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Fu Q, Wang Y, Yan C, Xiang YK. Phosphodiesterase in heart and vessels: from physiology to diseases. Physiol Rev 2024; 104:765-834. [PMID: 37971403 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00015.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are a superfamily of enzymes that hydrolyze cyclic nucleotides, including cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP). Both cyclic nucleotides are critical secondary messengers in the neurohormonal regulation in the cardiovascular system. PDEs precisely control spatiotemporal subcellular distribution of cyclic nucleotides in a cell- and tissue-specific manner, playing critical roles in physiological responses to hormone stimulation in the heart and vessels. Dysregulation of PDEs has been linked to the development of several cardiovascular diseases, such as hypertension, aneurysm, atherosclerosis, arrhythmia, and heart failure. Targeting these enzymes has been proven effective in treating cardiovascular diseases and is an attractive and promising strategy for the development of new drugs. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of the complex regulation of PDE isoforms in cardiovascular function, highlighting the divergent and even opposing roles of PDE isoforms in different pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Fu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- The Key Laboratory for Drug Target Research and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chen Yan
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States
| | - Yang K Xiang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at Davis, Davis, California, United States
- Department of Veterans Affairs Northern California Healthcare System, Mather, California, United States
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Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases as therapeutic targets in cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure. Nat Rev Cardiol 2023; 20:90-108. [PMID: 36050457 DOI: 10.1038/s41569-022-00756-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs) modulate the neurohormonal regulation of cardiac function by degrading cAMP and cGMP. In cardiomyocytes, multiple PDE isozymes with different enzymatic properties and subcellular localization regulate local pools of cyclic nucleotides and specific functions. This organization is heavily perturbed during cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure (HF), which can contribute to disease progression. Clinically, PDE inhibition has been considered a promising approach to compensate for the catecholamine desensitization that accompanies HF. Although PDE3 inhibitors, such as milrinone or enoximone, have been used clinically to improve systolic function and alleviate the symptoms of acute HF, their chronic use has proved to be detrimental. Other PDEs, such as PDE1, PDE2, PDE4, PDE5, PDE9 and PDE10, have emerged as new potential targets to treat HF, each having a unique role in local cyclic nucleotide signalling pathways. In this Review, we describe cAMP and cGMP signalling in cardiomyocytes and present the various PDE families expressed in the heart as well as their modifications in pathological cardiac hypertrophy and HF. We also appraise the evidence from preclinical models as well as clinical data pointing to the use of inhibitors or activators of specific PDEs that could have therapeutic potential in HF.
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Wang H, Tang L, Di W, Yan F, Huang X, Feng X, Song G. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of urolithin derivatives as potential phosphodiesterase II inhibitors. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 2023. [DOI: 10.1177/17475198221148080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Urolithins are the gut microbiota metabolites of ellagitannins which are found in natural plants such as pomegranate, strawberry, and raspberry, and in nuts. Recently, several reports have clarified the underlying mechanism of urolithins in central nervous system inflammation. Therefore, urolithins have become potential therapeutic drug candidate molecules for central nervous system diseases. Derivatives 1–1d, 1–1f, 3–2a, and 3–2b of urolithin A, urolithin B, and methoxyurolithin A were found to have had significant inhibitory activity against phosphodiesterase II with IC50 values of 35.42, 39.96, 25.58, and 13.84 μM, respectively. Herein, we report the design and synthesis of urolithin derivatives along with a biological evaluation of their activity against phosphodiesterase II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hecheng Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Life Science, Changzhou University, Changzhou, P.R. China
| | - Long Tang
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Life Science, Changzhou University, Changzhou, P.R. China
| | - Wanhui Di
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Life Science, Changzhou University, Changzhou, P.R. China
| | - Feng Yan
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Life Science, Changzhou University, Changzhou, P.R. China
| | - Xianfeng Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Life Science, Changzhou University, Changzhou, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoqing Feng
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Life Science, Changzhou University, Changzhou, P.R. China
| | - Guoqiang Song
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Life Science, Changzhou University, Changzhou, P.R. China
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Phosphodiesterases and Compartmentation of cAMP and cGMP Signaling in Regulation of Cardiac Contractility in Normal and Failing Hearts. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23042145. [PMID: 35216259 PMCID: PMC8880502 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiac contractility is regulated by several neural, hormonal, paracrine, and autocrine factors. Amongst these, signaling through β-adrenergic and serotonin receptors generates the second messenger cyclic AMP (cAMP), whereas activation of natriuretic peptide receptors and soluble guanylyl cyclases generates cyclic GMP (cGMP). Both cyclic nucleotides regulate cardiac contractility through several mechanisms. Phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are enzymes that degrade cAMP and cGMP and therefore determine the dynamics of their downstream effects. In addition, the intracellular localization of the different PDEs may contribute to regulation of compartmented signaling of cAMP and cGMP. In this review, we will focus on the role of PDEs in regulating contractility and evaluate changes in heart failure.
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Cellular Mechanisms of the Anti-Arrhythmic Effect of Cardiac PDE2 Overexpression. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094816. [PMID: 34062838 PMCID: PMC8125727 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Phosphodiesterases (PDE) critically regulate myocardial cAMP and cGMP levels. PDE2 is stimulated by cGMP to hydrolyze cAMP, mediating a negative crosstalk between both pathways. PDE2 upregulation in heart failure contributes to desensitization to β-adrenergic overstimulation. After isoprenaline (ISO) injections, PDE2 overexpressing mice (PDE2 OE) were protected against ventricular arrhythmia. Here, we investigate the mechanisms underlying the effects of PDE2 OE on susceptibility to arrhythmias. Methods: Cellular arrhythmia, ion currents, and Ca2+-sparks were assessed in ventricular cardiomyocytes from PDE2 OE and WT littermates. Results: Under basal conditions, action potential (AP) morphology were similar in PDE2 OE and WT. ISO stimulation significantly increased the incidence of afterdepolarizations and spontaneous APs in WT, which was markedly reduced in PDE2 OE. The ISO-induced increase in ICaL seen in WT was prevented in PDE2 OE. Moreover, the ISO-induced, Epac- and CaMKII-dependent increase in INaL and Ca2+-spark frequency was blunted in PDE2 OE, while the effect of direct Epac activation was similar in both groups. Finally, PDE2 inhibition facilitated arrhythmic events in ex vivo perfused WT hearts after reperfusion injury. Conclusion: Higher PDE2 abundance protects against ISO-induced cardiac arrhythmia by preventing the Epac- and CaMKII-mediated increases of cellular triggers. Thus, activating myocardial PDE2 may represent a novel intracellular anti-arrhythmic therapeutic strategy in HF.
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Blanco-Rivero J, Xavier FE. Therapeutic Potential of Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors for Endothelial Dysfunction- Related Diseases. Curr Pharm Des 2021; 26:3633-3651. [PMID: 32242780 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200403172736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are considered a major health problem worldwide, being the main cause of mortality in developing and developed countries. Endothelial dysfunction, characterized by a decline in nitric oxide production and/or bioavailability, increased oxidative stress, decreased prostacyclin levels, and a reduction of endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor is considered an important prognostic indicator of various CVD. Changes in cyclic nucleotides production and/ or signalling, such as guanosine 3', 5'-monophosphate (cGMP) and adenosine 3', 5'-monophosphate (cAMP), also accompany many vascular disorders that course with altered endothelial function. Phosphodiesterases (PDE) are metallophosphohydrolases that catalyse cAMP and cGMP hydrolysis, thereby terminating the cyclic nucleotide-dependent signalling. The development of drugs that selectively block the activity of specific PDE families remains of great interest to the research, clinical and pharmaceutical industries. In the present review, we will discuss the effects of PDE inhibitors on CVD related to altered endothelial function, such as atherosclerosis, diabetes mellitus, arterial hypertension, stroke, aging and cirrhosis. Multiple evidences suggest that PDEs inhibition represents an attractive medical approach for the treatment of endothelial dysfunction-related diseases. Selective PDE inhibitors, especially PDE3 and PDE5 inhibitors are proposed to increase vascular NO levels by increasing antioxidant status or endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression and activation and to improve the morphological architecture of the endothelial surface. Thereby, selective PDE inhibitors can improve the endothelial function in various CVD, increasing the evidence that these drugs are potential treatment strategies for vascular dysfunction and reinforcing their potential role as an adjuvant in the pharmacotherapy of CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Blanco-Rivero
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fabiano E Xavier
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Centro de Biociencias, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
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Sadek MS, Cachorro E, El-Armouche A, Kämmerer S. Therapeutic Implications for PDE2 and cGMP/cAMP Mediated Crosstalk in Cardiovascular Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E7462. [PMID: 33050419 PMCID: PMC7590001 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are the principal superfamily of enzymes responsible for degrading the secondary messengers 3',5'-cyclic nucleotides cAMP and cGMP. Their refined subcellular localization and substrate specificity contribute to finely regulate cAMP/cGMP gradients in various cellular microdomains. Redistribution of multiple signal compartmentalization components is often perceived under pathological conditions. Thereby PDEs have long been pursued as therapeutic targets in diverse disease conditions including neurological, metabolic, cancer and autoimmune disorders in addition to numerous cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). PDE2 is a unique member of the broad family of PDEs. In addition to its capability to hydrolyze both cAMP and cGMP, PDE2 is the sole isoform that may be allosterically activated by cGMP increasing its cAMP hydrolyzing activity. Within the cardiovascular system, PDE2 serves as an integral regulator for the crosstalk between cAMP/cGMP pathways and thereby may couple chronically adverse augmented cAMP signaling with cardioprotective cGMP signaling. This review provides a comprehensive overview of PDE2 regulatory functions in multiple cellular components within the cardiovascular system and also within various subcellular microdomains. Implications for PDE2- mediated crosstalk mechanisms in diverse cardiovascular pathologies are discussed highlighting the prospective use of PDE2 as a potential therapeutic target in cardiovascular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ali El-Armouche
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Carl Gustav Carus Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (M.S.S.); (E.C.)
| | - Susanne Kämmerer
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Carl Gustav Carus Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (M.S.S.); (E.C.)
