1
|
Denghel H, Göen T. Comprehensive monitoring of a special mixture of prominent endocrine disrupting chemicals in human urine using a carefully adjusted hydrolysis of conjugates. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:555-570. [PMID: 36435840 PMCID: PMC9839815 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04438-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Many xenobiotics were identified as possible endocrine disruptors during the last decades. Structural analogy of these substances to natural hormones may lead to agonists or antagonists of hormone receptors. For a comprehensive human biomonitoring of such substances, we developed a simple, reliable, and highly sensitive method for the simultaneous monitoring of the parameters bisphenol A, triclosan, methylparaben, ethylparaben, propylparaben, butylparaben, benzophenone-1, benzophenone-3, 3,5,6-trichloropyridin-2-ol, p-nitrophenol, genistein, and daidzein in urine. Thereby, optimization of the enzymatic hydrolysis and the use of β-glucuronidase from E. coli K12 as well as sulfatase from Aerobacter aerogenes ensures the acquisition of intact analytes without cleavage of ester bonds among parabens. Validation of the method revealed limits of detection between 0.02 and 0.25 µg/L as well as limits of quantification between 0.08 and 0.83 µg/L. Thereby, the use of analyte-free surrogate matrix for calibration and control material influenced the sensitivity of the procedure positively. Furthermore, excellent precision in and between series was observed. Good absolute and relative recoveries additionally proved the robustness of the multimethod. Thus, the procedure can be applied for exploring the exposome to these prominent endocrine disruptors in the general population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heike Denghel
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestraße 9-11, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thomas Göen
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestraße 9-11, 91054, Erlangen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Olejnik P, Gniadek M, Echegoyen L, Plonska‐Brzezinska ME. A Nanocomposite Containing Carbon Nano‐onions and Polyaniline Nanotubes as a Novel Electrode Material for Electrochemical Sensing of Daidzein. ELECTROANAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.202060468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Olejnik
- Faculty of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine Medical University of Bialystok Mickiewicza 2A 15-222 Bialystok Poland
| | - Marianna Gniadek
- Department of Chemistry University of Warsaw Pasteur 1 02-093 Warsaw Poland
| | - Luis Echegoyen
- Department of Chemistry University of Texas at El Paso 500 W. University Ave. El Paso TX 79968
| | - Marta E. Plonska‐Brzezinska
- Faculty of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine Medical University of Bialystok Mickiewicza 2A 15-222 Bialystok Poland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Traipop S, Chuanuwatanakul S, Chailapakul O, Punrat E. Facile and Fast Detection of Genistein in Derris scandens by Square Wave Voltammetry using a Cobalt(II) Phthalocyanine-Modified Screen-Printed Electrochemical Sensor. CURR ANAL CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1573411014666180521091053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Background:
Recently, Derris scandens, a Thai herbal medicine with anti-inflammatory
activity, is widely used as beverage and supplementary food. When the traditional medicine is a
choice for health therapy, the simple and reliable equipment is required to control the suitable consuming
amount of the active component.
Objective:
To develop the electrochemical sensor for genistein determination in Derris scandens with
high sensitivity and rapid operation.
Methods:
An in-house screen-printed electrochemical sensor consisting of a three-electrode system
was developed for genistein determination. A silver/silver chloride (Ag/AgCl) reference electrode, a
carbon counter electrode and a carbon working electrode were prepared on a 0.3-mm-thick plastic
substrate by the screen-printing technique using conductive ink. The dimensions of each sensor were
2.5×1.0 cm. Only 50 µL of sample solution was required on this device for the determination of
genistein concentration by rapid response square wave voltammetry.
Results:
The oxidation peak of genistein appeared with good response in acidic media at a peak potential
of 0.6 V. Moreover, the signal was enhanced by modifying the conductive carbon ink with cobalt(
II) phthalocyanine. Under the optimized conditions, the linear range was found to be 2.5-150 µM
and the detection limit was 1.5 µM. Moreover, the small volume extraction was successfully developed
without any further pre-concentration. This proposed method was applied to determine genistein
in Derris scandens with satisfying results.
Conclusion:
The proposed method is promising as an alternative method for genistein determination
with facile and fast analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Surinya Traipop
- Electrochemistry and Optical Spectroscopy Center of Excellent, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Suchada Chuanuwatanakul
- Electrochemistry and Optical Spectroscopy Center of Excellent, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Orawon Chailapakul
- Electrochemistry and Optical Spectroscopy Center of Excellent, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Eakkasit Punrat
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Ramkhamhaeng University, Bangkok, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Choi YR, Shim J, Kim MJ. Genistin: A Novel Potent Anti-Adipogenic and Anti-Lipogenic Agent. Molecules 2020; 25:E2042. [PMID: 32349444 PMCID: PMC7248826 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25092042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Soy isoflavones are popular ingredients with anti-adipogenic and anti-lipogenic properties. The anti-adipogenic and anti-lipogenic properties of genistein are well-known, but those of genistin and glycitein remain unknown, and those of daidzein are characterized by contrasting data. Therefore, the purpose of our study was to investigate the effects of daidzein, glycitein, genistein, and genistin on adipogenesis and lipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells. Proliferation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes was unaffected by genistin and glycitein, but it was affected by 50 and 100 µM genistein and 100 µM daidzein for 48 h. Among the four isoflavones, only 50 and 100 µM genistin and genistein markedly suppressed lipid accumulation during adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells through a similar signaling pathway in a dose-dependent manner. Genistin and genistein suppress adipocyte-specific proteins and genes, such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein α (C/EBPα), and adipocyte binding protein 2 (aP2)/fatty acid-binding protein 4 (FABP4), and lipogenic enzymes such as ATP citrate lyase (ACL), acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 (ACC1), and fatty acid synthase (FAS). Both isoflavones also activate AMP-activated protein kinase α (AMPKα), an essential factor in adipocyte differentiation, and inhibited sterol regulatory element-binding transcription factor 1c (SREBP-1c). These results indicate that genistin is a potent anti-adipogenic and anti-lipogenic agent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yae Rim Choi
- Research Division of Food Functionality, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju 55365, Korea (J.S.)
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Jaewon Shim
- Research Division of Food Functionality, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju 55365, Korea (J.S.)
| | - Min Jung Kim
- Research Division of Food Functionality, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju 55365, Korea (J.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Saha S, Kroon PA. A Simple and Rapid LC-MS/MS Method for Quantification of Total Daidzein, Genistein, and Equol in Human Urine. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2020; 2020:2359397. [PMID: 32399306 PMCID: PMC7201686 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2359397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Isoflavones and isoflavandiols have shown many health benefits, such as reducing cardiovascular disease, cancer, age-related disease, and osteoporosis. However, to investigate the relationships between consumption of isoflavones and their health benefits, it is important to be able to accurately quantify exposure in the large numbers of samples typically produced in association studies (i.e., several thousands). Current methods rely on solid-phase extraction protocols for sample cleanup, resulting in protracted extraction and analysis times. Here, we describe a fast and easy sample preparation method of human urine samples for subsequent quantification of daidzein, genistein (isoflavones), and equol (isoflavandiol) using LC-MS/MS. Sample preparation involves only the addition of dimethylformamide (DMF) and formic acid (FA) after enzymatic hydrolysis of their metabolites by a β-glucuronidase and sulfatase mixture. The method was validated by precision, linearity, accuracy, recoveries, limit of detection (LOD), and limit of quantification (LOQ). Linear calibration curves have been shown by daidzein, genistein, and equol. The correlation coefficients values are r 2 > 0.99 for daidzein, genistein, and equol. LOD for daidzein and genistein was 1 ng/ml and equol was 2 ng/ml. Recoveries were >90%, and the relative standard deviation for intraday (<10%) and interday (≤20% over 10 days) was good. This method is suitable for quantification of isoflavones and the microbial metabolite equol in human urine and is particularly useful where large numbers of samples require analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shikha Saha
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UQ, UK
| | - Paul A Kroon
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UQ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
S-equol glucuronidation in liver and intestinal microsomes of humans, monkeys, dogs, rats, and mice. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 131:110542. [PMID: 31163218 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.05.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 05/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
S-equol, an active metabolite of the soy isoflavone daidzein, is mainly metabolized into glucuronide(s) by UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) enzymes in mammals. In the present study, S-equol glucuronidation was examined in the liver and intestinal microsomes of humans, monkeys, dogs, rats, and mice using a kinetic analysis. CLint values for 7- and 4'-glucuronidation by liver microsomes were higher than those by intestinal microsomes in all species. CLint values for total glucuronidation (sum of 7- and 4'-glucuronidation) were rats (7.6) > monkeys (5.8) > mice (4.9) > dogs (2.8) > humans (1.0) for liver microsomes, and rats (9.6) > mice (2.8) > dogs (1.3) ≥ monkeys (1.2) > humans (1.0) for intestinal microsomes, respectively. Regarding regioselective glucuronidation by liver and intestinal microsomes, CLint values were 7-glucuronidation > 4'-glucuronidation for humans, monkeys, dogs, and mice, and 4'-glucuronidation > 7-glucuronidation for rats. These results suggest that the metabolic abilities of UGT enzymes toward S-equol in the liver and intestines markedly differ among humans, monkeys, dogs, rats, and mice.
