-7). These data suggest that N-terminal SP fragments, which are known to cause long-term antinociception in the writhing assay, may do so by their ability to down-regulate NO synthesis along nociceptive pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Kovacs
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Minnesota, 295 Animal Science/Veterinary Medicine Building, St Paul, MN 55108, USA
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31
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Holmberg K, Steinbusch HM, de Vente J, Hökfelt T. Distribution of cGMP in guinea pig autonomic ganglia after stimulation with sodium nitroprusside. Auton Neurosci 2001; 89:7-15. [PMID: 11474649 DOI: 10.1016/s1566-0702(01)00242-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is an intercellular messenger molecule in the nervous system and exerts its action in many regions by generating cyclic GMP (cGMP) via soluble guanylyl cyclase. In this study, on the male guinea pig, we have analyzed the localization of cGMP in some autonomic ganglia with immunohistochemistry after stimulation with sodium nitroprusside (SNP) as NO donor, and made correlations with the NO synthesizing enzyme NO synthase (NOS), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and some neuropeptides. The putative target neurons for NO were examined in the anterior pelvic ganglia (APGs), as well as some pre- and paravertebral sympathetic ganglia. The results show that cGMP-like immunoreactivity (LI) in the APG was in most cases observed in the TH-positive, NOS-negative neuron population after SNP stimulation, whereas the NOS-expressing cholinergic population mostly lacked detectable cGMP-LI. In the pre- and paravertebral ganglia, SNP stimulation increased cGMP levels to a much lesser extent than in the APGs. cGMP was also observed in blood vessels, in the ganglion capsule, and in some cases. possibly in satellite cells. We propose, as one alternative, that there is a functional, intraganglionic regulatory loop between the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions of the APG, using the NO/cGMP pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Holmberg
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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32
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Thippeswamy T, Jain RK, Mumtaz N, Morris R. Inhibition of neuronal nitric oxide synthase results in neurodegenerative changes in the axotomised dorsal root ganglion neurons: evidence for a neuroprotective role of nitric oxide in vivo. Neurosci Res 2001; 40:37-44. [PMID: 11311403 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-0102(01)00205-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In axotomised adult rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG), many neurons show a marked increase in expression of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS). It has been established that NO functions as a neuron-glial signalling molecule by generating cGMP in glia cells that surround the neuron in DRG. Furthermore, in cultures of dissociated DRG deprived of nerve growth factor, many neurons expressed nNOS and cGMP and subsequently died if either enzyme's activity was inhibited suggesting that NO-cGMP pathway could be neuroprotective in stressed DRG neurons. This has now been tested in vivo. It was found, 10 days after sciatic axotomy that nNOS was expressed in 36% of DRG neurons in the L5 and L6 ganglia giving rise to the damaged nerve, compared with 6% in contralateral ganglia. Almost all nNOS neurons and 24% of non-nNOS neurons expressed c-Jun in their nuclei. Ten days following axotomy, treatment with the relatively selective nNOS-blocker, 1-(2-trifluoromethylphenyl) imidazole (TRIM), caused morphology changes in approximately 50% of neurons that consisted of vacuolations, blebbing and highly irregular cell boundaries. Sham operated, TRIM treated, nerve-sectioned, vehicle treated, and controls did not show these changes. These observations further support the view that NO could be neuroprotective in some injured/stressed primary sensory neurons.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Apoptosis/physiology
- Axotomy/adverse effects
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Cell Survival/physiology
- Cyclic GMP/metabolism
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Female
- Ganglia, Spinal/drug effects
- Ganglia, Spinal/metabolism
- Ganglia, Spinal/physiopathology
- Imidazoles/pharmacology
- Immunohistochemistry
- Male
- Nerve Degeneration/metabolism
- Nerve Degeneration/physiopathology
- Nerve Degeneration/prevention & control
- Neurons, Afferent/drug effects
- Neurons, Afferent/metabolism
- Neurons, Afferent/pathology
- Neuroprotective Agents/pharmacology
- Nitric Oxide/antagonists & inhibitors
- Nitric Oxide/deficiency
- Nitric Oxide Synthase/antagonists & inhibitors
- Nitric Oxide Synthase/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-jun/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Sciatic Nerve/metabolism
- Sciatic Nerve/physiopathology
- Sciatic Nerve/surgery
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Signal Transduction/physiology
- Stress, Physiological/drug therapy
- Stress, Physiological/metabolism
- Stress, Physiological/physiopathology
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Affiliation(s)
- T Thippeswamy
- Department of Veterinary Preclinical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Veterinary Science Building, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZJ, UK.