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Abstract
The cyclic nucleotides cyclic adenosine-3′,5′-monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine-3′,5′-monophosphate (cGMP) maintain physiological cardiac contractility and integrity. Cyclic nucleotide–hydrolysing phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are the prime regulators of cAMP and cGMP signalling in the heart. During heart failure (HF), the expression and activity of multiple PDEs are altered, which disrupt cyclic nucleotide levels and promote cardiac dysfunction. Given that the morbidity and mortality associated with HF are extremely high, novel therapies are urgently needed. Herein, the role of PDEs in HF pathophysiology and their therapeutic potential is reviewed. Attention is given to PDEs 1–5, and other PDEs are briefly considered. After assessing the role of each PDE in cardiac physiology, the evidence from pre-clinical models and patients that altered PDE signalling contributes to the HF phenotype is examined. The potential of pharmacologically harnessing PDEs for therapeutic gain is considered.
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Nakashima K, Matsui H. A Novel Inhibition Modality for Phosphodiesterase 2A. SLAS DISCOVERY 2020; 25:498-505. [PMID: 32343157 DOI: 10.1177/2472555220913241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Phosphodiesterase type 2A (PDE2A) has received considerable interest as a molecular target for treating central nervous system diseases that affect memory, learning, and cognition. In this paper, the authors present the discovery of small molecules that have a novel modality of PDE2A inhibition. PDE2A possesses GAF-A and GAF-B domains and is a dual-substrate enzyme capable of hydrolyzing both cGMP and cAMP, and activation occurs through cGMP binding to the GAF-B domain. Thus, positive feedback of the catalytic activity to hydrolyze cyclic nucleotides occurs in the presence of appropriate concentrations of cGMP, which binds to the GAF-B domain, resulting in a "brake" that attenuates downstream cyclic nucleotide signaling. Here, we studied the inhibitory effects of some previously reported PDE2A inhibitors, all of which showed impaired inhibitory effects at a lower concentration of cGMP (70 nM) than a concentration effective for the positive feedback (4 μM). This impairment depended on the presence of the GAF domains but was not attributed to binding of the inhibitors to these domains. Notably, we identified PDE2A inhibitors that did not exhibit this behavior; that is, the inhibitory effects of these inhibitors were as strong at the lower concentration of cGMP (70 nM) as they were at the higher concentration (4 μM). This suggests that such inhibitors are likely to be more effective than previously reported PDE2A inhibitors in tissues of patients with lower cGMP concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Nakashima
- Neuroscience Drug Discovery Unit, Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa-shi, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hideki Matsui
- Neuroscience Drug Discovery Unit, Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa-shi, Kanagawa, Japan
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Argyrousi EK, Heckman PRA, Prickaerts J. Role of cyclic nucleotides and their downstream signaling cascades in memory function: Being at the right time at the right spot. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 113:12-38. [PMID: 32044374 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
A plethora of studies indicate the important role of cAMP and cGMP cascades in neuronal plasticity and memory function. As a result, altered cyclic nucleotide signaling has been implicated in the pathophysiology of mnemonic dysfunction encountered in several diseases. In the present review we provide a wide overview of studies regarding the involvement of cyclic nucleotides, as well as their upstream and downstream molecules, in physiological and pathological mnemonic processes. Next, we discuss the regulation of the intracellular concentration of cyclic nucleotides via phosphodiesterases, the enzymes that degrade cAMP and/or cGMP, and via A-kinase-anchoring proteins that refine signal compartmentalization of cAMP signaling. We also provide an overview of the available data pointing to the existence of specific time windows in cyclic nucleotide signaling during neuroplasticity and memory formation and the significance to target these specific time phases for improving memory formation. Finally, we highlight the importance of emerging imaging tools like Förster resonance energy transfer imaging and optogenetics in detecting, measuring and manipulating the action of cyclic nucleotide signaling cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elentina K Argyrousi
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, 6200 MD, the Netherlands
| | - Pim R A Heckman
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, 6200 MD, the Netherlands
| | - Jos Prickaerts
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, 6200 MD, the Netherlands.
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Pérez-Pérez D, Reyes-Vidal I, Chávez-Cortez EG, Sotelo J, Magaña-Maldonado R. Methylxanthines: Potential Therapeutic Agents for Glioblastoma. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2019; 12:ph12030130. [PMID: 31500285 PMCID: PMC6789489 DOI: 10.3390/ph12030130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and aggressive primary brain tumor. Currently, treatment is ineffective and the median overall survival is 20.9 months. The poor prognosis of GBM is a consequence of several altered signaling pathways that favor the proliferation and survival of neoplastic cells. One of these pathways is the deregulation of phosphodiesterases (PDEs). These enzymes participate in the development of GBM and may have value as therapeutic targets to treat GBM. Methylxanthines (MXTs) such as caffeine, theophylline, and theobromine are PDE inhibitors and constitute a promising therapeutic anti-cancer agent against GBM. MTXs also regulate various cell processes such as proliferation, migration, cell death, and differentiation; these processes are related to cancer progression, making MXTs potential therapeutic agents in GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Pérez-Pérez
- PECEM, Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of México, México City 04510, Mexico
- Neuroimmunology and Neuro-oncology Unit, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery, México City 14269, Mexico
| | - Iannel Reyes-Vidal
- Neuroimmunology and Neuro-oncology Unit, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery, México City 14269, Mexico
| | - Elda Georgina Chávez-Cortez
- Neuroimmunology and Neuro-oncology Unit, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery, México City 14269, Mexico
| | - Julio Sotelo
- Neuroimmunology and Neuro-oncology Unit, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery, México City 14269, Mexico
| | - Roxana Magaña-Maldonado
- Neuroimmunology and Neuro-oncology Unit, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery, México City 14269, Mexico.
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Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs) and endothelial function in ischaemic stroke. A review. Cell Signal 2019; 61:108-119. [PMID: 31132399 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2019.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endothelial dysfunction is a hallmark of cerebrovascular disease, including ischemic stroke. Modulating endothelial signalling by cyclic nucleotides, cAMP and cGMP, is a potential therapeutic target in stroke. Inhibitors of the cyclic nucleotide degrading phosphodiesterase (PDE) enzymes may restore cerebral endothelial function. Current knowledge on PDE distribution and function in cerebral endothelial cells is sparse. This review explores data on PDE distribution and effects of PDEi in cerebral endothelial cells and identifies which PDEs are potential treatment targets in stroke. METHOD We performed a systematic search of electronic databases (Medline and Embase). Our search terms were cerebral ischaemia, cerebral endothelial cells, cyclic nucleotide, phosphodiesterase and phosphodiesterase inhibitors. RESULTS We found 23 publications which described effects of selective inhibitors of only three PDE families on endothelial function in ischemic stroke. PDE3 inhibitors (PDE3i) (11 publications) and PDE4 inhibitors (PDE4i) (3 publications) showed anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic or pro-angiogenic effects. PDE3i also reduced leucocyte infiltration and MMP-9 expression. Both PDE3i and PDE4i increased expression of tight junction proteins and protected the blood-brain barrier. PDE5 inhibitors (PDE5i) (6 publications) reduced inflammation and apoptosis. In preclinical models, PDE5i enhanced cGMP/NO signalling associated with microvascular angiogenesis, increased cerebral blood flow and improved functional recovery. Non-specific PDEi (3 publications) had mainly anti-inflammatory effects. CONCLUSION This review demonstrates that non-selective and selective PDEi of PDE3, PDE4 and PDE5 modulated endothelial function in cerebral ischemic stroke by regulating processes involved in vascular repair and neuroprotection and thus reduced cell death and inflammation. Of note, they promoted angiogenesis, microcirculation and improved functional recovery; all are important in stroke prevention and recovery, and effects should be further evaluated in humans.