Collapse
|
7
|
Hanioka N, Ohkawara S, Isobe T, Ochi S, Tanaka-Kagawa T, Jinno H. Regioselective glucuronidation of daidzein in liver and intestinal microsomes of humans, monkeys, rats, and mice. Arch Toxicol 2018; 92:2809-2817. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-018-2265-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
8
|
Reger MK, Zollinger TW, Liu Z, Jones JF, Zhang J. Dietary intake of isoflavones and coumestrol and the risk of prostate cancer in the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial. Int J Cancer 2017; 142:719-728. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.31095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2017] [Revised: 09/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael K. Reger
- Department of Epidemiology; Indiana University Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health; Indianapolis IN
- College of Health Professions; Ferris State University; Big Rapids MI
| | - Terrell W. Zollinger
- Department of Epidemiology; Indiana University Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health; Indianapolis IN
| | - Ziyue Liu
- Department of Biostatistics; Indiana University Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health and School of Medicine; Indianapolis IN
| | - Josette F. Jones
- Department of Health Informatics, School of Informatics and Computing; Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis; Indianapolis IN
| | - Jianjun Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology; Indiana University Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health; Indianapolis IN
- Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center; Indianapolis IN
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Gardana C, Simonetti P. Long-term kinetics of daidzein and its main metabolites in human equol-producers after soymilk intake: identification of equol-conjugates by UPLC-orbitrap-MS and influence of the number of transforming bacteria on plasma kinetics. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2016; 68:496-506. [PMID: 27851886 DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2016.1256380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The main aim of the study was to establish in vivo a correlation between equol (EQU) production and a number of intestinal bacteria able to perform the transformation. Thus, healthy female volunteers were selected for their ability to convert slowly (n = 6, 105-109 cells/g wet feces) or quickly (n = 6, 1010-1012 cells/g wet feces) daidzein (DAI) in EQU. After oral administration of 100 mg DAI in soymilk, plasma (0-99 h) and urine (0-96 h) samples were collected. DAI and its metabolites were determined by LC-MS/MS and EQU -conjugates by UPLC-High Resolution-MS. Only for EQU a direct correlation was found between the number of transforming microorganisms and parameters such as tmax and t1/2 (p = 0.027). Peak serum concentration time, Cmax, AUC0-72 h and t1/2 for total EQU (n = 12) were 36 ± 10 h, 89 ± 78 nM, 2.4 ± 1.7 (μmol × h/L) and 15.6 ± 3.3 h, respectively. In plasma and urine EQU was found mainly as 7-O-glucuronide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Gardana
- a Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, Division of Human Nutrition , Università degli Studi di Milano , Milano , Italy
| | - Paolo Simonetti
- a Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, Division of Human Nutrition , Università degli Studi di Milano , Milano , Italy
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Jiang H, Liao X, Wood CM, Xiao CW, Feng YL. A robust analytical method for measurement of phytoestrogens and related metabolites in serum with liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1012-1013:106-12. [PMID: 26815920 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive and robust method using high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) was developed for quantitation of 13 phytoestrogens and related metabolites in rat serum samples. A new type of column, the Kinetex core-shell C18 column, was applied for rapid separation of the target analytes in 10min. Two enzymes, sulfatase H-1 and gulcuronidase H-5 from Helix pomatia were compared on the efficiency of releasing the conjugated forms of the target analytes to their free forms in serum samples. The method detection limit (MDL) defined as three times the signal to noise ratio in spiked serum matrix-based solutions was in the range of 0.1-3.5ng/mL. The linear dynamic calibration was in the broad range of 0.2-500ng/mL for all target compounds. Thirty-two rat serum samples from the rats that were fed with diets containing either casein or soy protein isolates with various amounts of isoflavones for 8 weeks were analyzed for the target analytes with the developed method. Nine target analytes were detected in the serum samples. Those detectable compounds are all the metabolites of the dietary isoflavones, suggesting that the diet isoflavones were mostly metabolized to their metabolites in rat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Jiang
- College of Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; Exposure and Biomonitoring Division, Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, 50 Columbine Driveway, AL: 0800C, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0K9, Canada; Nutrition Research Division, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, 251 Sir Frederick Banting Driveway, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Xiangjun Liao
- Exposure and Biomonitoring Division, Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, 50 Columbine Driveway, AL: 0800C, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Carla M Wood
- Nutrition Research Division, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, 251 Sir Frederick Banting Driveway, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Chao-Wu Xiao
- Nutrition Research Division, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, 251 Sir Frederick Banting Driveway, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0K9, Canada.