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33
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Thippeswamy T, Morris R. Evidence that nitric oxide-induced synthesis of cGMP occurs in a paracrine but not an autocrine fashion and that the site of its release can be regulated: studies in dorsal root ganglia in vivo and in vitro. Nitric Oxide 2001; 5:105-15. [PMID: 11292360 DOI: 10.1006/niox.2001.0316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
As nitric oxide is a gas, it cannot be stored and has to be synthesized as required. This suggests that it could be released wherever nitric oxide synthase (NOS) is activated and due to its unstable state will react with appropriate targets at this site of production. In both dissociated dorsal root ganglion (DRG) cultures and in acutely isolated, but intact, DRG, treatment with capsaicin or bradykinin caused cGMP synthesis, which could be blocked by NOS inhibitors. The cGMP was synthesized in cells different from those expressing the neuronal isoform of NOS (nNOS). In dissociated cultures many of the cells stimulated to produce cGMP were neurons, whereas in isolated ganglia they were always satellite glia cells. Surprisingly, the satellite glia cells surrounding the nNOS-containing neurons did not contain cGMP. Following nerve section in adult rats, many axotomized ganglion neurons expressed nNOS. Again in these axotomized ganglia, most cGMP was expressed in the satellite glia surrounding nNOS-negative neurons. However, an nNOS-selective inhibitor reduced the cGMP present in these axotomized ganglia, suggesting that the cGMP synthesized is stimulated by NO (nitrogen monoxide) produced by nNOS. In both dissociated cultures and axotomized ganglia, nNOS-containing processes were observed close to cGMP-positive cells. These observations lead to the suggestion that NO acts in a paracrine fashion when stimulating the synthesis of cGMP and may not be synthesized at all sites containing nNOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Thippeswamy
- Department of Veterinary Preclinical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Brownlow Hill, L69 7ZJ, United Kingdom
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34
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Chiueh CC, Rauhala P. The redox pathway of S-nitrosoglutathione, glutathione and nitric oxide in cell to neuron communications. Free Radic Res 1999; 31:641-50. [PMID: 10630687 DOI: 10.1080/10715769900301211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Recent results demonstrated that S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) and nitric oxide (*NO) protect brain dopamine neurons from hydroxyl radical (*OH)-induced oxidative stress in vivo because they are potent antioxidants. GSNO and *NO terminate oxidant stress in the brain by (i) inhibiting iron-stimulated hydroxyl radicals formation or the Fenton reaction, (ii) terminating lipid peroxidation, (iii) augmenting the antioxidative potency of glutathione (GSH), (iv) mediating neuroprotective action of brain-derived neurotrophin (BDNF), and (v) inhibiting cysteinyl proteases. In fact, GSNO--S-nitrosylated GSH--is approximately 100 times more potent than the classical antioxidant GSH. In addition, S-nitrosylation of cysteine residues by GSNO inactivates caspase-3 and HIV-1 protease, and prevents apoptosis and neurotoxicity. GSNO-induced antiplatelet aggregation is also mediated by S-nitrosylation of clotting factor XIII. Thus the elucidation of chemical reactions involved in this GSNO pathway (GSH GS* + *NO-->[GSNO]-->GSSG + *NO-->GSH) is necessary for understanding the biology of *NO, especially its beneficial antioxidative and neuroprotective effects in the CNS. GSNO is most likely generated in the endothelial and astroglial cells during oxidative stress because these cells contain mM GSH and nitric oxide synthase. Furthermore, the transfer of GSH and *NO to neurons via this GSNO pathway may facilitate cell to neuron communications, including not only the activation of guanylyl cyclase, but also the nitrosylation of iron complexes, iron containing enzymes, and cysteinyl proteases. GSNO annihilates free radicals and promotes neuroprotection via its c-GMP-independent nitrosylation actions. This putative pathway of GSNO/GSH/*NO may provide new molecular insights for the redox cycling of GSH and GSSG in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C Chiueh
- Unit on Neurodegeneration and Neuroprotection, Laboratory of Clinical Science, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1264, USA.
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35
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Bergman E, Carlsson K, Liljeborg A, Manders E, Hökfelt T, Ulfhake B. Neuropeptides, nitric oxide synthase and GAP-43 in B4-binding and RT97 immunoreactive primary sensory neurons: normal distribution pattern and changes after peripheral nerve transection and aging. Brain Res 1999; 832:63-83. [PMID: 10375653 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(99)01469-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We have here sought to cross-correlate the expression of immunoreactivities for several neuropeptides, nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and the growth associated protein GAP-43 in subpopulations of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons tagged by the selective markers isolectin B4 and the neurofilament antibody RT97, selective for, respectively, subpopulations of small and large DRG neurons. By use of double- and triple-labeling immunohistochemistry, non-manipulated and sciatic nerve transected young adult rats as well as aged (30-months-old) rats were examined using a confocal microscope equipped with enhanced spectral separation. In young adult rats, the DRG neuron profiles could be divided into three subpopulations (B4 binding (B4+) approximately 50%; RT97-immunoreactive (RT97+) approximately 35%; B4-/RT97- approximately 15%). Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is expressed in all three subpopulations. Galanin message-associated peptide (GMAP) colocalize with CGRP (100%) but is not expressed in RT97+ profiles. NOS is present in the RT97- subpopulations and frequently colocalize with CGRP (92%). GAP-43 is expressed in all three DRG subpopulations and colocalize with CGRP (88%), GMAP (38%) and/or NOS (22%). Only very small differences were seen among the young adult rats, implicating that the size of respective subpopulation as well as the expression pattern for neuropeptides, NOS and GAP-43 are fairly stable. Sciatic nerve transection reduced B4-binding but not RT97-like immunoreactivity. Distinct changes in the expression of neuropeptides, NOS and GAP-43 were evident in the DRG subpopulations and, furthermore, the regulatory changes were very similar among the lesioned animals. The relative size of the DRG subpopulations was unaffected by aging, while the expression of neuropeptides was altered showing similarities with the changes induced by axotomy in young adult rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Bergman
- Department of Neuroscience, Division of Chemical Neurotransmission, Karolinska Institutet, Doktorsringen 17, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.
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