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Zhou S, Li S, Zhang W, Tong H, Li S, Yan Y. MiR-139 promotes differentiation of bovine skeletal muscle-derived satellite cells by regulating DHFR gene expression. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:632-641. [PMID: 30078180 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs play an important regulatory role in the proliferation and differentiation of skeletal muscle-derived satellite cells (MDSCs). In particular, miR-139 can inhibit tumor cell proliferation and invasion, and its expression is down-regulated during C2C12 myoblast differentiation. The aim of this study was thus to examine the effect and potential mechanism of miR-139 in bovine MDSCs. The expression of miR-139 was found to be significantly increased during bovine MDSC differentiation by stem-loop reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction amplification. Statistical analysis of the myotube fusion rate was done through immunofluorescence detection of desmin, and western blotting was used to measure the change in protein expression of the muscle differentiation marker genes MYOG and MYH3. The results showed that the miR-139 mimic could enhance the differentiation of bovine MDSCs, whereas the inhibitor had the opposite effect. By using the dual-luciferase reporter system, miR-139 was found to target the 3'-untranslated region of the dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) gene and regulate its expression. In addition, the expression of miR-139 was found to be regulated by its host gene phosphodiesterase 2A (PDE2A) via inhibition of the latter by CRISPR interference (CRISPRi). Overall, our findings indicate that miR-139 plays an important role in regulating the differentiation of bovine MDSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Zhou
- The Laboratory of Cell and Development, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Shuang Li
- The Laboratory of Cell and Development, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- Department of Life Science and Agroforestry, Qiqihar University, Quqihar, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Huili Tong
- The Laboratory of Cell and Development, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Shufeng Li
- The Laboratory of Cell and Development, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yunqin Yan
- The Laboratory of Cell and Development, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
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Strauch L, Pfannstiel J, Huber A, Voolstra O. Solubility and subcellular localization of the three Drosophila RDGC phosphatase variants are determined by acylation. FEBS Lett 2018; 592:2403-2413. [PMID: 29920663 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation is an abundant molecular switch that regulates a multitude of cellular processes. In contrast to other subfamilies of phosphoprotein phosphatases, the PPEF subfamily is only poorly investigated. Drosophila retinal degeneration C (RDGC) constitutes the founding member of the PPEF subfamily. RDGC dephosphorylates the visual pigment rhodopsin and the ion channel TRP.However, rdgC null mutant flies exhibit rhodopsin and TRP hyperphosphorylation, altered photoreceptor physiology, and retinal degeneration. Here, we report the identification of a third RDGC protein variant and show that the three RDGC isoforms harbor different N-termini that determine solubility and subcellular targeting due to fatty acylation. Taken together, solubility and subcellular targeting of RDGC splice variants are determined by their N-termini.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Strauch
- Department of Biosensorics, Institute of Physiology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jens Pfannstiel
- Core Facility, Mass Spectrometry Unit, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Armin Huber
- Department of Biosensorics, Institute of Physiology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Olaf Voolstra
- Department of Biosensorics, Institute of Physiology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
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15
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Peng T, Gong J, Jin Y, Zhou Y, Tong R, Wei X, Bai L, Shi J. Inhibitors of phosphodiesterase as cancer therapeutics. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 150:742-756. [PMID: 29574203 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.03.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are a class of enzymes that hydrolyze cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) which is involved in many physiological processes including visual transduction, cell proliferation and differentiation, cell-cycle regulation, gene expression, inflammation, apoptosis, and metabolic function. PDEs are composed of 11 different families and each family contains different subtypes. The distribution, expression, regulation mode and sensitivity to inhibitors of each subtype are different, and they are involved in cancer, inflammation, asthma, depression, erectile dysfunction and other pathological processes of development. A large number of studies have shown that PDEs play an important role in the development of tumors by affecting the intracellular level of cAMP and/or cGMP and PDEs could become diagnostic markers or therapeutic targets. This review will give a brief overview of the expression and regulation of PDE families in the process of tumorigenesis and their anti-tumor inhibitors, which may guide the design of novel therapeutic drugs targeting PDEs for anticancer agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Peng
- Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Jun Gong
- Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Yongzhe Jin
- Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Yanping Zhou
- Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Rongsheng Tong
- Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Xin Wei
- Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Lan Bai
- Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, China.
| | - Jianyou Shi
- Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, China.
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Ercu M, Klussmann E. Roles of A-Kinase Anchoring Proteins and Phosphodiesterases in the Cardiovascular System. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2018; 5:jcdd5010014. [PMID: 29461511 PMCID: PMC5872362 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd5010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A-kinase anchoring proteins (AKAPs) and cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are essential enzymes in the cyclic adenosine 3′-5′ monophosphate (cAMP) signaling cascade. They establish local cAMP pools by controlling the intensity, duration and compartmentalization of cyclic nucleotide-dependent signaling. Various members of the AKAP and PDE families are expressed in the cardiovascular system and direct important processes maintaining homeostatic functioning of the heart and vasculature, e.g., the endothelial barrier function and excitation-contraction coupling. Dysregulation of AKAP and PDE function is associated with pathophysiological conditions in the cardiovascular system including heart failure, hypertension and atherosclerosis. A number of diseases, including autosomal dominant hypertension with brachydactyly (HTNB) and type I long-QT syndrome (LQT1), result from mutations in genes encoding for distinct members of the two classes of enzymes. This review provides an overview over the AKAPs and PDEs relevant for cAMP compartmentalization in the heart and vasculature and discusses their pathophysiological role as well as highlights the potential benefits of targeting these proteins and their protein-protein interactions for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Ercu
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine Berlin (MDC), Berlin 13125, Germany.
| | - Enno Klussmann
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine Berlin (MDC), Berlin 13125, Germany.
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin 13347, Germany.
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17
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Salpietro V, Perez-Dueñas B, Nakashima K, San Antonio-Arce V, Manole A, Efthymiou S, Vandrovcova J, Bettencourt C, Mencacci NE, Klein C, Kelly MP, Davies CH, Kimura H, Macaya A, Houlden H. A homozygous loss-of-function mutation in PDE2A associated to early-onset hereditary chorea. Mov Disord 2018; 33:482-488. [PMID: 29392776 PMCID: PMC5873427 DOI: 10.1002/mds.27286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: We investigated a family that presented with an infantile‐onset chorea‐predominant movement disorder, negative for NKX2‐1, ADCY5, and PDE10A mutations. Methods: Phenotypic characterization and trio whole‐exome sequencing was carried out in the family. Results: We identified a homozygous mutation affecting the GAF‐B domain of the 3’,5’‐cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase PDE2A gene (c.1439A>G; p.Asp480Gly) as the candidate novel genetic cause of chorea in the proband. PDE2A hydrolyzes cyclic adenosine/guanosine monophosphate and is highly expressed in striatal medium spiny neurons. We functionally characterized the p.Asp480Gly mutation and found that it severely decreases the enzymatic activity of PDE2A. In addition, we showed equivalent expression in human and mouse striatum of PDE2A and its homolog gene, PDE10A. Conclusions: We identified a loss‐of‐function homozygous mutation in PDE2A associated to early‐onset chorea. Our findings possibly strengthen the role of cyclic adenosine monophosphate and cyclic guanosine monophosphate metabolism in striatal medium spiny neurons as a crucial pathophysiological mechanism in hyperkinetic movement disorders. © 2018 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Salpietro
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, University College of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Belen Perez-Dueñas
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kosuke Nakashima
- CNS Drug Discovery Unit, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Victoria San Antonio-Arce
- Unit of Epilepsy, Sleep and Neurophysiology, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andreea Manole
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, University College of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stephanie Efthymiou
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, University College of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jana Vandrovcova
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, University College of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Conceicao Bettencourt
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, University College of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Niccolò E Mencacci
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, University College of London, London, United Kingdom.,Center for Genetic Medicine, Feinberg school of medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Christine Klein
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Michy P Kelly
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Ceri H Davies
- CNS Drug Discovery Unit, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Haruhide Kimura
- CNS Drug Discovery Unit, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Alfons Macaya
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, University Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Henry Houlden
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, University College of London, London, United Kingdom
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18
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Phosphodiesterase Diversity and Signal Processing Within cAMP Signaling Networks. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2018; 17:3-14. [PMID: 28956327 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-58811-7_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A large number of neuromodulators activate G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) and mediate their cellular actions via the regulation of intracellular cAMP, the small highly diffusible second messenger. In fact, in the same neuron several different GPCRs can regulate cAMP with seemingly identical timecourses that give rise to distinct signaling outcomes, suggesting that cAMP does not have equivalent access to all its downstream effectors and may exist within defined intracellular pools or domains. cAMP compartmentalization is the process that allows the neuron to differentially interpret these various intracellular cAMP signals into cellular response. The molecular mechanisms that give rise to cAMP compartmentalization are not fully understood, but it is thought that phosphodiesterases (PDEs), the enzymes that degrade cAMP, significantly contribute to this process. PDEs, as the sole mechanism of signal termination for cAMP, hold great promise as therapeutic targets for pathologies that are due to the dysregulation of intracellular cAMP signaling. Due to their diverse catalytic activity, regulation and localization each PDE subtype expressed in a given neuron may have a distinct role on downstream signaling.
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19
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The Role of Phosphodiesterase-2 in Psychiatric and Neurodegenerative Disorders. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2018; 17:307-347. [PMID: 28956338 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-58811-7_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic nucleotide PDEs are a super-family of enzymes responsible for regulating intracellular levels of the second messengers cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP). Through their catalysis, PDEs are able to exert tight regulation over these important intracellular signaling cascades. Previously, PDEs have been implicated in learning and memory, as well as in mood disorders, such as anxiety and depression. PDE2 is of special interest due to its high level of expression in the forebrain, specifically in the isocortex, entorhinal cortex, striatum, hippocampus, amygdala, and medial habenula. Many of these brain regions are considered participants of the limbic system, which is known as the emotional regulatory center of the brain, and is important for modulating emotion and long-term memory. Therefore, PDE2s coincidental expression in these areas suggests an important role for PDE2 in these behaviors, and researchers are continuing to uncover the complex connections. It was shown that PDE2 inhibitors have pro-cognitive effects in tests of memory, including the object recognition test. PDE2 inhibitors are also protective against cognitive deficits in various models of cognitive impairment. Additionally, PDE2 inhibitors are protective against many different forms of stress-induced anxiety-like and depression-like behaviors. Currently, there is a great need for novel therapeutics for the treatment of mood and cognitive disorders, especially anxiety and depression, and other neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, and PDE2 is emerging as a viable target for future drug development for many of these diseases.