| | - Yong-Lai Feng
- Exposure and Biomonitoring Division, Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, 50 Columbine Driveway, AL: 0800C, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0K9, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Redruello B, Guadamuro L, Cuesta I, Álvarez-Buylla JR, Mayo B, Delgado S. A novel UHPLC method for the rapid and simultaneous determination of daidzein, genistein and equol in human urine. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2015; 1005:1-8. [PMID: 26444491 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
This work reports on a novel method involving reverse-phased ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) plus a spectrophotometric photodiode array/fluorescence (FLR) detection system for determining the concentration of equol and major soy isoflavones (daidzein and genistein) in human urine. The proposed method was validated in terms of its linearity, sensitivity, accuracy (recovery) and precision (intra- and inter-day repeatability). The isoflavone profiles of urine samples from a group of menopausal women following oral soy isoflavone supplementation were determined and compared. Screening for equol-producer status was accomplished with high sensitivity (detection limit of the FLR detector 2.93nM). The method involves a short chromatographic run time compared to conventional HPLC methods while allowing for the simultaneous and reliable quantification of daidzein, genistein and equol in human urine. It also allows for the rapid screening of multiple urine samples when testing for equol production status and checking patient adherence to isoflavone treatment regimens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Begoña Redruello
- Servicios Científico-Técnicos Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPLA-CSIC), Paseo Río Linares s/n, 33300-Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain
| | - Lucía Guadamuro
- Departamento de Microbiología y Bioquímica, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPLA-CSIC), Paseo Río Linares s/n, 33300-Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain
| | - Isabel Cuesta
- Servicios Científico-Técnicos Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPLA-CSIC), Paseo Río Linares s/n, 33300-Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain
| | - Jorge R Álvarez-Buylla
- Servicios Científico-Técnicos Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPLA-CSIC), Paseo Río Linares s/n, 33300-Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain
| | - Baltasar Mayo
- Departamento de Microbiología y Bioquímica, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPLA-CSIC), Paseo Río Linares s/n, 33300-Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain
| | - Susana Delgado
- Departamento de Microbiología y Bioquímica, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPLA-CSIC), Paseo Río Linares s/n, 33300-Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Reger MK, Zollinger TW, Liu Z, Jones J, Zhang J. Urinary phytoestrogens and cancer, cardiovascular, and all-cause mortality in the continuous National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Eur J Nutr 2015; 55:1029-40. [PMID: 25943648 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-015-0917-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Experimental studies suggest that phytoestrogen intake alters cancer and cardiovascular risk. This study investigated the associations of urinary phytoestrogens with total cancer (n = 79), cardiovascular (n = 108), and all-cause (n = 290) mortality among 5179 participants in the continuous National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1999-2004). METHODS Urinary phytoestrogens were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometric detection. Survival analysis was performed to evaluate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) for each of the three outcomes in relation to urinary phytoestrogens. RESULTS After adjustment for confounders, higher urinary concentrations of total enterolignans were associated with a reduced risk of death from cardiovascular disease (HR for tertile 3 vs. tertile 1 0.48; 95 % CI 0.24, 0.97), whereas higher urinary concentrations of total isoflavones (HR for tertile 3 vs. tertile 1 2.14; 95 % CI 1.03, 4.47) and daidzein (HR for tertile 3 vs. tertile 1 2.05; 95 % CI 1.02, 4.11) were associated with an increased risk. A reduction in all-cause mortality was observed for elevated urinary concentrations of total enterolignans (HR for tertile 3 vs. tertile 1 0.65; 95 % CI 0.43, 0.96) and enterolactone (HR for tertile 3 vs. tertile 1 0.65; 95 % CI 0.44, 0.97). CONCLUSIONS Some urinary phytoestrogens were associated with cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in a representative sample of the US population. This is one of the first studies that used urinary phytoestrogens as biomarkers of their dietary intake to evaluate the effect of these bioactive compounds on the risk of death from cancer and cardiovascular disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael K Reger
- Department of Epidemiology, Indiana University Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health, 714 N Senate Avenue, Suite EF250F, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.,College of Health Professions, Ferris State University, Big Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Terrell W Zollinger
- Department of Epidemiology, Indiana University Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health, 714 N Senate Avenue, Suite EF250F, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Ziyue Liu
- Department of Biostatistics, Indiana University Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health and School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Josette Jones
- Department of Health Informatics, School of Informatics and Computing, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Jianjun Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, Indiana University Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health, 714 N Senate Avenue, Suite EF250F, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA. .,Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Sanmuga Priya E, Senthamil Selvan P, Marudhupandian K. Comparative analysis of isoflavone and protein content in different varieties of Glycine max(L.) Merrill. JPC-J PLANAR CHROMAT 2015. [DOI: 10.1556/jpc.28.2015.1.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
14
|
Puri A, Panda BP. Simultaneous estimation of glycosidic isoflavones in fermented and unfermented soybeans by TLC-densitometric method. J Chromatogr Sci 2015; 53:338-44. [PMID: 24872524 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmu045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
A simple, accurate and rapid high-performance thin-layer chromatographic (HPTLC) method for the simultaneous quantification of three glycosidic isoflavones (daidzin, genistin and glycitin) in soybean (Glycine max L.) has been established and validated. Chromatography was performed on aluminum foil-backed silica gel 60 F254 HPTLC plates and found compact spots for daidzin, genistin and glycitin (Rf value of 0.39, 0.51 and 0.32, respectively) with mobile phase toluene : ethyl acetate : formic acid : acetic acid in the ratio of 1 : 8 : 1 : 0.5, v/v/v/v. Ultraviolet detection was performed densitometrically at the maximum absorbance wavelength, 260 nm. The method was validated for precision, recovery, robustness, specificity, limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ), in accordance with the ICH guidelines. The LOD (2.9, 19.3 and 3.5 µg mL(-1)), LOQ (9.03, 58.6 and 10.7 µg mL(-1)), recovery (95.9-106.66, 86.97-106.56 and 98.54-105.65%) and precision (≤2.12, ≤0.722 and ≤0.066) were satisfactory for glycosidic form of isoflavones daidzin, genistin and glycitin, respectively. Soybean variety Kh-09 bragg was found to have relatively higher amount of glycosidic isoflavones, namely daidzin, genistin and glycitin 278, 597.5 and 109.4 µg g(-1), respectively, and after fermentation the glycosidic isoflavones concentration in soybean fermented with Bacillus subtilis strain were decreased significantly after 24 h of incubation; conversely, aglycone isoflavones were increased significantly. The method for quantification of isoflavones in unfermented and fermented soybeans, with good resolution has been developed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alka Puri
- Microbial and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Laboratory, Centre of Advance Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Bibhu P Panda
- Microbial and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Laboratory, Centre of Advance Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Legette L, Prasain J, King J, Arabshahi A, Barnes S, Weaver CM. Pharmacokinetics of equol, a soy isoflavone metabolite, changes with the form of equol (dietary versus intestinal production) in ovariectomized rats. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:1294-300. [PMID: 24446705 PMCID: PMC3983397 DOI: 10.1021/jf400097m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent findings indicate that soy isoflavones and their metabolites may play a role in mitigating postmenopausal bone loss. Equol, a metabolite of the soy isoflavone daidzein produced by intestinal bacteria, has shown some potential, but only 30-50% of the U.S. population is capable of converting dietary daidzein to equol. There are limited data on the pharmacokinetics of dietary racemic equol and its metabolites. This study was conducted to assess the levels of equol and its conjugates in plasma for a 24 h period resulting from oral administration of dietary daidzein and racemic equol in ovariectomized Sprague-Dawley rats. Plasma samples were analyzed for conjugated and free forms of equol using LC-MS/MS. The maximum plasma concentration (C(max)) and time to reach it (t(max)) for total equol (conjugated and unconjugated) were 8815 ± 2988 nmol/L and 2.17 ± 2.91 h and 3682 ± 2675 nmol/L and 20.67 ± 4.67 h, for dietary equol and daidzein, respectively. Although the majority of equol metabolites present were glucuronide conjugates (≥99%), there were low levels of equol monosulfate present. The changes in equol metabolism, specifically equol conjugates, due to the form of equol may play a role in the potential health benefits of equol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- LeeCole
L. Legette
- Department
of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Jeevan Prasain
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Targeted Metabolomics
and Proteomics
Laboratory, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States
| | - Jennifer King
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Targeted Metabolomics
and Proteomics
Laboratory, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States
| | - Ali Arabshahi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Targeted Metabolomics
and Proteomics
Laboratory, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States
| | - Stephen Barnes
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Targeted Metabolomics
and Proteomics
Laboratory, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States
| | - Connie M. Weaver
- Department
of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- (C.M.W.) Phone: (765) 494-8237. Fax: (765) 494-0674. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Takasugi M, Shimada K, Yamada K, Arai H. Effects of Soybean Isoflavones on the Release of Chemical Mediators from Rat Peritoneal Exudate Cells by Allergic Reaction in Vitro. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH 2014. [DOI: 10.3136/fstr.20.725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
17
|
Tamames-Tabar C, Imbuluzqueta E, Campanero M, Horcajada P, Blanco-Prieto M. A simple and robust high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to a diode-array detector method for the analysis of genistein in mouse tissues. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2013; 935:47-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Revised: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
18
|
|
19
|
The steady-state serum concentration of genistein aglycone is affected by formulation: a bioequivalence study of bone products. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2012; 2013:273498. [PMID: 23484100 PMCID: PMC3591111 DOI: 10.1155/2013/273498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Revised: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 11/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
An FDA-regulated, prescription medical food (Fosteum; 27 mg natural genistein, 200 IU cholecalciferol, 20 mg citrated zinc bisglycinate (4 mg elemental zinc) per capsule) and an over-the-counter (OTC) supplement (Citracal Plus Bone Density Builder; 27 mg synthetic genistein, 600 mg elemental calcium (calcium citrate), 400 IU vitamin D3, 50 mg magnesium, 7.5 mg zinc, 1 mg copper, 75 μg molybdenum, 250 μg boron per two tablets) were compared to a clinically proven bone formulation (27 mg natural genistein, 400 IU cholecalciferol, 500 mg elemental calcium (calcium carbonate) per tablet; the Squadrito formulation) in an 8-day steady-state pharmacokinetic (PK) study of healthy postmenopausal women (n = 30) randomized to receive 54 mg of genistein per day. Trough serum samples were obtained before the final dose on the morning of the ninth day followed by sampling at 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, and 96 hrs. Total serum genistein, after β-glucuronidase/sulfatase digestion, was measured by time-resolved fluorometric assay. Maximal time (Tmax), concentration (Cmax), half-life (T1/2), and area under the curve (AUC) were determined for genistein in each formulation. Fosteum and the Squadrito study formulation were equivalent for genistein Tmax (2 hrs), Cmax (0.7 μM), T1/2 (18 ± 6.9 versus 21 ± 4.9 hrs), and AUC (9221 ± 413 versus 9818 ± 1370 ng·hr/mL). The OTC supplement's synthetically derived genistein, however, showed altered Tmax (6 hrs), Cmax (0.57 μM), T1/2 (8.3 ± 1.9 hrs), and AUC (6474 ± 287 ng·hr/mL). Differences in uptake may be due to multiple ingredients in the OTC supplement which interfere with genistein absorption.