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20
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Pavlaki N, Nikolaev VO. Imaging of PDE2- and PDE3-Mediated cGMP-to-cAMP Cross-Talk in Cardiomyocytes. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2018; 5:jcdd5010004. [PMID: 29367582 PMCID: PMC5872352 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd5010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic nucleotides 3′,5′-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and 3′,5′-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) are important second messengers that regulate cardiovascular function and disease by acting in discrete subcellular microdomains. Signaling compartmentation at these locations is often regulated by phosphodiesterases (PDEs). Some PDEs are also involved in the cross-talk between the two second messengers. The purpose of this review is to summarize and highlight recent findings about the role of PDE2 and PDE3 in cardiomyocyte cyclic nucleotide compartmentation and visualization of this process using live cell imaging techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikoleta Pavlaki
- Institute of Experimental Cardiovascular Research, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Viacheslav O Nikolaev
- Institute of Experimental Cardiovascular Research, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
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21
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Cardiac Phosphodiesterases and Their Modulation for Treating Heart Disease. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2017; 243:249-269. [PMID: 27787716 DOI: 10.1007/164_2016_82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
An important hallmark of cardiac failure is abnormal second messenger signaling due to impaired synthesis and catabolism of cyclic adenosine 3',5'- monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine 3',5'- monophosphate (cGMP). Their dysregulation, altered intracellular targeting, and blunted responsiveness to stimulating pathways all contribute to pathological remodeling, muscle dysfunction, reduced cell survival and metabolism, and other abnormalities. Therapeutic enhancement of either cyclic nucleotides can be achieved by stimulating their synthesis and/or by suppressing members of the family of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs). The heart expresses seven of the eleven major PDE subtypes - PDE1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, and 9. Their differential control over cAMP and cGMP signaling in various cell types, including cardiomyocytes, provides intriguing therapeutic opportunities to counter heart disease. This review examines the roles of these PDEs in the failing and hypertrophied heart and summarizes experimental and clinical data that have explored the utility of targeted PDE inhibition.
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22
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Weber S, Zeller M, Guan K, Wunder F, Wagner M, El-Armouche A. PDE2 at the crossway between cAMP and cGMP signalling in the heart. Cell Signal 2017; 38:76-84. [PMID: 28668721 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2017.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The cyclic nucleotides cAMP and cGMP are central second messengers in cardiac cells and critical regulators of cardiac physiology as well as pathophysiology. Consequently, subcellular compartmentalization allows for spatiotemporal control of cAMP/cGMP metabolism and subsequent regulation of their respective effector kinases PKA or PKG is most important for cardiac function in health and disease. While acute cAMP-mediated signalling is a mandatory prerequisite for the physiological fight-or-flight response, sustained activation of this pathway may lead to the progression of heart failure. In contrast, acute as well as sustained cGMP-mediated signalling can foster beneficial features, e.g. anti-hypertrophic and vasodilatory effects. These two signalling pathways seem to be intuitively counteracting and there is increasing evidence for a functionally relevant crosstalk between cAMP and cGMP signalling pathways on the level of cyclic nucleotide hydrolysing phosphodiesterases (PDEs). Among this diverse group of enzymes, PDE2 may fulfill a unique integrator role. Equipped with dual substrate specificity for cAMP as well as for cGMP, it is the only cAMP hydrolysing PDE, which is allosterically activated by cGMP. Recent studies have revealed strongly remodelled cAMP/cGMP microdomains and subcellular concentration profiles in different cardiac pathologies, leading to a putatively enhanced involvement of PDE2 in cAMP/cGMP breakdown and crosstalk compared to the other cardiac PDEs. This review sums up the current knowledge about molecular properties and regulation of PDE2 and explains the complex signalling network encompassing PDE2 in order to better understand the functional role of PDE2 in distinct cell types in cardiac health and disease. Moreover, this review gives an outlook in which way PDE2 may serve as a therapeutic target to treat cardiac disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvio Weber
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Carl Gustav Carus Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, Dresden 01307, Germany.
| | - Miriam Zeller
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Carl Gustav Carus Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, Dresden 01307, Germany
| | - Kaomei Guan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Carl Gustav Carus Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, Dresden 01307, Germany
| | - Frank Wunder
- Drug Discovery, Bayer AG, Aprather Weg 18a, Wuppertal 42113, Germany
| | - Michael Wagner
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Carl Gustav Carus Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, Dresden 01307, Germany
| | - Ali El-Armouche
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Carl Gustav Carus Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, Dresden 01307, Germany.
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23
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Hernández-Ramírez LC, Trivellin G, Stratakis CA. Role of Phosphodiesterases on the Function of Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor-Interacting Protein (AIP) in the Pituitary Gland and on the Evaluation of AIP Gene Variants. Horm Metab Res 2017; 49:286-295. [PMID: 28427099 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-104700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Familial isolated pituitary adenoma (FIPA) is caused in about 20% of cases by loss-of-function germline mutations in the AIP gene. Patients harboring AIP mutations usually present with somatotropinomas resulting either in gigantism or young-onset acromegaly. AIP encodes for a co-chaperone protein endowed with tumor suppressor properties in somatotroph cells. Among other mechanisms proposed to explain this function, a regulatory effect over the 3',5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) signaling pathway seems to play a prominent role. In this setting, the well-known interaction between AIP and 2 different isoforms of phosphodiesterases (PDEs), PDE2A3 and PDE4A5, is of particular interest. While the interaction with over-expressed AIP does not seem to affect PDE2A3 function, the reported effect on PDE4A5 is, in contrast, reduced enzymatic activity. In this review, we explore the possible implications of these molecular interactions for the function of somatotroph cells. In particular, we discuss how both PDEs and AIP could act as negative regulators of the cAMP pathway in the pituitary, probably both by shared and independent mechanisms. Moreover, we describe how the evaluation of the AIP-PDE4A5 interaction has proven to be a useful tool for testing AIP mutations, complementing other in silico, in vitro, and in vivo analyses. Improved assessment of the pathogenicity of AIP mutations is indeed paramount to provide adequate guidance for genetic counseling and clinical screening in AIP mutation carriers, which can lead to prospective diagnosis of pituitary adenomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura C Hernández-Ramírez
- Section on Endocrinology and Genetics (SEGEN), Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Giampaolo Trivellin
- Section on Endocrinology and Genetics (SEGEN), Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Constantine A Stratakis
- Section on Endocrinology and Genetics (SEGEN), Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
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Can Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors Be Drugs for Parkinson's Disease? Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:822-834. [PMID: 28062949 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0355-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) has no known cure; available therapies are only capable of offering temporary, symptomatic relief to the patients. Varied therapeutic strategies that are clinically used for PD are pharmacological therapies including dopamine replacement therapies (with or without adjuvant), postsynaptic dopamine receptor stimulation, dopamine catabolism inhibitors and also anticholinergics. Surgical therapies like deep brain stimulation and ablative surgical techniques are also employed. Phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are enzymes that degrade the phosphodiester bond in the second messenger molecules, cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP). A number of PDE families are highly expressed in the striatum including PDE1-4, PDE7, PDE9 and PDE10. There are growing evidences to suggest that these enzymes play a critical role in modulating cAMP-mediated dopamine signalling at the postsynaptic region. Therefore, it is clear that PDEs, given the broad range of subtypes and their varied tissue- and region-specific distributions, will be able to provide a range of possibilities as drug targets. There is no phosphodiesterase inhibitor currently approved for use against PD. The development of small molecule inhibitors against cyclic nucleotide PDE is a particularly hot area of investigation, and a lot of research and development is geared in this direction with major players in the pharmaceutical industry investing heavily in developing such potential drug entities. This review, while critically assessing the existing body of literature on brain PDEs with particular interest in the striatum in the context of motor function regulation, indicates it is certainly likely that PDE inhibitors could be developed as therapeutic agents against PD.