Collapse
|
20
|
Feng D, Qiu F, Tong Z, Xie C. Oral Pharmacokinetic Comparison of Different Genistein Tablets in Beagle Dogs. J Chromatogr Sci 2012; 51:335-40. [DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bms145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|
21
|
Comparative study of isoflavones in wild and cultivated soybeans as well as bean products by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry and chemometric techniques. Eur Food Res Technol 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-011-1564-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
22
|
Burnett BP, Pillai L, Bitto A, Squadrito F, Levy RM. Evaluation of CYP450 inhibitory effects and steady-state pharmacokinetics of genistein in combination with cholecalciferol and citrated zinc bisglycinate in postmenopausal women. Int J Womens Health 2011; 3:139-50. [PMID: 21792336 PMCID: PMC3140810 DOI: 10.2147/ijwh.s19309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The combination of genistein 27 mg, cholecalciferol 200 IU, citrated zinc bisglycinate (4 mg elemental zinc) 20 mg per capsule in Fosteum®, a prescription medical food regulated by the FDA and indicated for the dietary management of osteopenia and osteoporosis, was tested for drug interactions and to determine the pharmacokinetic profile for genistein, the principal bone-modulating ingredient in the product. Methods In vitro human liver microsome cytochrome P450 (CYP450) assays were used to test the product for potential drug interactions with the isoforms 1A2, 2C8, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6, and 3A4. Due to specific 2C8 and 2C9 inhibition, a steady-state pharmacokinetic study was performed to assess serum genistein concentrations by high-pressure liquid chromatography-coupled mass spectroscopy in healthy fasting (n = 10) and fed (n = 10) postmenopausal women. Results The product showed minimal inhibition of 1A2, 2C19, 2D6, and 3A4, exhibiting IC50 > 10 μM, but 2C8 and 2C9 yielded IC50 of 2.5 μM and 2.8 μM, respectively, concentrations which are theroretically achievable when dosing the product twice daily. After seven days of administration in a steady-state pharmacokinetic study, significant differences were found for unconjugated genistein (including free and protein-bound), regarding time to peak concentration (1.88 ± 1.36 hours), maximum concentration reached (0.052 ± 0.055 μM), elimination half-life (2.3 ± 1.6 hours), and area under the concentration-time curve (53.75 ± 17.59 ng · hour/mL) compared with results for total genistein (including glucuronidated and sulfonated conjugates) time to peak concentration (2.22 ± 1.09 hours), maximum concentration reached (2.95 ± 1.64 μM), elimination half-life (10.4 ± 4.1 hours), and area under the concentration-time curve (10424 ± 6290 ng · hour/mL) in fasting subjects. Coadministration of food tended to extend the time and extent of absorption as well as slow elimination of genistein, but not in a statistically significant manner. Conclusion Because the serum genistein concentrations achieved during pharmacokinetic testing at therapeutic doses were well below those required for enzyme inhibition in the in vitro liver microsome assays, these results indicate a low potential for drug interactions.
Collapse
|
23
|
Effects of vitamin d plus calcium supplements on pharmacokinetics of isoflavones in thai postmenopausal women. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2011; 2011:895471. [PMID: 21687791 PMCID: PMC3108160 DOI: 10.1155/2011/895471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2010] [Accepted: 02/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the effects of vitamin D3 plus calcium supplements (D3-calcium) on pharmacokinetics of isoflavones in Thai postmenopausal women. This study was an open-labeled, randomized three-phase crossover study. Twelve healthy subjects were randomized to receive one of the following regimens: (a) a single dose of isoflavones, (b) a single dose of isoflavones, and D3-calcium, or (c) continuous D3-calcium for 7 days followed by a single dose of isoflavones on the 8th day. After a washout period, subjects were switched to receive the 2 remaining regimens according to their randomized sequences. Blood samples were collected before dose and at specific time points until 32 hours after isoflavone administration. Plasma was treated with β-glucuronidase/sulfatase to hydrolyze glucuronide and sulfate conjugates of daidzein and genistein. Plasma concentrations of daidzein and genistein were determined by high performance liquid chromatography. The estimated pharmacokinetic parameters of isoflavones were time to maximal plasma concentration (Tmax), maximal plasma concentration (Cmax), half-life (t1/2) and area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC). Tmax of daidzein and genistein after regimen B was significantly longer than that of regimen A. Other pharmacokinetic parameters of daidzein and genistein obtained following the three regimens were not significantly different.