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25
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Kokkonen K, Kass DA. Nanodomain Regulation of Cardiac Cyclic Nucleotide Signaling by Phosphodiesterases. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2016; 57:455-479. [PMID: 27732797 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010716-104756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs) form an 11-member superfamily comprising 100 different isoforms that regulate the second messengers cyclic adenosine or guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP or cGMP). These PDE isoforms differ with respect to substrate selectivity and their localized control of cAMP and cGMP within nanodomains that target specific cellular pools and synthesis pathways for the cyclic nucleotides. Seven PDE family members are physiologically relevant to regulating cardiac function, disease remodeling of the heart, or both: PDE1 and PDE2, both dual-substrate (cAMP and cGMP) esterases; PDE3, PDE4, and PDE8, which principally hydrolyze cAMP; and PDE5A and PDE9A, which target cGMP. New insights regarding the different roles of PDEs in health and disease and their local signaling control are broadening the potential therapeutic utility for PDE-selective inhibitors. In this review, we discuss these PDEs, focusing on the different mechanisms by which they control cardiac function in health and disease by regulating intracellular nanodomains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen Kokkonen
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - David A Kass
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205; .,Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
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26
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Song RS, Tolentino R, Sobie EA, Neves-Zaph SR. Cross-regulation of Phosphodiesterase 1 and Phosphodiesterase 2 Activities Controls Dopamine-mediated Striatal α-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid (AMPA) Receptor Trafficking. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:23257-23267. [PMID: 27605670 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.749747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Dopamine, a key striatal neuromodulator, increases synaptic strength by promoting surface insertion and/or retention of AMPA receptors (AMPARs). This process is mediated by the phosphorylation of the GluA1 subunit of AMPAR by cyclic nucleotide-dependent kinases, making cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs) potential regulators of synaptic strength. In this study, we examined the role of phosphodiesterase 2 (PDE2), a medium spiny neuron-enriched and cGMP-activated PDE, in AMPAR trafficking. We found that inhibiting PDE2 resulted in enhancement of dopamine-induced surface GluA1 expression in dopamine receptor 1-expressing medium spiny neurons. Using pharmacological and genetic approaches, we found that inhibition of PDE1 resulted in a decrease in surface AMPAR levels because of the allosteric activation of PDE2. The cross-regulation of PDE1 and PDE2 activities results in counterintuitive control of surface AMPAR expression, making it possible to regulate the directionality and magnitude of AMPAR trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy S Song
- From the Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029
| | - Rosa Tolentino
- From the Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029
| | - Eric A Sobie
- From the Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029
| | - Susana R Neves-Zaph
- From the Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029
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27
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Trabanco AA, Buijnsters P, Rombouts FJR. Towards selective phosphodiesterase 2A (PDE2A) inhibitors: a patent review (2010 - present). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2016; 26:933-46. [PMID: 27321640 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2016.1203902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The cyclic nucleotides cAMP and cGMP are ubiquitous intracellular second messengers regulating a large variety of biological processes. The intracellular concentration of these biologically relevant molecules is modulated by the activity of phosphodiesterases (PDEs), a class of enzymes that is grouped in 11 families. The expression of PDEs is tissue- and cell-specific allowing spatiotemporal integration of multiple signaling cascades. PDE2A is a dual substrate enzyme and is expressed in both the periphery and in the central nervous system, however its expression is highest in the brain, where it is mainly localized in the cortex, hippocampus, and striatum. This suggests that this enzyme may regulate intraneuronal cGMP and cAMP levels in brain areas involved in emotion, perception, concentration, learning and memory. AREAS COVERED This review covers the patent applications published between January 2010 and February 2016 on phosphodiesterase 2A inhibitors. EXPERT OPINION Recent publications in the literature and in filed patent applications demonstrate the interest of pharmaceutical companies for PDE2A. This has increased the insights of its possible therapeutic role but the few clinical trials were terminated. Based on the ongoing interest in the field it is likely that new clinical trials can be expected and will unravel the therapeutic potential of PDE2A inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés A Trabanco
- a A Division of Janssen-Cilag S.A., Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry Department , Janssen Research and Development , Toledo , Spain
| | - Peter Buijnsters
- b A Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry Department , Janssen Research and Development , Beerse , Belgium
| | - Frederik J R Rombouts
- b A Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry Department , Janssen Research and Development , Beerse , Belgium
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28
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Kirk JA, Holewinski RJ, Crowgey EL, Van Eyk JE. Protein kinase G signaling in cardiac pathophysiology: Impact of proteomics on clinical trials. Proteomics 2016; 16:894-905. [PMID: 26670943 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201500401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The protective role of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)-stimulated protein kinase G (PKG) in the heart makes it an attractive target for therapeutic drug development to treat a variety of cardiac diseases. Phosphodiesterases degrade cGMP, thus phosphodiesterase inhibitors that can increase PKG are of translational interest and the subject of ongoing human trials. PKG signaling is complex, however, and understanding its downstream phosphorylation targets and upstream regulation are necessary steps toward safe and efficacious drug development. Proteomic technologies have paved the way for assays that allow us to peer broadly into signaling minutia, including protein quantity changes and phosphorylation events. However, there are persistent challenges to the proteomic study of PKG, such as the impact of the expression of different PKG isoforms, changes in its localization within the cell, and alterations caused by oxidative stress. PKG signaling is also dependent upon sex and potentially the genetic and epigenetic background of the individual. Thus, the rigorous application of proteomics to the field will be necessary to address how these effectors can alter PKG signaling and interfere with pharmacological interventions. This review will summarize PKG signaling, how it is being targeted clinically, and the proteomic challenges and techniques that are being used to study it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A Kirk
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Ronald J Holewinski
- Advanced Clinical Biosystems Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Erin L Crowgey
- Center for Bioinformatics & Computational Biology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Jennifer E Van Eyk
- Advanced Clinical Biosystems Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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29
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Gross I, Durner J. In Search of Enzymes with a Role in 3', 5'-Cyclic Guanosine Monophosphate Metabolism in Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:576. [PMID: 27200049 PMCID: PMC4858519 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
In plants, nitric oxide (NO)-mediated 3', 5'-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) synthesis plays an important role during pathogenic stress response, stomata closure upon osmotic stress, the development of adventitious roots and transcript regulation. The NO-cGMP dependent pathway is well characterized in mammals. The binding of NO to soluble guanylate cyclase enzymes (GCs) initiates the synthesis of cGMP from guanosine triphosphate. The produced cGMP alters various cellular responses, such as the function of protein kinase activity, cyclic nucleotide gated ion channels and cGMP-regulated phosphodiesterases. The signal generated by the second messenger is terminated by 3', 5'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (PDEs) enzymes that hydrolyze cGMP to a non-cyclic 5'-guanosine monophosphate. To date, no homologues of mammalian cGMP-synthesizing and degrading enzymes have been found in higher plants. In the last decade, six receptor proteins from Arabidopsis thaliana have been reported to have guanylate cyclase activity in vitro. Of the six receptors, one was shown to be a NO dependent guanylate cyclase enzyme (NOGC1). However, the role of these proteins in planta remains to be elucidated. Enzymes involved in the degradation of cGMP remain elusive, albeit, PDE activity has been detected in crude protein extracts from various plants. Additionally, several research groups have partially purified and characterized PDE enzymatic activity from crude protein extracts. In this review, we focus on presenting advances toward the identification of enzymes involved in the cGMP metabolism pathway in higher plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inonge Gross
- Nitric Oxide Production and Signalling Group, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Center MunichGermany
- *Correspondence: Inonge Gross,
| | - Jörg Durner
- Nitric Oxide Production and Signalling Group, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Center MunichGermany
- Chair of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Technische Universität München, FreisingGermany
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Fernández-Fernández D, Rosenbrock H, Kroker KS. Inhibition of PDE2A, but not PDE9A, modulates presynaptic short-term plasticity measured by paired-pulse facilitation in the CA1 region of the hippocampus. Synapse 2015; 69:484-96. [DOI: 10.1002/syn.21840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Diego Fernández-Fernández
- Department of CNS Diseases Research; Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG; Biberach (Riss) 88397 Germany
| | - Holger Rosenbrock
- Department of CNS Diseases Research; Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG; Biberach (Riss) 88397 Germany
| | - Katja S. Kroker
- Department of Drug Discovery Support; Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG; Biberach (Riss) 88397 Germany
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Rombouts FJR, Tresadern G, Buijnsters P, Langlois X, Tovar F, Steinbrecher TB, Vanhoof G, Somers M, Andrés JI, Trabanco AA. Pyrido[4,3-e][1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyrazines as Selective, Brain Penetrant Phosphodiesterase 2 (PDE2) Inhibitors. ACS Med Chem Lett 2015; 6:282-6. [PMID: 25815146 DOI: 10.1021/ml500463t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel series of pyrido[4,3-e][1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyrazines is reported as potent PDE2/PDE10 inhibitors with drug-like properties. Selectivity for PDE2 was obtained by introducing a linear, lipophilic moiety on the meta-position of the phenyl ring pending from the triazole. The SAR and protein flexibility were explored with free energy perturbation calculations. Rat pharmacokinetic data and in vivo receptor occupancy data are given for two representative compounds 6 and 12.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik J. R. Rombouts
- Neuroscience-Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Discovery Sciences, §Neuroscience-Biology, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | | | - Peter Buijnsters
- Neuroscience-Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Discovery Sciences, §Neuroscience-Biology, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | | | - Fulgencio Tovar
- Villapharma
Research S.L., Parque Tecnológico de Fuente Álamo. Ctra. El Estrecho-Lobosillo, Km. 2,5- Av. Azul, 30320 Fuente Álamo de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | | | | | | | - José-Ignacio Andrés
- Neuroscience-Medicinal Chemistry, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen-Cilag S.A., C/Jarama 75, 45007 Toledo, Spain
| | - Andrés A. Trabanco
- Neuroscience-Medicinal Chemistry, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen-Cilag S.A., C/Jarama 75, 45007 Toledo, Spain
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Abstract