Collapse
|
24
|
Kim MH, Park JS, Jung JW, Byun KW, Kang KS, Lee YS. Daidzein supplementation prevents non-alcoholic fatty liver disease through alternation of hepatic gene expression profiles and adipocyte metabolism. Int J Obes (Lond) 2010; 35:1019-30. [PMID: 21157426 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2010.256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Globally, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) continues to rise and isoflavones exert antisteatotic effects by the regulation of hepatic lipogenesis/insulin resistance or adiposity/a variety of adipocytokines are related to hepatic steatosis. However, there is very little information regarding the potential effects of daidzein, the secondary abundant isoflavone, on NAFLD. Here, we have assessed the hepatic global transcription profiles, adipocytokines and adiposity in mice with high fat-induced NAFLD and their alteration by daidzein supplementation. METHODS C57BL/6J mice were fed with normal fat (16% fat of total energy), high fat (HF; 36% fat of total energy) and HF supplemented with daidzein (0.1, 0.5, 1 and 2 g per kg diet) for 12 weeks. RESULTS Daidzein supplementation (≥ 0.5 g per kg diet) reduced hepatic lipid concentrations and alleviated hepatic steatosis. The hepatic microarray showed that daidzein supplementation (1 g per kg diet) downregulated carbohydrate responsive element binding protein, a determinant of de novo lipogenesis, its upstream gene liver X receptor β and its target genes encoding for lipogenic enzymes, thereby preventing hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance. These results were confirmed by lower insulin and blood glucose levels as well as homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance scores. In addition, daidzein supplementation inhibited adiposity by the upregulation of genes involved in fatty acid β-oxidation and the antiadipogeneis, and moreover augmented antisteatohepatitic leptin and adiponectin mRNA levels, whereas it reduced the mRNA or concentration of steatotic tumor necrosis factor α and ghrelin. CONCLUSIONS These findings show that daidzein might alleviate NAFLD through the direct regulation of hepatic de novo lipogenesis and insulin signaling, and the indirect control of adiposity and adipocytokines by the alteration of adipocyte metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M-H Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Saracino M, Raggi M. Analysis of soy isoflavone plasma levels using HPLC with coulometric detection in postmenopausal women. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2010; 53:682-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2010.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2010] [Revised: 06/01/2010] [Accepted: 06/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
26
|
Fu Z, Zhang W, Zhen W, Lum H, Nadler J, Bassaganya-Riera J, Jia Z, Wang Y, Misra H, Liu D. Genistein induces pancreatic beta-cell proliferation through activation of multiple signaling pathways and prevents insulin-deficient diabetes in mice. Endocrinology 2010; 151:3026-37. [PMID: 20484465 PMCID: PMC2903942 DOI: 10.1210/en.2009-1294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Genistein, a flavonoid in legumes and some herbal medicines, has various biological actions. However, studies on whether genistein has an effect on pancreatic beta-cell function are very limited. In the present study, we investigated the effect of genistein on beta-cell proliferation and cellular signaling related to this effect and further determined its antidiabetic potential in insulin-deficient diabetic mice. Genistein induced both INS1 and human islet beta-cell proliferation after 24 h of incubation, with 5 mum genistein inducing a maximal 27% increase. The effect of genistein on beta-cell proliferation was neither dependent on estrogen receptors nor shared by 17beta-estradiol or a host of structurally related flavonoid compounds. Pharmacological or molecular intervention of protein kinase A (PKA) or ERK1/2 completely abolished genistein-stimulated beta-cell proliferation, suggesting that both molecules are essential for genistein action. Consistent with its effect on cell proliferation, genistein induced cAMP/PKA signaling and subsequent phosphorylation of ERK1/2 in both INS1 cells and human islets. Furthermore, genistein induced protein expression of cyclin D1, a major cell-cycle regulator essential for beta-cell growth. Dietary intake of genistein significantly improved hyperglycemia, glucose tolerance, and blood insulin levels in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice, concomitant with improved islet beta-cell proliferation, survival, and mass. These results demonstrate that genistein may be a natural antidiabetic agent by directly modulating pancreatic beta-cell function via activation of the cAMP/PKA-dependent ERK1/2 signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Fu
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Simultaneous determination of glucuronic acid and sulfuric acid conjugated metabolites of daidzein and genistein in human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2010; 878:628-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2010.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2009] [Revised: 12/24/2009] [Accepted: 01/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
28
|
Wang Y, Yao Y, An R, You L, Wang X. Simultaneous determination of puerarin, daidzein, baicalin, wogonoside and liquiritin of GegenQinlian decoction in rat plasma by ultra-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2009; 877:1820-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2008] [Revised: 04/23/2009] [Accepted: 05/03/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
29
|
Feng HY, Hou SR, Zheng N, Li XJ, Hu ZB, Yuan ZB. Quantitative Analysis of Genistein in Human Plasma by Online Concentration CE with UV Detection. Chromatographia 2008. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-008-0658-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
30
|
Pop EA, Fischer LM, Coan AD, Gitzinger M, Nakamura J, Zeisel SH. Effects of a high daily dose of soy isoflavones on DNA damage, apoptosis, and estrogenic outcomes in healthy postmenopausal women: a phase I clinical trial. Menopause 2008; 15:684-92. [PMID: 18446090 PMCID: PMC2574732 DOI: 10.1097/gme.0b013e318167b8f2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A phase I double-blind clinical trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of a high oral dose of soy isoflavones administered daily for 84 days to healthy postmenopausal women. Principal outcome measures included DNA damage, apoptosis, and changes indicative of estrogenic stimulation. DESIGN After eligibility and equol-producer status were determined, stratified randomization was used to assign women to the isoflavone (active) or placebo group. Of the 30 women who completed the study, 18 were in the active group. DNA damage was assessed via COMET and apurinic/apyrimidinic site assays in lymphocytes. Apoptosis was evaluated via terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling and activated caspase-3 assays in lymphocytes. Estrogenic/antiestrogenic effects were assessed using a self-report questionnaire and by assaying for estrogen, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, and sex hormone-binding globulin in blood. RESULTS In treated postmenopausal women, there was no indication that high doses of soy isoflavones caused DNA strand breakage, increased apurinic/apyrimidinic sites, or increased apoptosis in peripheral lymphocytes. There were no significant changes in mean values for estrogenic effects or other laboratory measurements. Very few adverse events occurred, and the only drug-related adverse events were mild or grade 1 in severity. CONCLUSIONS Unconjugated soy isoflavones appear to be safe and well tolerated in healthy postmenopausal women at doses of 900 mg/day.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena A Pop
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7461, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Pugazhendhi D, Watson KA, Mills S, Botting N, Pope GS, Darbre PD. Effect of sulphation on the oestrogen agonist activity of the phytoestrogens genistein and daidzein in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. J Endocrinol 2008; 197:503-15. [PMID: 18492816 PMCID: PMC2386535 DOI: 10.1677/joe-07-0384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The phytoestrogens genistein, daidzein and the daidzein metabolite equol have been shown previously to possess oestrogen agonist activity. However, following consumption of soya diets, they are found in the body not only as aglycones but also as metabolites conjugated at their 4'- and 7-hydroxyl groups with sulphate. This paper describes the effects of monosulphation on the oestrogen agonist properties of these three phytoestrogens in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells in terms of their relative ability to compete with [(3)H]oestradiol for binding to oestrogen receptor (ER), to induce a stably transfected oestrogen-responsive reporter gene (ERE-CAT) and to stimulate cell growth. In no case did sulphation abolish activity. The 4'-sulphation of genistein reduced oestrogen agonist activity to a small extent in whole-cell assays but increased the relative binding affinity to ER. The 7-sulphation of genistein, and also of equol, reduced oestrogen agonist activity substantially in all assays. By contrast, the position of monosulphation of daidzein acted in an opposing manner on oestrogen agonist activity. Sulphation at the 4'-position of daidzein resulted in a modest reduction in oestrogen agonist activity but sulphation of daidzein at the 7-position resulted in an increase in oestrogen agonist activity. Molecular modelling and docking studies suggested that the inverse effects of sulphation could be explained by the binding of daidzein into the ligand-binding domain of the ER in the opposite orientation compared with genistein and equol. This is the first report of sulphation enhancing activity of an isoflavone and inverse effects of sulphation between individual phytoestrogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Pugazhendhi
- School of Biological SciencesThe University of ReadingReading, RG6 6AJUK
| | - K A Watson
- School of Biological SciencesThe University of ReadingReading, RG6 6AJUK
- Structural Biology UnitThe BioCentre, University of ReadingReading, RG6 6ASUK
| | - S Mills
- School of Biological SciencesThe University of ReadingReading, RG6 6AJUK
| | - N Botting
- School of ChemistryUniversity of St AndrewsSt Andrews, Fife, KY16 9STUK
| | - G S Pope
- School of Biological SciencesThe University of ReadingReading, RG6 6AJUK
| | - P D Darbre
- School of Biological SciencesThe University of ReadingReading, RG6 6AJUK
- (Correspondence should be addressed to P D Darbre; )
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Dentith S, Lockwood B. Development of techniques for the analysis of isoflavones in soy foods and nutraceuticals. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2008; 11:242-7. [PMID: 18403919 DOI: 10.1097/mco.0b013e3282fa15c9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW For over 20 years, soy isoflavones have been investigated for their ability to prevent a wide range of cancers and cardiovascular problems, and numerous other disease states. This research is underpinned by the ability of researchers to analyse isoflavones in various forms in a range of raw materials and biological fluids. This review summarizes the techniques recently used in their analysis. RECENT FINDINGS The speed of high performance liquid chromatography analysis has been improved, allowing analysis of more samples, and increasing the sensitivity of detection techniques allows quantification of isoflavones down to nanomoles per litre levels in biological fluids. The combination of high-performance liquid chromatography with immunoassay has allowed identification and estimation of low-level soy isoflavones. The use of soy isoflavone supplements has shown an increase in their circulating levels in plasma and urine, aiding investigation of their biological effects. The significance of the metabolite equol has spurned research into new areas, and recently the specific enantiomers have been studied. SUMMARY High-performance liquid chromatography, capillary electrophoresis and gas chromatography are widely used with a range of detection systems. Increasingly, immunoassay is being used because of its high sensitivity and low cost.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susan Dentith
- University of Manchester, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manchester, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Si H, Liu D. Genistein, a soy phytoestrogen, upregulates the expression of human endothelial nitric oxide synthase and lowers blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats. J Nutr 2008; 138:297-304. [PMID: 18203895 PMCID: PMC2263007 DOI: 10.1093/jn/138.2.297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Genistein, a soy phytoestrogen, may improve vascular function, but the mechanism of this effect is unclear. Endothelial-derived nitric oxide (NO) is a key regulator of vascular tone and atherogenesis. Previous studies have established that estrogen can act directly on vascular endothelial cells (EC) to enhance NO synthesis through genomic stimulation of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) expression. However, it is unknown whether genistein has a similar effect. We therefore investigated whether genistein directly regulates NO synthesis in primary human aortic EC (HAEC) and human umbilical vein EC (HUVEC). Genistein, at physiologically achievable concentrations in individuals consuming soy products, enhanced the expression of eNOS and subsequently elevated NO synthesis in both HAEC and HUVEC, with 1-10 micromol/L genistein inducing the maximal effects. However, the effects of genistein on eNOS and NO were not mediated by activation of estrogen signaling or inhibition of tyrosine kinases, 2 known biological actions of genistein. Genistein (1-10 micromol/L) increased eNOS gene expression (1.8- to 2.6-fold of control) and significantly increased eNOS promoter activity of the human eNOS gene in HAEC and HUVEC, suggesting that genistein activates eNOS transcription. Dietary supplementation of genistein to spontaneously hypertensive rats restored aortic eNOS levels, improved aortic wall thickness, and alleviated hypertension, confirming the biological relevance of the in vitro findings. Our data suggest that genistein has direct genomic effects on the vascular wall that are unrelated to its known actions, leading to increased eNOS expression and NO synthesis, thereby improving hypertension.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Si
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods and Exercise, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061
| | - Dongmin Liu
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods and Exercise, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Pan A, Sun J, Chen Y, Ye X, Li H, Yu Z, Wang Y, Gu W, Zhang X, Chen X, Demark-Wahnefried W, Liu Y, Lin X. Effects of a flaxseed-derived lignan supplement in type 2 diabetic patients: a randomized, double-blind, cross-over trial. PLoS One 2007; 2:e1148. [PMID: 17987126 PMCID: PMC2048577 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0001148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2007] [Accepted: 10/22/2007] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flaxseed consumption has been shown to improve blood lipids in humans and flaxseed-derived lignan has been shown to enhance glycemic control in animals. The study aimed to investigate the effect of a flaxseed-derived lignan supplement on glycemic control, lipid profiles and insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetic patients. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS This was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over trial and it was conducted between April and December 2006 in Shanghai, China. Seventy-three type 2 diabetic patients with mild hypercholesterolemia were enrolled into the study. Patients were randomized to supplementation with flaxseed-derived lignan capsules (360 mg lignan per day) or placebo for 12 weeks, separated by an 8-week wash-out period. HbA1c, lipid profiles, insulin resistance index and inflammatory factors were measured. Sixty-eight completed the study and were included in the analyses. The lignan supplement significantly improved glycemic control as measured by HbA(1c) (-0.10+/-0.65 % vs. 0.09+/-0.52 %, P = 0.001) compared to placebo; however, no significant changes were observed in fasting glucose and insulin concentrations, insulin resistance and blood lipid profiles. Urinary excretion of lignan metabolites (enterodiol and enterolactone) was significantly higher after the lignan supplement intervention compared to baseline (14.2+/-18.1 vs. 1.2+/-2.4 microg/mL, P<0.001). Data also suggested minimal competition between lignan and isoflavones for bioavailability when measured by the excretion concentrations. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Daily lignan supplementation resulted in modest, yet statistically significant improvements in glycemic control in type 2 diabetic patients without apparently affecting fasting glucose, lipid profiles and insulin sensitivity. Further studies are needed to validate these findings and explore the efficacy of lignans on type 2 diabetes. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00363233.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- An Pan
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianqin Sun
- Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanqiu Chen
- Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xingwang Ye
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Huaixing Li
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhijie Yu
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanfang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenjia Gu
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinyi Zhang
- Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiafei Chen
- Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Yong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xu Lin
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Yang S, Zhou X, Xu Y. Determination of Genistein and Daidzein in Human Plasma by Liquid Chromatography and Tandem Mass Spectrometry. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-120027620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuming Yang
- a Department of Chemistry , Cleveland State University , 2399 Euclid Ave., Cleveland , Ohio , 44115‐2406 , USA
| | - Xiang Zhou
- a Department of Chemistry , Cleveland State University , 2399 Euclid Ave., Cleveland , Ohio , 44115‐2406 , USA
| | - Yan Xu
- a Department of Chemistry , Cleveland State University , 2399 Euclid Ave., Cleveland , Ohio , 44115‐2406 , USA
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Escarpa A, González M, Blasco A, del Carmen Rogerio M, Hervás M. Evaluation of Accuracy of Electrochemical Isoflavonoid Index for the Determination of Total Isoflavones in Soy Samples. ELECTROANAL 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200603809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
37
|
Grace PB, Mistry NS, Carter MH, Leathem AJC, Teale P. High throughput quantification of phytoestrogens in human urine and serum using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2007; 853:138-46. [PMID: 17403619 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2007.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2007] [Revised: 02/23/2007] [Accepted: 03/05/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Phytoestrogens are currently the subject of intense study owing to their potential protective effects against a number of complex diseases. However, in order to investigate the interactions between phytoestrogens and disease state effectively, it is necessary to have analytical methods which are sensitive, reproducible, and require low sample volumes. We report an assay for three isoflavones (daidzein, genistein, and glycitein), two metabolites of daidzein (equol and O-desmethylangolensin), three lignans (secoisolariciresinol, enterodiol, and enterolactone), and one flavanone (naringenin) in human urine and serum. A high throughput of samples has been achieved via the use of 96-well plate sample extraction and liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis incorporating column switching, thus making the assay suitable for use on large sample numbers, such as those found in epidemiological studies. The robustness of the assay was proven via the comparison of data generated on two different LC-MS/MS systems, with and without column switching.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philip B Grace