The majority of benign adrenal cortex lesions leading to Cushing syndrome are associated to one or another abnormality of the cAMP/cGMP-phosphodiesterase signaling pathway. Phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are key regulatory enzymes of intracellular cAMP/cGMP levels. These second messengers play important regulatory roles in controlling steroidogenesis in the adrenal. Disruption of PDEs has been associated with a number of adrenal diseases. Specifically, genetic mutations have been associated with benign adrenal lesions, leading to Cushing syndrome and/or related adrenal hyperplasias. A Genome Wide Association study, in 2006, led to the identification of mutations in 2 PDE genes: PDE8B and PDE11A; mutations in these 2 genes modulate steroidogenesis. Further human studies have identified PDE2 as also directly regulating steroidogenesis. PDE2 decreases aldosterone production. This review focuses on the most recent knowledge we have gained on PDEs and their association with adrenal steroidogenesis and altered function, through analysis of patient cohorts and what we have learned from mouse studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Szarek
- Section of Endocrinology and Genetics, Program on Developmental Endocrinology Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - C A Stratakis
- Section of Endocrinology and Genetics, Program on Developmental Endocrinology Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Redrobe JP, Jørgensen M, Christoffersen CT, Montezinho LP, Bastlund JF, Carnerup M, Bundgaard C, Lerdrup L, Plath N. In vitro and in vivo characterisation of Lu AF64280, a novel, brain penetrant phosphodiesterase (PDE) 2A inhibitor: potential relevance to cognitive deficits in schizophrenia. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2014; 231:3151-67. [PMID: 24577516 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-014-3492-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Here, we present the pharmacological characterisation of Lu AF64280, a novel, selective, brain penetrant phosphodiesterase (PDE) 2A inhibitor, in in vitro/in vivo assays indicative of PDE2A inhibition, and in vivo models/assays relevant to cognitive processing or antipsychotic-like activity. The in vitro selectivity of Lu AF64280 was determined against a panel of PDE enzymes and 3',5'-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) levels in the hippocampus were determined using in vivo microdialysis. Lu AF64280 potently inhibited hPDE2A (Ki = 20 nM), 50-fold above moderate inhibition of both hPDE9A (Ki = 1,000 nM) and hPDE10A (Ki = 1,800 nM), and displayed a >250-fold selectivity over all other full-length human recombinant PDE family members (Ki above 5,000 nM). Lu AF64280 (20 mg/kg) significantly increased cGMP levels in the hippocampus (p < 0.01 versus vehicle-treated mice), attenuated sub-chronic phencyclidine-induced deficits in novel object exploration in rats (10 mg/kg, p < 0.001 versus vehicle-treated), blocked early postnatal phencyclidine-induced deficits in the intradimensional/extradimensional shift task in rats (1 and 10 mg/kg, p < 0.001 versus vehicle-treated) and attenuated spontaneous P20-N40 auditory gating deficits in DBA/2 mice (20 mg/kg, p < 0.05 versus vehicle-treated). In contrast, Lu AF64280 failed to attenuate phencyclidine-induced hyperactivity in mice, and was devoid of antipsychotic-like activity in the conditioned avoidance response paradigm in rats, at any dose tested. Lu AF64280 represents a novel tool compound for selective PDE2A inhibition that substantiates a critical role of this enzyme in cognitive processes under normal and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Redrobe
- Neuroscience Research DK, H. Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, Valby, 2500, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Otero C, Peñaloza JP, Rodas PI, Fernández-Ramires R, Velasquez L, Jung JE. Temporal and spatial regulation of cAMP signaling in disease: role of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2014; 28:593-607. [PMID: 24750474 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Revised: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Since its discovery, cAMP has been proposed as one of the most versatile second messengers. The remarkable feature of cAMP to tightly control highly diverse physiological processes, including metabolism, homeostasis, secretion, muscle contraction, cell proliferation and migration, immune response, and gene transcription, is reflected by millions of different articles worldwide. Compartmentalization of cAMP in space and time, maintained by mainly phosphodiesterases, contributes to the maintenance of equilibrium inside the cell where one signal can trigger many different events. Novel cAMP sensors seem to carry out certain unexpected signaling properties of cAMP and thereby to permit delicate adaptations of biologic responses. Measuring space and time events with biosensors will increase our current knowledge on the pathophysiology of diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, cognitive impairment, cancer, and renal and heart failure. Further insights into the cAMP dynamics will help to optimize the pharmacological treatment for these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Otero
- Center for Integrative Medicine and Innovative Science, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile; Centro para el Desarrollo de la Nanociencia y Nanotecnologia, Santiago, Chile
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Azevedo MF, Faucz FR, Bimpaki E, Horvath A, Levy I, de Alexandre RB, Ahmad F, Manganiello V, Stratakis CA. Clinical and molecular genetics of the phosphodiesterases (PDEs). Endocr Rev 2014; 35:195-233. [PMID: 24311737 PMCID: PMC3963262 DOI: 10.1210/er.2013-1053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are enzymes that have the unique function of terminating cyclic nucleotide signaling by catalyzing the hydrolysis of cAMP and GMP. They are critical regulators of the intracellular concentrations of cAMP and cGMP as well as of their signaling pathways and downstream biological effects. PDEs have been exploited pharmacologically for more than half a century, and some of the most successful drugs worldwide today affect PDE function. Recently, mutations in PDE genes have been identified as causative of certain human genetic diseases; even more recently, functional variants of PDE genes have been suggested to play a potential role in predisposition to tumors and/or cancer, especially in cAMP-sensitive tissues. Mouse models have been developed that point to wide developmental effects of PDEs from heart function to reproduction, to tumors, and beyond. This review brings together knowledge from a variety of disciplines (biochemistry and pharmacology, oncology, endocrinology, and reproductive sciences) with emphasis on recent research on PDEs, how PDEs affect cAMP and cGMP signaling in health and disease, and what pharmacological exploitations of PDEs may be useful in modulating cyclic nucleotide signaling in a way that prevents or treats certain human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monalisa F Azevedo
- Section on Endocrinology Genetics (M.F.A., F.R.F., E.B., A.H., I.L., R.B.d.A., C.A.S.), Program on Developmental Endocrinology Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892; Section of Endocrinology (M.F.A.), University Hospital of Brasilia, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70840-901, Brazil; Group for Advanced Molecular Investigation (F.R.F., R.B.d.A.), Graduate Program in Health Science, Medical School, Pontificia Universidade Catolica do Paraná, Curitiba 80215-901, Brazil; Cardiovascular Pulmonary Branch (F.A., V.M.), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; and Pediatric Endocrinology Inter-Institute Training Program (C.A.S.), NICHD, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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Protective effects of phosphodiesterase 2 inhibitor on depression- and anxiety-like behaviors: involvement of antioxidant and anti-apoptotic mechanisms. Behav Brain Res 2014; 268:150-158. [PMID: 24694839 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Revised: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Stress occurs in everyday life, but the relationship between stress and the onset or development of depression/anxiety remains unknown. Increasing evidence suggests that the impairment of antioxidant defense and the neuronal cell death are important in the process of emotional disorders. Chronic stress impairs the homeostasis of antioxidants/oxidation, which results in the aberrant stimulation of the cell cycle proteins where cGMP-PKG signaling is thought to have an inhibitory role. Phosphodiesterase 2 (PDE2) is linked to cGMP-PKG signaling and highly expressed in the limbic brain regions including hippocampus and amygdala, which may play important roles in the treatment of depression and anxiety. To address the possible effects of PDE2 inhibitors on depression-/anxiety-like behaviors and the underlying mechanisms, Bay 60-7550 (0.75, 1.5 and 3 mg/kg, i.p.) was administered 30 min before chronic stress. The results suggested that Bay 60-7550 not only restored the behavioral changes but also regulated Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels differentially in hippocampus and amygdala, which were increased in the hippocampus while decreased in the amygdala. It was also significant that Bay 60-7550 regulated the abnormalities of pro- and anti-apoptotic components, such as Bax, Caspase 3 and Bcl-2, and the indicator of PKG signaling characterized by pVASP(ser239), in these two brain regions. The results suggested that Bay 60-7550 is able to alleviate oxidative stress and mediate part of the apoptotic machinery in neuronal cells possibly through SOD-cGMP/PKG-anti-apoptosis signaling and that inhibition of PDE2 may represent a novel therapeutic target for psychiatric disorders, such as depression and anxiety.
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A common functional regulatory variant at a type 2 diabetes locus upregulates ARAP1 expression in the pancreatic beta cell. Am J Hum Genet 2014; 94:186-97. [PMID: 24439111 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have identified more than 70 loci associated with type 2 diabetes (T2D), but for most, the underlying causal variants, associated genes, and functional mechanisms remain unknown. At a T2D- and fasting-proinsulin-associated locus on 11q13.4, we have identified a functional regulatory DNA variant, a candidate target gene, and a plausible underlying molecular mechanism. Fine mapping, conditional analyses, and exome array genotyping in 8,635 individuals from the Metabolic Syndrome in Men study confirmed a single major association signal between fasting proinsulin and noncoding variants (p = 7.4 × 10(-50)). Measurement of allele-specific mRNA levels in human pancreatic islet samples heterozygous for rs11603334 showed that the T2D-risk and proinsulin-decreasing allele (C) is associated with increased ARAP1 expression (p < 0.02). We evaluated four candidate functional SNPs for allelic effects on transcriptional activity by performing reporter assays in rodent pancreatic beta cell lines. The C allele of rs11603334, located near one of the ARAP1 promoters, exhibited 2-fold higher transcriptional activity than did the T allele (p < 0.0001); three other candidate SNPs showed no allelic differences. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays demonstrated decreased binding of pancreatic beta cell transcriptional regulators PAX6 and PAX4 to the rs11603334 C allele. Collectively, these data suggest that the T2D-risk allele of rs11603334 could abrogate binding of a complex containing PAX6 and PAX4 and thus lead to increased promoter activity and ARAP1 expression in human pancreatic islets. This work suggests that increased ARAP1 expression might contribute to T2D susceptibility at this GWAS locus.
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Phosphodiesterase-2 inhibitor reverses corticosterone-induced neurotoxicity and related behavioural changes via cGMP/PKG dependent pathway. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2013; 16:835-47. [PMID: 22850435 DOI: 10.1017/s146114571200065x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphodiesterase 2 (PDE2) is an enzyme responsible for hydrolysis of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) to restrict intracellular signalling of these second messenger molecules. This study investigated how PDE2 inhibitor Bay 60-7550 affects the dysregulated glucocorticoid signalling in neuronal cells and regulates depressive behaviours after chronic stress in mice. We found that exposure of hippocampal neurons to corticosterone resulted in time- and concentration-dependent increases in PDE2 expression. These intriguing findings were confirmed in the hippocampal cell line HT-22. After corticosterone exposure for 24 h, HT-22 cells showed a concentration-dependent increase in mRNA levels for PDE2 subtypes, PDE2A1 and 2A3, as well as for the total PDE2A protein expression. Bay 60-7550 was found to reverse the cell lesion induced by corticosterone (50 μm). This neuroprotective effect was blocked by pretreatment with protein kinase G inhibitor KT5823, but not protein kinase A inhibitor H89, suggesting the involvement of cGMP-dependent signalling. Although Bay 60-7550 treatment for 24 h did not change the levels of phosphorylated mitogen-activated protein kinases ERK1/2 (pERK) and phosphorylated cAMP response element-binding protein (pCREB), it down-regulated pERK at 2 h and up-regulated a CREB co-activator, CREB-binding protein, at 24 h. Both of these effects were blocked by KT 5823. Furthermore, Bay 60-7550 reversed corticosterone-induced down-regulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor protein levels 24 h after corticosterone exposure. In behavioural testing, Bay 60-7550 produced antidepressant-like effects and reduced corticosterone levels in stressed mice, further supporting the involvement of a PDE2-dependent pathway in mediating Bay 60-7550's effect during stress hormone insults.