- HFL, Newmarket Road, Fordham, Cambridgeshire CB7 5WW, United Kingdom.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Blasco AJ, Crevillén AG, de la Fuente P, González MC, Escarpa A. Electrochemical valveless flow microsystems for ultra fast and accurate analysis of total isoflavones with integrated calibration. Analyst 2007; 132:323-9. [PMID: 17554411 DOI: 10.1039/b615996f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel strategy integrating methodological calibration and analysis on board on a planar first-generation microfluidics system for the determination of total isoflavones in soy samples is proposed. The analytical strategy is conceptually proposed and successfully demonstrated on the basis of (i) the microchip design (with the possibility to use both reservoirs), (ii) the analytical characteristics of the developed method (statically zero intercept and excellent robustness between calibration slopes, RSDs < 5%), (iii) the irreversible electrochemical behaviour of isoflavone oxidation (no significant electrode fouling effect was observed between calibration and analysis runs) and (iv) the inherent versatility of the electrochemical end-channel configurations (possibility of use different pumping and detection media). Repeatability obtained in both standard (calibration) and real soy samples (analysis) with values of RSD less than 1% for the migration times indicated the stability of electroosmotic flow (EOF) during both integrated operations. The accuracy (an error of less than 6%) is demonstrated for the first time in these microsystems using a documented secondary standard from the Drug Master File (SW/1211/03) as reference material. Ultra fast calibration and analysis of total isoflavones in soy samples was integrated successfully employing 60 s each; enhancing notably the analytical performance of these microdevices with an important decrease in overall analysis times (less than 120 s) and with an increase in accuracy by a factor of 3.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Javier Blasco
- Departamento de Química Analítica e Ingeniería Química, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Tian H, Yang B, Xu J, Wang H, Guan Y. Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometric analysis of puerarin and its metabolite in human urine. J Sep Sci 2006; 29:2692-6. [PMID: 17313111 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200600033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A specific LC-MS method was developed that allowed simultaneous determination of puerarin (PU) and its major metabolite, daidzein (DA), in human urine samples. PU and DA were separated on a packed capillary ODS column with on column concentration. Identification and quantification of the analytes were performed with ESI-Q-TOF mass spectroscopy in negative ionization mode. The method was validated, yielding calibration curves with correlation coefficients greater than 0.998. The LOQ for PU and DA from human urine samples was 0.1 and 0.05 nmol/mL, respectively. Assay accuracy and precision of quality control samples were within +/- 15%. Recoveries of PU and DA in spiked samples were in the range of 79.6-90.4 and 82.3-92.4%, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongzhe Tian
- Department of Instrumentation and Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, PR China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
César IDC, Braga FC, Soares CDV, Nunan EDA, Pianetti GA, Condessa FA, Barbosa TAF, Campos LMM. Development and validation of a RP-HPLC method for quantification of isoflavone aglycones in hydrolyzed soy dry extracts. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2006; 836:74-8. [PMID: 16595194 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2006.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2006] [Accepted: 03/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Isoflavones are widely used as an alternative treatment to hormone replacement therapy and also for prevention of several chronic diseases, including cancers. Genistein, daidzein and glycitein are the most abundant isoflavone aglycones found in soy extracts, where they also occur as glycosides. This paper describes the development and validation of an isocratic reversed-phase HPLC (RP-HPLC) method for the analysis of isoflavone aglycones, released after acid hydrolysis of soy dry extracts, used as pharmaceutical raw material. The quantification was carried out in a C(18) endcapped column, using a mobile phase composed of 0.1% acetic acid and methanol (52:48), at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min and diode array detection (DAD) at 254 nm. The method showed to be linear (r(2)>0.99), precise (R.S.D.<2%), accurate (recovery of 98.88% for daidzein and 98.12% for genistein), robust and specific.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabela da Costa César
- Department of Pharmaceutical Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Qiu F, Chen XY, Song B, Zhong DF, Liu CX. Influence of dosage forms on pharmacokinetics of daidzein and its main metabolite daidzein-7-O-glucuronide in rats. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2005; 26:1145-52. [PMID: 16115384 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-7254.2005.00187.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the influence of dosage forms on the pharmacokinetics of daidzein and its main metabolite daidzein-7-O-glucuronide in Wistar rats. METHODS After administration of two typical dosage forms (daidzein solution and suspension), the concentrations of daidzein and daidzein-7-O-glucuronide were determined by an LC-MS-MS method. The pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated and analyzed statistically using the Student's t-test. RESULTS Absorption of daidzein after administration of daidzein solution (tmax=0.46 h) was more rapid than that of the suspension (tmax=5.00 h). The peak plasma concentrations of daidzein after administration of daidzein solution and suspension were 601.1 microg/L and 127.3 microg/L, respectively, and those of daidzein-7-O-glucuronide were 3000 microg/L and 192.6 microg/L, respectively. The absolute bioavailabilities of free daidzein in rats after administration of daidzein solution and suspension were 12.8% and 6.1%, respectively, which were calculated to be 47.0% and 12.2%, respectively, in the form of total daidzein (free plus conjugated daidzein). CONCLUSION Absorption of daidzein solution was better than absorption of suspension (P<0.05).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Qiu
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Tsai TH. Concurrent measurement of unbound genistein in the blood, brain and bile of anesthetized rats using microdialysis and its pharmacokinetic application. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1073:317-22. [PMID: 15909536 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2004.10.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Genistein, the major isoflavone in soybeans, has been shown to have a wide range of effects. We used an HPLC-UV combined with microdialysis method to detect unbound genistein in rat blood, brain and bile. Genistein dialysates were eluted with a mobile phase containing acetonitrile-water (40:60, v/v, pH 3.5 adjusted by 0.1% acetic acid). Samples were separated using a phenyl (5 microm) column maintained at ambient temperature. The UV detector wavelength was set at 259 nm. The flow rate was 1.0 m/min. The limit of quantitation for genistein was 50 ng/ml. The in vitro recoveries of genistein were 31 +/- 1, 13 +/- 1 and 59 +/- 4% in microdialysis probes of blood, brain and bile, respectively (n = 4). Inter- and intra-assay accuracy and precision of the analysis were less than 10% in the concentration ranges of 0.05-5.0 microg/ml. A small ratio of genistein penetrates the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and goes through hepatobiliary excretion after genistein administration (10 or 30 mg/kg, i.v.). The brain-to-blood (AUC(brain)/AUC(blood)) and bile-to-blood (AUC(bile)/AUC(blood)) distribution ratios were 0.04 +/- 0.01 and 1.85 +/- 0.42, respectively for the dosage of genistein 30 mg/kg. After co-administration of cyclosporine, a P-glycoprotein (P-gp) inhibitor, the distribution ratios of genistein in brain and bile were not significantly altered. These results suggest that the BBB penetration and hepatobiliary excretion of genistein may not regulated by P-gp.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tung-Hu Tsai
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, 155-1, Li-Nong Street Section 2, Taipei 112, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Liu Z, Wolff MS, Moline J. Analysis of environmental biomarkers in urine using an electrochemical detector. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2005; 819:155-9. [PMID: 15797533 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2005.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2004] [Accepted: 02/10/2005] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Phenols are present in the environment and are prevalent in human populations, as environmental contaminants, dietary components, or their metabolites. Many are potential endocrine-altering agents. Currently available methods analyze single components or single families of chemicals as biomarkers of exposure. In order to assess multiple biologically relevant exposures to such substances, we evaluated the feasibility of determining several phenols simultaneously in urine, using an electrochemical detector (ECD) in combination with high performance liquid chromatography (LC). Based on reported analyses in the literature and the ECD response, we selected four xenobiotic residues, including three phytoestrogens (enterolactone, daidzein, and genistein) and bisphenolA [BPA]. These compounds had detection limits below 1 microg/L in urine using the cleanup procedure (glucuronidase hydrolysis and C18 column) and the urine volume (2 mL) we employed. As a pilot study to demonstrate the method's utility, we determined urinary enterolactone, daidzein, genistein and BPA in samples from nine children and 24 adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhisong Liu
- Department of Community and Preventive Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Cheng SY, Shaw NS, Tsai KS, Chen CY. The hypoglycemic effects of soy isoflavones on postmenopausal women. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2005; 13:1080-6. [PMID: 15650341 DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2004.13.1080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Soy isoflavones have many effects similar to those of estrogen and have become popular among postmenopausal women as an alternative for hormone replacement therapy (HRT). The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of soy isoflavones on glucose, insulin, and lipid profiles in postmenopausal Taiwanese women. METHODS We conducted a randomized, double-blind, active placebo-controlled clinical trial to compare the effects of isoflavones with estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) on blood glucose, insulin, and lipid profiles in postmenopausal Taiwanese women. Thirty postmenopausal Taiwanese women were randomly assigned to two groups, and each received treatment for 6 months. The isoflavone group received 100 mg isoflavone soft capsules, 300 mg calcium, and a blank vitamin capsule per day. The estrogen active control group received 0.625 mg conjugated estrogen, 300 mg calcium, and blank isoflavone soft capsules per day. We measured baseline levels of fasting blood sugar, insulin, lipid profiles, and isoflavone concentrations prior to the study and repeated the same measurements every 3 months for a total duration of 6 months. RESULTS Two-way ANOVA revealed that fasting glucose (p < 0.001) and insulin (p < 0.005) levels were significantly affected by estrogen and isoflavone treatments after 6 months. For the isoflavone group, the average blood genistein concentration was 6-10 times higher than those of the estrogen group. Within the same periods, the fasting blood glucose was reduced to 83% and 85% of the baseline levels, and insulin was reduced to 56% and 67% of the baseline levels, respectively, in the estrogen and isoflavone groups. CONCLUSIONS Soy isoflavones (100 mg) and 0.625 mg conjugated estrogen equally lower fasting blood glucose and insulin levels in postmenopausal women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Yi Cheng
- Department of Family Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Pharmacokinetics of isoflavones, daidzein and genistein, after ingestion of soy beverage compared with soy extract capsules in postmenopausal Thai women. BMC CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY 2005; 5:2. [PMID: 15743537 PMCID: PMC555741 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6904-5-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2004] [Accepted: 03/03/2005] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Isoflavones from soybeans may provide some beneficial impacts on postmenopausal health. The purpose of this study was to compare the pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of plasma isoflavones (daidzein and genistein) after a single dose of orally administered soy beverage and soy extract capsules in postmenopausal Thai women. METHODS We conducted a randomized two-phase crossover pharmacokinetic study in 12 postmenopausal Thai women. In the first phase, each subject randomly received either 2 soy extract capsules (containing daidzin : genistin = 7.79 : 22.57 mg), or soy beverage prepared from 15 g of soy flour (containing daidzin : genistin = 9.27 : 10.51 mg). In the second phase, the subjects received an alternative preparation in the same manner after a washout period of at least 1 week. Blood samples were collected immediately before and at 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 24 and 32 h after administration of the soy preparation in each phase. Plasma daidzein and genistein concentrations were determined by using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The pharmacokinetic parameters of daidzein and genistein, i.e. maximal plasma concentration (Cmax), time to maximal plasma concentration (Tmax), area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) and half-life (t1/2), were estimated using the TopFit version 2.0 software with noncompartmental model analysis. RESULTS There were no significant differences in the mean values of Cmax/dose, AUC0-32/dose, AUC0- proportional, variant/dose, Tmax, and t1/2 of genistein between both preparations. For pharmacokinetic parameters of daidzein, the mean values of Cmax/dose, Tmax, and t1/2 did not significantly differ between both preparations. Nonetheless, the mean AUC0-32/dose and AUC0- proportional, variant/dose after administration of soy extract capsules were slightly (but significantly, p < 0.05) higher than those of soy beverage. CONCLUSION The bioavailability of daidzein, which was adjusted for the administered dose (AUC/dose), following a single oral administration of soy beverage was slightly (but significantly) less than that of soy extract capsules, whereas, the bioavailability adjusted for administered dose of genistein from both soy preparations were comparable. The other pharmacokinetic parameters of daidzein and genistein, including Cmax adjusted for the dose, Tmax and t1/2, were not different between both soy preparations.
Collapse
|
46
|
Morandi S, Locati D, Ferrario F, Chiesa G, Arnoldi A. A simple method for the characterization and quantification of soy isoflavone metabolites in the serum of MMTV-Neu mice using high-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry with multiple reaction monitoring. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2005; 19:153-61. [PMID: 15593266 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.1760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In a study aimed at elucidation of the possible role of dietary phytoestrogens in the growth of breast cancer, it was necessary to develop a convenient, accurate, and reproducible method for the characterization and quantification of isoflavone metabolites in the serum of MMTV mice that were fed diets containing different amounts of these polyphenols. The analytical method is based on liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry in multiple reaction monitoring mode, using deuterated genistein as internal standard. The identified metabolites were genistein and dihydrodaidzein (DHD); their average concentrations in serum were 0.71 and 0.21 microM, respectively, for animals fed 1.5 mg/day of genistein and 0.7 mg/day of daidzein. This method assured a limit of quantification of 0.04 microM for genistein and 0.08 microM for DHD, and a limit of detection of 0.018 microM for genistein and 0.035 microM for DHD. The coefficient of variation was 8.9% for genistein and lower than 15% for DHD. This study provides the first data indicating the presence of dihydrodaidzein in serum of mice fed diets containing soy proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheila Morandi
- Department of Agri-Food Molecular Sciences, Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Mass Spectrometry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Milan, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
YASUDA S, WU PS, OKABE M, TACHIBANA H, YAMADA K. Tissue-specific Distribution of Genistein, Daidzein and Bisphenol A in Male Sprague-Dawley Rats after Intragastric Administration. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH 2005. [DOI: 10.3136/fstr.11.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
48
|
Ksycińska H, Sobik B, Popiołkiewicz J, Polkowski K, Krzeczyński P, Ramza J, Pucko W, Grynkiewicz G. Determination of new derivatives of genistein in culture media by liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2004; 799:217-31. [PMID: 14670740 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2003.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Methods for determination of genistein and its four new analogues in culture media have been developed to support studies on their potential anticancer activities. The investigated compounds were extracted from the media using liquid-liquid extraction with appropriate solvent. After evaporation of organic solvents each of the dry extracts was reconstituted in appropriate mobile phase. Reversed-phase HPLC was applied to quantitative determining of tested compounds. The methods are specific, sensitive and technically simple. They were used to evaluate concentration level of investigated compounds in experiments with human promyelocytic leukemia cells (HL-60 cell line).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Ksycińska
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, 8 Rydygiera Street, 01-793, Warsaw, Poland.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Zhong D, Yang B, Chen X, Li K, Xu J. Determination of scutellarin in rat plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2003; 796:439-44. [PMID: 14581083 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2003.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A validated high-performance liquid chromatography method is described for the determination of scutellarin in rat plasma using a liquid-liquid extraction and ultraviolet (UV) absorbance detection. The separation used a Diamonsil ODS column (250 mm x 4.6mm i.d., 5 microm particle size) with an isocratic mobile phase consisting of methanol-acetonitrile-50mM dihydrogen ammonium phosphate buffer (22:15:63 (v/v/v), adjusted to pH 2.5 with 1M phosphoric acid). The ultraviolet detector operated at 335 nm. Plasma samples were extracted with ethyl acetate after acidification. The extraction recovery of scutellarin ranged from 68.1 to 80.5%. High selectivity and a low quantitation limit (0.050 microg/ml) were achieved. The linear range was 0.050-12.5 microg/ml, correlation coefficient r=0.9981. The method has a good reproducibility, R.S.D. values were below 7.9% for within-day and between-day precision. The method is simple, rapid, and applicable to preliminary pharmacokinetic studies of scutellarin in rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dafang Zhong
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Grace PB, Taylor JI, Botting NP, Fryatt T, Oldfield MF, Bingham SA. Quantification of isoflavones and lignans in urine using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Anal Biochem 2003; 315:114-21. [PMID: 12672419 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2697(02)00707-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Phytoestrogens (isoflavones and lignans) are of increasing interest due to their potential to prevent certain types of complex diseases. However, epidemiological evidence is needed on the levels of phytoestrogens and their metabolites in foods and biological fluids in relation to risk of these diseases. We report an assay for phytoestrogens which is sensitive, accurate, and uses low volumes of sample. Suitable for epidemiological studies, the assay consists of a simple sample preparation procedure and has been developed for the analysis of five isoflavones (daidzein, O-desmethylangolensin, equol, genistein, and glycitein) and two lignans (enterodiol and enterolactone), which requires only 200 microl of urine and utilizes one solid-phase extraction stage for sample preparation prior to derivatization for GC/MS analysis. Limits of detection were in the region 1.2 ng/ml (enterodiol) to 5.3ng/ml (enterolactone) and the method performed well in the UK Government's Food Standards Agency-sponsored quality assurance scheme for phytoestrogens. For the first time, average levels of all the above phytoestrogens were measured in samples of urine collected from a free living population sample of women. Results show a large range in both the amount and the type of phytoestrogens excreted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philip B Grace
- MRC Dunn Human Nutrition Unit, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridgeshire, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|