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Morita H, Murata T, Shimizu K, Okumura K, Inui M, Tagawa T. Characterization of phosphodiesterase 2A in human malignant melanoma PMP cells. Oncol Rep 2013; 29:1275-84. [PMID: 23381931 PMCID: PMC3621658 DOI: 10.3892/or.2013.2260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The prognosis for malignant melanoma is poor; therefore, new diagnostic methods and treatment strategies are urgently needed. Phosphodiesterase 2 (PDE2) is one of 21 phosphodiesterases, which are divided into 11 families (PDE1-PDE11). PDE2 hydrolyzes cyclic AMP (cAMP) and cyclic GMP (cGMP), and its binding to cGMP enhances the hydrolysis of cAMP. We previously reported the expression of PDE1, PDE3 and PDE5 in human malignant melanoma cells. However, the expression of PDE2 in these cells has not been investigated. Herein, we examined the expression of PDE2A and its role in human oral malignant melanoma PMP cells. Sequencing of RT-PCR products revealed that PDE2A2 was the only variant expressed in PMP cells. Four point mutations were detected; one missense mutation at nucleotide position 734 (from C to T) resulted in the substitution of threonine with isoleucine at amino acid position 214. The other three were silent mutations. An in vitro migration assay and a terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end-labeling assay revealed that suppressing PDE2 activity with its specific inhibitor, erythro-9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl)-adenine (EHNA), had no impact on cell motility or apoptosis. Furthermore, the cytotoxicity of EHNA, assessed using a trypan blue exclusion assay, was negligible. On the other hand, assessment of cell proliferation by BrdU incorporation and cell cycle analysis by flow cytometry revealed that EHNA treatment inhibited DNA synthesis and increased the percentage of G2/M-arrested cells. Furthermore, cyclin A mRNA expression was downregulated, while cyclin E mRNA expression was upregulated in EHNA-treated cells. Our results demonstrated that the PDE2A2 variant carrying point mutations is expressed in PMP cells and may affect cell cycle progression by modulating cyclin A expression. Thus, PDE2A2 is a possible new molecular target for the treatment of malignant melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Morita
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan.
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40
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The role of phosphodiesterases in hippocampal synaptic plasticity. Neuropharmacology 2013; 74:86-95. [PMID: 23357335 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Revised: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Phosphodiesterases (PDEs) degrade cyclic nucleotides, signalling molecules that play important roles in synaptic plasticity and memory. Inhibition of PDEs may therefore enhance synaptic plasticity and memory as a result of elevated levels of these signalling molecules, and this has led to interest in PDE inhibitors as cognitive enhancers. The development of new mouse models in which PDE subtypes have been selectively knocked out and increasing selectivity of PDE antagonists means that this field is currently expanding. Roles for PDE2, 4, 5 and 9 in synaptic plasticity have so far been demonstrated and we review these studies here in the context of cyclic nucleotide signalling more generally. The role of other PDE families in synaptic plasticity has not yet been investigated, and this area promises to advance our understanding of cyclic nucleotide signalling in synaptic plasticity in the future. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Glutamate Receptor-Dependent Synaptic Plasticity'.
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41
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Lee DI, Kass DA. Phosphodiesterases and cyclic GMP regulation in heart muscle. Physiology (Bethesda) 2012; 27:248-58. [PMID: 22875455 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00011.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The cyclic nucleotide cGMP and its corresponding activated kinase cGK-1 serve as a counterbalance to acute and chronic myocardial stress. cGMP hydrolysis by several members of the phosphodiesterase (PDE) superfamily, PDE1, PDE2, and PDE5, regulate this signaling in the heart. This review details new insights regarding how these PDEs modulate cGMP and cGK-1 to influence heart function and chronic stress responses, and how their inhibition may provide potential therapeutic benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong I Lee
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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42
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Stephenson DT, Coskran TM, Kelly MP, Kleiman RJ, Morton D, O'neill SM, Schmidt CJ, Weinberg RJ, Menniti FS. The distribution of phosphodiesterase 2A in the rat brain. Neuroscience 2012; 226:145-55. [PMID: 23000621 PMCID: PMC4409981 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2012] [Revised: 09/01/2012] [Accepted: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are a superfamily of enzymes that regulate spatio-temporal signaling by the intracellular second messengers cAMP and cGMP. PDE2A is expressed at high levels in the mammalian brain. To advance our understanding of the role of this enzyme in regulation of neuronal signaling, we here describe the distribution of PDE2A in the rat brain. PDE2A mRNA was prominently expressed in glutamatergic pyramidal cells in cortex, and in pyramidal and dentate granule cells in the hippocampus. Protein concentrated in the axons and nerve terminals of these neurons; staining was markedly weaker in the cell bodies and proximal dendrites. In addition, in both hippocampus and cortex, small populations of non-pyramidal cells, presumed to be interneurons, were strongly immunoreactive. PDE2A mRNA was expressed in medium spiny neurons in neostriatum. Little immunoreactivity was observed in cell bodies, whereas dense immunoreactivity was found in the axon tracts of these neurons and their terminal regions in globus pallidus and substantia nigra pars reticulata. Immunostaining was dense in the medial habenula, but weak in other diencephalic regions. In midbrain and hindbrain, immunostaining was restricted to discrete regions of the neuropil or clusters of cell bodies. These results suggest that PDE2A may modulate cortical, hippocampal and striatal networks at several levels. Preferential distribution of PDE2A into axons and terminals of the principal neurons suggests roles in regulation of axonal excitability or transmitter release. The enzyme is also in forebrain interneurons, and in mid- and hindbrain neurons that may modulate forebrain networks and circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. T. Stephenson
- Neuroscience Biology, Pfizer Global Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - T. M. Coskran
- Investigative Pathology, Pfizer Global Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - M. P. Kelly
- Neuroscience Biology, Pfizer Global Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - R. J. Kleiman
- Neuroscience Biology, Pfizer Global Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - D. Morton
- Toxologic Pathology, Pfizer Global Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - S. M. O'neill
- Neuroscience Biology, Pfizer Global Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - C. J. Schmidt
- Neuroscience Biology, Pfizer Global Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - R. J. Weinberg
- Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - F. S. Menniti
- Neuroscience Biology, Pfizer Global Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA
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Noel S, Dhooghe B, Leal T. PDE5 Inhibitors as Potential Tools in the Treatment of Cystic Fibrosis. Front Pharmacol 2012; 3:167. [PMID: 23024633 PMCID: PMC3444771 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2012.00167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Accepted: 08/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite great advances in the understanding of the genetics and pathophysiology of cystic fibrosis (CF), there is still no cure for the disease. Using phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitors, we and others have provided evidence of rescued F508del-CFTR trafficking and corrected deficient chloride transport activity. Studies using PDE5 inhibitors in mice homozygous for the clinically relevant F508del mutation have been conducted with the aim of restoring F508del-CFTR protein function. We demonstrated, by measuring transepithelial nasal potential difference in F508del mice following intraperitoneal injection of sildenafil, vardenafil, or taladafil at clinical doses are able to restore the decreased CFTR-dependent chloride transport across the nasal mucosa. Moreover, vardenafil, but not sildenafil, stimulates chloride transport through the normal CFTR protein. We developed a specific nebulizer setup for mice, with which we demonstrated, through a single inhalation of PDE5 inhibitors, local activation of CFTR protein in CF. Significant potential advantages of inhalation drug therapy over oral or intravenous routes include rapid onset of pharmacological action, reduced systemic secondary effects, and reduced effective drug doses compared to the drug delivered orally; this underlines the relevance and impact of our work for translational science. More recently, we analyzed the bronchoalveolar lavage of CF and wild-type mice for cell infiltrates and expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines; we found that the CFTR activating effect of vardenafil, selected as a representative long-lasting PDE5 inhibitor, breaks the vicious circle of lung inflammation which plays a major role in morbi-mortality in CF. Our data highlight the potential use of PDE5 inhibitors in CF. Therapeutic approaches using clinically approved PDE5 inhibitors to address F508del-CFTR defects could speed up the development of new therapies for CF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Noel
- Louvain Centre for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Secteur des Sciences de la Santé, Université Catholique de Louvain Brussels, Belgium
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cGMP-cAMP interplay in cardiac myocytes: a local affair with far-reaching consequences for heart function. Biochem Soc Trans 2012; 40:11-4. [PMID: 22260658 DOI: 10.1042/bst20110655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
cAMP and cGMP signalling pathways are common targets in the pharmacological treatment of heart failure, and often drugs that modulate the level of these second messengers are simultaneously administered to patients. cGMP can potentially affect cAMP levels by modulating the activity of PDEs (phosphodiesterases), the enzymes that degrade cyclic nucleotides. This biochemical cross-talk provides the means for drugs that increase cGMP to concomitantly affect cAMP signals. Recent studies using FRET (fluorescence resonance energy transfer) reporters and real-time imaging show that, in cardiac myocytes, the interplay between cGMP and cAMP has different outcomes depending on the specific location where the cross-modulation occurs. cGMP can either increase or decrease the cAMP response to catecholamines, based on the cyclase that generates it and on the PDEs associated with each subcellular compartment. cGMP-mediated modulation of cAMP signals has functional relevance as it affects protein phosphorylation downstream of protein kinase A and myocyte contractility. The physical separation of positive and negative modulation of cAMP levels by cGMP offers the previously unrecognized possibility to selectively modulate local cAMP signals to improve the efficacy of therapy.
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Weedon-Fekjær MS, Taskén K. Review: Spatiotemporal dynamics of hCG/cAMP signaling and regulation of placental function. Placenta 2011; 33 Suppl:S87-91. [PMID: 22103973 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2011.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2011] [Revised: 11/02/2011] [Accepted: 11/03/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The pregnancy hormone human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is essential to sustain early pregnancy and involved in regulation of progesterone production, decidualization, and cytotrophoblast differentiation. It binds to and activates the G-protein coupled luteinizing hormone/hCG-receptor, activating the cAMP/protein kinase A (PKA) pathway which results in the phosphorylation of specific intracellular target proteins. Specificity in cAMP signaling is ensured by generation of localized pools of cAMP controlled by phosphodiesterases and by discrete spatial and temporal activation of PKA in supramolecular signaling clusters inside the cell organized by A-kinase-anchoring proteins. Here we discuss spatiotemporal regulation of PKA signaling in response to hCG controlling placental function.
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Acin-Perez R, Russwurm M, Günnewig K, Gertz M, Zoidl G, Ramos L, Buck J, Levin LR, Rassow J, Manfredi G, Steegborn C. A phosphodiesterase 2A isoform localized to mitochondria regulates respiration. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:30423-30432. [PMID: 21724846 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.266379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are central organelles in cellular energy metabolism, apoptosis, and aging processes. A signaling network regulating these functions was recently shown to include soluble adenylyl cyclase as a local source of the second messenger cAMP in the mitochondrial matrix. However, a mitochondrial cAMP-degrading phosphodiesterase (PDE) necessary for switching off this cAMP signal has not yet been identified. Here, we describe the identification and characterization of a PDE2A isoform in mitochondria from rodent liver and brain. We find that mitochondrial PDE2A is located in the matrix and that the unique N terminus of PDE2A isoform 2 specifically leads to mitochondrial localization of this isoform. Functional assays show that mitochondrial PDE2A forms a local signaling system with soluble adenylyl cyclase in the matrix, which regulates the activity of the respiratory chain. Our findings complete a cAMP signaling cascade in mitochondria and have implications for understanding the regulation of mitochondrial processes and for their pharmacological modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca Acin-Perez
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York 10065
| | - Michael Russwurm
- the Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Kathrin Günnewig
- Physiological Chemistry, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Melanie Gertz
- Physiological Chemistry, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany; Department of Biochemistry, University of Bayreuth, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Georg Zoidl
- Department of Neuroanatomy and Molecular Brain Research, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Lavoisier Ramos
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York 10021
| | - Jochen Buck
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York 10021
| | - Lonny R Levin
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York 10021
| | - Joachim Rassow
- Physiological Chemistry, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Giovanni Manfredi
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York 10065
| | - Clemens Steegborn
- Physiological Chemistry, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany; Department of Biochemistry, University of Bayreuth, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany.
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Durand J, Lampron A, Mazzuco TL, Chapman A, Bourdeau I. Characterization of differential gene expression in adrenocortical tumors harboring beta-catenin (CTNNB1) mutations. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011; 96:E1206-11. [PMID: 21565795 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2010-2143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mutations of β-catenin gene (CTNNB1) are frequent in adrenocortical adenomas (AA) and adrenocortical carcinomas (ACC). However, the target genes of β-catenin have not yet been identified in adrenocortical tumors. OBJECTIVE Our objective was to identify genes deregulated in adrenocortical tumors harboring CTNNB1 genetic alterations and nuclear accumulation of β-catenin. METHODS Microarray analysis identified a dataset of genes that were differently expressed between AA with CTNNB1 mutations and wild-type (WT) tumors. Within this dataset, the expression profiles of five genes were validated by real time-PCR (RT-PCR) in a cohort of 34 adrenocortical tissues (six AA and one ACC with CTNNB1 mutations, 13 AA and four ACC with WT CTNNB1, and 10 normal adrenal glands) and two human ACC cell lines. We then studied the effects of suppressing β-catenin transcriptional activity with the T-cell factor/β-catenin inhibitors PKF115-584 and PNU74654 on gene expression in H295R and SW13 cells. RESULTS RT-PCR analysis confirmed the overexpression of ISM1, RALBP1, and PDE2A and the down-regulation of PHYHIP in five of six AA harboring CTNNB1 mutations compared with WT AA (n = 13) and normal adrenal glands (n = 10). RALBP1 and PDE2A overexpression was also confirmed at the protein level by Western blotting analysis in mutated tumors. ENC1 was specifically overexpressed in three of three AA harboring CTNNB1 point mutations. mRNA expression and protein levels of RALBP1, PDE2A, and ENC1 were decreased in a dose-dependent manner in H295R cells after treatment with PKF115-584 or PNU74654. CONCLUSION This study identified candidate genes deregulated in CTNNB1-mutated adrenocortical tumors that may lead to a better understanding of the role of the Wnt-β-catenin pathway in adrenocortical tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Durand
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal-Hôtel-Dieu, 3850 Saint Urbain Street, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Francis SH, Blount MA, Corbin JD. Mammalian Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases: Molecular Mechanisms and Physiological Functions. Physiol Rev 2011; 91:651-90. [DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00030.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 451] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The superfamily of cyclic nucleotide (cN) phosphodiesterases (PDEs) is comprised of 11 families of enzymes. PDEs break down cAMP and/or cGMP and are major determinants of cellular cN levels and, consequently, the actions of cN-signaling pathways. PDEs exhibit a range of catalytic efficiencies for breakdown of cAMP and/or cGMP and are regulated by myriad processes including phosphorylation, cN binding to allosteric GAF domains, changes in expression levels, interaction with regulatory or anchoring proteins, and reversible translocation among subcellular compartments. Selective PDE inhibitors are currently in clinical use for treatment of erectile dysfunction, pulmonary hypertension, intermittent claudication, and chronic pulmonary obstructive disease; many new inhibitors are being developed for treatment of these and other maladies. Recently reported x-ray crystallographic structures have defined features that provide for specificity for cAMP or cGMP in PDE catalytic sites or their GAF domains, as well as mechanisms involved in catalysis, oligomerization, autoinhibition, and interactions with inhibitors. In addition, major advances have been made in understanding the physiological impact and the biochemical basis for selective localization and/or recruitment of specific PDE isoenzymes to particular subcellular compartments. The many recent advances in understanding PDE structures, functions, and physiological actions are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharron H. Francis
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee; and Department of Medicine-Renal Division, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Mitsi A. Blount
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee; and Department of Medicine-Renal Division, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jackie D. Corbin
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee; and Department of Medicine-Renal Division, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
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Francis SH, Sekhar KR, Ke H, Corbin JD. Inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases by methylxanthines and related compounds. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2011:93-133. [PMID: 20859794 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-13443-2_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Naturally occurring methylxanthines were the first inhibitors of cyclic nucleotide (cN) phosphodiesterases (PDEs) to be discovered. To improve potency and specificity for inhibition of various PDEs in research and for treatment of diseases, thousands of compounds with related structures have now been synthesized. All known PDE inhibitors contain one or more rings that mimic the purine in the cN substrate and directly compete with cN for access to the catalytic site; this review focuses on inhibitors that contain a nucleus that is closely related to the xanthine ring of theophylline and caffeine and the purine ring of cNs. The specificity and potency of these compounds for blocking PDE action have been improved by appending groups at positions on the rings as well as by modification of the number and distribution of nitrogens and carbons in those rings. Several of these inhibitors are highly selective for particular PDEs; potent and largely selective PDE5 inhibitors are used clinically for treatment of erectile dysfunction [sildenafil (Viagra™), tadalafil (Cialis™) and vardenafil (Levitra™)] and pulmonary hypertension [sildenafil (Revatio™) and tadalafil (Adenocirca)]. Related compounds target other PDEs and show therapeutic promise for a number of maladies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharron H Francis
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232-0615, USA.
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Yang B, Hamza A, Chen G, Wang Y, Zhan CG. Computational determination of binding structures and free energies of phosphodiesterase-2 with benzo[1,4]diazepin-2-one derivatives. J Phys Chem B 2010; 114:16020-8. [PMID: 21077589 PMCID: PMC3072033 DOI: 10.1021/jp1086416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Phosphodiesterase-2 (PDE2) is a key enzyme catalyzing hydrolysis of both cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) that serve as intracellular second messengers. PDE2 has been recognized as an attractive drug target, and selective inhibitors of PDE2 are expected to be promising candidates for the memory enhancer, antidepressant, and anxiolytic agent. In the present study, we examined the detailed binding structures and free energies for PDE2 interacting with a promising series of inhibitors, i.e., benzo[1,4]diazepin-2-one derivatives, by carrying out molecular docking, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, binding free energy calculations, and binding energy decompositions. The computational results provide valuable insights into the detailed enzyme-inhibitor binding modes including important intermolecular interactions, e.g., the π-π stacking interactions with the common benzo[1,4]diazepin-2-one scaffold of the inhibitors, hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions with the substituents on the benzo[1,4]diazepin-2-one scaffold. Future rational design of new, more potent inhibitors of PDE2 should carefully account for all of these favorable intermolecular interactions. By use of the MD-simulated binding structures, the calculated binding free energies are in good agreement with the experimental activity data for all of the examined benzo[1,4]diazepin-2-one derivatives. The enzyme-inhibitor binding modes determined and the agreement between the calculated and experimental results are expected to be valuable for future rational design of more potent inhibitors of PDE2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, Kentucky 40536
| | - Adel Hamza
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, Kentucky 40536
| | - Guangju Chen
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
| | - Chang-Guo Zhan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, Kentucky 40536
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